socialur mecnierebaTa seria

kulturis

sociologia

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

marika asaTiani

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 7 - 4

Here, we also examine architecture as a professional context for cultural production to account for the change from modernist to postmodernist architecture at the beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. Questions of discourse and practice, aesthetics, organization, and economic context are interweaved. The profession combines aspects of both “art world” and “culture industry”.

Explanations of changes in popular music styles usually focus on changes in the audience, affecting demand, or on changes among creators and performers themselves. Peterson challenges such explanations of musical change from a “production-of-culture” perspective in this carefully focused analysis of how and why rock music attained it sudden popularity in the 1950s. Important but unrecognized “supply-side” factors like regulations, technology, industry structure, organization structure, and (not included here) types of occupational careers prompted the emergence of rock and roll as the basis of pop music.

Finally, we look at how is social change possible when social structures pattern and constrain human action? Here, we refer among others to William Sewell who includes a cultural dimension- schemas in his concept of social structure, and by giving important theoretical weight to the cultural point that meanings for the same thing may vary. He redefines the idea of social structure as combining cultural schemas and resources, developing a theory of human agency as inherent in structures and articulating how social structures differ in depth and range. Of particular interest here is the way qualities of culture help make social structures changeable.

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s a r C e v i

kultura ................................................................................................................................................................... 5

kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi.................. 5

kultura, rogorc adamianuri gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro ........................ 6

kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra ..................................................................................... 7

kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma.......................................................................... 9

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb......................................................................................... 9

Tavdapirveli dixotomia .............................................................................................................................. 9

klasikuri perspeqtivebi............................................................................................................................. 10

parsonsi .................................................................................................................................................................. 11

antonio gramSi ................................................................................................................................................... 12

semiotika — ferdinand sosuri ................................................................................................................. 13

funqcionalizmi ................................................................................................................................................ 15

semiotika — roland barti ........................................................................................................................... 15

dramaturgiuli midgoma............................................................................................................................... 17

veberianizmi ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

durkhemi.................................................................................................................................................................. 19

marqsizmi da kultura.................................................................................................................................... 21

postruqturalizmi da kultura — fuko, pier burdie ................................................................ 23

daskvnis saxiT..................................................................................................................................................... 24

ena da reprezentacia ..................................................................................................................................... 25

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna........................................................................................................................... 26

kulturisa da enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia ....................... 27

reprezentacia da mniSvneloba ................................................................................................................ 28

Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi............................................................................................................ 35

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba .................................................................. 37

reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia ....................................................................................................... 38

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura................................................................................................. 38

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi ......................................................................... 39

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna.................................................................................................................. 42

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti .......................................................................................................................... 46

mayureblad yofnis fenomeni..................................................................................................................... 47

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi ............................................................................................................ 48

ideologia ............................................................................................................................................................. 49

subkultura/stili........................................................................................................................................... 52

3

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia................................................................................. 54

stili, rogorc brikolaJi ........................................................................................................................... 55

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi .......................................................................... 56

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti...................................................................... 58

ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba? ............................................................................................................................ 58

manqana ...................................................................................................................................................................... 60

qalaqi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60

erovnuli saxelmwifo .................................................................................................................................... 61

sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala? ............................................................................................... 62

postmodernistuli sazogadoeba: postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi .................. 63

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi................................................................................. 64

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi) .......................................................... 65

sazogadoeba da individi............................................................................................................................. 66

gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba ................ 67

generaciuli politika .................................................................................................................................. 69

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura ..................................................................................................................... 71

xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi......................................................................... 71

monumentebi .......................................................................................................................................................... 72

arqiteqturuli diskursebi ...................................................................................................................... 75

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi .......................................................................................... 77

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE...................................................................................................................................... 79

4

counter-hegemonic styles. Punk, in particular, was a unique mixture of an avant-garde cultural strategy, marketing savvy adn working class transtreasion in the face of a section of British youth’s restricted access to consumer markets. The line between subculture as resisteance and commercial culture as both provider of pleasures and an instrument of hegemony is in fact very hard to draw – especially when youth markets are in question.

Cultural Production Given a concern with unavoidable diversity in the ways human beings appear to each

other, and a concern not to reduce this diversity to universality prematurely, then it makes sense to wonder about where diversity comes from (causes and history, evolution, chance, necessity) the products of diversity (culture as product and objects - "cultures"), the activities that diversify human groups (culture as process -"Culture") the impact of group diversity on participating persons (enculturation and the construction of the self)

Cultural anthropologists have above all been interested in the causes of human diversity (fighting racism, mechanism to emphasize the multiplicity of solutions human beings have given to similar conditions), and many have also been interested in the impact of "cultural" diversity on persons.

With some exceptions (Levi-Strauss arguably being one, and Marx and some Marxists depending on where the emphasis is put in their work), it is only relatively recently that much work has been done emphasizing the processes that makes differences given an apparently homogeneous and coherent starting point. An early figure with a profound influence is that of the Russian Mikhail Bakhtin. Many of those have established the importance of "popular" culture in understanding how human beings make up their world.

In many ways, the concern with "popular" culture (by contrast to "high" culture) is a paradoxical return to the universalistic concerns of the early philosophers of culture: to be concerned with popular culture is to be concerned with the productive aspect of humanity. It is to be concerned by all that human beings do, whatever it may be and whereever it may take place.

Alternatively, to be concerned with humanity is to be concerned: individual human beings, their constitution and characteristics (the "pragmatist" orientation); what human beings have done and how it now constrains if not determine them (a "sociological" orientation with both Marxist and Durkheimian versions); what human beings are doing with each other and with what other human beings did in the past (the orientation to "resistance" and "popular" culture);

This might also be presented as an evolution in the conversations about culture from: a concern with consensus (learning); a concern with social structure (and determination); a concern with continuing productivity (resistance); or from a concern with culture as history imposing itself on individuals; to culture as the activity of individuals in history;

The latter summarizes Fiske's argument in Understanding popular culture. It concerns a confrontation with the "freedom" or at least ultimate indeterminacy of practical human action in historical conditions. Fiske makes his argument through a set of oppositions between popular culture vs. hegemonic culture; producerly text vs. writerly text; jouissance (carnival) vs. pleasure (discipline); Progressive politics vs. conservative politics.

The central focus here is on the continuing production of every day life and on the relative freedom of people in the conduct of their everyday life to interpret that which they encounter or consume. The central concept is that of "appropriation" for particular purposes often not envisioned by the original "writers" of the texts.

Producing art is a collective enterprise depending on an extensive division of labor and on shared conventions challenges the commonsense emphasis on individual artistic creativity and absolute aesthetic criteria. According to Becker, in his book on Art Worlds, art worlds enable and constrain artistic production – mobilizing resources, distributing products, assigning critical assessments, and influencing editing processes and artistic reputations – as well on the ways the state may influence art worlds, how different artistic roles are defined in relation to art worlds, and how art worlds change. Becker demonstrates that the “production of culture” perspective is not limited to understanding the outcomes of culture industries involving mass production for the market but also helps understand other sorts of social organization of artistic production.

85

readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading. Hall insists that there remain limits to interpretation: meaning cannot be simply 'private' and 'individual' (Hall 1980: 135). Hall's emphasis on ideology has been criticized for being at the expense of the importance of ownership and control (Stevenson 1995: 35).

In their famous 1944 essay, “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment As Mass Deception”, Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno examine the rationalized, capitalist organization of cultural production in modern societies. Their analysis of mass culture and content, and its psychological and political consequences was among the most wide –ranging of scholars’ attempts to come to grips with the impact of movies and radio, and continues to offer insights into later forms of mass culture like television. For Horkheimer and Adorno, when art and entertainment are commodified for the mass market in concentrated, rationalized businesses, culture becomes formulaic, commercialized, imaginatively limited, and critically stunted; and audiences become passive, conformist, and uncritical. True individuality is absorbed, true human needs are repressed, and even intimacy is reified.

Whereas many observers of modern culture have feared that current processes where leading to homogenization and mass production, Paul Dimaggio argues that such fears are exaggerated, because culture industries take a variety of organizational forms, and the extent to which diversity and innovation are encouraged varies according to organizational form and industry structure. Thus, homogenized mass culture is only one of several possible outcomes of culture industries.

Most sociologists of culture agree that some forms of cultural consumption serve as markers of social status. For instance, knowledge of fine arts, literature, and upper class etiquette signals wealth and prestige. Such knowledge may also serve as pass key for entrance into elite social life. Bourdieu calls this passkey cultural capital because it is cultural knowledge that can be translated into real economic gains, for example by allowing access to elite social networks and clubs hire business deals often are made. By restricting access to resources, social status can be translated into market position and political status. This process can be seen as the results of two interrelated levels of exclusion. First, social exclusion is a process of social selection that is based on a previously determined set of cultural criteria and is exercised by people with high levels of income, education and occupational prestige. Social exclusion occurs at the level of social relations and is the sort of “social closure” that Weber addresses as the monopolization of resources and inclusion in social intercourse.

Subculture In sociology, a subculture is a culture or set of people with distinct behavior and

beliefs within a larger culture. The essence of a subculture, that distinguishes it from other social groupings, is awareness of style and differences in style, in clothing, music or other interests. Dick Hebdige, in his classic 1979 book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, used style as a subculture's fashions, mannerisms, activities, music, and interests. Subcultural styles are distinguished from mainstream styles by being intentionally "fabricated", their constructedness, as different from conventional. That was the world of “subcultures” more visible in Britain than anywhere else: teds, skinheads, punks, Bowie-ites, hippies, dreads. For Hebdige two Gramscian terms are especially useful in analyzing subcultures: conjuncture and specificity. Subcultures form in communal and symbolic engagements with the larger system of late industrial culture; they’re organized around, but not wholly determined by age and class, and are expressed in teh creation of styles. These styles are produced within specific historical and cultural “conjunctures”, they are not to be read as simply rsisting hegemony or as magical resoultions to social tensions – as earlier thoerists had supposed. Ratehr subcultures hybridize styles out of the images and material culture available to them in the effort to construct identities which will confer on them “relative autonomy” within a social order fractures by class, generational differences, work.

In his later work, Hebdige was to rework his method, admitting that he had underestimated the power of commercial culture to appropriate, and indeed, to produce,

84

kulturis sociologia Seexeba adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvne-

lobis warmoebas. kulturis sociologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor xdeba mniS-

vnelobis warmoeba, ratom gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan is mniSvnelobebi rac ama

Tu im qmedebis ukan igulisxmeba da ra gavlenas axdenen isini adamianebis qcevaze.

sociologiis mocemuli sfero, aseve ganixilavs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs

kulturuli simboloebi socialuri erTobis, dominaciisa da dapirispirebis

procesebSi.

masala, romelic aq aris Tavmoyrili bevr sxvadasxva Temas moicavs; aq

ganxiluli iqneba kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris damokidebuleba, kulturis

funqcionireba mikro konteqstSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba farTod aRiarebul

kulturul faseulobebs.

aseve ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba kulturis sferoebis (mag. kino, musika,

literatura, xelovneba, moda) konkretuli kulturuli industriis an insti-

tutis mier organizireba; rogor icvlebian kulturis es sferoebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi ufro did socialur ZalebTan Tu erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis

Sedegad — yovelive es xels gviwyobs gavarkvioT, ratom da rogor warmoiqmneba

da mimdinareobs mniSvneladi, simboluri procesebi.

moyvanili masala, agreTve, asaxavs Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi

mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebsa da Ziridad Temebs.

kultura

rodesac vsaubrobT an vfiqrobT adamianTa jgufebze, rogorc wesi, cneba

kultura xSirad figurirebs da am cnebis gareSe operireba SeuZleblad mig-

vaCnia. magram ras warmoadgens konkretulad kultura? Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis

dros, am cnebas xSirad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. imdenad,

ramdenadac kulturis cneba Zalian farTo da mravalplastiania, socialuri da

humanitaruli mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi kulturas Tavisi gamokvlevebis

sagnad iyeneben sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, kulturis cnebis

sifarTovisa da gaurkvevlobis mizeziT, zogierTma mecnierma kulturis cnebis,

rogorc samuSao midgomis, gamoyenebaze saerTod uari ganacxada.

kulturis sociologebma gadawyvites zemoT xsenebuli problemuri sakiT-

xebi garkveulwilad mainc gadaelaxaT. aq CamovTvliT im aspeqtebs, rac

sazogadod igulisxmeba, rodesac kulturaze vsaubrobT da SevecdebiT avxsnaT,

Tu ratom arsebobs bundovaneba da winaaRmdegobebi kulturis cnebis

gansazRvrebis dros.

imisaTvis, rom gadaeWraT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sawyisi gaugebroba,

Tanamedrove humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis mkvlevrebi SeTan-

xmdnen, rom kultura ganixilon rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi.

kulturis sociologia iTvaliswinebs interdisciplinarul midgomebisa da

sociologiuri safuZvlebis sinTezs da, aqedan gamomdinare ikvlevs mniS-

vnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs sami mimarTulebiT:

mniSvnelobis gansazRvra yoveldRiur qmedebaSi, mniSvnelobis institu-

cionaluri warmoeba da saerTo mentaluri CarCoebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

iqmneba mniSvneloba.

kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da

sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi

kultura xSirad moiazreba rogorc iseTi ram, rac gvakavSirebs Cveni jgufis

sxva wevrebTan da am gansxvavebis safuZvelze Cven vemijnebiT sxva jgufis

wevrebs. Tu Cven viziarebT garkveuli adamianebis msoflmxedvelobas,

damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi, cxovrebis wess, qcevas, Cven Tavs

mivakuTvnebT imave kulturasa Tu subkulturas.

aseve SegviZlia visaubroT ”kulturul sxvaobaze”, rodesac axal situaciaSi

CavvardebiT an axal jgufTan gviwevs urTerToba da vxedavT, rom CvenTvis

5

miRebuli samyaros Semecnebis gzebi da qmedeba gansxvavdeba maTgan. am kuTxiT

danaxuli kultura SeiZleba warmoadgendes mTel jgufs an sazogadoebas da

amrigad Cven ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva xalxis kulturebs.

kulturis aseTi gageba gamoikveTa me-19 saukunis evropaSi. am periodSi

evropelebis mier wamowyebulma kvleviTma mogzaurobebma Tu dapyrobebma

ganapiroba evropelebis dafiqreba kulturuli gansxvavebulobebis Sesaxeb,

ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo SedarebiTi azris ganviTarebas gansxvavebul

sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi.

SemdgomSi es tendencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi damkvidrda da gadamwyveti

roli iTamaSa anTropologiis, rogorc disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. kulturis

anTropologiuri gagebiT, adamianebis cxovrebis wesi ganisazRvreba da

gamoixateba maTi kulturiT. kultura vlindeba yvelaferSi, dawyebuli samuSao

iaraRebidan, damTavrebuli religiiT.

me —19 saukunis evropaSi kulturebi ganixileboda socialuri progresis

Sesaxeb evropuli warmodgenebidan gamomdinare da Sesabamisad evropuli

kulturebi msoflio ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze Tavsdeboda. me-20

saukuneSi evropuli kulturis upiratesobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaiSviaTda. es

ki ganapiroba kolonialurma da postkolonialurma socialurma urTierTo-

bebma, dominantur da maT daqvemdebarebul jfufebs Soris urTierT-

damokidebulebam. kulturuli ierarqiis cnebis uaryofiT, kultura gagebul

iqna rogorc pluraluri da SedarebiTi fenomeni, gansxvavebul ”kulturebs”

mieniWaT Tanabari mniSvneloba/faseuloba.

kultura, rogorc adamianuri

gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro

arsebobs kulturis gansxvavebuli gagebac. am SemTxvevaSi Cven kulturuls

vuwodebT garkveul RonisZiebebs an materialur nivTebs. mag. opera, Teatri,

xalxuri simRerebi, novelebi, xelovneba Tu Senobebis stili. kulturis cnebis

aseTi gamoyenebis dros ”kulturisa”da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebi

erTmaneTs emijneba, miuxedavad imisa, Cven vadarebT Tu ara erTmaneTs

gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs.

gansakuTrebuli kulturuli praqtikisa da sagnebis saSualebiT garkveuli

informacia gadaecemaT sxva adamianebs Cvens Sesaxeb, anu Tu ra warmoadgens

CvenTvis Rirebuls da gamoxatavs Cveni, rogorc jgufis identobas.

kulturis anTropoligiuri gageba ukavSirdeba danarCen msoflioSi evro-

pul eqspansias, kulturis meore mniSvneloba ki Seexeba mniSvnelovan socialur

cvlilebebs. kulturas uwodebdnen kulturuli institutebis mier warmoebuli

produqtebis garkveul sferos inglisSi, industriuli revoluciis dros.

Tanamedrove socialur organizaciaze gadasvlam socialuri diferenciacia

da dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia. movlenebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad gamijna

erTmaneTisgan yoveldRiuri, pragmatuli, konfliqtebiT aRsavse ekonimikisa da

politikis (kapitalizmis axali samyaro, industria, demokratia da revolucia)

da xelovnebisa da moralis idealisturi wminda sferoebi. xelovnebisa da

moralis sferoebi gamoxatavdnen ufro maRal adamianur SesaZleblobebsa da

Rirebulebebs gansxvavebiT imisagan, rasac Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da

politikuri cxovreba sTavazobda adamianebs.

zogisTvis, kulturis es calke sferoebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kritikis

safuZvelia; isini sazogadoebisTvis destruqciuli da zedapiruli aspeqtebis

gverdidan danaxvis da kritikis saSualebas iZleodnen. sxvebisTvis kultura

warmoadgenda epifenomens da politikisa da ekonomikis materialurad xel-

Sesaxebi sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT hqonda ufro feminuri xasiaTi. amgvarad,

kulturis pirveli gageba asocirdeboda anTropologiasTan, xolo meore gageba,

exeboda humanitaruli mecnierebebebis ramdenime sferos — literaturas,

xelovnebasa da musikas.

rodesac saubari xelovnebas, popularul kulturas, xalxur kulturas, an

Tundac maskulturas exeba, Cven saqme gvaqvs kulturis Sesaxeb im

6

see equally well (they all see through the same lense), or badly, certain positions prevent easier access . Men have been handicapped by various matters, women scholars can now correct some improper generalizations.

Not all human beings can see equally well, or they see equally well, but through different lenses, thus the knowledge each attain will remain incommensurate: they will never be able to agree on what it is that they are seeing; men and women are fundamentally different, they have different ways of knowing, and this produce different sciences.

The lenses are really mirrors reflecting what is happening in the cave and all knowledge is grounded in the social relationships among those who look.

There is fundamentally no way to produce a science that is not the product of gender (though how this would work is itself unknowable)

There are no mirrors or lenses, no cave, no light, and no objects, it is all a personal (individual, "in the head") construction. This can easily be transformed into an idealist or nihilistic approach that is radically inimical to any kind of systematic conversation.

By implication gender itself is not an analytic category but rather a political ploy, and thus an illusion: feminism has thereby radically deconstructed itself.

Social systems or cultures, however constraining, are also relatively open to exploitation by all persons, particularly around the areas of contradiction within the system (i.e. each culture has particular places where it is more vulnerable to cooptation, and possibly change)

Social fields, to the extent that they place human beings in different positions, thereby gives them different interests, as well as different tools (weapons, etc.) in their struggle against those placed in other positions.

Given a theory of internalization, this negates the principle of the "psychic unity of mankind." People in different positions, with different experiences, would be different. Taken seriously, this requires renewed interest in "objective" analyses of the structures of the fields.

Systematic discussion must come back to the basic intuition, that is that sex, everywhere is culturally constructed in ways that are not directly predictable from the biological nature of sexuality, but does not ignore it either (see the initial discussion in this class of Lévi-Strauss's contribution to the theory of culture). Thus human sex, everywhere is "gender" constructed contrastively among the possibilities that cultural elaboration has built historically. Thus "gender" can never be explained by reference to a substance ("women as different by men because they are women, biologically") but always in reference to what others make of them in a particular field, that is--paradoxically perhaps, and controversially certainly--men (just like men are made in reference to women, and all other possible genders).

Media and Cultural Consumption Stuart Hall argues that the media appear to reflect reality whilst in fact they construct it. His work Policing the Crisis, reflects an analysis of the signifying practices of the mass

media from the perspective of Marxist culturalist theory inflected through Gramsci's theory of hegemony, and 'an Althusserian conception of the media as an ideological state apparatus largely concerned with the reproduction of dominant ideologies', claiming relative autonomy for the mass media (Woollacott 1982: 110). For Hall et al. the mass media do tend to reproduce interpretations which serve the interests of the ruling class, but they are also 'a field of ideological struggle'. The media signification system is seen as relatively autonomous. 'The news' performs a crucial role in defining events, although this is seen as secondary to the primary definers: accredited sources in government and other institutions. The media also serve 'to reinforce a consensual viewpoint by using public idioms and by claiming to voice public opinion' (Woollacott 1982: 109).

Stuart Hall has also addressed theoretically the issue of how people make sense of media texts. In a key paper, 'Encoding/Decoding', Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances. 'Dominant' readings are produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated'

83

and its implication for the development of classes and other such groupings within complex societies. These theories appeared: "static" in that they did not explicitly consider the possibility that classes arise historically through processes of struggle; classes are not in continuing struggle requiring specific work to maintain them. Unconcerned with the possibility of productive activity by the people involved; that is class position might be used as a variable explaining variation in behaviour, thereby preventing the analyst to consider that people in their local circumstances might be, or become aware of their limitations, and act on them. If this is thought possible then research can be conducted that makes of the people's awareness an independent variable.

Such points had been made repeatedly but those who made them still had to deal with the historical fact that few among the classes or groups easily identifiable as "oppressed" seemed to act on the basis of the agency that they were granted.

It would seem that something was preventing them from acting, and the concepts of hegemony or habitus might appear to do the trick by proposing that individuals came to accept the legitimacy of their position through the pedagogic activity of institutions such as the school (or the media).

What Difference Gender? Men used to be the subject of the human sciences on the unexamined idea that what

was discovered studying male human beings also had to apply to female human beings. Researchers moved to studies of women. Gender was “discovered” as a theoretical term: sex + cultural elaboration = gender. In linguistics, it was always accepted that gender is a convention, an artificial social construction, and that the relationship between a person or object and a gender is arbitrary in the Saussurian sense.

The evidence that placing women in particular position (homemakers, nurses, teachers) was the result not only of undirected cultural evolution but also of specific political acts repeated over the years both at the local levels (girls and boys being tracked in families and schools) and at the national level (limitations on voting, etc.).

The growing acceptance at the national political level (whether because of ideological shifts or because of economic transformations) that most forms of "gendering" was illegitimate (which is a different thing than arbitrary).

The self is considered as constructed implicitly through interaction (G.H. Mead) and also multiple (Derrida and desconstruction) and also explicitly affirmed through political affirmation (that is self-naming and associational patterns): one is not made "Chicana" through early enculturation but through specific public activities.

Illustration of the objective conditions women face as they construct their public selves (Salzinger and Central American immigrant "maids" in the information age), a focus on the political work produced by all actors ("dominant" males and "resisting" females) to reproduce and transform their positions in an agonistic rather than cooperative feedback process.

The reconstitution of sex as difference that makes a difference (either through biology or very early enculturation): The radical deconstruction of all sciences by the demonstration that they are all social (cultural) and that human reasoning cannot free itself from its grounding in particular genders (races, historical conditions, etc.)

In the development of gender studies in anthropology and related disciplines, it may be the last possibility that has been most determinedly explored, eventually producing radical critiques of the possibility of knowledge (and thereby ethnography). This aligned feminist studies with post-modern deconstruction, until it became clear that the implicit relativism (nihilism) in these trends was fundamentally inimical to the political (moral, ethical) agenda that had first triggered feminist scholarship.

One way to clarify the evolution of the relationship between cultural positioning and knowledge is in terms of Plato's metaphor of the cave where human beings are locked, unable to see the objects except as shadows on the wall. I also imagine that the light plays through one, or many, lenses. The scientific task, in this perspective, is to reconstruct a model of the object by triangulating the play of the shadow, the direction of the light, etc. Given this analogy several problems can arise: while every human beings can potentially

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warmodgenasTan, romelic gamoikveTa masiuri socialuri cvelilebebis asaxvis

mizniT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi evropul sazogadoebaSi Tanamedrove eko-

nomikuri da politikuri institutebis dabadebis procesSi moxda (maSin rodesac

sxva, ufro naklebad diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi kultura ar ganixileboda

rogorc cxovrebis calkeuli sfero).

magaliTad, xSirad msjeloben garkveul kulturul praqtikasa da sagnebze

(opera, qandakeba) — rogorc “maRali kulturaze”. aseTi msjeloba exmaureba me-

19 saukuneSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenebs, romlebic gamoyofda praqtikisa da

kulturuli sagnebis garkveul sferos da mas mijnavda yoveldRiuri

ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebisgan.

rodesac akritikeben maskulturas, maskulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

komerciulobidan gamomdinare, amiT xazi esmeva kulturis, rogorc cxovrebis

gancalkevebul da wminda sferos. aseve, SeiZleba es arapirdapir mianiSnebdes

imisken, rom ”maRali” kultura warmoadgens mxolod SeniRbul pretenzias maRal

socialur statusze da amiT xazs usvams imas, rom popularuli an xalxuri

kulturis nimuSebs ufro mdabio statusi gaaCniaT.

kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra

kulturis farTod gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba kargad asaxavs am cnebis

istorias. erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi termini SeiZleba exebodes

adamianebis saqmianobis im sferosa da specialur nimuSebs, romlebic

gansxvavdeba praqtikuli socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiuri samyarosgan an

kidev exebodes jgufis, an mTeli xalxis cxovrebis wess. kulturis es arsebuli

gansazRvrebebi am cnebas mTeli misi istoriis manZilze bundovanebas sZenda.

rogorc sxva disciplinebi, kulturis sociologia Camoyalibda am tipis

gansxvavebulobebis fonze da xeli Seuwyo kulturis cnebis gansazRvras.

mecnierebi xazs usvamen kulturis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, rogoric aris

mniSvneloba, faseuloba, nimuSebi, ricxvebi, Cveulebebi, ritualebi, simboloebi,

kodebi, ideebi, diskursi, msoflmxedveloba, ideologia Tu principebi; es

CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. kulturuli “sagnebis” nebismieri CamonaTvali

yovelTvis iqneba arasruli, imdenad ramdenadac mniSvneloba da interpretacia

aris aqtiuri da cvalebadi procesi. ufro metic, aseTi CamonaTvali Tavis TavSi

moicavs mniSvnelovan Teoriul dapirispirebebs im mkvlevrebs Soris, romlebic

xazs usvamen diskursebisa da kulturuli praqtikis mniSvnelobas, kognitur

kategoriebs, faseulobebs, vinc aanalizebs konkretul produqtebs da Rma

teqstualur nimuSebs, rom ar CavTvaloT amaTi SesaZlo kombinaciebi.

magram bevri es winaaRmdegoba da kamaTi moixsneba, Tu Cven kulturas

SevxedavT rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis erTobliobas,

romlebic sxvadasxva tipis socialur garemoSi mimdinareobs (specialur

sferoebSi, Tu ufro zogadad) da asaxvas povebs gansxvavebul socialur

praqtikasa, Tu socialur produqtebSi. dRes kulturis mkvlevarebis ZiriTad

mizans warmoadgens mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gageba, sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobebisa da maTi socialur cxovrebaze gavlenis Seswavla.

aqedan gamomdinare, kulturis sociologebma SeiZleba gamoikvlion kul-

tura, rogorc sazogadoebis calke sfero an kidev kultura, rogorc cxovrebis

wesi - qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba orive aspeqts — isini cdiloben

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gagebas.

Tanamedrove kulturis sociologia xSirad eyrdnoba anTropologias,

istorias, feministur, media, kulturulogiur kvlevebs, literatur kritikas,

politikur mecnierebas da socialur fsiqologias. kulturis sociologiaSi

muSaoba gulisxmobsinterdisciplinaruli midgomebis gamoyenebas, rac

saSualebas gvaZlevs SemoqmedebiTad movekidoT Cveni Seswavlis sagans.

Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba.

TiToeuli maTganis Seswavlis sagania mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi

sxvadasxva analitikur doneze.

Cven SevexebiT rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvras ”safuZvelSi”, aseve

7

ganvixilavT, Tu rogori urTierTobebi gansazRvravs da Seadgens mniSvnelobebs

da Semdeg individebi rogor operireben am mniSvnelobebiT. esa Tu is mniSvneloba

SeiZleba ar iyos gaziarebuli an logikuri mocemuli jgufis Tu mTlianad

sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. saerTo normebi, Rirebulebebi, kognituri

CarCoebi da moqmedebis aRiarebuli gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos yvelasTvis

gamWvirvale da sworxazovani. aramed, gamomdinare konteqstidan individebi da

socialuri jgufebi eyrdnobian mocemuli mniSvnelobebis simbolur reper-

tuarebs. Tumca, erTi da igive adamiani sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gansxavebul

qmedebebs irCevdes an kidev sxvadasxva xalxi erTsa da imave konteqstSi ar

daeyrdnos analogiur simboloebs.

meore xazi Seiswavlis mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesebs, romlebic

gvxvdeba instituciur sferoebSi an kulturuli prodiuserebis qselebSi. es

midgoma kulturas ganixilavs rogorc socialur produqts da xazs usvams

specifikur konteqstebs, sadac vxvdebiT kulturul warmoebasa da inovacias. aq

ganixileba, Tu rogor iqmneba konkretul organizaciul konteqstSi xelovneba

an kidev, Tu rogor xdeba musikis garkveuli stilis gavrceleba, an mecnierebis

praqtikaSi danergva. yovelive es mniSvnelovan zegavlenas SeiZleba axdens

kulturuli produqtis Seqmnaze. magaliTad, mogvianebiT saubari gveqneba

postmodernistuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebaze, warmoadgens Tu ara is

konkretuli profesiuli garemos produqts, Tu ufro farTo masStabis

msoflio istoriuli cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. musikis sferos rac

Seexeba, petersonis mixedviT, rok musikis warmoSoba miewereba industriaSi

momxdar cvlilebebs da ara demografiul afeTqebas.

mesame midgoma kulturis sociologiaSi gamoiZiebs mniSvnelobis ganm-

sazRvrel procesebs ”teqstSi”, eyrdnoba teqstualur analizs, rac ufro axloa

humanitaruli mecnierebebTan, vidre kulturis sociologiasTan. kulturuli

repertuarebi, obieqtebi da teqstebi analitikurad emijneba socialur kon-

teqsts da ganixileba rogorc Seswavlis damoukidebeli obieqti. Tu kulturas

enas SevadarebT, maSin masac aqvs Tavisi Sinagani struqtura; rac Seexeba

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnas am Sinagan struqturas Tanamimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs.

kulturis sociologiebi mimarTaven sxva disciplinebis analitikur

saSualebebs, raTa ukeT da siRrmiseulad iqnes gagebuli kulturis esa Tu is

struqtura; magaliTad, cnebebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegia:

simboluri kodebi, niSnebis sistemebi, Janrebi, narativebi. diskursiuli

analizisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebs

ikvlevs, sociologebi, romlebic analogiur meTodebs mimarTaven, paralelebs

avleben mocemul teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebsa da im gzebs Soris romelTa

saSualebiTac individebi gavlenas axdenen am niSan-Tvisebebze da, piriqiT,

eqcevian maTi gavlenis qveS.

mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis Seswavla "safuZvelSi", "institucionalur

sferoSi" , da "teqstSi" ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs da analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes

samive meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tuki mniSvnelobis warmoebas ganvixilavT rogorc

samive doneze erTdroulad mimdinare process, maSin aseTi midgoma dagvexmareba

gadavlaxoT kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, kultura Tanxmobas emyareba, Tu kultura-

ideologia asaxavs Zalauflebis urTierTobebs.

pirvel rigSi, "safuZvlis" meTodis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs

ganvixiloT repertuarebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc socialur jgufebSi da

jgufebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da konfliqti. Tumca, aseTi tipis analizi

ewinaaRmdegeba im Sexedulebebs kulturis Sesaxeb, romlebic miiCneven, rom

kultura aris ideologia — radganac kulturuli repertuarebi, individi,

istoriuli cvalebadoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom kulturuli Zalaufleba ar aris

adamianebis manipulireba maTi interesebis Seqmnis gziT. (anu marqsis mixedviT

cru cnobierebis Seqmna). meore mniSvnelobis Seqmna “instituciur sferoSi da

teqstSi” gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT variaciebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaroebi, rac

Tavidan agvacilebs Semdeg visaubroT kulturis konsensusisa da ideologiuri

dominaciis Sesaxeb.

8

such a ‘space of representation’ should have opened up within popular culture; what genre and gender elements interact in the narrative structures and representational forms; and how these popular forms have been ideologically shaped and inflected.

Marxism and Culture: Hegemony and Domination

Addressing the matter of the maintenance of arbitrariness across the generations and

when this arbitrariness is hard on large groups of individuals within a population opens question of power within social fields, societies, zones of interaction, etc.

In one way of another, the classical versions of the models of sociability left aside the issue of differentiation within the body politic and inequalities in resources or power. More recent versions have tried to deal with it in a variety of fashions. This is Williams's concern. First we must understand the nature of the power. We can then explore one of the ways of doing this. According to Marx: the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas i.e. the class, which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class, which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. (The German Ideology (1970: 64))

This is an analysis intended to move people to action (education). It is also an analysis that does not point at the principles guiding its moral choices. Underlying this statement is a classical puzzle in Euro-American political philosophy: how is one to understand political rule (outside of pure relationships of brute force) and how is one to constitute new forms of political rule that are both grounded in the nature of humanity and in the moral choices in favour of individual freedom and self-actualisation that "we" have made?

What happens when you start doubting that there are in fact no condition under which "consent" can be considered as given by all the governed? And, in particular, what happens in complex societies when it can be shown that people occupying different positions have different interests that must somehow conflict with each other if in fact these positions are mutually constituted through the division of labour (or even simple coexistence within the same geographical area)? What are the processes through which ruling classes (genders, ethnic or racial groups, etc.) impose their "ideas" to the ruled classes?

Is it enough to hold political power in order to impose ideas? What are ideas anyway, and what role might they play in the reproduction of class (gender...) positions?

Raymond Williams in his essay on Base and Superstructure challenges on of the most widespread assumptions about culture, the idea that meanings and values are determined by some more objective material reality (a model most well known from the Marxist theories of ideology Williams discusses but also implicit in many other theories of society). The book develops a more supple model of cultural determination which recognizes cultural elements in material production, material and structural elements of meaning and value, and a relationship of “limits and pressures” rather than strict causal determination between them.

Williams regards culture as "active experiences and practices” leading to "studies of different types of institution and formation in cultural production and distribution, and in the linking of these within whole social material processes.

The problem may have to do, in Gramsci's writing with the appearance that the working classes do not "understand" their conditions. Given the theories of language, it should be clear that the appearance of non-understanding is mostly produced by the absence of a particular type of analytic language that is in fact only found among certain intellectual classes. The import of this critique is that it establishes that one cannot differentiate culture from society (motivation from action; personality psychology from the social sciences) (as this was done by Parsons). One is moving beyond the distinction between "what people say" and ‘What people do”

The concepts of hegemony and the related concept of habitus were partially developed in specific reaction against social theories that focused on the division of labour in society,

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politics of categorical distinctions. Cultural categorization and the power of authoritative categorization are important stakes in social struggles and central to understanding of inequality and social change. Moreover, intellectuals and social scientists are not only analysts but also important participants in symbolic politics, and their work demands an ethic of reflexivity.

Using the illustration of life in the modern city, George Simmel suggests here some distinctive features of culture in modern, complex societies (in contrast with the smaller, pre-modern societies, which anthropologists like Ruth Benedict mostly studied). In large and highly differentiated modern societies, the multiple social circles, the money economy, and the specialized division of labor lead to increasing rationalization and objectification in culture. Simmel also suggests that while the possibilities of individuality and individualism grow, individual experience becomes more shallow, and that objective cultural products multiply and come to dominate subjective meanings and values.

Given the intuition that "shreds and patches" drawn from various places can be so organized into particular patterns that appear "unique" and "different" to an observer, the problem remains: how is this intuition to be grounded? Is it in fact more than an intuition to be dismissed on the basis of further analysis? Is it an "illusion" as gestalt experiments are often said to reveal? Or are we confronted here with essential aspects of all reality: mutually organized parts make new "wholes" for those who stand in particular relations to the parts.

In fact, there is powerful evidence that the intuition of cultural integration that drove Benedict's work is not an illusion to be deconstructed but rather something to confront directly.

Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (Language) For many reasons, this should take us to a discussion of the importance of language in

relation to culture. When we talk about culture, we refer to “shared meanings”. As for the language, it is the privileged medium in which we ‘make sense’ of things, in which meaning is produced and exchanged. Meanings can only be shared through our common access to language. So language is central to meaning and culture and has always been regarded as the key repository of cultural values and meanings. Language is also an ultimate metaphor for humanity ("In the beginning was the Word"); one the most obvious instance of human cultural activity to analyse for what it might teach us about humanity together. But how language construct meanings and how does it sustain the dialogue between participants which enables them to build up a culture of shared understandings and so interpret the world in roughly the same ways? Language is able to do this because it operates as a representational system. In language we use signs and symbols – whether they are sounds, written words, electronically produced images, musical notes, even objects – to stand for or represent to other people our concepts, ideas and feelings. Representation through language is therefore central to the processes by which meaning is produced.

Language provides one general model of how culture and representation work, especially in what has come to be known as the semiotic approach – semiotics being the study or ‘science of signs’ and their general role as vehicles of meaning in culture. In more recent years, the preoccupation with meaning has taken a different turn, being more concerned, not with the detail of how ‘language’ works, but with the broader role of discourse in culture. Discourses are the way of referring to or constructing knowledge about a particular topic of practice: a cluster (or formation) of ideas, images and practices, which provide ways of talking about, forms of knowledge and conduct associated with, a particular topic, social activity or institutional site in society.

These discursive formations, as they are known, define what is and is not appropriate in our formulation of, and our practices in relation to a particular subject or site of social activity; what knowledge is considered useful, relevant and ‘true’ in that context; and what sorts of persons or subjects embody its characteristics.

We examine also, how representation is working in television soap opera. These are enormously popular sources of fictional narrative in modern life, circulating meanings throughout popular culture – and increasingly worldwide – which have been traditionally defined as ‘feminine’ in their appeal, reference, and mode of operation. Christine Gledhill, in Representation, Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, unveils the way this gendered identification of a TV genre has been constructed. She considers how and why

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kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma

kulturis sociologiaSi empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebis dros Tu Teoriuli

ganazrebebisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi aspeqtebi:

1. miuxedavad imisa, xdeba Tu ara konkretuli kulturuli diskursis

miReba/gaziareba (mag, rogoric aris "kulturuli omebi", "individualizmi"),

aseTi diskursebis farTo aRiareba da gavrceleba Tavad qmnis mniSvnelovan

socialur faqtebs;

2. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, farTo masStabiani kulturuli inovaciisa

da socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriebi;

3. gaerTiandes ori potenciurad urTierTsawinaaRmdego kvlevis xazi

kulturis sociologiaSi, romelic saTaves socialur fsiqologiaSi iRebs;

pirveli kognicias exeba, meore ki emociebs;

4. gafarTovdes mizez-Sedegobriobis cneba, romelic mniSvnelobis

ganmsazRvrel procesebs ganixilavs, rogorc mizez-Sedegobriv meqanizms.

5. gaTvaliswinebul iqnes kvlevebis Sedegebi kulturis politikis

gatarebis dros

zemoT CamoTvlils monaxazis xasiaTi aqvs. yvela es sakiTxi — diskursis

socialuri Sedegebi, kulturuli difuzia socialur cvlilebaSi, kognicia da

emocia mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebSi, kauzaluri meqanizmebi, inter-

pretaciuli kvlevebis Sefaseba da mniSvnelobis-Seqmna sociologiur praqtikaSi

— xels Seuwyobs zogadi sociologiuri gagebis ganviTarebas da mianiSnebs im

aspeqtebze, romlebic ufro Rrma empiriul da Teoriul Seswavlas moiTxovs.

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb

am TavSi visaubrebT kulturis mimarT arsebuli ZiriTadi midgomebis Sesaxeb.

erTi mxriv, es iqneba SedarebiTi mimoxilva, meore mxriv ki, mas gaaCnia sistemuri

mxare, romelic moicavs warmoSobili argumentebis erTobliobas.

Tavdapirveli dixotomia

mas Semdeg, rac safuZveli Caeyara sazogadoebebis mecnierul ganxilvas, ori

Teoriuli ukiduresoba dominirebda moqmedebisa da wesrigis cnebebis analizis

dros. moqmedebis meqanisturi xedva adamianis qcevas manqanas amsgavsebda,

romelic prognozirebadia da reagirebs garemos mier SemoTavazebul sti-

mulebze avtomaturad da obieqturad. wesrigi, romelic ukavSirdeba meqanikur

qmedebas, Sesabamisad aris iZulebiTi da gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze misi

zemoqmedebis Zalidan gamomdinare.

zemoT xsenebuli xedvis sapirispirod Camoyalibda moqmedebisa da wesrigis

subieqturi gageba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, moqmedeba motivirebulia im

raRaciT rac adamianSive Tavidanve arsebobs, magaliTad, grZnobiT, aRqmiT,

gancdebiT. wesrigi, romelic aseT qmedebas emyareba ideuri xasiaTis aris, anu is

warmoadgens iseT rames, rac adamianebis TavSia mocemuli. aq saqme gvaqvs

subieqtur wesrigTan da ara mxolod subieqtur moqmedebasTan, ramdenadac

subieturoba ganixileba rogorc sazRvrebi da ara ganzraxva, idea romelic

zogadia da ara individualuri survilis Sesabamisi.

mocemuli sazRvrebi ki ganixileba rogorc mravali interpretaciuli aqtis

mizezi an Sedegi. gamocdilebasa da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas gadamwyveti

xasiaTi aqvs am midgomisTvis.

9

kulturis cneba aq Semodis imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba

rogorc garkveuli gziT mowesrigebuli fenomeni. kultura warmoadgens

"wesrigs", romelic Seesabameba mniSvnelad qmedebas. subieqturi, antimeqanis-

turi wesrigi moiazreba, rogorc nebayoflobiTi mizezebis safuZvelze

arsebuli da ara aucileblobis ZaliT Camoyalibebuli, rasac meqanisturi,

obieqturi xedva aviTarebda.

marqssa da hegels Soris dapirispireba gvTavazobs meqanistursa da

kulturul formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebulobis pirvel formas,

romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi am

Temebis irgvliv diskusiis dros. gonis fenomenologiaSi hegeli saubrobs

istoriul ganviTarebaze, romelic ganpirobebulia im frustraciebiT,

romlebic SeiniSneboda konkretul istoriul periodSi arsebuli SezRudvebis

gamo. TiToeuli periodi xasiaTdeboda garkveuli sazRvrebiT romelTa

farglebSic xdeboda mniSvnelobis moazreba. hegeli am yovlismomcvel

sazRvrebs uwodebs gaists, anu saukunis gons, cneba romelic germanuli

idealizmis konteqstSi kulturis Tanamedrove gagebis ekvivalenturia.

imdenad, ramdenadac marqsi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba hegelis Teorias, misi

Sexedulebebi saSualebas iZleva gansxvavebul WrilSi davinaxoT meqanisturi

midgoma. istoriul materialisturi ganviTarebis Teoria, romelic marqsma

SeimuSava Tavis gviandel naSromebSi aRiarebs hegelis Teorias, rom istoriis

wina etapebi Seicavda istoriis Semdgom etapebs. Tumca marqsi ganviTarebis

wyarod miiCnevs ara subieqtur frustraciebs, aramed racionaluri interesis

obieqtur uaryofas. igi saubrobs ekonomikur da politikur wesrigze,

romlebic, marqsis azriT, ar aris subieqturi. marqsi radikalurad gamijnavs

erTmaneTisgan "superstruqturasa" da "baziss" cnobierebasa da socialur

arsebas. kulturuli fenomenebi — samarTlebrivi kodebi, religiuri ritualebi,

xelovneba da inteleqtualuri ideebi miewereba superstruqturas da ganixileba

rogorc bazisis mier determinirebuli. imisaTvis, rom moxdes kulturuli

fenomenis axsna, saWiroa ara maTi Sinagani struqturisa da mniSvnelobis

Seswavla, aramed im materialuri elementebis dakvirveba, romlebsac isini

asaxaven. ramdenadac kultura ganpirobebulia mis gareT arsebuli Zalebis mier,

kulturas kauzaluri gagebiT ar aqvs avtonomia.

marqsis meqanisturi Sexedulebebi ganavrco sxvadasxva socialur mecni-

erulma skolam rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve ideologiuri Sexedulebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. meTodologiurad cdilobdnen moeZiaT socialuri fenome-

nebis winaswar gansazRvris gzebi, gamoeaSkaravebinaT gazomvis "namdvili

obieqtebi"; ideologiurad ki reformis mxardamWeri radikaluri da libe-

raluri suliskveTeba gulisxmobda adamianuri tanjvis "realobis" mtkicebas

meqanisturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare.

meqanisturi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba ganixileboda rogorc

mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli, xolo kulturas ganmsazRvreli Zala eniWeboda.

marqsma safuZveli Cauyara kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb kamaTs, miuxedavad

imisa, rom ver gansazRvra am kamaTis rezultati. sazogadoebis meqanisturi

xedvis oponentebi subieqtur midgomas icaven da Tvlian, rom kulturas ufro

SefardebiTi "avtonomia" gaaCnia materialisturi formebis fonze.

klasikuri perspeqtivebi

dilTaim hegelis religiuri Teoria naturalisturi goniT Caanacvla.

dilTai xazs usvams adamianuri gamocdilebis centralurobas mniSvnelobis

wyaros dadgenaSi, rogorc monawilesTvis, aseve mkvlevrisTvisac. dilTais

azriT, urTierTgagebis saWiroebas mivyavarT individualuri gamocdilebis

farglebs gareT saerTo ideebisken da sabolood kulturuli sistemebis

mastruqturirebel ZalasTan.

dilTai xazs usvams struqturuli sistemis Sinagan da subieqtur

mdebareobas. es gansakuTrebuli mdebareoba specialur "hermenevtikul" meTods

moiTxovs.

10

Mariam Asatiani

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE

Course Summary

Course Description and Objectives The theme of culture and empirical research on culture has grown immensely in

sociology and the other social sciences over the last 25 years. Many disciplines have experienced the so-called ‘cultural turn.’ Beyond just recognizing that culture matters, scholars have developed a variety of theories of just what culture is and how it operates. Cultural processes and practices, and symbolic and classificatory systems, are constitutive elements of social life and important sites of, and vehicles for, political contestation. To speak of culture this way is to speak in terms of shared ways of life, shared repertoires of action, shared orientations to the world, shared widely shared specific attitudes, values, behaviors, and practices, shared ‘operating systems,’ shared webs of significance, and so on.

We will discuss our relationship to the culture(s) in which we live, and the relationship between culture and power. We will consider how culture operates in micro-interactional settings on the basis of widely shared cultural beliefs, and how it can exist in more clearly delimited settings (for example, organizational cultures). Finally, we will examine how certain cultural industries, or venues for experiencing culture, such as film, popular music, books, high art, and fashion are organized and how they have changed over time in response to both larger social forces and to each other.

Introduction to the Sociology of Culture and the Place (Problem) of Culture in Modern Civilization

The idea of culture is notoriously difficult to define and the concept seems all encompassing and ambiguous. However, most of the social scientists agreed to treat culture as the processes of meaning making. Cultural sociology, combining interdisciplinary influences with sociological presuppositions, examines meaning making processes, along three specific dimensions: meaning making in everyday action, the shared mental frameworks which are the tools of meaning making and the institutional production of meaning.

Ruth Benedict presents some widely shared and important ideas about culture: the ideas that human societies cannot be explained simply by nature, that cultural possibilities are innumerable, that cultures are diverse, that different elements within a culture are interconnected, and that elements of culture must be understood by placing them in their context.

In his essay, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture”, Clifford Geertz challenges reductionist social explanation which ignores the symbolic dimensions of social life, but also criticizes reified cultural analysis of abstract codes, preferring instead ethnography’s close examination of grounded, concrete sequences of action and their contexts. Geertz emphasizes that culture is public and collective, not simply an attribute of individuals; he also makes the important methodological point that cultural analysis should not be treated as idiosyncratic but rather that it should be assessed on criteria appropriate to the subject.

One of the fundamental tools for analyzing culture is the concept of cognitive categories. As Zerubavel demonstrates, cognitive categories create meaning from a potentially undifferentiated flux of experience. Further, they vary according to time, place, and social context, and frequently generate dissent and debate. While categorical distinction is essential, people may classify in either rigid, fuzzy or flexible ways, creating or blurring gaps between mental entities to different degrees.

Pierre Bourdieu argues that social explanation must take into account the subjective categories in which people understand their worlds, the pre-conscious practices in which those categories are articulated, the power exercised in social categorization, and the

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urTierToba organizaciul klientebTan exmaureba SemoqmedebiT-teqnikuri

produserebis urTierTobas kulturuli industriebis organizaciul da

menejerul nawilTan. musikosebis an televiziis damoukidebeli prodiuserebis

msgavsad arqiteqturul firmebsac kontraqtis damTavrebis mere aRar aqvT

urTierToba TavianT damkveTTan. ramdenadac patara firmebs danaxarji didi ar

aqvT da sargebloben didi kompetenciiT (risTvisac maT qiraoben) maT srul

pasuxismgeblobas aZleven produqciaze.

arqiteqtorebi sTavazoben alternatiul winadadebebs klientebs da rogorc

kulturul industriebSi menejerebi, didi klientebi asponsoreben garkveul

nawils. didi samSeneblo firmebi ki yvelanair xerxs mimarTaven, rom maTi servisi

popularuli gaxdes.

elitaruli dizainerebi TviTon ukeTeben sakuTar Tavs marketings rom

moiZion klientebi, didi komerciuli klientebi ki Tavis mxriv popularizacias

uweven arqiteqtorebs, maT saxelebs, rogorc axali proeqtis komerciuli

paketis organul nawils. arqiteqturaSi “modisa da tendenciebis” gavrceleba

naklebad aris damokidebuli mas mediaze, specializirebul presaze, trening

institutebis sitemaze. dizainis procesi imdenad rTuli da

profesionalizebulia, xolo mSenebloba klientebisTvis da bankebisTvis

imdenad Zviri rom xanmokle modas iSviaTad Tu vinme aitacebs.

es miuTiTebs imaze, rom elitaruli arqiteqtorebi imijis Seqmnas uyureben

rogorc kontrolis dakargvas mSeneblobis procesze. imijebis gamravleba,

romelTa Sorisac klientebs arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, mas

mediis mier arqiteqtorebis "kulturul gmirebad” gamocxadeba iwvevs imas, rom

stilisturi konvenciebi mokle droSi gacveTil tendenciebad iqceva. amitom

arqiteqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad warmoadgenen ara Senobas, aramed imijs.

imiji ki formiT dauaxlovda modasa da kulturis industriebs. am imijebis

mwarmoeblebi miiltvian siaxlisken an imitaciisken, ramdenadac gadamwyveti

faqtori aris is, Tu riTi SeiZleba gaizardos msyidvelobiTi fasi.

rogorc saqme, postmodernistuli arqiteqtura warmoadgens im materialuri

Zalebis gansaxierebas, romlebic Slian gansxvavebas "maRal” da “dabal”

kulturul produqcias Soris. arqiteqtorebs ukveTaven maTi SemoqmedebiTobis

gamo da aZleven Tavisuflebas, rom gamoigonon, Tumca maTi SemoqmedebiToba

klientis arCevaniT SeiZleba SeizRudos. sponsors Tavisi cvlilebebis Setana

SeuZlia; es ki upirispirdeba diskursis avtonomias.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr kulturul sferoSi, mecnierebis eqspansia da

ganaTlebuli auditoriis zrda iZleva diskursis farglebSi inovaciebis

saSualebas. arqiteqtura warmoaCens dialeqtikas, romelic bevri kulturuli

sferosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: diskursis avtonomia teqnikur produserebs

axalisebs, rom gariskon praqtikaSi, maSin rodesac realizaciis xarji xSirad

barieris rols TamaSobs. amitomac arqiteqturas filosofosebi da

Teoretikosebi postmodernizmis xanas alegoriad miiCneven.

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hermenevtika warmoadgens interpretaciul midgomas, romelic gamoavlens

Sinagani da subieqturi struqturebis bunebasa da maT mniSvnelobas. mniSvneloba

mkvlevrebisTvis gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini kulturuli struq-

turebis interpretacias moaxdenen da ar Seecdebian, magaliTad, sxva Zalebis

Sedegebis axsnas, rac warmoadgens meqanisturi midgomis meTodologiur

impulss. interpretacia gamomdinareobs gagebidan da ara mxolod dakvirvebidan.

dilTai bunebrivi mecnierebebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebs, dakvirvebas

upirispirebs hermenevtikul meTods. is gvTavazobs kulturuli kvlevebis

pirvel da erT-erT yvelaze filosofiur gamarTlebas, magram amas akeTebs

dualisturi gziT, romelic asaxavs germanuli idealizmis calmxriv

problematikas. dilTais miaCnia, rom socialuri fenomenis Seswavla unda moxdes

mxolod da mxolod kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare. is maTematikur,

fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebs aniWebs gare meqanisturi wesrigis

dakvirvebebis prerogativas. amgvarad, dilTai xazs usvams kulturis

avtonomias, romelic ganxilulia idealisturi kuTxiT.

Tu ramdenad mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli hermenevtikuli midgoma

kulturis cnebasTan dRemde warmoadgens kamaTis sagans.

parsonsi

me-20 saukunis socialuri Teoriis istoriaSi, talkont parsonsma

SemogvTavaza socialuri meqanizmis Sesaswavli yvelaze daxvewili formaluri

midgoma, romelic orTodoqsuli hermenevtikuli tradiciis farglebs scil-

deboda. sazogadoebis mimarT Tavis “funqcionalistur” midgomaSi, parsonsma

konceptualurad moiazra kulturasa da materialur Zalas Soris urTierToba,

rogorc analitikuri safexurebi erTian empiriul samyaroSi da ara rogorc

Sinagani gamocdileba garegani determinaciis sapirispirod.

parsonsis mixedviT, monawileebi iTaviseben mniSvnelad wesrigs (kulturuli

sistema) romelic ufro zogadia, vidre socialur urTierTobaTa kompleqsi

(socialuri sistema) da romelTa nawils isini aseve warmoadgenen. es analitikuri

argumenti, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, rom yoveli socialuri aqti akonkretebs ufro

farTo kulturul mocemulobas. socialuri qmedeba ar unda ganixilebodes

meqanisturad, radganac misi kulturuli aspeqti yovelTvis aqtualuria. meore

mxriv, moqmedeba aseve socialuria da ara mxolod kulturuli sistemis nawili;

aq idealisturi perspeqtiva uariyofa. imdenad, ramdenadac parsonsi aseve

aRiarebs mesame analitikuri sistemis arsebobas, romelsac warmoadgens

pirovneba, is ambobs, rom verc kulturuli kodebi da verc socialuri

determinizmi akninebs fsiqologiuri imperativebis mniSvnelobas.

qmedeba aris simboluri, socialuri da motivaciuri erTsa da imave dros.

sruli empiriuli analizis Casatareblad, mkvlevarma unda Seiswavlos samive

analitikur sistemas Soris konkretuli urTierTmimarTeba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom kulturis es analitikuri avtonomia mniSvnelovania nebismier empiriul

“konkretul” momentSi, is mainc aris instituciuri faqtorebis gavlenis qveS.

parsonsis xedva kulturuli, socialuri da fsiqologiuri sistemebis

analitikuri avtonomiis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs erTgvar gamosavals meqanistur-

subieqtivisturi dixotomiidan. aq kulturas SedarebiT avtonomiuri sfero

eniWeba, magram ara sruli avtonomia.

Tumca problemebi male gamoikveTeba, rodesac aris am sxvadasxva doneebis

erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mcdeloba ara analitikur doneze, aramed realobaSi.

arian Tu ara socialuri fenomenebi organizebuli meqanikurad da eqvem-

debarebian aucileblobis kanonebs Tu mniSvnelobis wesebs? rogor unda moxdes

realurad kulturuli da socialuri doneebis interpretacia?

am dilemis pasuxad parsonsma uaRresad Tanamimdevruli rekomendacia

SemogvTavaza. funqcionaluri analizi unda exebodes kulturis “insti-

tucionalizacias”, Tu rogor xdeba kultura socialuri sistemebis realuri

struqturebis nawili. institucionalizaciaze es fokusi, parsonsis mixedviT,

sagrZnoblad daaviwroebs sociologebis kulturul interess. isini Tavisi

11

Seswavlis sagnad gaixdian Rirebulebebs da ara simbolur sistemebs. Rire-

bulebebi dagvexmareba simbolur-abstraqtuli formiT vimsjeloT centraluri

institucionaluri problemebis Sesaxeb. isini Seexebian iseT sakiTxebs rogorc

aris Tanasworba - uTanasworoba, spontanuroba — disciplina, avtoritetisadmi

morCileba — kritikuli qmedeba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba - kerZo sakuTreba.

parsonsis mixedviT, normatiuli warmodgenebi yalibdeba swored aseTi

konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv. monawileebma arCevani unda gaakeTon realur

alternativebs Soris. arCevanis gakeTebis Semdgom normatiuli an RirebulebiTi

standartebi ikveTeba. institucionalizacia niSnavs, rom erTi an meore

standarti gadaiqceva monawilis rolis damaxasiaTebel niSnad. individisTvis,

jgufisTvis am institucionalizebuli Rirebulebidan gadaxveva sanqciiT

regulirdeba/isjeba; xolo Rirebulebisadmi damorCilebas moyveba jildo.

RirebulebiTi analizis perspeqtividan institutebis ganxilva bevris

momcemia, Tumca ar unda moxdes kulturuli analizis Canacvleba am midgomiT.

RirebulebiTi analizis dros, interpretacia Semoifargleba mxolod im

mniSvnelobebiT romelTa institucionalizaciac aris SesaZlebeli. Sedegad, is

cnebebi romlebsac RirebulebiTi analizi iyenebs, mniSvnelobis analizis dros

eyrdnoba meqanistur, wmindad socialuri analizisTvis SemuSavebul leqsikas.

antonio gramSi

analogiuri problemebi da miRwevebi gaaCnia marqsizmsac, romelic aseve

warmoadgens idealisturad gagebuli kulturis kritikas. gramSis naSromebis

mixedviT revoluciuri da klasebze orientirebul Teoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba

SeiZleba moxdes marqsis gviandeli naSromebis mecnieruli meTodologiis

farglebs gareTac. gramSi marqsizms uwodebs "praqsisis Teorias". gramSim Tavisi

kritikuli Teoria aago italiel hegelianel kroCestan dialogis procesSi. man

hermenevtikuli tradiciis gavleniT apriori miiCnia, rom yvela moTama-

Se/monawile aris inteleqtuali, da rom mniSvnelobiT daintereseba warmoadgens

rogorc yoveli adamianuri qmedebis ganuyofel ganzomilebas, aseve socialuri

wesrigis yovel istoriuli formas.

rogorc parsonsi, aseve gramSi emijneba idealizms da kulturas ganixilavs

rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuls meqanistur institutebTan da ara rogorc maT

Semcvlels. socialuri sistemis Zalebis analizi gancalkevebuli unda iyos maTi

mniSvnelobis analizisgan. gramSisTvis, iseve rogorc parsonsisTvis, socialuri

sistema kulturis mTavar sayrdens Seadgens. sazogadoebis “namdvili Zalebi”

ewinaaRmdegebian an avseben kulturis mniSvnelad Zalas.

gramSis kulturuli marqsizmi gansxvavdeba funqcionalizmisgan imiT, rom

mas socialuri sistema da Sesabamisad kulturis adgili am sistemaSi

gansxvavebulad aqvs moazrebuli. kulturuli procesebi, gramSis mixedviT,

TvalsaCinoa mkacrad dayofil sazogadoebaSi, klasobrivi batonobis ierarqiaSi,

romlis safuZvelsac politikuri Zala warmoadgens. kultura xdeba klasobrivi

Zalauflebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.

gramSi Tvlis, rom maRali donis inteleqtualebic ki Tavisi Teoriebis

amosaval wertilad warmoebis dominant models iReben da gamomdinare Tavisi

susti institucionaluri poziciidan, iZulebulebi xdebian Seurigdnen arsebul

Zalebs. maRali donis inteleqtualuri ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven

TiToeuli epoqis TviTcnobierebas vrceldeba masebamde ufro dabali donis

kvaziinteleqtualebis mier, magaliTad, maswavleblebisa da Jurnalistebis mier,

im moTamaSeebis mier, romlebic ufro “organulad” arian dakavSirebuli

kapitalisturi sazogadoebis institutebTan. gramSis aq mohyavs analogia

kaTolikur eklesiasTan; Teologebi ayalibeben abstraqtul kanonebs, maSin,

rodesac mRvdlebi da moZRvrebi axdenen im doqtrinebis formulirebas,

romelic mimarTulia ubralo adamianebze da maT uxsnis tanjvis fenomens.

inteleqtualebis ideologiur Zalauflebas gramSi "kulturul hegemonias"

uwodebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba Zalian ierarqiulia, gabatonebul

klass ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba mxolod Zalis saSualebiT.

12

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi

arqiteqturis Seswavla miuTiTebs im faqtze rom cvlilebebs konkretul

kulturul diskursSi lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. aseve specializirebuli dis-

kursebis farglebSi araTanamimdevruli dinebebi yovelTvis ar aris pasuxi ufro

farTo garegan araTanamimdevrulobebze.

meore msoflio omis mier gamowveuli statikurobis, destruqciisa da

rekonstruqciis garemoebebma gamoiwvia is rom modernistuli moZraoba

gardaiqmna mcire jfufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvidan universalur da yovlis

momcvel stilad. Sesabamisad, banaluri da gamofituli modernizmis masobrivma

triumfma, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia arqiteqtorebis reaqcia. monotonuroba da

mosawyeni erTgvarovneba, romelsac "formebis amowurva" ewoda iTxovda esTe-

tikur inovacias da Teoriul gadaxedvas. ara omis katastrofulma Sedegebma,

aramed axalgazrda da ganaTlebulma xalxis aqtiurobam ganapiroba da Semdeg

ganaxorciela warmoqmnili moTxovnebi.

arqiteqtorebis axalgazrda Taoba da ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols ver

Seasrulebdnen rom ara axalgazrda arqiteqtorebis didi raodenoba. swored

arqiteqtorebis didma raodenobam gamoiwvia profesiis SigniT arsebuli

konkurencia. konkurencia ki TavisTavad yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo kul-

turul inovaciasTan iseT mravalferovan viTarebaSi rogoric aris islamuri

religia, me-19 saukunis franguli mxatvroba da meoce saukunis amerikuli

mecniereba.

aSS-s ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ki 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi moaxdina

arqiteqtorTa mzardi ricxvis dasaqmeba. Tumca 70-iani wlebis krizisis periodSi

prioriteti eniWebodaT da elitarul jgufebad yalibdebodnen is arqiteq-

torebi, romlebic prestiJuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi iyvnen.

isinive warmoadgendnen wamyvan eqspertebs gavlenian JurnalebSi, xelovnebis

centrebSi da konkursebis JiuriSi.

amgvarad arqiteqturuli postmodernizmi ganamtkicebs raodenobas,

konkurenciasa da inovacias Soris arsebul urTierTmimarTebas kulturis

mwarmoeblebis viwro rigebSi.

aseve, daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis nawilobrivi Tanxvedra qmnis

specializirebul kulturul sferoebsa da ufro farTo politikur da

socialur moZraobebs Soris konkretul kavSirebs. ukanaskneli, ki STaagonebs

dominanturi inteleqtualuri paradigmebisa da specialistebis rolebis

garSemo arsebuli molodinebis gadafasebas.

postmodernizms ar SeeZlo gaemeorebina 20-iani wlebis artistuli da

politikuri avangardis gamiznuli da mtkice sinTezi, ramdenadac 1918 wlis

revoluciuri viTareba ar arsebobda 60 iani wlebis im qveynebSi, romlebic

imdenad mdidrebi iyvnen, rom arqiteqturiT dainteresebuliyvnen. Tumca

arqiteqturul postmodernizmSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli Sinaarsi swored im

periodSi warmoiSva rogorc aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, rodesac axali memarcxeneebi

aRzevdnen antiteqnokratiuli sloganiT.

da bolos kulturuli specializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi

Semdegia: urTierqmedeba kulturis mwarmoeblebsa da maT potenciur

auditorias Srois aris yovelTvis gaSualebuli mwarmoeblebis praqtikaSi

arsebuli garemoebebiTa da istoriuli viTarebiT.

postmodernistuli gardamavali periodis dros amerikuli dizainis elitis

praqtikaSi ori momentis gamoyofa SeiZleba. pirveli warmoadgens

arqiteqturuli amocanis kompleqsurobas, rac did wilad ganpirobebulia

arqiteqturis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikur da organizaciul

siZneleebTan. aseve miuxedavad imisa, rom nageboba aRiqmeba stilisturi

konvenciebis gziT, misi socialuri funqcia ufro farTod moiazreba da

masisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre stili an esTetika.

meore momenti warmoadgens kulturul industriebTan arqiteqturuli

saqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis kavSirs.

postmodernizmma aRniSna patara da saSualo firmebis gamravleba diskursis

farglebSi da ara, magaliTad, amerikuli arqiteqturis biznesSi. maTi

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reiganis xanis “arqiteqturas", isini ZiriTadad gulisxmoben stils; Tumca im

periodis arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani stils naklebad exeboda,

aramed ZiriTadad aq saubaria uamrav saofise da komerciul sivrceze, feSe-

nebelur sastumroebze, mdidarTa saxlebze da elitisTvis gamiznul kulturul

dawesebulebebze.

modernistuli arqiteqturis gadafasebis dros, warmoiSva konfliqti

arqiteqturis "imijsa" da "realobas" Soris. es cnebebi exeba koncefciasa da

koncefciis ganxorcielebas Soris uTanxmoebas, ramdenadac arqiteqtorebi

yovelTvis axdenen imijis dizains, maSin rodesac sxvebi ageben Senobas. swored es

imiji da realoba ikavebda centralur adgils postmodernistul SejibrSi, rac

niSnavda rom raRac icvleboda, nebsiT Tu uneblied arqiteqtoris Zireul

socialur identobaSi.

arqiteqturuli dideba, profesiuli ideologia romelic aRiarebda dizains

dizainis gulisTvis 70-ian wlebSi aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad, is Seecada

dabruneboda modernizmis avtonomiur TviTgansazRvrebas, magram ukve gvian iyo.

modernizmis mimdevrebs aRar hqondaT profesiuli Zalaufleba aRedginaT

modernizmi nawilobriv ganviTarebuli esTetikuri SesaZlebobis saSualebiT.

ameve dros, garemos "xelis SeSlis winaaRmdeg" ganwyobili Zlieri saSualo

klasis moZraoba iTxovda rom SenarCunebuliyo ukve damaxinjebuli urbanuli

qsovili. Tumca am moZraobamac daigviana. arsebulma modernistulma imitaciebma

gamoiwvies nostalgiuri ltolva SenarCunebuliyo Zveli ubnebi, rac

asorcirdeboda usafrTxoebasTan da normalur cxovrebasTan.

tradiciuli modernizmis uaryofa 80 - iani wlebis meore nawilSi mZlavr

tendenciad iqca arqiteqtorebs Soris. qalaqSi mcxovrebi muSaTa klasi da

Raribebi dazaraldnen ganaxlebisgan ufro metad, vidre restavraciebisgan;

konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, pativiscema labirinTuli struqturis quCebis

mimarT da sacxovrebeli qalaqebis mravalferovani konstruqcia tradiciuli

postmodernizmis yvelaze pozitiur da mniSvnelovan wvlils warmoadgenda.

postmodernizmis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRiarebuli iyo ara erTi stili,

aramed mravali ena.

swored postmodernizmis damkvidrebis Sedegad, ufro da ufro metma

arqiteqtorma ipova sxvadasxva gemovnebis klienti, rac xels uwyobda

mravalferovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. es sxvadasxva klientebi

stilistur siaxles moiTxovdnen an kidev xdeboda maTi darwmuneba rom axali da

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli enebi misaRebi iyo.

Sesabamisad, krizisi arqiteqturaSi gadailaxa da fokusi gasworda —moxda

arqiteqtoris rogorc artistis tradiciuli identobis aRdgena, formalizmi ki

daexmara dizainerebs rom Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT indivudualisturi

proeqtebi.

80-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si socialuri SekveTebi da demokratiulad orien-

tirebuli sazogadoebrivi arqiteqtura gaqra. ideologiuri komforti,

romelsac formalizmi sTavazobda arqiteqtorebs srulyofilebas moiTxvoda;

srulyofilebas srulyofilebis gamo, rac ukve damkvidrebuli ekleqturi

diskursis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. 80-ian wlebSi arqiteqturam dakarga

erTiani xedva da erTiani stili. arc erT jgufs gaaCnda sakmarisi Zalaufleba an

gavlena erTi konkretuli mimarTulebis, an/da saerTo standartebis

dasamkvidreblad sxvadasxva profesiuli praqtikebisTvis.

amrigad, XX saukuneSi, arqiteqturuli modernizmi gadaiqca teqnokratiuli

socialuri inJineriidan korporaciuli Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofad.

socialuri stimulis dakargviT, esTetikurma xedvam rutinuli xasiaTi miiRo.

diskursis doneze daZabulobebi da gadafasebebi gamravlda da daaCqara

esTetikuri dezintegracia. rodesac aqtivistma Taobam ufro mwvave xasiaTi

misca profesiis farglebSi mimdinare kritikas, praqtikis prioritetulobam

tradiciebis mimdevrebi aiZula arqiteqtorTa praqtikis mravalferovneba

eRiarebinaT. am kuTxidan danaxuli, postmodernistuli pluralizmi 1960 - iani

wlebis antiavtoritatuli politikis memkvidreobas warmoadgens.

76

sazogadoeba ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri an politikuri wesrigi, aramed

“moralur — politikuri bloki”, romelic Sekrulia gabatonebuli ideebisadmi

nebayoflobiTi morCilebis Sedegad. gramSis saxiT gveZleva kulturis

institucionalizebuli Teoria marqsistuli formiT. Tumca, es dominanturi

kultura sabolood kritikis qveS eqceva. revoluciuri kulturuli

ganviTarebis miseuli mosazreba aris iseTive damokidebuli “arsebul, namdvil

realobaze”, rogorc misi gabatonebuli ideebis Teoria.

imdenad, ramdenadac muSaTa klasi arsebobs eqspluatirebul obieqtur da

konkretul viTarebaSi, gramSi Tvlis, rom maTi praqtikuli cnobierebis

Camoyalibeba gardauvalia, da upirispirdeba burJuaziisa da aristokratiis

idealizirebul cnobierebas. Tumca, gramSi acnobierebs rom es latenturi

cnobiereba ver gamovlindeba, Tuki ar iqneba Camoyalibebuli da gamoTqmuli

inteleqtualuri formiT. ubralod, praqtikuli cnobiereba uZluria

gabatonebuli ideebis inteleqtualuri Zalis winaSe. alternatiuli ideologia

jer unda Camoyalibdes, amocana, romelic Sesrulda marqsisa da sxva maRali

socialurad moazrovne inteleqtualebis mier. "organuli" inteleqtualebis

revoluciuri kadrebis formaciis Sedegad — politikuri partiis liderebi da

mimdevrebi — romlebic ufro praqtikulebi arian da naklebad

inteleqtualurebi - es ideebi xdeba ufro SesamCnevi da xelmisawvdomi.

kulturuli marqsizmi scildeba funqcionalur analizs Tavisi normatiuli

datvirTviT. is dainteresebulia ara mxolod kulturis axsniTa Tu

interpretaciiT, aramed “kargi mniSvnelobis” da “cudi mniSvnelobis” Sefaseba-

dapirispirebiT. gramSi upirispirebs “racionalur cnobierebas” yoveldRiur

cnobierebasa da religias. igi ar kmayofildeba kontrhegemonuri kulturis

ganviTarebis axsniT, aramed aseve dainteresebulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am

kulturam migviyvanos ufro Tavisufal da damoukidebel cxovrebamde.

kulturuli marqsizmi funqcionalur analizTan SedarebiT, ufro metad

aRiarebs kulturis gavlenas socialur cvlilebaze. aseve xazs usvams

kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris kavSiris mniSvnelobas. Tumca kulturis

Sesaxeb rogorc Zalauflebis msaxurze saubari, akninebs kulturuli Rire-

bulebebis rols Zalauflebis garkveuli kontrolis da regulaciis funqciis

Sesrulebis procesSi.

funqcionalistur TeoriaSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis gamijvnam pirvel

adgilze Rirebulebebi daayena da ara simboloebi. kulturul marqsizmSi

“klasobrivi cnobierebis” cneba iseTive rols TamaSobs rogorc Rirebulebebi.

Tumca is ganisazRvreba kulturuli mniSvnelobis farglebSi da Tavad

socialuri sistemis nawilia.

cnobierebis marqsistuli analizis, iseve rogorc Rirebulebebis funq-

cionalisturi analizis dros xSirad xdeba socialuris upiratesobisken

gadaxra da kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis nivelireba. es naTeli magaliTia,

imisa Tu ra rTulia kulturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuli

kavSiris moazreba.

semiotika — ferdinand sosuri

semiotika Tanamedrove kulturuli analizis erT-erT mniSvnelovani

midgomaa. ferdinand sosuri ambobs, rom socialuri struqturis an qmedebis

gageba SeuZlebelia kulturuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. rogorc

lingvistvisTvis, misTvis enaa amosavali wertili. igi acnobierebs, rom laparaki

TavisTavad socialuri qmedebaa, romelic fsiqologiurad aris motivirebuli

da konkretul situaciur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

individebi SeiZleba CaiTvalon rogorc pasuxismgebelni TavianT salaparako

aqtebze, maT realurad aranairi kontroli ar gaaCniaT im enaze, riTac isini

axorcieleben mocemul salaparako aqtebs. molaparake individebs ar SeuZliaT

im niSnebis gansazRvra, romlebsac isini mimarTaven laparakis dros. es niSnebi

fiqsirebulia sazogadoebis mier mkacrad Camoyalibebuli CarCoebis farglebSi.

rodesac sosuri saubrobs enis socialur determinaciaze, is ar miuTiTebs

13

socialuri institutebis SedarebiT Zalaze. ena rogorc simboluri sistema,

romelic uricxvi socialuri aqtis Tavmoyraa, warmoadgens damoukidebel Zalas.

ena abstraqtuli kodia, romlis struqturac determinirebulia kanonebis mier,

romlebic Sinagania TavisTavad da ara socialuri sistemis zewolis Sedegad

mocemuli.

sityvebi warmoadgenen niSnebs, romlebic iSleba aRmniSvnelad da aRsaniSnad.

sosuri mkveTrad mijnavs aRmniSvnels, bgerasa Tu sityvis materialuri

komponents aRniSnulisgan, cneba romelzec materialuri bgera aris mibmuli. is

Tvlis, rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRniSnuls, materialursa da idealur komponentebs

Soris damokidebuleba aris “TviTneburi”. ar arsebobs obiqturad aucilebeli an

“namdvili” mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aRiniSneba esa Tu is cneba raRac garkveul

bgeraTa SeTanxmebiT; maTi erTmaneTze mibma xdeba Cveulebis gamo.

sosuri ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom sityvis gageba rTulia, rodesac

is namdvil socialur obieqts exeba da masTan xdeba dawyvileba enis saSualebiT.

es urTierTobac aris TviTneburad ganpirobebuli Cveulebis mier. mniSvneloba

gamomdinareobs urTierTobebidan — gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi — romlebic

yalibdeba sityvebs Soris, enobrivi sistemis niSnebs Soris. cvlilebebi am

urTierTobebSi ar aris im socialur obieqtebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsax-

veli, romlebsac isini exebian. niSanTa sistema axlo momavalSi aris ucvleli. is

viTardeba Sinagani kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi Semadgeneli nawilebis axlandeli

ganlagebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli tradiciebis ganxilvis

saSualebiT, romelTa wiaRSic isini Camoyalibdnen.

Tu es nebayoflobiTi urTierToba arsebobs sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris enaSi,

sosuris mixedviT, ratom ar unda arsebobdes igive yvela socialur institutSi

da aqtivobaSi? misi azriT, lingvistika aris semiotikis qveganayofi, niSnebis

ufro zogadi mecniereba. TiToeuli socialuri aqtivoba aris areuli niSanTa

sistemasTan, romelic enis analogiurad muSaobs. arc istoriuli ganviTareba da

arc socialuri urTierToba ar gansazRvravs niSanTa sistemis am struqturas.

misi mniSvnelobis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod institucionaluri kulturis

Sinagani kodebis rekonstruqciis safuZvelze.

semiotikur analizs miuxedavad mcdelobebisa, mainc calmxrivi xasiaTi aqvs.

is exeba niSanTa sistemebs da ara sazogadoebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom enaTa

sistemebi socialuri institutebis msgavsia, semiotika gvTavazobs CavataroT

“struqturuli analizi” da Tavi davaneboT interaqcionistuli da situaciuri

SezRudvebis Seswavlas. semiotika amdenad gvabrunebs kulturis Zlieri

avtonomiis gagebasTan, romelsac hermenevtika gvTavazobda. dilTais mixedviT,

socialuri qmedeba mxolod Signidan unda Seswavliliyo. Tumca misTvis

“Signidan” niSnavs subieqturi gmocdilebis mocemulobebisken dabrunebas.

sosurisTvis ki sityvebis Sinagani urTierTobebis Seswavlas.

semiotika formalurad udgeba niSanTa sistemebis struqturebis Seswavlas.

struqtura Sedgeba analogebis da kontrastebis rTuli mocemulobebisgan,

romlebic mkvlevarma unda gamoavlinos monawile individebis subieqturi

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es mosazreba rom gagveziarebina, maSin

mniSvnelobis kvlevisTvis Tavi unda dagvenebebina, razec aris dafuZnebuli

kulturuli analizi.

yvela arsebuli Tanamedrove midgoma kulturis mimarT interesdeba

mniSvneladi moqmedebiT da ara instrumentuliT, aseve aRiarebs simboluri

sistemebis avtonomias da mijnavs mas arakulturuli saxis determinaciebisgan.

Tumca kvlav sakamaToa, Tu ras moicavs simboluri sistemebis avtonomia,

ramdenad damoukidebelia kultura, rogor unda damyardes maTi damo-

kidebuleba kulturasTan. aseve uTanxmoeba sufevs kulturis Sinagani

Semadgeneli elementebis irgvliv. romelia kulturis ZiriTadi komponentebi da

rogor arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.

14

reproduqciis arxebs, rac iwvevs garkveuli stilisturi tendenciebis

imitaciasa da win wamowevas. magram es ar aris amomwuravi sia. ramdenadac

profesiuli identoba yalibdeba ara mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis

safuZvelze, aramed arqiteqturis rogorc xelovnebis ganxilvis Sedegad.

Cveulebrivi arqiteqturuli praqtika orientirebulia servisze da komer-

ciul interesebze, rac TavisTavad heteronomiulia da xSirad eqvemdebareba

gareSe faqtorebs. am daqvemdebarebis sakompensaciod, arqiteqtorebma yurad-

Reba miaqcies TavianTi xelobis SemoqmedebiT mxares.

arqiteqturis diskursiul sferoSi ikveTeba ori saxis dapirispireba. pir-

vels — specializirebuli saxe aqvs da aqtualuria mxolod am sferos

warmomadgenlebisTvis da ara klientebisTvis. Sida dapirispirebas da diskusiebs

eqspertTa Soris moaqvs konkretuli Sedegebi da gavlenas axdens am sferoSi

arsebul Sinagan ierarqiaze, gavlenis qselebze, statusebze — yvela im

strategiul poziciaze, romelTa saSualebiTac frangi sociologi burdies

mixedviT simboluri kapitali yalibdeba da Zalauflebisa da simdidris

resursebi moiTxoveba.

debatebi, romlebic warmoiSoba dizainis elitis sxvadasxva fraqciebs Soris

arqiteqturul diskursSi, qmnian konfliqtur situaciebs, an piriqiT kavSirebs,

koaliciebs. arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli is aris rom klientebs aq

garkveuli rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT.

meore saxis kulturul dapirispirebas gadavyevarT ufro farTo da

bundovan sazRvrebSi; mas Tavisi ena da miznebi gaaCnia da motivaciac garedan

modis. konkretul istoriul pirobebSi, kulturis Tanamedrove politika

TamaSdeba didi socialuri konfliqtebis fonze, saidanac gansazRvruli

sferoebi sesxuloben intensiurobasa da substancias. eseni wamoadgenen

dasavluri xelovnebis avangardis Tavisebur momentebs. erTi mxriv, formaluri

esTetikuri CarCoebi politikur da moralur dapirispirebas asaxavs. meore

mxriv ki, debatebs axasiaTebT ezoTeruli ena da ganixilaven specializirebul

sakiTxebs rac moyveba did moZraobebs: disidentebi, romlebic ar kmayo-

fildebian mxolod arsebul diskursTan dapirispirebiT, cdiloben

Zalauflebis urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi Seitanon, rogorc TeoriaSi, aseve

praqtikaSi da sazRvrebis gadafasebas iTxoven.

me-20 saukunis arqiteqturis modernistuli faza idologiiis dabadebiT

xasiaTdeba da naTlad aCvenebs politikur-esTetikur avangardSi warmoSobil

kamaTs. 1920-ian wlebSi arqiteqturis axalma xedvam gamoiwvia diskursSi arse-

buli Sida dayofebis gadalaxva da praqtikis axali institutebis Seqmna.

arqiteqturis sazogadoebrivma xasiaTma ki arsebul dapirispirebebs metafo-

ruli mniSvneloba mianiWa, gansxvavebiT xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan da zogadad

sxva profesiebisgan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom arqiteqturi novatorebis ideebma

Taviseburi kvali daamCnia Tanamedroveobis sazogadoebriv saxes.

gvian 1960-ian da adreul 1970-ian wlebSi arqiteqturuli diskursis gada-

faseba daemTxva profesiis farglebSi arsebul kamaTs, romelic Seexeboda

arqiteqtoris Zalauflebisadmi daqvemdebarebas. arqiteqtori-aqtivistebis

sxvadasxva jfugebi dogmatur modernizms ganixilavdnen rogorc TavianT

saerTo mters.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, modernizmi - rogorc modernizacia, pirvel

rigSi, Seexeboda farTo maStabis urbanistul ganaxlebas, romelic daiwyo 50-ian

wlebSi. 70 - ian wlebSi ki ekonomikur kriziss moyva uZravi qonebiT spekulaciis

talRa da arqiteqturul revizionizmi daaCqara. klientebi, romelTac ufro

meti statusi hqondaT, vidre kapitali, moiTxovdnen rom maT Senobebi

yofiliyvnen simdidris, TamaSis, da gansxvavebulobis simboloebi. menejerebma

aRmoaCines dizainis Zala da male safuZveli Caeyara "arqiteqtorebis xelweras",

rac gansazRvravda produqtis konkretuli dizainis molodins, garkveuli

imijis Seqmnas da vizualur mravalferovnebas.

arqiteqtorebisTvis SekveTebis micemasa da didebaze, romelic asocir-

deboda profesiasTan, 1980-ian wlebSi gavlena iqonia finansurma deregulaciam

da Semosavlis redistribuciam Raribi da saSualo fenidan mdidrebze. rodesac

arqiteqtorebi da kritikosebi dascinian tradiciul postmodernizms rogorc

75

arqiteqturuli diskursebi

magali sarfati larsoni ganixilavs arqiteqturas rogorc kulturuli

warmoebis profesiul konteqsts. aq aisaxeba modernistulidan postmoder-

nistul arqiteqturaze gadasvla meoce saukunis bolo meoTxedSi. arqiteqturis

diskursi emyareba im winapirobas, rom mas yovelTvis mtkicebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.

arqiteqturis kritikosebi, istorikosebi da praqtikosebi im Sexedulebidan

gamodian, rom mxolod legitimuri arqiteqtorebis namuSevrebi iTvleba

xelovnebad, rac unda miekuTvnebodes arqiteqturul diskurss. Tumca, am

profesias axasiaTebs winaaRmdegoba. arqiteqturis diskursi avtonomiurad

igeba, im eqspertebis mier, romlebic sxva eqspertebs uweven angariSs. imisaTvis

rom moxdes "axali ideebis SemoTavazeba", disciplinebma unda aCvenon Tu rogor

xdeba SemuSavebuli wesebis kanonebad Camoyalibeba, arqiteqturis kanoni ki

Sedgeba lamazi da inovaciuri samSeneblo formebisgan.

Senobebi ver iqneba mxolod arqiteqtoris avtonomiuri codnisa da talantis

nayofi. aramed arqiteqtori damokidebulia klientebze da mSeneblobis sxva

specialistebze, iqnebian isini konkurenti eqspertebi Tu Semsruleblebi. am

damokidebulebas heteronomias uwodeben, ramdenadac is upirispirdeba

avtonomiis cnebas, rac ganixileba profesiis ganmsazRvrel atributad.

ramdenadac arqiteqturis diskursi saboloo jamSi efuZneba praqtikas, xolo

praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli momentebi heteronomiasTan aris dakavSirebuli,

diskursisa da praqtikis dialeqtika (avtonomiisa da heteronomiis)

mniSvnelovania arqiteqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki diskursiuli cvlilebis

analizisas.

meoce saukuneSi, dasavlur arqiteqturaSi orjer moxda mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi rogorc diskursSi, aseve praqtikaSi. istoriografiul CanawerebSi,

stilisturi cvlilebebis nakadma orivejer elituri dizainerebis arqiteq-

turuli koncefciebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad arqiteqturisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli investorebze da klientebze damokidebulebisa, arqiteqturis

istoriebi cvlilebis wyarod ganixilaven Tavad diskursSi cvlilebebs,

arqiteqturis ideebsa da TeoriebSi.

pirveli da yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba arqiteqturis diskursSi 1920-iani

wlebis Tanamedrove evropul moZraobaSi moxda. adaptirebuli evropuli

modernizmi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi saerTaSoriso kapitalizmis

arqiteqturuli stili gaxda. meore cvlileba ganapiroba mdare xarisxis

arqiteqturis mimarT protestma, romelic modernizmidan gamomdinareobda. es

moicavda modernizmSi universalur rwmenas romlis mixedviTac postmoder-

nistuli xedva uaryofda formalur da ideologiur erTianobas. erTi mxriv,

postmodernizmi dakavSirebulia arqiteqturul diskursTan: rac mouvida

evropul modernizms, romelic gadaiqca postmodernistuli Setevebis samizned

jer amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da Semdeg danarCen msoflioSi; modernizmi

aseve warmoadgenda antiTezas, rac postmodernizms Tavisebur Sinaarss aniWebda.

meore mxriv ki, cvlilebebi ideebsa da stilSi Seesabameba im struqturul

cvlilebebs, romlebsac ganicdidnen strategiulad ganTavsebuli garkveuli

jgufebi. rTulia winaswar mtkiceba, empiriuli gadamowmebis gareSe, magram

kulturuli cvlileba SeiZleba aseve Seesabamebodes socialur struqturaSi

momxdar farTo cvlilebebs. am hipoTezidan gamomdinare, arqiteqtorebs Soris

esTetikasa da gemovnebaSi cvlilebebi aris ara modurobisa da TviTneburi

survilebis gamoxatuleba, da arc idealisturi orientaciis ganxorcieleba,

aramed arqiteqtorebis mier TavianTi profesiuli rolis xedvis gadafaseba da

maTi praqtikis pirobebis gansxvavebulad danaxva. postmodernistul diskursSi,

evropuli modernizmis modeli dakavSirebulia rogorc arqiteqtoris rolis

praqtikul mosazrebebTan, aseve Tu rogor SeiZleba Semosavlis Zieba da maTi

formaluri warmosaxva.

arqiteqturuli skolebi da konkretuli pedagogiuri mimarTuleba,

profesiuli organizaciebi da Jurnalebi, bazris mier Seqmnili specializaciebi

da asociaciebi, sazogadoebrivi interesi, romelic gamowveulia presis mier —

yovelive es warmoadgens arqiteqturuli ideebis cirkulaciisa da

74

funqcionalizmi

funqcionalisturi midgomis mcdelobaa daukavSiros kulturuli gavlena

socialuri qmedebis analizs.

funqcionaluri Rirebulebebis analizis sisuste SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

Rirebulebebi xSirad daiyvaneba socialur struqturebze, TiTqos maTi

analitikuri avtonomia maTi regulirebis SesaZlebobas iZleodes.

mertonma warmatebulad gansazRvra kulturuli elementebis mniSvnelovani

kompleqsi da socialurma mecnierebma, romlebsac mertonis gavlena hqondaT

detalurad daafiqsires am normatiuli struqturis zemoqmedeba mecnierul

organizaciasa da moqmedebaze. problema isaa, rom, mertonis mixedviT, es

Rirebulebebi SeiZleba warmoiSvan nebismier sferoSi da ara mxolod mecnieruli

praqtikis wiaRSi. Rirebulebebisa da normebis kompleqsze saubris dros,

mertoni mecnierul praqtikas ganixilavs ise TiTqos mecniereba SeiZleba

moviazroT kulturisgan izolirebuli fenomeni da ara rogorc kulturuli

aqtivoba. mertoni mecnierebas miakuTvnebs socialur da ara kulturul

sistemas. is mecnierul Rirebulebebs moiazrebs rogorc realuri qcevisgan

ganzogadebebs da ara rogorc mniSvneladi procesebis warmonaqmns, romlebic

ganapiroben am qcevas.

lifsetis kulturisa da politikis funqcionaluri analizis dros

gamoikveTeba analogiuri Zlieri mxareebi da sisusteebi. parsonma dawera, rom

socialuri Rirebulebis nimuSebi xuT ZiriTad dilemas emyareboda, an kidev

socialuri mocemulobis cvladebs. lifsetma ki gamoiyena parsonsis mosazreba

da aCvena, Tu rogor aris es sxvadasxva tipis instituciuri qceva erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli. lifseti am cvladebs ufro zustad da argumentirebulad

ayalibebs.

universalizmsa da partikularizms Soris kompromisi, gvexmareba gavigoT,

Tu ratom cdiloben garkveuli elitebi qveda safexurze mdgomi jgufebis

gawevrianebas, sxvani ki piriqiT, mokveTas. ramdenadac frangi damqiraveblebi

iyvnen partikularistebi, lifsetis mixedviT, isini profesiuli kavSirebis

warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebs miiCnevdnen moralurad Seuracxmyoflad.

rodesac lifseti safrangeTsa da germaniaSi ekonomikur da politikur

Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis SedarebiT daxasiaTebas axdens, is

aCvenebs, rom Rirebulebis analizma SeiZleba gaaSuqos Sida kompleqsuroba da

winaaRmdegoba.

Tumca lifsetic frTxilad udgeba Rirebulebebis gamovlenas socialur

struqturaSi. Rirebulebebis kompleqts is gamoyofs jgufebis realuri

qmedebidan da ar ganixilavs maT rogorc kulturuli ganviTarebis Sida

dinamikis interpretaciis Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, universalizmi danaxuli

iyo iseve, rogorc mas 1789 wlis burJuaziuli revolucia warmogvidgenda da misi

SezRudva gamomdinareobda im faqtidan, rom “revoluciis Zalebi ar iyvnen

sakmarisad Zlieri”. germaniaSi, universalizmis ganviTarebas biZgi misca

“ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mier motanilma zewolam da axali socialuri

dajgufebebis momZlavrebam”, Tumca reaqciulma feodaluri dajfufebebma xeli

SeuSales aseTi Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.

semiotika — roland barti

meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi struqturalizmi da semiotika

warmoadgenda funqcionalizmis alternativebs mniSvnelobis SeswavlasTan

mimarTebaSi. struqturalistebisa da semiotikosebis Seswavlis sagani gaxda

kulturuli sistema, rogorc aseTi.

sosuris gavleniT, romlisTvisac ena iyo amosavali wertili da ara laparaki,

semiotikosebi saubrobdnen simboluri organizaciis Sinagan integrirebulo-

baze da ambobdnen rom es organizacia unda iswavlebodes garegan procesebTan

mimarTebis gareSe. amgvari midgoma moiTxovda abstraqciebs nebismieri kon-

kretuli SezRudvisgan, iqneboda es individualuri cvalebadoba, Tu jgufuri

15

interesi.

aseTi abstraqcia SesaZlebobas aZlevda mkvlevars moexdina kodis simboluri

struqturis ageba analitikurad damoukidebeli gziT. mxolod aseTi rekon-

struqciis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli drouli procesebis gamovlena, romelic

SeiniSneba mniSvnelobis winaswar dadgenili formebis CarCoebSi.

magaliTad, roland bartis esse WidaobasTan dakavSirebiT ar niSnavs imas,

rom semiotika aqtualuria mxolod egzotikis Sesaswavlad, romelic scildeba

Cveulebrivi socialuri cxovrebis farglebs. barts surs, rom am analizs

socialuri semiotikis paradigmuli saxe mieniWos. bartisTvis “Widaoba ar aris

sporti, aramed sanaxaoba”. is ambobs, rom qmedeba aq kulturis struqturiT aris

ganpirobebuli, Widaobis yureba ar gvainteresebs rogorc mimdinare cvalebadi

konstruqti. rogorc enas aniWeben upiratesobas da ara laparaks, Widaoba unda

ganixilebodes rogorc teqsti. am kuTxiT igi ar warmoadgens motivirebul

qmedebas, aramed aris raRac dawerili, dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelic srul-

deba. is exeba ara SezRudvebs am situaciaSi, aramed mniSvnelobebs, romlebic

miRebul iqna didi xnis winaT, is mocemulobebi, romlebic moWidaveebma unda

aiTvison imisaTvis, rom Semdeg "warmoadginon”.

moTamaSeebi warmoadgenen niSnebs da ara pirovnebebs. Cven unda SeviswavloT

ara maTi urTierToba, aramed maTi auditoria, sxva moTamaSeebi, romlebic

ganisazRvrebian rogorc socialuri teqstis erTad Tavmoyrili mniSvnelobebis

"mkiTxvelebi”. matCis Sedegebi am SemTxvevaSi araaqtualuria, imdenad ram-

denadac Widaoba unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc movlena droSi, aramed

rogorc mniSvnelobis maRal doneze struqturirebuli sistemis warmodgena.

Sedegi winaswar gansazRvrulia, ramdenadac moWidaveebi arian warmodgenis mo-

nawileebi, warmodgenisa, romelic ukve dawerilia. matCi gvevlineba kulturuli

sferos gamoxatulebad da ara socialuri sistemis motivirebul qmedebad.

sahlinis naSromi amerikul sazogadoebaSi saWmlis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT

aCvenebs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba semiotikuri midgoma Cveulebrivi cxov-

rebiseuli aspeqtebis Seswavlisas. analitikuri avtonomia miiRweva konkretuli

qcevisgan abstragirebis gziT kulturul sferoSi. abstragirebis Sedegad

socialuri elementebi, mag., saWmelebi gadaiqceva “simbolur sistemaSi urTi-

erTqmed elementebad” da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc teqsturi

elementebis, ricxvebis socialur sistemaSi. sahlinis mixedviT, saWmlis

“warmoeba aris kulturuli struqturis funqcionaluri momenti”. aseve mis

esseSi vxvdebiT semiotikuri Teoriis ufro sistemur gamoyenebas, romelic

ayalibebs niSnebis aralingvisturi sistemebis maorganizebel bazisur wesebs.

niSnebis sanimuSo sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva logikuri urTierTobebi

organizebulia analogiur da antionomiur urTierTobebad: mag. cxenis

mimarTeba ZaRlTan, adamianisa - ara adamianTan, Sinaganis - gareganTan, maRlis -

dabalTan, maRali statusis - dabal statusTan. semiotika aRiarebs kulturis

Sinagani struqturis kompleqsur Sida struqturas da gvTavazobs simboluri

kodebis Rirebulebebze Tu ideologiebze dayvanis Tavidan asacileblad

garkveul gzebs. es aris Teoriuli mcdeloba, romelsac rogorc wesi moyveba

kulturuli Rirebulebebis dayvana socialuri sistemebis meqanisturi

Semadgeneli elementebis ganzogadoebamde. Tumca, amave dros, semiotikis Sinagan

da formalur fokus warmoadgens misi ukiduresi kulturalizmi. kulturuli

struqturebi ara mxolod informacias aZleven socialur nimuSebs, aramed

gansazRvraven kidevac maT. sahlini wers, rom “maqsimalizaciis cnobili logika”

- kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis mogebis ZiriTadi principi — “mxolod

gancxadebuli saxea sxva mizezebisa”, raSic igulisxmeba kulturuli faqtorebi.

sahlinis mixedviT, amerikul sazogadoebasa da kulturas Soris produqtiuli

damokidebuleba rogorc erovnul aseve saerTaSoriso doneze “organizebulia

im SefasebebiT Tu ra iWmeva da ra ar iWmeva”.

socialuri sistemebis ekonomikur logikas aseve unda mieniWos analitikuri

avtonomia. moxmareba ar aris mxolod kulturulad determinirebuli, iseve

rogorc Widaobis matCebi araa mxolod simboluri movlena. aSkaraa, rom aseTi

calmxrivi idealizmi rTuli SesanarCunebelia. rodesac, magaliTad, sahlini

saubrobs xorcis mniSvnelobaze amerikul sazogadoebaSi, is eyrdonoba

16

saxels da gvars.

1960 ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, xelovanebi uaryofdnen

nivTebis privilegirebul statuss da xelovnebis elitarulobas, isini sazo-

gadoebis samsaxurSi ewerebodnen, erTvebodnen aqtivizmSi da TanamSromlobdnen

sazogadoebasTan. amis Sedegad moxda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gadafaseba,

fizikuri adgilis ufro farTod moazreba. sazogadoebisTvis gankuTvnili

skveri Tu parki asaxavs mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturas da TviTcnobierebas.

Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dizaini da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis

SerCeva asaxavs sazogdoebis damokidebulebasa da faseulobebs, Tu ramdenad

iTvaliswinebs qalaqi mravalferovnebas da adamianebis keTildReobazea

mimarTuli. mravalferovnebis da gansxvavebulobis gacnobiereba da gaTaviseba

ki mSvidobiani sazogadoebis Senebis ganuyofeli nawilia.

dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebrivi xelovneba msoflios bevr kuTxeSi gascda

cxenze amxedrebuli gmiris aRmarTvas sazogadoebiv sivrceebSi. amis sanacvlod

xdeba sazogadoebis mier ganxilva imisa, Tu vis da ras warmoadgens gmiri

xalxisTvis 21-e saukuneSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT barbara krugeri,

romelic komunikaciis bevr sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTavs, rom moaxdinos

Tavisi ideebis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. mag., mis xelovnebas aqvs

bilbordebis, maisurebis, asanTebze dabeWdili sloganebis, plakatebis saxe.

plakatebi ikvreba satelefono jixurebze da Senobebze. krugeris namuSevrebi

reklamas ar warmoadgens, ramdenadac is aranair komerciul interess ar

emsaxureba. arc propagandistulia, radganac ar aris nakarnaxevi, xelmZRva-

nelobis mier. krugeri ubralod vizualur strategiebs iyenebs rom miipyros

xalxis yuradReba da daafiqros Tavis namuSevarSi Cadebul mniSvnelobaze.

krugeris namuSevrebi moiTxoven qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobas, misi

gamosaxulebebi da teqsti xazs usvams qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipul

rolebs, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes genderTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis

safuZvlad mdebare dapirispireba. krugeri aseve exeba sityvis Tavisuflebis,

religiuri tolerantobis, omis, momxmarebluri sazogadoebis, ojaxuri

Zaladobis sakiTxebs.

riCard seras proeqti — skulptura "gadaxrili arka" kargi magaliTia imisa,

Tu rogori konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam da

saerTod sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gamoyenebam. 1980 wels riCard seram, cnobilma

amerikelma modernistma xelovanma, qalaq niurkis xelmZRvanelobis dakveTiT

aago skulptura did sazogadoebriv skverSi, romelsac gars ertya

dawesebulebebis Senobebi. sanam skulpturas aagebdnen, aravis mosvlia azrad

Sexvdrebis mowyoba sazogadoebis wevrebTan, romlebic muSaobdnen am skveris

garSemo da ar ukiTxavT maTTvis Tanaxmani iyvnen isini Tu ara rom aegoT

mocemuli qandakeba. seras spilenZis qandakeba 90 futis simaRle iyo. qandakebis

agebis faqtma gamoiwvia uaryofiTi Sefaseba sazogadoebis mxridan, ramdenadac

am qandakebam Seamcira skveris farTobi da saseirno gza da bevri mas uSnod

miiCnevda. qandakebis irgvliv warmoSobilma konfqliqtma moaxdina sazogadoebis

polarizeba. Sedegad skulptura sxva adgilas gadaitanes.

sainteresoa monumentebis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi. rogorc daiana holi

aRniSnavs, misi dakvirvebiT TbilisSi ZiriTadad mamakacebis skulpturebia

aRmarTuli. qalebi ki mxolod miTiuri arsebebi arian. magaliTad, filar-

moniasTan aRmarTuli muzis qandakeba da qarTlis deda. kiTxva ismis, Tu

ramdenad SemTxveviTia es faqti, Tu SeiZleba aq garkveuli mniSvneloba veZioT :

rom namdvili xalxi, romelic pativiscemas imsaxurebs mamakacebi arian. daiana

holi Tvlis, rom sakiTxis aseTi dasma, feministur midgomas ar gulisxmobs,

ramdenadac xelovnebis istoriaSi qalebic rom iyvnen Seyvanilni es ar

warmoqmnida feministuri xelovnebis istorias. qalebis aryofna xelovnebis

istoriaSi asaxavs patriarqalur sazogadoebas, romelmac warmoqmna es istoria,

iseve rogorc zogadma istoriam daamtkica sidiadis, sikargisa da heroikulobis

maskulinuri konstruqciebi, rac kargad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSi

rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve evropasa da amerikaSi.

73

am kiTxvidan gamomdinareobs urbanuli sivrcis sakiTxebi, urbanuli dizainisa da

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis perspeqtividan sazogadoebrivi sivrcis konst-

ruqcia.

sazogadoebrivi xelovneba SeiZleba iyos socialurad sasargeblo da

Seasrulos konfliqtis gamaneitraleblis roli, Tuki is exmaureba qalaqis

macxovreblebis moTxovnebs — aTavisuflebs maT warmosaxvas, wvlili Seaqvs

qalaqis dizainSi da iwvevs socialur kritikas, romelic xels uwyobs

sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebas. amgvarad: xelovnebis roli urbanuli

sivrcis simyarisTvis ormagia: gamoyenebiTi xelovneba rogorc urbanuli

dizainis ganuyofeli aspeqti, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes rogorc saxaliso,

aseve funqcionaluri aspeqti; da xelovneba rogorc socialuri procesi,

Cagvris sawinaaRmdego, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gamtarebeli,

sazogadoebrivi da saSinao sivrceebis sazRvrebis transcedenturi.

monumentebi

monumentebi iqmneba damkvidrebuli faseulobebis CarCoebis farglebSi da

erovnuli kulturuli identobis SeqmnaSi Seaqvs wvlili. monumentebi da

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi — skulpturebi nawilobriv arian fase-

ulobebis konsensusis matareblebi. isini kulturuli obieqtebis kategorias

miekuTvnebian, ganasaxiereben stabilurobas, romelic sazogadoebis Sinagani

winaaRmdegobis dafarvas axdens. sazogadoebrivi xelovneba xandaxan ver uZlebs

istoriul cvililebebs (mag., postsabWoTa qveynebSi bevri komunisturi lideris

qandakeba Camoxsnes)

amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia Tavisuflebis qandakeba (1886), amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis, Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis simbolo. qandakeba Cans

elisis kunZulidan, sadac milionobiT emigranti eloda amerikaSi Sesvlas

romelic Tavisuflebis miwad iyo aRiarebuli.

monumentebi da skulpturebis ageba xSirad xdeba garkveuli jgufis mier

Zalauflebis demonstraciis mizniT. Zaladoba xSirad monumentis Ziridadi

koncefciaa, ramdenadac bevri memoriali, triumfaluri TaRi, qandakebebi,

warsuli dapyrobebis amRvniSvnel simboloebs warmoadgenen.

monumentis Zalas xSirad iseTi wona aqvs, rom mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo

institutebis umravlesoba iRebs im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac monumentebi

warmoaCenen maT sazogadoebaSi da am gziT monumenti xdeba socialuri

kontrolis meqanizmi, rasac ufro faruli xasiaTi aqvs, vidre Zalis aSkara

demonstrirebas.

kulturis gamoyeneba socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis, burJuaziuli

sazogadoebis zogadi maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, im kuTxiT rom faseulobis

gadatana xdeba esTetikur sivrceSi, xelovnebisa da cxovrebis dualobas xazi

esmeba da Zalauflebisa da fuli ZalaSi eWvis Setana aRar xdeba, an kidev maT

mimarT damokidebuleba naklebad kritikulia. me-19 saukunis monumentebi

imperiisa da patriarqatis mesijs atareben, aseTi tipis mesiJi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSic xSirad Cans. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac

monumentTan dakavSirebuli normebi irRveva da monumenti "ubralo xalxs"

eZRvneba, an kidev "antimonumentis" kategorias miekuTvneba. magaliTad,

vaSingtonSi agebuli vietnamis omis veteranTa memoriali eZRvneba omis

istorias. gaprialebul, Savi qvis zedapirze wawerilia 58.000 mkvdari an

brZolaSi dakarguli (1959-1975) amerikelis saxeli. xelovanma maia linma

memorials "miwis Wriloba" uwoda, misi azriT momeriali cdilobs im Wrilobis

Sexorcebas, romelic omis winaaRmdeg protestma gamoiwvia. memoriali kiTxvis

niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis struqturebs sazogadoebaSi, struqturebs

romlebmac gamoiwvies omi, miuxedavad imisa es winaaRmdegobebi gadaWrialia Tu

ara an miviwyebuli. sakamaTo sakiTxia, vietnamis veteranTa memoriali anti

monumentis xasiaTs atarebs Tu ara, ramdenadac aRmarTuli qvis Semyure xalxi

acnobierebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani daiRupa vietnamis omSi, rodesac sakuTar

anareklTan erTad xedavs memorialur dafaze aTasobiT amerikeli moqalaqis

72

semiologiis miRma arsebul urTierTobebs da wers, rom amerikelebisTvis

adamianis sicocxles sakraluri Rirebuleba aqvs da aseve amerikuli

sazogadoebis ekonomikur da rasobriv ierarqiebsac mimoixilavs.

dramaturgiuli midgoma

Tu funqcionalizmi ganixilavs kulturis avtonomias, romelic privilegias

aniWebs socialur sistemas (Tumca ar dayavs kultura socialur sistemaze), da

Tu semiotika kulturul doneze axdens amis moazrebas, maSin dramaturgiuli

midgoma kulturul avtonomiaze saubrisas gansakuTrebul adgils individs

aniWebs. Tanamedrove sociologiaSi irving gofmani aRiarebulia wamyvan

Teoretikosad individTa Soris urTierTobebis mikro samyaros sferoSi.

dramaturgiuli Teoriis adreul versiebSi, gofmani normebs ganixilavda

rogorc strategiuli moTamaSeebis proeqcias. Tumca, ufro gviandel naS-

romebSi man aRiara kulturis damoukidebeli statusi. igi aRniSnavs, rom

socialuri interaqciis namdvil samyaroSi individebi gamudmebiT arian

datvirTulebi stimuliT, garda imisa rac aris mocemuli gansazRvrul kul-

turul CarCoebSi. calkeul moTamaSeebs kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli unari

ganaxorcielon uyuradReboba, da, amave dros, daafiqsiron, magram ignorireba

gauwion an kidev dablokon is stimuli, romelic maT mocemuli moqmedebis

CarCoebidan amogdebiT emuqreba.

rodesac, magaliTad, mayureblebi raime sanaxaobas uyureben, maTi

yuradrebis areSi eqceva aseve Teatraluri fenomenis miRma arsebuli

momentebic, rogoric aris mag., Teatris personalis arseboba da msaxiobebis

garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic maT rolSi ar ewereba.

gofmanis mixedviT, CarCos miRma qmedebis unari vrceldeba uyuradRebobis

farglebs gareTac. centraluri teqstis garSemo arsebobs mimarTulebis mimcemi

elementebi, romlebic moTamaSeebma unda daicvan, radgan maTTvis gasagebi iyos

vin gansazRvravs CarCoSi moqceul qmedebas da rodis. gofmani am elementebs

uwodebs “damakavSireblebs" da rom es damakavSireblebi SeiZleba warmodgenili

iyos rogorc teqstSi mocemuli punqtuaciis niSnebiT, aseve saxis

JestikulaciiT saubris dros.

gofmani aRiarebs gansakuTrebulad individualistur qmedebas kulturuli

teqstis avtonomiis farglebSi, romelsac is winaswar mocemulad aRiarebs.

geercs dramaturgiuli perspeqtiva Seaqvs SedarebiT damoukidebeli

kulturuli formis Seqmnis procesSi. rodesac is bolineziuri mamlebis

orTabrZolaze wers, erTi SexedviT gvgonia rom iq semioturi analizia

gamoiyenebuli, ramdenadac geerci xazs usvams im faqts, rom mamlebis

orTabrZolis garSemo Seqmnili melodrama warmoadgens rTuli wesebisa da

teqstebis mTel kompleqss. Tumca geerci aseT kodebs miiCnevs kulturuli

davalebis Sesasruleblad arasakmarisad. is mniSnvelobas miiCnevs rogorc

garedan Tavs moxvelulad da rom qmedeba eyrdnoba ara mxolod garSemo arsebul

wesebs, aramed sxva fenomenebsac.

mamlebis orTabrZola SeiZleba iyos an carieli (trivialuri, mosawyeni) an

Rrma (mniSvnelobiT aRsavse, saintereso, dramatuli). mogebulze fulis dadeba

warmoadgens saSualebas imisaTvis, rom es orTabrZola gaxdes ufro Rrma, rom

gaizardos movlenis mniSvneloba. yovelive es gvaiZulebs mivmarToT siRmiseul

sociologiur analizs da ar davkmayofildeT mxolod semiotikuriT. maRali

Tanxis dadeba mxolod maRali klasis bolinezielebs SeuZliaT, erTi maRali

Tanxa ki meores izidavs. TamaSis mniSvneloba Zlierdeba, radganac didi

reputaciebi dgeba sasworze da Sedegi ki winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli. xolo

rodesac mamlebi ekveTebian erTmaneTs sisxlian brZolaSi, aqve SegviZlia

amovikiTxoT garkveuli informacia bolineziuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.

mamlebis orTabrZola ar warmoadgens arc statusis funqcionalur

ganmtkicebas — xedva romelsac geerci miawers funqcionalizms — da arc

teqstebidan avtomatur deduqcias. es aris aqtiuri, esTetikuri miRweva,

xelovnebis forma, romelic gazviadebulad dramatuli formiT Cveulebriv

17

gamocdilebas xdis gasagebs. geerci Tvlis, rom moTamaSeebi da movlena qmnian am

struqturas, da ara struqtura qmnis movlenas.

funqcionalizmi, semiotika da dramaturgia ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis

mowinaaRmdege versiebs kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb. es zogadi orientaciebi

Camoyalibda zemoT ganxiluli arqetipuli perspeqtivebis safuZvelze. ufro

metic, am konteqstSi es orientaciebi gamokveTen kulturis avtonomiis garSemo

arsebul sxvadasxva midgomas da xazs usvamen Rirebulebebs, formalur sim-

bolur urTierTobebsa, da Sesabamisad esTetikur, SemoqmedebiT damoki-

debulebas. Tanamedrove kulturuli analizi veberianul, durkhemiseul da

marqsistul formebSi ganxvavdeba klasikuri orTodoqsuli persepqtivebisgan

imdenad, ramdenadac isini aseve moeqcnen postklasikuri kulturuli aqcentis

gavlenis qveS, romlebic Cven zemoT ganvixileT.

veberianizmi

veberis wvlili kulturisa da sazogadoebis gagebaSi tradiciulad

moiazreba rogorc misi “protestantuli eTikis diskusia”. kiTxva isaa, ramdenad

SeiZleba veberis argumentis gaziareba imis Sesaxeb, rom kalvinizmi da

puritanizmi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTarebis aucilebel wanamZRvars

warmoadgendnen. Tumca Tanamedrove kulturulogiuri azris gavleniT, veberis

wvlili sxvanairad moiazra, da mas ufro zogadi xasiaTi mieca.

insitucionalurad modelirebuli Rirebulebebisa da formaluri

simboluri urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, veberianelebi axlac moiazreben

kulturas, rogorc Sinaganad generirebad simbolur sistemas, romelic

aucilebel metafizikur saWiroebebze reagirebs. religiuri ideebi, xsnis

Teologiuri koncefciebi da sxvadasxva gzebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba

asketuri da mistikuri doqtrinebiT rCeba veberianuli kulturuli Teoriis

yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnebad. Tumca, Tanamedrove naSromebSi, am ideebis

mniSvneloba da gavlena ganixileba rogorc ufro meti vidre TviTdisciplinisa

da racionaluri kontrolis sakiTxebi.

xsnis sakiTxebi gaigeba ufro zogadi cnebebidan gamomdinare rogoric aris

aqtivizmi, cnobiereba, Temi da individuacia. aseve maTi gavlena socialur

institutebze farTod aris gagebuli, da ar Semoifargleba ekonomikuri

aqtivobiT, an politikuri kontrolis sakiTxebiT, demokratiiT, statusobrivi

da Sida jgufuri urTierTobebiT.

rodesac maikl valceri cdilobs axsnas, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli kalvinizmma

gamrje da momavalze orientirebuli muSaxelis Camoyalibebas, is am gardamqmnel

Zalas miakuTvnebs ara ekonomikur aqtivobas, aramed politikas. valceris

mixedviT, puritanizmma Seqmna kritikurli aqtivizmi, rac safuZvlad udevs

moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove gagebas. premodernistuli evropis socialuri

amboxebebis periodSi, kalvini moiazrebda adamianebs, rogorc radikalurad

gaucxoebulebs an rogorc rCeulebs, romlebsac unda SeesrulebinaT RmerTis

instrumentebis roli sazogodoebis radikalurad gardaqmna rom momxdariyo.

socialuri gardaqmnis transcedenturi moTxovnis rwmenam aRniSna ideologiis

dasawyisi Tanamedrove gagebiT. am transcedenturi CarCos farglebSi, RmerTi da

ara kacobrioba warmoadgens miwieri qcevis saboloo sanqcias. RvTaebrivi neba

moqmedebs cnobierebis saSualebiT da ara miwieri simdidris an Zalauflebis

ganawilebis gziT. is SeiZleba gamJRavndes adamianTa nebismier jgufSi,

ajanyebulebSic ki.

ingliseli puritanebisTvis, valceris mixedviT, "ofisi" gardaiqmna eko-

nomikuri da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis dagmobisTvis gamiznul saero

forumad. mmarTveli klasis piradi interesi miiCneoda rogorc codviT aRsavse

da garyvnili. puritanebi amoZravebdaT axali ufro abstraqtuli da kritikuli

disciplina; isini gaxdnen revolucionerebi, romlebsac SeeZloT masiuri

socialuri gardaqmnis moxdena. swored ase Caeyara safuZveli revoluciis Tana-

medrove siyvaruls, rac efuZneboda subieqtur interpretaciasa da mniSvne-

lobis farTo gagebas da ara obieqturi aucileblobis mimarT meqanistur pasuxs.

18

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura

edvard soia gvTavazobs "geografiuli da sivrcobrivi" warmosaxvis

ganviTarebas Teoriul naSromebSi. misi azriT, akademikosebi Tanamedrove xanaSi

dros da istorias ufro aniWebdnen privilegirebul pozicias, vidre sivrcesa da

geografias. Tanamedroveoba ganixileboda rogorc tradiciebis damangreveli an

Semcvleli sxva faseulobebiT — maSin, rodesac soias mixedviT, Tanamedroveoba

unda ganixilebodes rogorc droiTi da sivrculi urTierTobebis kompleqsuri

reorganizacia. magaliTad, Tanamedroveobis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa cvli-

lebebis sinqronuli xasiaTi globalur doneze, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiur

da ekonomikur sferoebSi.

postmodernistuli socialuri transformaciebi moicaven sivrculi

wesrigis gansxvavebul moazrebas: siswrafe da xelmisawvdomoba distanciis

problemas aqrobs da Sesabamisad xdeba samyaros dapataraveba, rac, Tavis mxriv,

iwvevs periferiebsa da centrebs Soris mkacri SezRudvebis aRmarTvas.

fukos mixedviT, sivrces sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri formisTvis,

iseve rogorc Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs.

fukom Seqmna "heterotopiis" cneba im sivrceebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic

moiazreba garkveuli socialuri sivrceebis nawilad da romelTa funqcia

gansxvavdeba an kidev upirispirdeba sxvebisas.

fuko Tvlis, rom arqiteqtura garda misi zedapiruli gansazRvrebisa, axdens

adamianebis gadanawilebas sivrceSi, maTi cirkulaciis garkveul arxebSi

moTavsebas, iseve rogorc urTierTobebis kodirebas. amitom arqtiteqtura ara

mxolod sivrcis elementia, aramed gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebis

sferoze, rasac konkretuli Sedegebi moaqvs sociumisTvis.

xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi

ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs xelovnebasa da urbanul sivrceebs Soris.

sainteresoa gavixiloT is sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba xelovnebas. Tu

rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moTavsebuli xelovnebis nimuSi

sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblos momtani iyos, xazi gausvas mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebis irgvliv socialuri TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. sazogadoebriv xelov-

nebas aseve SeuZlia sazogadoebisTvis zianis motana, mag., rodesac xlovnebiT

gadacemuli mesiJi miuRebelia sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis, aman

SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis gaTiSva. sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam aseve

SeiZleba Seqmnas socialuri konfliqti garkveuli politikuri da socialuri

Rirebulebebis waxalisebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian momxdar socialur

cvlilebebs.

jansaR urbanul sdazogadoebaSi kulturuli identobebi iqmneba rogorc

Zalis, uflebebis mopovebis sawyisi, qalaqis mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT

monawileoba miiRon da kvali daamCnion qalaqis formasa da qalaqis sivrcis

gamoyenebas. amave dros, is artistebi romlebic muSaoben sazogadoebrivi

xelovnebis sferoSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben qalaqis ideis gamefebul

koncefciebs da rTaven xalxs adgilobriv politikaSi rom amiT safuZveli

Caeyaros socialur kritikas. urbanuli sivrcis dagegmarebaSi CarTulma

adamianebma da xelovanebma unda Seqmnan iseTi urbanuli dinamika, romelic

asaxavs am sivrceSi macxovrebeli xalxis Rirebulebebs, miswrafebebs.

konfliqtebis gadaWris sakiTxze msjeloba urbanuli sirvrcidan

gamomdinare, imdenad aris aqtualuri ramdenadac 2005 wels msoflio

mosaxleobis naxevarze meti cxovrobs qalaqebSi. sacxovrebeli adgilebi mraval-

nairia — dawyebuli SeZlebuli xalxisTvis gankuTvnili vilebiT, damTavrebuli

barakebiT da kardonis yuTebiT. am mega qalaqebs xSirad ar aqvT centri an

principi, ris garSemoc isini arian organizebulni; isini xSirad dayofilebi

arian simdidrisa da siRaribis zonebad, usafrTxoebisa da Zaladobis — es Zalis

dinamika yovelTvis ar aris TvalsaCino da aSkara saSualo moqalaqisTvis. Cndeba

kiTxva, Tu ra warmoadgens qalaqs da visi keTildReobisTvis iqmneba qalaqi —

71

xasiaTiT.

faseulobebis Tanxvedras empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is emyareba SiSs; amitom

negatiuria. magram gidensisa da bekisTvis, SiSis saerToobas sawinaaRmdego

Sedegic aqvs — saerTo imedi da saerTo leqsika. bekisTvis am leqsikas ZiriTadad

ekologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba gadaizardos socialuri uzrun-

velyofisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi. gidensisTvis, gaziarebuli leqsika

sicocxlis sakralur faseulobas exeba, adamianis uflebebs, cocxali arsebebis

gadarCenasa da momavlisTvis zrunvas.

gidenss da beks ar sWirdebaT, zemoT aRniSnuli, universaluri faseulobebis

gamogoneba an Tavs moxveva, ramdenadac isini realurad arseboben da ara

TeoriaSi. riskis kulturis pirobebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia arastabiluroba da

SiSi, Cven iZulebulebi gavxdiT movaxdinoT politikis gadasinjva. gidensis

mixedviT, politikis gadafasebas mivyavarT generaciul politikamde.

gidensi socializms miiCnevs aramdgradad, radganac is efuZneba

sazogadoebis kibernetikul models. sazogadoebis es modeli gulisxmobs, rom

sazogadoebis marTva da kontroli SesaZlebelia maRali inteleqtis mier (anu

saxelmwifos mier). aseTi midgoma Zvel samyaros axasiaTebs, dRes ki Tanamedrove

dasavlur sazogadoebas funqcionirebisTvis sWirdeba adgilobrivi da ara

centraluri informaciis wyaroebi.

gidensi politikis gadasinjvisTvis Semdeg gzebs (mesame gza) gamoyofs:

- politikuri Zalis decentralizacia;

- individebisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis avtonomia im

mizniT, rom moxdes arsebuli informaciuli nakadis mimarTva moqmedi

subieqtidan mmarTveli struqturebisken, refleqsuri monitoringis

saSualebiT;

- aqtiuri ndobis damkvidreba politikuri sazogadoebis farglebSi ("aqti-

urSi" igulisxmeba mudmivad warmoebadi, monitorings daqvemdebarebuli da

SeTanxmebuli).

kiTxva ismis, Tu ratom uwodebs gidensi zemoTxsenebul rekomendaciebs

mesame gzas, memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis miRma?

generaciuli politikis idea asaxavs bazarsa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli

klasikuri dixotomiisgan Tavis aridebis mcdelobas. amitom individebisa da

jgufebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnan da awarmoon TavianTi Tavi politikur sazo-

gadoebebad gadamwyveti roli eniWeba. generaciuli politika “uzrunvelyofs

materialur pirobebs da organizaciul struqturebs im socialur-politikuri

gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, romlebsac iReben individebi da jgufebi farTo

socialuri wesrigis farglebSi”. (gidensi)

racios cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gidensis refleqsurobis

cnebasTan, aqedan gamomdinare ki, generaciuli politikis formasTan, ris

advokatirebac igi eweva. gidensisTvis racio meToduri eWvis ganxorcielebis

saSualeba xdeba. Cveni xanis mTavar princips unda warmoadgendes meToduri eWvi,

romelic saTaves dekartes filosofiaSi iRebs. gidensi da beki Tvlian, rom

universalizmi da ara pluralizmi warmoadgens momavlisken svlis erTaderT

gzas, radganac SiSebisa da sadardebeli problematikis Tanxvedras mivyevarT

faseulobebis Tanxvedramde.

Tanamedrove procesebis gasagebad beki, iseve rogorc baumani Tvlis, rom

saWiroa axali sociologiuri cnebebis danergva, romlebic ufro adekvaturi

iqneba axal samyaroze saubrisas. Tumca es arc ise martivi saqmea.

magaliTad, beki wers, rom tradiciis cnebis magivrad unda dainergos

detradicionalizaciisa da posttradiciis cnebebi. modernizaciis magivrad is

mimarTavs refleqsuri modernizaciis cnebas, romelsac beki, agreTve uwodebs

“ganmanaTleblobis ganmanaTleblobas”. xolo, industriuli sazogadoebis

cnebas industriuli Sedegebis sazogadoebiT anacvlebs. baumanisgan gansxva-

vebiT, beki postTanamedrove sazogadoebas warmogvidgens rogorc Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis sapirispiros da ara rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan

Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuls.

70

piti aTvlis wertilad iRebs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis

politikuri da ekonomikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb sazogadod gavrcelebul

veberianul xedvas. misi azriT, am struqturebis gasagebad Cven unda ganvixiloT

tradiciul qristianoba. Tumca piti ufro Sors midis da aviTarebs

kaTolicizmis xsnis eTikas ufro Rrmad, vidre adreuli veberi. is saubrobs

sxnis mistikur modelze, romelsac SeuZlia efeqturi metafizikuri funqciis

Sesruleba Tanamedrove msoflioSi. piti religur simbolur sistemas ufro

formalurad ganixilavs, vidre veberi, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs sistema

moazrebul iqnes rogorc Tavisi Sinagani SezRudvebis mqone struqtura.

puritanebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic cdilobdnen gamxdariyvnen

abstraqtuli da momTxovni RvTaebrivi nebis racionaluri instrumentebi,

kaTolicizmma ganapiroba, is rom frangebi miiltvodnen Serwymodnen sakralurs,

rac vlindeboda ara mxolod eklesiis saxiT, aramed aseve bunebiTa da naciiT.

aq sasurveli xdeba ara asketuri, aramed esTeturi gamocdileba.

"keTilSobili" saqcielis CadeniT individebi cdiloben madlis mopovebas, rac

gamoixateboda imiT, rom isini irCevdnen ara tradiciul mZime da gamrje Sromas,

aramed spontanur da elegantur qcevas. es ki Tavis mxriv, asaxavda struq-

turebisa da principebis safuZvelSi mdebare ierarqiul mowesrigebulobas.

tradiciulad unarianoba, kompetenturoba asocirdeboda frangul aristo-

kratiasTan, romlebic axdendnen TavianTi keTilSobilebis demontracias

siyvarulSi, omSi, CacmulobaSi, saxlis mowyobaSi, saubarSi, yvelaze ufro metad

ki gemovnebaSi. es aristokratuli Rirebulebebi ar Seesabameboda industriuli

kapitalizmis ZiriTad aspeqtebs da rogorc piti aRniSnavs aferxebda biznesis

gafarToebas, imdenad, romdanadac sagnebis moxmarebas eniWeboda ufro didi

upiratesoba, vidre maT warmoebas. keTilSobilebis kultura gvTavazobda

burJuaziuli qcevis models, ramac franguli kapitalizmi ufro ierarqiul,

politikurad orientirebuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana.

semiotika Tavs aridebs Rirebulebis Teoriis socialurze dayvanas,

simboluri sistemebis Sinagani elementebis formalizebis saSualebiT. Tumca

Sinagani elementebis am formalizebiT, is emuqreba kulturis rogorc

socialuri nimuSebisgan dacarielebas. funqcionalizmis mixedviT ki socialuri

nimuSebi warmoadgens swored im elementebs, rac kulturas xdis aseT

mniSvnelovan sferod instituciuri sferoebTan mimarTebaSi.

veberianuli analizi ufro semiotikuria, vidre dramaturgiuli an

funqcionaluri im niSniT, rom is aRiarebs simboluri sistemebis Sinagan logikas

da amave dros ufro istoriuli da socialuri xasiaTi aqvs kulturasTan

mimarTebaSi. Tu veberianuli kvlevebi exeba religiis Sinagan struqturebsa da

procesebs, xsnis Sesaxeb ganazrebebs, is ukavSirebs sxnis sxvadasxva

formulirebebs konkretul politikur, ekonomikur da normatiul

ganviTarebebs. am gziT, veberianuli Teoria kulturis avtonomias aRiarebs da

gaurbis formalizms.

durkhemi

durkhemianistuli midgomebSic kulturis mimarT religias ZiriTadi adgili

eniWeba. religiaze fokusi SesaZleblobas iZleva xazi gavusvaT simboluri

sistemebis kompleqsurobasa da avtonomias. funqcionaluri da veberianuli

Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, durkhemiseuli midgoma ar aris mxolod dainte-

resebuli kulturuli procesebis istoriuli gagebiT an kidev SedarebiTi

midgomebiT maT socialuri da eTikuri kodebis mimarT. Seswavlis sagani xdeba

mniSvneladi sistemis struqtura da procesi, romlebic ganixileba rogorc

universaluri, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli droisa Tu adgilisa. am kuTxiT

durkhemiseuli midgoma ufro hgavs semiotikursa da struqturalisturs.

rogorc semiotika, durkhemiseuli Teoria kulturul sistemebs ganixilavs

rogorc organizebuls simbolur antinomiebad. is am formalizms scildeba

ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi: upirveles yovlisa, durkhemiseuli midgoma

miuTiTebs, rom es antiTezisebi warmoadgenen ara mxolod kognitur an logikur

19

klasifikaciebs, aramed sakralursa da Cveulebrivs Soris axdenen gamijvnas.

aseTi tipis dapirispirebebs emociuri da moraluri xasiaTi aqvs. kognituri,

emociuri da moraluri dayofebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc organizebuli

socialuri Temebis safuZveli, romelTa wevrebsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebT

mWidro solidarobis gancda.

durkhemiseuli midgoma xazs usvams imas, rom mediaciis rols simbolur

dayofebsa da socialur solidarobebs Soris asrulebs rituali. ritualebi

aris intensiurad emociuri urTierTobebi, romlebic sakralur simboloebze

orientirdebian. isini SeiZleba warmoiSvan rogorc simboluri muqaris mimarT

reagireba an kidev socialuri solidarobis Sesustebis Sedegi sazogadoebebsa

Tu jgufebSi.

mari duglasis meTodologia semiotikasa da funqcionalizms efuZneba,

Tumca mis naSromSi simboluri dabinZurebis Zalis Sesaxeb — romelic STaagonebs

moralur, fsiqologiur da egzistenciur SiSs — aSkaraa struqturalizmisa da

funqcionalizmis elementebi. duglasi Tvlis, rom sakraluri da profanuli

wamoadgenen simboluri klasifikaciis ara mxolod Sida kulturul wyaroebs,

aramed Zlieri moraluri da emociuri CarTulobisa da socialuri kontrolis

safuZvelsac warmoadgenen. rodesac saubaria “dabinZurebaze”, Cven ar

vgulisxmobT higienur an materialur pirobebs. aramed dabinZurebulad iTvleba

is, rac ar modis mmarTvel simbolur klasifikaciebTan SesabamisobaSi. siwminde

ki sapirispirod aris is, rac Seexeba mocemulobis gamaZlierebel elementebs,

xolo, is rac dabinZurebulia uwesrigobis wyaroa, anu uadgiloa.

uwesrigoba ara qaoturobas gulisxmobs, aramed safrTxes. dabinZurebuli

nivTebi asocirdeba Sav ZalebTan, profanulTan. dabinZureba aris iaraRi

imisTvis, rom moaxdino dominanturi simboluri wesrigis gaZliereba. Sefer-

xebisTvis adanaSauleb gareSe pirs, es aqti asaxavs imas, rom axali elementebi

qmnian gaugebrobas, gaugebroba ki eWvs badebs gamefebul klasifikaciebTan

mimarTebaSi. duglass martivi sazogadoebebidan moyavs magaliTi da aCvenebs,

rom lideri, romelic Zalauflebas laxavs da legitimuri simboluri qcevis

kodebze ieriSi miaqvs, ganixileba rogorc arakontrolirebadi Zalebisa da

sulebis matarebeli, dabinZurebuli. dabinZureba SeiZleba gawmendil iqnes

Sesabamisi ritualebiT, romelic SiZleba moicavdes aRiarebas, msxverplSewirvas

an kidev kompleqsur kvlav legitimurad gaxdomis ceremoniebs.

antistruqturalur fazaSi monawileebi ganixilebian rogorc sakuTari

Tavis aseve sxvebis mier rogorc gaurkveveli, bundovani atributebis mqone.

isini reagireben ufro struqturirebuli socialuri cxovrebis status niS-

nebze, xolo antistruqturul periodebSi moTamaSeebi ayalibeben erTmaneTTan

mWidrod dakavSirebul TanasworuflebianTa sazogadoebebs. imdenad ramde-

nadac isini iZulebulebi arian uaryon TavianTi Zveli klasifikatoruli sis-

temebi, isini ganixilebian rogorc neofitebi, romlebic SeiZleba daeqvem-

debaron axal masocializirebel procesebs. Sedegad monawileebi am ritualebSi

iReben axal status poziciebs da isini amiT arsobrivad icvlebian.

terners naTesaobis fenomenis ganxilvis dros, am argumentis naTelsayofad

moaqvs zambiis mefis ndembus taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebuli Zveli rituali.

sanam is taxtze ava, mefem unda gairos arastruqturizebuli periodi, romlis

drosac mas da mis cols ubralo xalxi ayenebs fizikur da sityvier

Seuracxyofas. am iZulebiTi identifikaciis saSualebiT mdabio xalxTan,

miiCneva rom adamiani romelic daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas naklebad

isargeblebs borotad Tavisi ZalauflebiT. magram terners, iseve rogorc duglass, sjera, rom am perspeqtivis gavlena

cdeba ritualis Teoriis farglebs. iseve rogorc religia iqceva rTuli da

stratificirebuli sazogadoebis mxolod erT segmentad, aseve anti-

struqturalizmi xdeba institucionalizebuli iseTive gziT, romelic “sustTa

Zalauflebis” ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva rutinuli gziT.

antistruqturalizmi aseve vlindeba saero warmodgenebSi usaxlkaro ucno-

bis misteriuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelic popularuli kulturis sxvadasxva

JanrebSi gvevlineba, vesternebis gmirebis msgavsad, mas aqvs ufleba Semoitanos

morali, wesrigi da gaaerTianos macxovreblebi im sazogadoebaSi, romelic

20

subpolitika arsebobs formaluri demokratiuli sivrcis gareT an qveS.

specialuri interesebis dakmayofileba ZiriTadad masmediisa da mosamarT-

leebis mier xdeba, rac iwvevs politikuri debatebis mimarT fragmentul

midgomas. es aseve saxelmwifos ekonomikuri daRmavlobis gamoxatulebaa, razec

mianiSnebs ara mxolod socialuri uzrunvelyofis nakleboba, aramed isic rom

mTavrobebi finansurad ver axerxeben sazogadoebis farTo maStabian monito-

rings. ufro zogadad, aRniSnuli viTareba miuTiTebs imaze, rom moxda gadasvla

masobrivi politikuri partiebidan konkretuli problematikis garCevaze.

globalizaciis procesebi riskis Temis analizTan mWidro kavSirSia. gidensi

globalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc msoflio socialuri urTierTobebis

gaintensiurebas, rac Soreul geografiul wertilebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan

ise rom lokalur movlenebs xSirad mravali aTasi kilometris daSorebiT

momxdari ganapirobebs. rac niSnavs, rom globalizacias dialeqtikuri saxe aqvs :

erT adgilas momxdarma movlenebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion gansxvavebuli an

sapirispiro xdomilebebi meore adgilas. am fenomens gidensi lokalur/glo-

balur kavSirs uwodebs.

gidensisTvis globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia TviTidentobis trans-

formaciasTan, rac warmoadgens refleqsuri modernizaciis gafarToebas "me"-s

mimarTulebiT. adamianuri gamocdileba igive refleqsuri modernizaciis

process eqvemdebareba, rasac eqvemdebarebian Tanamedrove institutebi. Tumca

eqspertuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT individebis cxovrebebi icvleba,

seqsualobis, janmrTelobisa da sulierebis, a.S. sferoebSi. magaliTad,

fsiqoTerapia im dislokaciebsa da gaurkvevlobebs gamoxatavs, romlebic moica-

ven refleqsuri modernizaciis subieqtur gamocdilebas. TerapiasTan dakav-

Sirebuli ideebis gamoyeneba seqsualobaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebis gamijvna

ganayofierebisgan gavlenas axdenen intimurobis mniSvnelobis sxvanairad

moazrebaze. refleqsuri modernizaciis mTavari gamovlinebas am etapze

warmoadgens intimuri urTierTobis damyarebisken swrafva, rac ufro did

prioritets aniWebs emociur da seqsualur dakmayofilebas, vidre xang-

rZlivobas.

qalebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. xelmisawvdomi informaciis raodenoba

da mravalferovneba gvibiZgebs imisken, rom Cveni cxovrebebi miRebuli

informaciis WrilSi ganvixiloT. eqspertuli codna ar efuZneba raime

tradicias da ar arsebobs realuri rekomendacia imisa, Tu rogori arCevani unda

gavakeToT an kidev rogori Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT eqspertTa mosazrebas.

Sedegad momavlis Riaoba dgas rogorc SesaZleblobebis, aseve safrTxis winaSec.

generaciuli politika

gidensisTvis da bekisTvis normatiuli proeqts, romelic refleqsuri

modernizaciis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs aqvs mZafri moTxovnilebis forma. posttradiciul sazogadoebaSi iSleba yvela erT dros myari parametri,

romelic arsebobda sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris urTierTobaSi, ojaxis

struqturaSi, rwmenasa da klasobriv cnobierebaSi. am process Tan sdevs

individualizacia, romelic riskis kulturaSi TiTqmis aucileblobis saxe aqvs.

arc erTi CvenTagani individualizaciis procesisgan dazRveuli ar aris;

individualizacia inkluziis garkveul formadac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, arsebuli definiciebis safuZvelze energiuli

sazogadoebaa, sadac individebi da jgufebi met-naklebad iZulebulebi arian,

rom Zlieri pozicia daikavon sakuTari cxovrebis xarisxis mimarT. imdenad

ramdenadac cxovrebis xarisxs SeiZleba globaluri safrTxe daemuqros, TviTon

am poziciac globaluri xasiaTi eZleva. aucileblobidan gamomdinare Cven

gaviareT privatulobis etapi da rTulia Tavi avaciloT aqtiur politikur

CarTulobas.

sainteresoa, ra warmoadgens am aucileblobis wyaros. orive

TeoretikosisTvis, es aucilebloba ganpirobebulia faseulobebis globaluri

gaerTianebiT, rac TavisTavad gamowveulia SiSisa da safrTxis globaluri

69

maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebis aCqarebasa da radikalizacias warmoadgens. es

maxasiaTeblebia: kapitalizmi, industrializmi, saxelmwifo administracia,

samxedro Zala.

gidensi da beki aCqareba/radikalizaciis gamomwvev faqtorebad droisa da

sivrcis erTmaneTisgan daSorebas asaxeleben, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamowveulia

Semdegi meqanizmebiT: simboluri niSnebiT — fuliT da eqspertuli sitemebiT,

romlebic funqcionireben eqspertebis damoukideblad, vinc es sistemebi Seqmna,

mag., transportSi, organizaciebsa da telekomunikaciebSi.

refleqsuri monitoringis procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

institutebis organizaciuli aspeqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. Sedegad,

institutebi — da Cveni TviTidentoba daeqvemdebara cvlilebis ganuwyvetel

process. subieqturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare es SemaSfoTebelia.

refleqsuri modernizacia yovelTvis gvemuqreba imiT rom erT mSvenier dRes is

kontrols aRar daeqvemdebareba. refleqsurobis principi da mudmivi moni-

toringi, romelsac is gulisxmobs qmnis gaurkveveli momavlis SegrZnebas.

bekisTvis, refleqsuri modernizacia modernizaciuli procesis meore

talRas warmoadgens, romlis drosac industrializmi demistifikaciis process

ganicdis, iseve rogorc Tavis droze industrializaciam pre-Tanamedrove

msoflios demistifikacia moaxdina. preTanamedrove msoflios demistifikacia

ki ganapirobes industriuli ganviTarebis Sedegebma an kidev gauTvlelma

ukuCvenebam, rogoric aris magaliTad dabinZureba: Cven aRar vcxovrobT

industriuli warmoebis sazogadoebaSi, aramed industriuli warmoebis Sedegebs

winaSe vdgevarT, rac warmoadgens am sazogadoebis negatiur sarkisebur imijs.

beki postmodernistuli sazogadoebis analizs eTanxmeba imdenad ramdenadac, es

analizi aRiarebs, rom industriuli sazogadoeba dakninebulia. magram

industrializmi martivad ar Caunacvlebia mikroeleqtronikisa da

gafarToebuli servisis seqtoris teqnologiebs; industriuli sazogadoebis

etapi damTavrda yovelgvari dagegmarebisa da revoluciis gareSe.

rom SevajamoT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebam im etaps miaRwia, romlis drosac

moxda refleqsurobis intstitucionalizacia, rac niSnavs rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis yoveli ganzomileba kritikulad ganixileba am sazogadoebisave

wevrebis mier. Tumca es ar warmoadgens kritikuli TviTrefleqsiis kargad

mowesrigebul da teleologiur process, aramed Tanamedrove sazogadoebas

ufro eqsperimentuli xasiaTi aqvs; yoveli CvenTagani iZulebulia TviTon

gaakeTos arCevani da ar iyos damokidebuli politikosebze, eqspertebze an im

Zalebze, romlebsac isini efuZnebian.

riskis fenomeni rogorc gidensis aseve bekis naazrevSi centralur cnebas

warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT ki bekis naSromebSi. beki Tvlis, rom Cven vcxovrobT

Seqmnili riskis xanaSi. anu is riski, romlis winaSec Cven yoveldRiurad

vgdgavarT, Cveni xaniTvis specifikuria da ar warmoadgens bunebriv risks. is

warmoqmnilia eqspertTa sistemebis mier da ar aris Cveni qmedebebiT gan-

pirobebuli. Seqmnili riski codnazea damokidebuli da iTxovs Cvengan

warmovidginoT ararsebuli, momavali viTarebebi rogorc Cveni gadaw-

yvetilebebis an kanonmdeblobis miRebis safuZveli. amitomac dRevandel

sazogadoebas beki riskis sazogadoebas uwodebs.

zedmetad ganviTarebuli warmoebis Zalebis pirobebSi, 21 saukunis

dasawyisSi, mecniereba xSirad warmoadgens rogorc ganmaTleblobas, aseve

antiganmanaTleblobas, WeSmaritebasa da mis dafarvas, memkvidreobiT miRebuli

SezRudvebisagan ganTavisuflebas erTi mxriv da SezRudvas, meore mxriv, Cvens

mierve Seqmnili obieqturi sazRvrebis farglebSi. mecnierebis rogorc

apologetebi, aseve kritikosebi erTmaneTs ekamaTebian swored am ori

poziciidan gamomdinare. Tumca, cal-calke aRebuli orive pozicia mcdaria.

bekis Tvlis, rom sakiTxis dayeneba — mecnierebis saSualebiT an mecnierebis

gareSe — aramarTebulia; Seqmnili riski imanenturad aris politizirebuli, rac

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom riskis marTva, gamomdinare am fenomenis

kompleqsurobidan da riskis Sesafaseblad saWiro codna gadaiqca eqspertebis

prerogativad. eqspertebi efeqturad uvlian gverds politikur sistemas da

Sedegad xdeba rogorc beki uwodebs qve-politikuri sferos formireba.

68

alyaSi imyofeba.

terneri saubrobs rom martivi reklasifikacia aris saWiro. anti-

struqturuloba SeiZleba warmoadgendes moqmedebis, socialuri aqtivobisa da

cvlilebis stimuls, rogorc es moxda mag., komunisturi an religuri, an kidev

iseTi marginaluri gjufebis dros rogoric iyvnen bitnikebi, hipebi, pankebi.

maSin, rodesac orTodoqsuli durkhemiseuli Teoria ganixileboda rogorc

apolitikuri an kidev konservatuli, karol smit rozenbergis feministurma

gamokvlevebma uCvena, rom durkhemiseul Tanamedrove kulturalistur versiebs

aqvT politikuri da ufro metad kritikuli elferi. smit rozenbergi iwyebs

istoriuli problemiT: seqsualuri literaturis uprecendento afeTqebiT

adreul me-19 saukuneSi. higienuri literature, romelic axalgazrda kacebs

afrTxilebda masturbaciis da orgazmis yoveldRiur saSiSroebebze.

smit rozenbergi eyrdnoba rogorc duglasis, aseve terneris naSromebs da

gvafrTxilebs, rom amgvari literatura ar unda iqnes ganxiluli reduqciulad,

rogorc namdvili seqsualuri praqtikis an qceviTi problemebis asaxva. aramed

diskusia gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SedarebiTi avtonomiuri kulturuli

formebi, romlebic warmoadgenen Rirebulebebisa da socialuri sakiTxebis

simbolur reformulacias. rogorc ki fsiqologiisa da higienis sakiTxebi

gverdze gadaideba, aSkara xdeba, rom es naxevrad isteriuli diskusiebi

warmoadgenda gabatonebuli kulturuli sistemebisadmi arsebuli muqaris

saSiSroebis regulirebis mcdelobas.

mamakacis orgazmi ganixileboda rogorc binZuri, arakontrolirebadi Seteva

Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, rasac SeiZleba miveyvaneT avad-

myofobebamde da sikvdilamde. isini vinc "arakontrolirebad" masturbaciasa da

"mgznebare" seqsualur urTierTobas misdevnden, maT miewerebodaT anti-

struqturuli adgili maskulinursa da feminurs Soris. aseTi damokidebuleba

mogvagonebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, mamakaci homoseqsualebisTvis

miweril stereotipebs.

smit rozenbergis mixedviT, moxda is rom kulturuli da ara racionaluri

logikiT, mamakacis fizikuri organizmi warmoadgenda adreuli me -19 saukunis

amerikis socialuri organizmis simbolos. safrTxe rom Selaxuliyo ierarqia,

wesrigi da am sazogadoebis balansi — izrdeboda mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo

tradiciulidan komerciul da demokratiul sazogadoebaze gadasvlis procesi

— es procesi, Tavis mxriv emuqreboda janmrTelobisa da maskulinobis

gabatonebul cnebebs.

am simboluri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, kacebis seqsualuri cxovrebis

represirebas hqonda kulturuli datvirTva, imdenad ramdenadac bazris axal

samyaroSi, Segirdebis sistema, romelic awesrigebda da ritualizriebul

xasiaTs aZlevda axalgazrdebis ufrosebis samyaroSi gadasvlas, gaqra.

Tu kacis orgazmi WuWyis matarebelia, maSin ra iyo gankurnebis meTodi?

imdenad ramdenadac jadosnuri Zalebis moxmoba ufro da ufro rTuli xdeboda

saero kulturaSi, qalis saxem puritanul literaturaSi SeiZina erTdroulad

macduri roskipis da wminda danonas Tvisebebi. simboluri ekvivalenti wminda da

TviTSemzRudveli kacisa iyo frigiduli qali, romelic ojaxuri kerisa da

saxlis erTguli iyo.

marqsizmi da kultura

marqsizmis orTodoqsulma versia xeli Seuwyo kulturisadmi avtonomiuri

midgomis Camoyalibebas. me-20 saukunis manZilze, Teoriis farglebSi gaCenilma

Sida revizionistulma midgoma Seecada marqsizmi am meqanisturi elementisgan

gaeTavisuflebina.

kulturul Teorias rac Seexeba, aq gramSi gvevlineba mniSvnelovan

revizionistad, romelmac burJuaziuli kultura moiazra rogorc socializmis

zrdis damoukidebeli barieri da, aqedan gamomdinare, axali klasis kulturis

ganviTareba daisaxa rogorc upirvelesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani revoluciuri

mizani. Tanamedrove marqsistulma midgomebma kulturis mimarT gramSis Teoriis

21

gadafaseba moaxdina da Sedegad miviReT kulturasa da ekonomikur cxovrebas

Soris urTerTdamokidebulebis naklebad reduqcionistuli xedva.

e. p. tompsonis “inglisuri muSaTa klasis Seqmna” warmoadgens axali

kulturuli marqsizmis yvelaze cnobil magaliTs meore msoflio omis Semdgom

periodSi. tompsonTan ara mxolod gramSis gavlena igrZnoba, aramed veberisa da

durkhemisac, igi ara mxolod klasebze saubrobs, aramed kodebze da Rire-

bulebebzec.

imisaTvis, rom aexsna inglisuri muSaTa klasis mzardi klasobrivi

cnobiereba da agresiuloba tompsonma naklebi mniSvneloba mianiWa ekonomikis

cvalebadobas da yuradReba "Temis" Seqmnaze gadaitana. igi Tvlis, rom maRal

organizebuli da cnobierebis mqone industriuli periodis muSaTa klasi

warmoiSva 18 saukunis adgilobrivi “tradiciebis” dros, romlebic organize-

buli iyvnen sakuTari Tavis pativismcemeli xelosnis eTikis kodeqsis irgvliv.

aRniSnuli eTikis kodeqsi xazs usvamda wesierebas, regularobasa da

urTierTdaxmarebas.

mas Semdeg, rac industriulma revoluciam sayovelTa saxe miiRo arsebuli

eTikis kodeqsi gavrcelda muSaTa ufro farTo jgufebSi, romlebic SeuerTdnen

dakrZalvisa da dazRvevis kompaniebs da muSaTa kavSirebs ara mxolod

racionaluri ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom Tavi egrZnoT

axali kulturuli xanis nawilad.

inglisuri muSaTa klasi rom gamxdariyo revoluciuri, sakuTari saarsebo

pirobebis da TviT interesis racionaluri codna ar iyo sakmarisi. tompsoni

kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs damoukidebeli muSaTa klasis kulturis

zrdas. am kulturis ganviTarebam xelosnebis kodeqsi daukavSira religiuri

saZmoebisa da socialisturi ideliazmis enebs. Sedegad miviReT koleqtiuri

Rirebulebebis klasobrivi kultura, romelic xazs usvams urTierTdaxmarebas,

TviT disciplinas da samoqalaqo dialogs, Rirebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen

politikuri Teoriisa da axali socialuri organizaciebis (mag., profesiuli

kavSirebi) wiaRSi. masobrivma monawileobam maStabur ceremoniebSi da ritua-

lebSi aseve Tavisi wvlili Seitana. tompsoni ambobs, rom masobrivi demon-

straciebis saSualebiT muSebma moipoves socialuri aRiareba, da es moxda

swored warmatebuli kulturuli transformaciis Sedegad, romelmac gza

gauxsna monawileebs SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis mniSvneloba, solidaroba da

TviTdisciplina mZime politikuri pirobebis dros. tompsonis mixedviT,

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomias ara mxolod analitikuri cvladis saxe aqvs,

aramed iqceva istoriul da politikur saWiroebad.

orTodoqsuli marqsizmis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi warmoeba muSaTa klass

aqcevs cxovrebis gancdis aspeqtSi ara ZiriTad kategoriad, aramed arTmevs mas

mniSvnelobas da dayavs meqanikur formamde. pol vilisisTvis misaRebia es

tradiciuli xedva imdenad, ramdenadac is aTavsebs fizikur Sromas centrSi da

ganixilavs mas rogorc gaucxoebisa da eqspluataciur process. is uxvevs

orTodoqsuli Sexedulebidan, imdenad, ramdenadac am industriul samuSaos

ganixilavs rogorc mniSvnelads. vilisisTvis bazisi da superstruqtura ar

warmoadgens arc calke kategoriebs da, arc ierarqiuls. warmoebis pirdapiri

gamocdileba miiReba sxvadaxva kulturuli diskursebis praqtikiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom vilisi aRiarebs muSaTa fizikuri datvirTvis

Semcirebas, is ambobs, rom Zalisa da simamacis metaforuli warmodgenebi Zalian

mniSvnelovania samuSao adgilisTvis. isini safuZvlad udevs kulturul aqcents

muSebis kompetenturobisa da araformaluri kontrolisTvis brZolaze samuSao

procesis dros, rac Tavis mxriv warmoSobs simbolur sivrces muSebisTvis. am

dros xdeba maskulinuri identobis simboluri ganmtkiceba.

TviTSefaseba, romelsac warmoSobs samuSao kultura efuZneba rwmenas rom

ufro sustebi, magaliTad, qalebi ver iqnebian warmatebulebi. rogorc

diferencirebuli miRwevis simbolo xelfasi, romelic muSas miaqvs saxlSi, mas

aniWebs centralur statuss ojaxSi, da aseve aZlevs garkveul damoukideblobas

colisa da Svilebis moTxovnebisgan. swored amitom maskulinuri samuSao,

sastiki qarxnuli cxovreba ganixileba rogorc genderis atributi da ara

kapitalisturi warmoebis dehumanirezebuli produqti.

22

adgilebi, romlebsac igi uwodebs ucodinarobas. ucodinaroba ara mxolod is

aris rac ar viciT, aramed warmoadgens SeuZleblobas rom vicodeT.

kiTxva ismis - ramdenad aris es ori ganxvavebuli midgoma erTmaneTis

Sesabamisi? imisaTvis rom ufro naTlad gavigoT, Tu ra Teoriul principebs

efuZneba gidensis mier refleqsurobis cnebis gamoyeneba, unda mokled

mimovixiloT misi adreuli mcdeloba gadaeWra struqtura /moqmedebis dilema

sociologiaSi.

dilemis mixedviT, unda moxdes moqmedebis, mniSvnelobisa da subieqturobis

cnebebis dakonkreteba da am cnebebis mimarTeba struqturisa da SezRudvebis

cnebebTan. Tu interpretaciuli sociologia emyareba subieqtis uzenaesobas,

funqcionalizmi da struqturalizmi afuZneben socialuri obieqtis

uzenaesobas.

gidensi Tvlis, rom am dilemis gadaWra Semdegnairad unda moxdes: yvela

sociologiurma axsna-ganmartebam unda socialuri qmedebis interpretacia

moaxdinos ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul iyos moqmedebis ganmaxorcieleblis

perspeqtiva; amitom "struqturis" cneba unda moicavdes ara mxolod

institutebs, aramed socialur praqtikasac.

amitom, sciologiuri miznebisTvis, struqtura unda warmoadgendes ara

Senobis karkass, aramed socialur "struqturebs"; unda gaaCndes sistemuri

niSan-Tvisebebi, rac niSnavs rom socialuri struqturebs/sistemebs dinamikuri

xasiaTi gaaCniaT da Sedgebian garkveuli drois periodSi socialuri praqtikis

reproduqciisgan.

aq ismis kiTxva: romelia "struqturul/sistemuri" elementebi da romelia

"qmedebis" Semcveli elementebi? gidens amazec aqvs pasuxi: es aris reproduqciis

procesi da ara faqti rom sazogadoeba garegania moqmedebis subieqtebTan

mimarTebaSi, romlebic socialur praqtikas struqturizebul xasiaTs aniWeben.

struqturul/sistemur elementebs gidensi wesebs uwodebs, romlebic normebis

msgavsia. Tumca wesebi ara mxolod moqmedebis SezRudvas (norma rasac

gulisxmobs) axdenen, aramed moTamaSeebs SeuZliaT wesebis, rogorc moqmedebis

resursis gamoyeneba.

wesebi, Tavis mxriv, codnis kompleqsisgan Sedgeba, risi codnac Cven

gvWirdeba, raTa SevideT socialur urTierTobaSi da vpasuxobdeT socialur

viTarebas; aqedan gamomdinare, wesebi da ara normebi Seadgenen sazogadoebis

sistemur niSan-Tvisebebs. yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvaaxlovebs refleqsurobis

cnebasTan: refleqsurobis cneba mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac wesebis rogorc

resursebis gamoyeneba individebs saSualebas aZlevs monitoringi gauwion da

Sesabamisad garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi moaxdinon socialuri moqmedebis

nimuSebis reproduqcia. isini warmoadgenen im mediums, risi saSualebiTac

urTierTobebi SesaZlebeli xdeba. gidensis mixedviT, sazogadoeba zRudavs

individebs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs codnis naklovaneba. Tumca, am

naklovanebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moqmedeba, romelsac gauTvleli

Sedegi moyveba.

aqve ibadeba kiTxva, rom Tu refleqsuri monitoringis mixedviT, nebismieri

sazogadoeba axdens Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias, maSin ratom axasiaTebs is

mxolod gviandel Tanamedrove sazogadoebas? gidensi pasuxobs, miuxedavad

imisa, rom refleqsuroba yvela adamianuri qmedebis ganmsazRvreli

maxasiaTebelia, misi institucionalizacia gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

specifikur niSans warmoadgens. es niSani nawilia imisa, rac safuZvlad udevs

sistemur reproduaqcias, iseTi gziT, rom azri da qmedeba gamudmebul

urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.

gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba

gidensis da bekis mixedviT, gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba

iseTi procesiT, romelsac isini refleqsur modernizacias uwodeben. ref-

leqsuri modernizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTadi institucionaluri

67

rul da kulturul cvlilebebs. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad efuZnebian or amosaval

arguments: rom sabazro kapitalizmi aris "uzenaesi" forma da rom am etapze ar

arsebobs politikuri ekonomiis alternatiuli sistemebi; da rom im

sazogadoebebis ricxvi, romelTac SeiZleba ewodoT liberalur-demokratiuli

izrdeba. es Sexedulebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli zogad postmodernistul

ideasTan, rom dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi adgili hqonda reprezentaciis

kriziss da rom Cven mivaRwieT istoriis dasasruls (fukuiama, bodriliari).

robertsonma SemogvTavaza im fenomenebis sia, romelic dasavluri sazoga-

doebis istoriaSi gaurkveveli fazis arsebobas amtkicebs:

dawyebuli 1960-ian wlebSi krizisuli tendenciebi aSkara gaxda adreul 1990-

ianebSi. mesame msoflios inkluzia da globaluri cnobierebis amaRleba 1960-ian

wlebSi. mTvareze adamianis gagzavna. "post-materialisturi” Rirebulebebis

xazgasma. civi omis dasasruli da atomuri iaraRis gavrceleba. globaluri

institutebisa da moZraobebis ricxvis gazrda. sazogadoebebi sul ufro da

ufro xSirad dgebian multikulturuli da polieTnikuri problemebis winaSe.

individebis TviTmoazreba rTuldeba gamomdinare genderuli, eTnikuri da

rasobrivi aspeqtebidan. adamianis uflebebi. saerTaSoriso sistema ufro

labiluri xdeba — bipolaroba dasrulda. kacobriobis bedis Sesaxeb fiqri

gaZlierda. interesi gaCnda msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da msoflio

moqalaqeobis ideis mimarT. moxda globaluri media sistemis konsolidacia.

(globaluri viTarebis CarCoebSi moqceva — federstoni)

postindustrializmis koncefcia, konzumerizmis ideasTan erTad

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs pirovnebis identobisa da popularuli kulturis

formirebaSi, rac gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom kapitalisturi sazogadoeba veRar

moiazreba gamomdinare marqsistuli Sexedulebidan ekonomikuri sistemis

Sesaxeb, rom socialuri cvlilebas mxolod warmoebis Zalebi ganapirobeben.

gacvla, niSan-faseulobebis simboluri samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania vidre

warmoeba, manqanebisa da sagnebis "namdvili" samyaro. warmoebis paradigmis

uaryofa mxars uWers postmodernistul mcdelobas gaauqmos gansxvaveba

namdvils, materialur samyarosa da simbolur- reprezentaciul samyaros Soris.

aqedan ki gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani Teoriuli azri, rom istoriul

ganviTarebas ar gaaCnia raime garkveuli logika an xazi. am azrs ki, Tavis mxriv,

mivyavarT Semdeg daskvnamde - istoriam amowura Tavisi Tavi an kidev sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasrulda.

sazogadoeba da individi

antoni gidensis da ulrix bekis SromebSi ZiriTad cnebas refleqsuroba

warmoadgens. gidensi refleqsurobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

refleqsuroba: socialuri cxovrebis nakadisTvis Tvalyuris devneba.

moqmedebis pirobebis Sesaxeb informaciis rogorc saSualebis gamoyeneba,

rom moxdes mocemuli moqmedebis gadafaseba da sxvanairad moazreba; ref-

leqsuroba, aris imis wesi Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni socialuri aqtivobis

monitorings, rogorc monawileebi da Sesabamisad vayalibebT da vcvliT am

qcevis xasiaTs dinamikaSi. (sazogadoebis konstitucia)

bekis mixedviT, ki refleqsuroba aris gaucnobierebloba: “rac ufro

Tanamedrove xdeba sazogadoeba, miT ufro winaswar ganusazRvreli Sedegebi

moaqvs mas, xolo rodesac xdeba am Sedegebis gamJRavneba da gacnobiereba, isini

industriuli modernizaciis safuZvlebs eWvis qveS ayeneben" (demokratia

mtrebis gareSe)

refleqsuroba — aucileblobis SegrZneba rom SenSi SemouSva "garegani

codna”, miiRo "garegani gamocdileba".

rac Seexeba gidensisa da bekis midgomebs Soris gansxvavebas, gidensisTvis

refleqsuroba yovelRiuri socialuri praqtikis codnis gamoyenebisa da

reproduqciisgan Sedgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, codna socialuri moqmedebis

wyarod gadaiqceva da aseve warmoadgens moqmedebis Secvlis saSualebas.

bekisTvis ki, refleqsurobas Seadgens Cvens codnaSi arsebuli carieli

66

postruqturalizmi da kultura — fuko, pier burdie

intleqtualuri moZraoba, romelsac ewodeba poststruqturalizmi

iziarebs marqsizmis kritikul ideologias garda rwmenisa, rom Tanamedrove

pirobebi gardaiqmneba cnobieri istoriuli agentis, muSaTa klasis CareviT.

aseTi uaryofa SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes radikaluri socialuri moZraobebis

warumatleblobas, Tumca aseve arsebobs Teoriuli mizezebic, imdenad, ram-

denadac postruqturalistur kulturul kvlevebs ara mxolod marqsis gavlena

axasiaTebT, aramed semiotikisa da struqturalizmisac. poststruqtura-

listuri midgoma ganviTarda gviandel 1960-ian da 70-ian wlebSi marqsizmisa da

struqtruralizmis safuZvelze. fukom da burdiem xazi gausves simbolizmis

socialur kavSirebs ZalauflebasTan da socialur klasTan. marqsizmis

struqturuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, maT Camoayalibes semioturi,

antifunqcionalisturi midgoma. fukosa da burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri

struqturebi, iseve rogorc klasebi an politikuri Zalaufleba ar SeiZleba

interpretirebuli iyos rogorc kulturis winaaRmdeg moqmedi, imdenad

ramdenadac aseTi gageba gulisxmobs imas, rom socialuri sistemaSi ar

figurirebs mniSvneloba.

parsonsis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, Tu klasebs an Zalauflebas axasiaTebs

mxolod analitikuri avtonomia kulturisgan , konkretulad isini unda

ganixilebodnen rogorc kulturuli kodebis Semcvleli formebi. es Teoriuli

strategia gvpirdeba, rom gadailaxeba axali kulturuli marqsizmis

meqanisturi, "funqcionaluri “ xedva. Tumca, safrTxe isaa, rom SeiZleba

gameordes determinirebuli da antivoluntaristuli Tvisebebi im semioturi

poziciisa, ris kritikasac is Tavad axorcielebs.

fukosTvis seqsualobis irgvliv adreuli naSromebs ara sakmarisad

kulturuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini ikvleven represiulobas an liberalizms seqsis

sxvadasxva diskursebisa, magram iReben seqsualur qcevas rogorc aseTs, TiTqos

is arsebobda kulturuli diskursebis damoukideblad. fukos mixedviT, unda

SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba seqsualur qcevaze saubari, imdenad ramdenadac

kulturuli diskursi Seadgens im obieqts romelsac is aTavisuflebas, an wnexis

qveS amyofebs. is ambobs, rom gza romliTac "seqsi" eqceva diskurSi, warmoadgens

Zalauflebis formas, imdenad ramdenadac siRmiseul gavlenas axdens adamianur

qcevaze da akontrolebs yoveldRiur siamovnebas.

fuko xelaxla ganixilavs represiuli sazogadoebebidan adreuli

Tanamedrove periodis sazogadoebaze gadasvlas — sadac xdeboda deviaciuri

seqsualuri qcevis gamoxatva an qorwinebis farglebSi, an kidev qorwinebis miRma

— da romelic mkacrad isjeboda — ufro Tanamedrove garemoze, sadac Terapiam

da pedagogiam Caanacvles pirdapiri sasjeli. Tumca es ar niSnavs rom

Tanamedrove midgomam Searbila seqsualuri qcevis socialuri kontroli da

disciplina, aramed is gaxda Terapiisa da ganaTlebis prerogativa.

seqsualuri aqti gagebul iqna ufro da ufro racionalizebuli da

abstraqtuli diskursis CarCoebSi, rac, fukos mixedviT, warmoadgens kulturis

Zalauflebis gamovlenas seqsualobis kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. maTi

funqcia naklebad warmoadgenda seqsis pirdapir akrZalvas, aramed qmnida seqsis

Sesaxeb saubris axal gzebs. Tu Tanamedrove seqsualobis kategoriebs gan-

vsazRvravT rogorc impotenturobas, perversiasa, Tu heteroseqsualobas — am

diskursebma Tavad Seqmnes is obieqtebi, romelTa qsovilic maTve unda aexsnaT.

seqsualuri kodeqsis Zala ar warmoadgenda mxolod kulturul kodeqss. am

sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebi mudmiv yruadRebas iTxovda xelmZRvaneli

pirebis mxridan; maT Seqmnes mTeli rigi axali profesiuli kadrebi, romlebic

meTvalyureobis funqcias Seasrulebdnen. fukos mixedviT, es kadrebi ar

Seqmnilan imisaTvis, rom seqsualurad deviaciuri qcevis kontroli moexdinaT,

aramed aseTi qceva uneburad ganapirobes Tavad maT da aseve im ufro farTo

seqsualurma diskursebma, romlebsac isini emsaxurobdnen. maTi profesiuli

yuradReba asaxavs am saagentoebis swrafvas kontaqtSi Sevides am diskursebTan,

vidre akontrolos isini.

pier burdies naSromebSi Cven vxvdebiT funqcionaluri midgomis kritikul

23

moazrebas, romelic Seicavs semiotikuri analizs. yoveldRiur cxovrebaze

dayrdnobiT, burdie wers, rom materialuri obieqtebis gageba aris momentaluri

da uneburi, xolo aRqmis unari, an kidev gagebis unari individidan

gamomdinareobs. semiotikis gaTvaliswinebiT, burdie saubrobs, rom gageba aris

iluzoruli. aRqma ifiltreba ukve winaswar mocemuli kodebis saSualebiT,

romlebic mas Semdeg rac arian gadamuSavebulni damkvirveblis mier viTardeba

unaris saxiT. aRqma aris kulturuli gaSifrvis garkveuli forma da swored es

gaSifvris unari araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli sazogadoebaSi. yvelaze

mniSvnelovani saqmeebi da statusebi sazogadoebaSi iTxoven kompleqsur

Sesrulebas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SeuZliaT mxolod imaT, vinc saWiro

kodebs flobs. es kodebi warmoadgenen nebismieri sazogadoebis kulturul

simdidres, simdidre, romlis mflobelnic arian isini, vinc miiRo simboluri

saSualebebi. am moxmarebis instrumentebis aracnobieri flobiT individebi

iReben kulturul kapitals.

ojaxebi da skolebi, warmoadgenen institutebs, romlebic speciali-

zirdebian am kulturuli kodebis gadacemaSi da Semdeg ukve Tavs axveven

individebs maTi codnis gareSe, sazRvraven maTi aRqmis gansakuTrebul niSan-

Tvisebebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi individebi gaacnobiereben. imdenad, ramdenadac

ojaxebi da skolebi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian Tavidanve Rirebuli

kulturuli kodebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi funqcia SeiZleba aRiweros

rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli araTanabari kulturuli kompetenturobis

gadacema. radganac klasobrivi qceva emyareba kompetenturobas, romelic

gadaicema kulturuli da ara mxolod materialuri SesaZleblobebis saSua-

lebiT, socialuri privilegia warmoadgens individualuri niWis asaxvas da ara

piriqiT. privilegirebuli jgufebis wevrebic ki fiqroben, rom maTi gemovneba da

SesaZleblobebi bunebrivi ufroa, vidre socialuri. ganaTleba socialurad

ganpirobebul uTanasworobas gardaqmnis warmatebis uTanasworobad, rac Semdeg

interpretirdeba rogorc bunebrivi niWidan gamomdinare uTanasworoba.

kultura asrulebs am ideologiur funqcias manamde, sanam kavSiri kulturasa da

ganaTlebas Soris ukana planze ganixileba.

daskvnis saxiT

kulturul kvlevebSi ukanaskneli tendenciebi SeTanxmebulad aRiareben

kulturis avtonomias socialuri struqturisgan. ideologiis an rwmenaTa

sistemis arsi ar SeiZleba wavikiTxoT socialuri qcevidan gamomdinare. is unda

Seiswavlebodes rogorc TavisTavadi nimuSi. kulturisadmi midgomebi

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan ukve imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs es avtonomia.

zogierTi Tvlis, rom damoukideblad organizebuli kulturuli sistemebis

codna sakmarisia socialuri qcevebis motivebisa da mniSvnelobis gasagebad.

sxvebi ki saubroben, rom es sistema unda gagebul iqnes rogorc modelirebuli im

procesebze, romlebic ukve arsebobdnen socialur sistemaSi. konkretuli

procesebi, romlebic exeba kulturas, socialur struqturasa da qmedebas aseve

gansxvavdebian, dawyebuli religiuri ritualiT, socializaciiT da ganaTlebiT,

aseve dramaturgiuli inovaciiT da klasobrivi cnobierebis formaciiT. da

bolos, arsebobs uTanxmoeba kulturuli sistemis SigniT arsebuli elementebis

Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara kultura logikurad gadabmuli simboloebi Tu

Rirebulebebi, romlebic amtkiceben sasurvel socialur Tvisebebs?

yvela zemoT mocemuli midgoma Seicavs WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals.

Cven gagviWirdeba kulturis Semecneba subieqturi mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe,

Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT socialur struqturuli SezRudvebi.

aseve rTulia adamianuri qmedebis interpretacia, Tu ar ganvixileT is

kodebi, romlebic individebs ar SeuqmniaT, Tumca adamianis gamogonebebi badebs

iseT garemos romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs kulturuli kodebis Secvlas.

miRebuli metafizikuri ideebi qmnian Tanamedrove socialuri struqturebis

Zalian myar qsels, magram Zlieri dajgufebebi xSirad mainc axerxeben socialuri

struqturebis gardaqmnas.

24

informaciis rolis eqspansiasTan da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebaSi

struqturisa da kulturis SerwymasTan. postindustrializmi aseve dakavSire-

bulia Zireul cvlilebebTan socialur stratifikaciaSi rogoric aris mzardi

saSualo klasi, rac gulisxmobs momxmarebluri sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis

zrdas. momxmarebloba aq ganxilulia ara rogorc mxolod aqtivoba, aramed

rogorc socialuri identobis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelovani wyaro.

margaret arCeri am arguments Semdegnairad ajamebs: momsaxureobiT

dakavebuli klasis warmoSobasis paralelurad, uprecedento koleqtiurma

mobilobam ganapiroba umravlesobis CarTva industriul sazogadoebaSi;

momxdarma cvlilebebma umravlesobas SesZina materialuri interesebi,

romlebic gansakuTrebiT mzard momxmareblobaSi (konzumerizmSi) gamoixata da

Sesabamisad Seamcira maTi ideologiuri dapirispirebani da utopiuri xedvebi.

postpolitikurma da postideologiurma xanam aseve gvauwya axali

teqnoracionalurobis fenomeni kulturaSi, ramac darCenil socio-politikur

problemebs teqnikuri sakiTxebis statusi mianiWa, romelTa teqnikuri

gadawyvetac momavalSi moxdeboda (Teoria, kultura da post-industriuli

sazogadoeba — maik federstoni, red).

duglas kelneri ganavrcobs teqno kulturis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil am

Sexedulebas (Tumca kelneri ar warmoadgens postmodernists, aramed kritikuli

Teoretikosia); duglas kelneris mixedviT, teqnokultura masobrivi kulturisa

da momxmarebluri sazogadoebis erTianobas warmoadgens, sadac samomxmareblo

sagnebi, kino, televizia, masobrivi imijebi da kompiuterizirebuli informacia

kulturis dominantur formad gadaiqcevian ganviTarebul msoflioSi da aseve

sul ufro mzardi gavlena aqvT ganviTarebad qveynebzec.

teqnokulturaSi, imijebi, sanaxaoba da esTetizirebuli samomxmareblo

sagnebi, an kidev "samomxmareblo sagnebis esTetika" kulturis axal formebs

Seadgenen, romlebic axdenen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kolonizirebas da

politikas, ekonomikasa da socialur urTierTobebs gardaqmnian. yvela am

sferoSi teqnologia sul ufro da ufro centralur rols TamaSobs (kritikuli

Teoria marqsizmi da moderni, kelneri) ,

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi)

momxmareblobis (konzumerizmis) fenomeni xidis rols TamaSobs erTis mxriv

postindustrializmisa da informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebsa da meore

mxriv globalizaciisa an/da globaluri kapitalizmis Teoriebs Soris.

skot laSisa da jon uris mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, romelic

organizebulia momxmarebluri tendenciebis irgvliv (gasaTvaliswinebelia

finansuri bazrebis uzenaesoba industriul korporaciebTan da gacvlasTan

mimarTebaSi), rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri aqtivobis gabatonebul formas da

gamoirCeva (anu postmodernuli xasiaTi aqvs) socialur identobasa da

organizaciaze Tavisi zemoqmedebiT.

laSisa da uris mosazreba Semdeg argumentebs moicavs: mwarmoebluri

industria dasavleTis qveynebSi Sesustda da gadainacvla mesame msoflioSi

(post industrializmi). es procesi ganxorcielda soflis industrializaciis

formebis paralelurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv, socialur mobilobaSi farTo

cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.

am cvlilebma ki Seamcira metropolisebis mniSvneloba socialuri identobis

gansazRvra/CamoyalibebaSi. socialuri identoba fragmentuli gaxda, rac

nawilobriv ganapiroba momxmarebluri aqtivobis zrdam da moxmarebis

sagnebisTvis specializirebuli bazrebis ganviTarebam.

es procesi, Tavis mxriv, ki niSnavs, rom moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba imi-

taciis, pastiSisa da stilisturi sazRvrebis aRrevis principebze dayrdnobiT

mimdinareobs. ufro meti yuradReba eqceva stils, vidre Sinaarss rogorc

faseulobis indikators (rasac bodriliari uwodebs — niSan - faseulobas).

rogorc postindustrializmis Teoriebi, konzumerizmis Teoriebi Seexeba

dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi ganxorcielebul urTierTdamokidebul struqtu-

65

informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebisgan, globaluri komunikaciuri

mediisgan da momsaxurebis seqtorisgan; momxmareblur sazogadoebaSi, aseve

ganxorcielda gacvliTi urTierTobebis da finansuri bazrebis eqspansia;

gaizarda kulturuli pluralizmi.

Tu postmodernistuli socialuri Teoria cdilobs gamoikvlios am cvli-

lebebis mizezebi da Sedegebi, sainteresoa, ras warmoadgens postmodernistuli

periodi rogorc normatiuli proeqti?

normatiuli cnebebis moSveliebiT, Tanamedroveobis (modernistuli) pro-

eqti ZiriTadad exeba sinTezis miRwevas an kidev universalur konsensuss. Tu

arsebobs iseTi proeqti, romelic asocirdeba postmodernistul xanasTan, is

pirvel rigSi exeba pluralizms ufro metad vidre universalizms da

gansxvavebulobis SenarCunebas, vidre sinTezis miRwevas. mTavari gansxvaveba

Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove Teoriebs Soris, iseve rogorc Tana-

medroveobasa da postTanamedroveobas rogorc normatiul proeqtebs Soris

aris is, rom xdeba racios interpretacia, gansakuTrebiT ki racios urTierToba

kulturasa da sazogadoebasTan.

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis farglebSi, goni, racio moazrebulia ro-

gorc socialuri Teoriis epistemiologiuri safuZveli da rogorc Tana-

medroveobis proeqtis CarCo, romelic scildeba kulturas. postmodernistul

socialur TeoriaSi, racio SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc kulturasTan

igiveobrivi, romelsac aZlierebs Zalaufleba; racio ar warmoadgens kulturis

safuZvels, aramed Teoretikosebis damaxinjebul mcdelobas axsnan samyaro.

Tu racio, kulturis farglebs scildeba, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

rogorc kargi sazogadoebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli, sadac moxdeba

dapirispierbuli perspeqtivebisa da rwmenebis gasamarTleba. Tu goneba

kulturis nawilia an gaWuWyianebulia kulturis elementebis mier, maSin mas amis

ufleba ar gaaCnia: Cven ver vflobT gasamarTlebis saSualebebs da amitom ara

mxolod unda vicxovroT pluralistul samyaroSi, aramed gaviTavisoT is.

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi

post industrializmis cneba, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba daniel belis

naazrevTan 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi. beli gamoyofs industriul sazo-

gadoebaSi momxdar xuT ZiriTad cvlilebas: 1) postfordistuli warmoebis

teqnika; 2) axali da gafarToebuli profesiuli da teqnikuri klasis warmoSoba;

3) ufro meti Teoriuli codnis gamoyeneba rogorc politikisa da inovaciis

safuZveli; 4) zrdadi orientacia momavalze teqnologiebis marTvis dros; 5)

organizaciuli da informaciuli Teoriis mzardi ndoba.

daniel beli postindustrializms ganixilavs politikurad memarjvene

poziciidan, xolo alen tureni memarcxene poziciidan. misi ZiriTadi argumenti

Semdegia:

warmoiSva axali post industriuli codnis klasi, romelic sazogadoebaSi

atarebs inovaciis ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas da romelsac aqedan gamomdinare

xelSi uWiravs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; Tumca SedarebiT naklebad aris

SezRuduli warmoebis urTierTobebiT da amitom momavalSi iqneba ufro

radikaluri, vidre Zveli industriuli proletariati.

kidev erTi "postindustriuli moazrovnis” andre gorcis mixedviT, romelic

ufro axlos dgas turenTan, vidre belTan, warmoiSva axali postindustriuli

araproletariati romelic Sedgeba umuSevrebisa da kavSirebSi naklebad

gaerTianebeli adamianebisgan. es adamianebi iqnebian gamanTavisuflebeli

politikis adresati, romelic naklebad aris SezRuduli industriuli

korporaciebis mier (umuSevrebi) an kidev ufro institucionalizebuli (da

aqedan gamomdinare, ufro "usafrTxo") koleqtivisturi formebis mier (naklebad

gaerTianebuli kavSirebSi).

magram ratom unda gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebi

postmodernistul TeoriaSi?

imitom rom: postindustrializmi asocirdeba ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

64

ena da reprezentacia

rogorc SesavalSi iqna aRniSnuli kultura Seexeba “gaziarebul mniS-

vnelobebs” ena ki warmoadgens im mediums ris saSualebiTac Cven moviazrebT ama

Tu im sagans da ris saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoqmna da gacvla.

ena aris mniSvnelobisa da kulturis Seqmnis ZiriTadi instrumenti. magram

rogor xdeba enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobebis Seqmna? rogor xdeba monawileebs

Soris dialogis warmoeba, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevT Seqmnan gaziarebuli

Sexedulebebis erToblioba da moaxdinon maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros

interpretacia daaxloebiT analogiuri gziT? swored ena gvaZlevs amis

saSualebas, radganac, is operirebs rogorc reprezentaciuli sistema. enaSi Cven

vxmarobT niSnebs da simboloebs, magaliTad, bgerebs, werilobiT gadmocemul

sityvebs, eleqtronulad Seqmnil gamosaxulebebs, musikalur notebs, aseve

nivTebsac — da yovelive es SeiZleba warmoadgendes sxvebisTvis Cveni azrebis,

ideebis, grZnobebis gamoxatulebas. ena warmoadgens “mediis” erT-erT saxeobas,

romlis saSualebiTCveni am ideebis, azrebisa da grZnobebis gamoxatva xdeba

kulturaSi.

procesi, romelsac “kulturisken Semotrialeba” ewoda socialur da

humanitarul mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturulogiur kvlevebsa da

kulturis sociologiaSi, xazs usvamda mniSvnelobis centralurobas kulturis

gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi. es fokusi “gaziarebul mniSvnelobebze” SeiZleba

Zalian erTgvarovani da Teoriuli mogveCvenos, imdenad ramdenadac nebismier

kulturaSi raime erT Temas SeZleba hqondes uamravi mniSvneloba da arsebobdes

ramdenime gza erTsa da imave sakiTxis warmosaxvisa, Tu interpretaciisa.

kultura aseve moicavs grZnobebs, emociur mijaWvulobebs, azrebsa da

ideebs. Cemi saxis gamometyveleba “raRacas ambobs” Cems Sesaxeb (Cemi identoba) da

Tu ras vgrZnob (emociebi) an romel jgufs mivekuTvnebi (mijaWvuloba). yovelive

es SeiZleba wakiTxul da gagebul iqnes sxva adamianebis mier, miuxedavad imisa

rom me SeiZleba gamiznulad ar vapirebdi komunikaciis damyarebas, anu

formaluri “gzavnilis” gadacemas sxvebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore pirma

SeiZleba logikurad verc ki axsnas, me mas “sakuTari gamometyvelebiT ras

veubnebodi”.

aseve, kulturuli mniSvnelobebi ar aris mxolod “Cvens TavebSi mocemuli”

isini aorganizeben da aregulireben socialur praqtikas, gavlenas axdenen Cvens

qcevaze da Sesabamisad aqvT realuri praqtikuli Sedegi.

kulturuli praqtika mniSvnelovania, kulturaSi monawileebi aniWeben

mniSvnelobas sxva adamianebs, obieqtebsa da movlenebs. sagnebi “TavisTavad” ar

atareben erT, konkretul, fiqsirebul da ucvlel mniSvnelobas. iseTi ubralo

ram rogoric aris qva, SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc sasazRvro niSans, aseve

skulpturas — gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ras aRniSnavs, ra konteqstSia mocemuli,

rasac filosofosebi uwodeben gansxvavebul “enobriv TamaSebs” (mag., sazRvrebis

ena, skulpturis ena) iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ras vfiqrobT da gvgrZnobT ama Tu

im obieqtis Sesaxeb da rogor gamovsaxavT mas Semdeg — am gziT Cven mas vaniWebT

mniSvnelobas. xolo mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba im sainterpretacio CarCoebis

gamoyenebiT, romelsac Cven vflobT.

nawilobriv, Cven sagnebs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas imiT, Tu rogor vxmarobT maT

an kidev, Tu rogor vaxdenT maT integracias yoveldRiur praqtikaSi. mag.,

agurisa da cementis gamoyenebis Sedegad vagebT saxls da rasac vfiqrobT,

vgrZnobT an kidev vambobT mis Sesaxeb, am mocemul sagans saxlad aqcevs. meore

mxriv, ki sagnebs mniSvneloba eniWebaT imiT, Tu rogor gamovsaxavT maT —

sityvebs, romlebsac maT garSemo viyenebT, istoriebs, romlebsac vyvebiT maT

Sesaxeb, xatebs romlebsac vqmniT da emociebs da faseulobebs, romlebsac

vukavSirebT am sagnebs, klasifikaciisa da konceptualizaciis gzebs.

kultura warmoadgens yvela im praqtikas, romelSic Cven genetikurad ki ar

varT daprogramebulebi, aramed romelsac vaniWebT mniSvnelobasa da

faseulobas, rac Semdeg aseve mniSvneladad unda iyos interpretirebuli sxvebis

mier, imisaTvis rom "operacia" efeqturad ganxorcieldes. kultura, am gagebiT

ganmsWvalavs sazogadoebis yvela Sres.

25

swored es gamoarCevs “adamianur” elements socialur cxovrebaSi bio-

logiuri motivaciebisgan. kulturis gamokvlevisas umniSvnelovanesi roli

eniWeba simbolikis sferos, romelic safuZvlad udevs socialur cxovrebas.

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna

sad warmoiqmneba mniSvneloba? mniSvnelobebi wamoiqmneba ramdenime

sxvadasxva adgilas da Semdeg maTi cirkulacia xdeba ramdenime sxvadasxva

procesis an praqtikis saSualebiT (kulturis wre). mniSvneloba gvaZlevs Cveni

identurobis SegrZnebas, vin varT Cven da adamianTa romel wres mivekuTvnebiT.

mniSvneloba mudmivad iqmneba da Semdeg icvleba yoveli piradi da socialuri

urTierTobis dros, romelSic viRebT monawileobas. mniSvnelobas aseve qmnis

masmedia, globaluri komunikaciebi da kompleqsuri teqnologiebi, romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba sxvadasxva kulturebis cirkulacia saocari siswrafiT.

mniSvneloba aseve iqmneba maSinac, rodesac Cven gamovxatavT sakuTar Tavs, an

movixmarT garkveul “kulturul sagnebs”, anu vaxdenT maT CarTvas yovelRiur

ritualebsa da praqtikaSi da am gziT vaniWebT mas mniSvnelobas an faseulobas, an

rodesac vqmniT garkveul narativebs, istoriebs da fantaziebs maT garSemo.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli xdeba enis saSualebiT. erTsa da imave kulturis

wevrebs aqvT saziaro azrebi, gamosaxulebebi da ideebi, romlebic maT

saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli perspeqtividan moiazron da Seicnon samyaro da,

aqedan gamomdinare, moaxdinon samyaros interpretacia daaxloebiT erTi da

imave wesiT. zogadad rom vTqvaT, isini operireben erTi da imave “kulturuli

kodebiT” da am kuTxiT azrovneba da grZnoba TavisTavad warmoadgens garkveuli

“reprezentaciis sistemas”, sadac Cveni koncefciebi, gamosaxulebebi da emociebi

niSnaven an warmoadgnen Cvens gonebriv cxovebaSi im sagnebs romlebic SeiZleba

arsebobdnen an ar arsebobdnen Cvens garSemo.

imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT Cvens mier moazrebulis sxvebisTvis gaziareba,

isinic imave lingvistur kodebs unda flobdnen, rom gaigon Cveni saTqmeli. es ar

niSnavs, rom isini imave enaze, mag., frangul an Cinurze unda saubrobdnen,

rogorc Cven, aramed Cven enas aq vgulisxmobT ufro farTo gagebiT. Cveni

adresatebi, enis garda, aseve daaxloebiT analogiurad unda aRiqvamdnen

vizualur gamosaxulebebsac da bgerebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis im garkveul

formac icnobdnen, romelsac Cven musikas vuwodebT da a.S.

mniSvneloba warmoadgens dialogs — is yovelTvis mxolod nawilobriv aris

gagebuli da yovelTvis araTanabari gacvlaa.

maSasadame, ratom varqmevT enas an enebs mniSvnelobis Seqmnis da gadacemis

sxvadasxva gzebs? rogor funqcionireben es enebi? enebi operireben rogorc

reprezentaciuli sistemebi, imdenad ramdenadac isini iyeneben garkveul

elementebs, romlebic warmoadgenen imas risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs imisaTvis, rom

gamovxatoT raRac azri, idea an grZnoba. verbaluri ena iyenebs bgerebs,

werilobiTi — sityvebs, xolo musikaluri ena - notebs, "sxeulis ena” mimarTavs

fizikur Jestebs, modis industria tansacmels iyenebs, televizia ki cifrulad

an eleqtronuli wesiT warmoqmnil piqselebs ekranze, SuqniSnebi mimarTaven

mwvane, wiTel da yviTel ferebs CvenTvis garkveuli informaciis mosawodeblad.

yvela es elementi — bgerebi, sityvebi, notebi, Jestebi, tansacmeli warmoadgens

Cveni bunebrivi an materilauri samyaros nawils, magram maTi enisTvis

mniSvneloba ar aris is Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, aramed Tu ras akeTeben isini,

maTi funqcia. isini qmnian mniSvnelobas da Semdeg gadascemen. isini aRniSnaven

raRacas. TavisTavad maT ar gaaCniaT mniSvneloba, aramed warmoadgnen

saSualebebs, romlebic arian mniSvnelobis matareblebi, radganac operireben

rogorc simboloebi. es simboloebi ki warmoadgenen im mniSvnelobebs, romlis

sxvisTvis gadacemac Cven gvsurs. anu maT eniWebaT niSnebis funqcia. niSnebi

aRniSnaven an warmoadgenen Cvens ideebs, azrebs, gancdebs iseTi gziT rom maTi

“wakiTxva” dekodireba an interpretacia SeZlon sxvebma, daaxloebiT imave wesiT.

ena amitom warmoadgens aRmniSvnel praqtikas. nebismieri reprezentaciuli

sistema, romelic am gziT funqcionirebs, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom efuZneba enis

26

romlebic eqvemdebarebian racionalur dialogs, maSin rodesac postmo-

dernistul TeoriaSi (liotari) TamaSis farglebSi xdeba maTi ganxilva.

rogorc baumani aRniSnavs - "Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, Cven varT

sazogadoeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom varT moralurebi”.

postmodernistuli sazogadoeba:

postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi

terminebi postmodernistuli, postmodernuli xana da postmodernizmi

erTmaneTs cvlian literaturaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernizmi

SeTanxmebisamebr ZiriTadad esTetikas exeba. es terminebi mravali sxvadasxva

fenomenis aRsaniSnavad yofila naxmari: sazogadoebebi (Tanamedrove dasavluri

evropa, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS), socialuri praqtika ("Sopingi”, mobiluri

telefonebis, internetis moxmareba, turizmi); socialuri Teoriebi (bodriari,

baumani, liotari); filosofiuri argumentebi (riCard rorti, derida);

skulptura/instalaciebi (demien hersti, treisi emini..) muxika (Snitke, praimal

skrimi); mxatvroba (vorholi, devid hakni), Senobebi (loidi, rem kulhaasi, demien

da hercogi), fuli (plastikuri baraTebi, evro); mecniereba (klonireba), garToba

(virtualuri realoba), da a.S.

Tu postmodernuli fenomenebis es sia raimeTi mainc aris erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli, maSin Semdegi Temebi SeiZleba iyos aqtualuri:

konteqstualizacia — sxvadasxva stilisa da midgomis “Sereva”, romlebic

adre erTmaneTisgan gamoirCeodnen (mag., arqiteqtura, moda, religia);

Sereva, “melt dauni” — "gaerTianebisa" da fragmentaciis gancda (imitacia

dizainsa da reklamaSi)

pastiSi — stilebisa da midgomebis ironiuli kopireba (mag., komediaSi);

zedapiri — siRrmis nakleboba, "realobasa" da realobis "reprezentacias"

Soris gansxvavebis uaryofa.

sociologiuri terminebis gamoyenebiT, es Temebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes

rogorc dediferenciaciis procesi, romelic atrialebs da cvlis socialuri

diferenciaciis process, romliTac xasiaTdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

ganviTareba (parsonsi, habermasi). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba sazRvrebis

rRveva: sazRvrebi an ganxvavebebi romlebic Seiqmna socialuri diferenciaciis

Sedegad areulia postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi: mag. sazRvari maRal da

dabal kulturas Soris, ralobasa da realobis reprezentacias Soris

televizorSi (an filmSi, mxatvrobaSi, literaturaSi), politikasa da reklmas

Soris, ekonomikur cxovrebasa da kulturas Soris; warmoebasa da gacvlas Soris,

xelovnursa da adamianur gonebas Soris, dasavluri da aRmosavluri rwmenis

sistemebs Soris. es idea safuZvlad udevs postmodernistul socialur

TeoriaSi fragmentaciis Temas. de-diferenciaciis cneba gulisxmobs rom ukve

SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis rogorc integrirebuli sistemis moazreba, an

kidev rogorc erTi mTlianobis (marqsi da durkhemi).

postmodernis sxva gansazRvrebebi xSirad xmaroben sityva "axals" da ar

ganmartaven, Tu ras warmoadgens axali — sazogadoebas exeba es, socialur

Teorias Tu xelovnebis nimuSs. ritceri amis magaliTia: postmodernistuli xana

Seexeba istoriul epoqas, romelic rogorc wesi ganixileba rogorc Tana-

medrove periodi; postmodernizmi Seexeba kulturul produqtebs (xelovnebaSi,

filmebSi, arqiteqturaSi da a.S), romlebic ganxvavdebian Tanamedrove

kulturuli produqtebisgan.. postmoderni moicavs axal istoriul epoqas, axal

kulturul produqtebs da a.S. yovelive amaT aerTianebT is axali, rac moxda

bolo wlebis manZilze da ukve veRar mieyeneba sityva “Tanamedrove”, ramdenadac

axali etapebi cvlian Tanamedrove realobas. (sociologiis Teoria, mexuTe

gamocema)

kiTxva ismis - konkretulad ra xdeba "axali"? da konkretulad rodis, "bolo

wlebSi"? postmodernistuli sazogadoebis ufro zusti definiciisTvis unda

aRvniSnoT, rom 1960 ian wlebSi gaCnda socialuri institutebisa da socialuri

cxovrebis reorganizaciis iseTi formebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Sedgeba

63

sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala?

Tanamedrove sociologia ZiriTadad exeboda wesrigis problemas im sazo-

gadoebebSi, sadac individualizmi, Temis dakargva, avtoritetis decentra-

lizacia da sekularizacia safrTxes uqmnida garkveuli sazogadoebebis

arsebobis gagrZlebas. zigmund baumanis mixedviT:

“wesrigis cneba, rogorc movlenebis regularuli Tanmimdevrobisa, rogorc

kargad SeTanxmebuli nawilebis harmoniuli erTobliobisa, rogorc situaciisa,

sadac sagnebi rCebian iseTebad, ra molodinic aris maTgan ar dabadebula

Tanamedrove periodis CasaxvasTan erTad.

Tumca, gamorCeulad Tanamedrove fiqrs warmodgens wesrigis Sesaxeb fiqri,

gancda rom raime swrafad unda moimoqmedon, SiSi imisa Sesabamis zomebs Tu ar

miiReben, maSin wesrigi qaosad gadaiqceva... iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod adamianuri urTierTobebis frTxili

menejmenti yofs wesrigs qaosisgan (sociologiurad fiqri).

sakiTxisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba vlindeba durkhemis naazrevSic.

naSromSi, Sromis ganawileba, durkhemi wers specializaciis (Sromis ganawilebis)

moralur Sedegebze. durkhemisTvis specializaciis fenomeni ar izRudeba

ekonomikuri cxovrebiT (igi amiT upirispirdeba marqsizms). misTvis

specializacia ekonomikur konteqsts scildeba da socialuri cxovrebis sxva

sferoebisTvisac aqtualuri xdeba. adgili aqvs samuSaos saxlisgan gamijvnas:

politika, ganaTleba iqceva specializirebul sferoebad. mecnierebac

specializirebul mimarTulebebad iyofa. am farTo fragmentaciam, Sromis

socialurma dayofam Secvala individis damokidebuleba moraluri wesrigis

mimarT. amitomac durkhemi sazogadoebas moralur Zalad miiCnevs:

“sazogadoeba warmoadgens moraluri samyaros arsebobis pirobas.

sazogadoeba individebis ubralo Tavmoyra ki ar aris, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi

gawevrianebis dros Tavisi Sinagani moraluroba SeaqvT sazogadoebaSi; aramed

adamiani warmoadgens moralur arsebas mxolod imitom rom is cxovrobs

sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac moraluroba dakavSirebulia jgufTan solidarobis

gancdasTan da icvleba arsebuli solidarobidan gamomdinare. socialuri

cxovrebis gaqrobasTan erTad moraluri cxovrebac gaqreboda, ramdenadac mas

aRar eqneboda mizani" (Sromis ganawileba; rCeuli nawerebidan).

baumani Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove xedva imisa, rom TiTqos sazogadoebam unda

gaxados individi "civilizebuli" mcdaria. aseTi xedva efuZneba durkheimis mier

individTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebis rogorc moraluri da SemzRudveli Zalis

moazrebas. sociologia da socialuri mecnierebebi wamoadgenen am rwmenis

inteleqtualur gamoxatulebas da amitom saWiroa maTi gadafaseba post-

modernistuli sazogadoebis farglebSi, sadac individs eniWeba prioriteti

sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT.

sociologiam unda Seicvalos damamkvidreblis roli sazogadoebasa da

sazogadoebriv eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da gaxdes interpretaciuli gansxvavebuli

individualuri perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ufro meti yuradReba unda

daeTmos piradi moralurobis Seswavlasac. aqedan gamomdinare, postmoder-

nistuli sociologiis mTavari amocanaa politikasa da kulturaSi waaxalisos da

SeinarCunos pluralizmi. baumanis normatiuli argumenti efuZneba sazoga-

doebriv eTikasa da indivudualur moralurobas Soris gansxvavebas. is Tvlis,

rom Tanamedrove sociologiis gadmosaxedidan garkveuli undobloba arsebobs

individis mimarT (da individualuri moralurobis mimarT) rac aseve

ukavSirdeba sazogadoebrivi eTikis legitimurobas rogorc imis SesaZlebobas,

rom moagvaros (racios saSualebiT) Tu rogor unda wavmarToT kargad Cveni

cxovrebebi. baumani cdilobs socialuri Teoriis mimarT gansxvavebuli

midgomis damkvidrebas (da ufro farTod sazogadoebis "marTvisa" da socialuri

urTierTobebis mimarTac) romelic axdens moralurobis re-personalizacias,

rac damokidebulia intuiciasa da emociaze da ara mxolod racioze (baumani

amjobinebs "interpretaciuli racios" cnebas am konteqstSi — cneba, romelic

man dilTaisgan aiRo). baumani ganaviTarebs Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis

iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT ufro intuitur da garegnulad moralistur midgomas,

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reprezentaciis principebs. aqedan gamomdinare, fotografiac reprezentaciuli

sistemaa, romelic iRebs gamosaxulebas sinaTleze mgrZnobiare qaRaldze

dasxivebis saSualebiT, rom warmoadginos fotografiuli mniSvneloba

konkretul adamianis, movlenisa Tu scenis Sesaxeb. gamofena muzeumSi an

galereaSi SeiZleba aRiqmebodes rogorc ena, ramdenadac is iyenebs gamofenil

sagnebs imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas garkveuli mniSvnelobebi gamofenis Tematikis

irgvliv. aseve rodesac fexburTis matCze saxe daxatulebi, sloganebiTa da

transfarantebiT midian, esec garkveuli enaa, anu simboluri praqtika, romelic

aZlevs mniSvnelobas an gamoxatulebas rom es pirebi miekuTvnebian nacionalur

kulturas, an kidev identificirdebian TavianT qalaqTan Tu regionTan.

reprezentacia aq mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc identobasTan, aseve

codnasTanac. rTulia icode Tu ras niSnavs iyo ingliseli an frangi, an

qarTveli Tu ar daveyrdnobiT am aRmniSvnel sistemebs, romelTa saSualebiTac

xdeba Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros moazreba, da romelsac Cven kulturas

vuwodebT.

kulturisa da enis saSualebiT

mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia

ena gvTavazobs erT zogad models Tu rogor muSaobs kultura da

reprezentacia, gansakuTrebiT ki semiotikis sferoSi. semiotikas uwodeben

“niSnebis mecnierebas”. es niSnebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelobis matareblebs

kulturaSi. mniSvnelobiT dainteresebam gamoiwvia is, rom diskursis roli

kulturaSi gaxda msjelobebis sagani. diskursi warmoadgens raRac konkretuli

praqtikis sagnis garSemo codnis konstruirebas an am saganze msjelobis gzebs :

kompleqsi (erToblioba) ideebis, gamosaxulebebis, da praqtikis, romelic

dakavSirebulia garkveul TemasTan, socialur aqtivobasTan an instituti-

ciasTan sazogadoebaSi. es diskursiuli Camoyalibebuli erTobliobebi,

gansazRvraven ra aris da ra ar aris misaRebi ama Tu im konkretuli sagnis Tu

socialuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ra codna aris aucilebeli da

aqtualuri im mocemul konteqstSi da ra tipis individebi atareben am

maxasiaTeblebs.

arsebobs bevri msgavseba, magram, amave dros, gansxvavebebi semiotursa da

diskursiul midgomebs Soris. erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom semioturi midgoma exeba Tu rogor xdeba warmodgena, Tu rogor qmnis ena

mniSvnelobas, romelsac ewodeba “poetika”, maSin rodesac diskursiuli midgoma

ufro Seexeba reprezentaciis Sedegebsa da efeqtebs — mis politikas. is ikvlevs

ara mxolod rogor qmnian ena da reprezentacia mniSvnelobas, aramed codnas,

romelsac warmoqmnis konkretuli diskursi da romelic ukavSirdeba

Zalauflebas, aregulirebs qcevas, Seadgens an akonstruirebs identobebs da

subieqtebs da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda moizrebodnen da gamoixatebodnen

mocemuli sagnebi. fokusi diskursiul midgomaSi yovelTvis konkretuli formis

istoriul specifiurobazea an kidev gamoxatvis meqanizmze: ara enaze rogorc

aseTze, aramed konkretul enebze an mniSvnelobebze da Tu rogor xdeba maTi

gamoyeneba mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas.

Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri, martivi, racionaluri an pragmatuli

damokidebuleba mniSvnelobebis mimarT. isini axdenen Zlieri rogorc pozitiuri

aseve negatiuri grZnobebisa da emociebis mobilizirebas. maT xSirad

urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi aqvT da xSirad Cvens identobebsac kiTxvis niSnis

qveS ayeneben. Cven gviwevs maT dasacavad, an maT winaaRmdeg brZola, radgan isini

mniSvneladia da maT seriozuli Sedegebi mohyveba. isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra

aris “normaluri”, vin miukuTvneba mocemul socialur erTobliobas da vin ara.

isini mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zalauflebis urTierTobebTan, imdenad,

ramdenadac Cveni cxovrebebze did zegavlenas axdens is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba

Semdegi cnebebis gansazRvra da xmareba kaci/qali, Savkaniani/TeTrkaniani,

mdidari/Raribi, homoseqsuali/heteroseqsuali, axalgazrda/moxuci, moqala-

qe/ucxo. mniSvnelobebis organizeba xSirad binarulia anerTmaneTs upiris-

27

pirdeba. Tumca es binaruli xedva xSirad eWvis qveS dgeba, imdenad ramdenadac

reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTs cvlian. rac ufro

Rrmad Sedixar reprezentaciis kvlevis procesSi, miT ufro kompleqsuri xdeba

isda ufro rTulia aRsawerad.

reprezentacia da mniSvneloba

qvemoT ganvixilavT, Tu rogor akavSirebs reprezentaciis cneba

mniSvnelobasa da enas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sam sxvadasxva midgomaze Tu

Teoriaze am sakiTxis Sesaxeb: refleqsurs, intencionalurs da konst-

ruqtivistuls. ena ubralod asaxavs im mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs

sganebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis samyaroSi (refleqsuri); ena gamoxatavs

mxolod molaparakis an mwerlis, an mxatvris saTqmels, maT mier Cadebul

mniSvnelobas (intencionaluri); mniSvneloba iqmneba enis saSualebiT

(konstruqtivistuli).

jer daviwyebT reprezentaciis cnebis ganxilviT: ras niSnavs sityva

reprezentacia. ras moicavs reprezentaciis procesebi da rogor muSaobs

reprezentacia.

reprezentacia aris mniSvnelobis warmoeba enis saSualebiT. oqsfordis

inglisuri enis leqsikonSi am sityvas CvenTvis ori aqtualuri mniSvneloba aqvs:

1. raRacas rom warmoadgen, niSnavs rom mas aRwer an gamosaxav, gonebaSi

moixmob aRweris, warmosaxvis ZaliT, amsgavseb gonebiT an grZnobiT raRacas, mag.,

winadadeba - es suraTi warmoadgens abelis mier kainis mkvlelobas;

2. reprezentacia aseve niSnavs, rom xdeba raRacis simbolizacia, raRaca

meore sagans warmoadgens an cvlis. mag., qristianobaSi jvari warmoadgens

qristes tanjvasa da jvarcmas.

figurebi naxatze kainis da abelis istoriias gamosaxaven, iseve rogorc

jvari Sedgeba ori xis joxisgan, romlebic erTmaneTzea miWedebuli;

qristianuli rwmenis konteqstSi ki jvari ufro bevri niSvnelobis matarebeli

simboloa da es aris is cneba, romelic Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT sityvebiTa da

gamosaxulebebiT.

sityva niSnavs an warmoadgens raRac cnebas da isSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

rogorc referenti an kidev aRmniSvneli "namdvili” an warmosaxviTi obieqtis.

mag., Cven SegviZlia voperirebdeT mxolod Wiqis cnebiT. rogorc lingvistebi

amboben, ZaRlebi yefen, magram Tavad cneba "ZaRli" arc yefs da arc ikbineba. Cven

ar SegviZlia visaubroT WiqiT, aramed am sagans vaniWebT garkveul sityvas — Wiqa

— romelic warmoadgens lingvistur niSans, romelsac qarTulSi viyenebT im

sagnebis mimarT saidanac SegviZlia davlioT wyali. swored aq Semodis

reprezentaciis cneba, rac rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna warmoadgens cnebebis

mniSvnelobebis warmoebas Cvens gonebaSi enis saSualebiT. is aris kavSiri

cnebebsa da enas Soris, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT sagnebis,

adamianebis, movlenebis "namdvil" samyaroze.

aq gvaqvs ori procesi, reprezentaciis ori sistema. pirvel rigSi arsebobs

sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sagnebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis dakavSireba

xdeba cnebebis garkveuli kompleqtiT an kidev mentaluri reprezentaciebiT,

romlebic arsebobs Cvens TavebSi. maT gareSe Cven ver movaxdendiT samyaros

azrian interpretacias. pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba efuZneba cnebebisa da

gamosaxulebebis sistemas romelic formirdeba Cvens azrebSi, romlebic

aRniSnaven an warmosaxvven samyaros.

es TavisTavad Zalian kompleqsuri procesis martivi axsnaa. martivia imis

danaxva, Tu rogor vayalibebT cnebebs im sagnebisTvis, romelsac vxedavT —

xalxi, materialuri sagnebi, mag. skamebi, magidebi. magram Cven aseve vayalibebT

cnebebs ufro bundovani da abstraqtuli sagnebisTvis, romlebsac ver vxedavT,

ver SevigrZnobT da ver vexebiT. mag., sikvdilis, megobrobisa Tu rwmenis cnebebi.,

romlebic arasdros gvinaxavs da verc vnaxavT. Cven amas vuwodeT reprezentaciis

sistemas, radganac is Sedgeba ara individualuri cnebebisgan, aramed cnebebis

organizebis, Tavmoyris, klasifikaciis sxvadasxva gzebisgan da amyarebs maT

28

qalaqis ganviTareba gamoiwvevda "sazogadoebis dakargvas" da Sedegad

sazogadoeba gaxdeboda arastabiluri.

gidensis mixedviT, unda ganvasxvavoT tradiciuli da Tanamedrove qalaqebi a)

urbanul/soflur urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi (am mimarTebis Tanamedrove

versia ufro farToa) da b) Zalauflebis koncentracia (tradiciuli qalaqi-

saxelmwifoebis Zalaufleba gadaeca Tanamedrove erovnul saxelmwifoebs)

sityva "qalaqi” gamoiyeneba farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelic exeba rogorc

urbanul dasaxlebebs tradiciul saozogadoebebSi, aseve im adgilebs sadac

kapitalistur-industriuli wesrigia Camoyalibebuli. qalaqis aseTi farTo

mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba xSirad damabnevelia, ramdenadac Tanamedrove

industria, romelsac mohyveba urbanizmis gavrceleba ar aris erT adgilze

mibmuli. tradiciuli qalaqi ki warmoadgens klasobriv sazogadoebebSi

dixciplinaruli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis mTavar adgils, romelic sofels

emijneba rogorc simbolurad, aseve xSir SemTxvevaSi fizikuradac galavnis

saSualebiT" (sazogadoebis konstitucia, gidensi).

zimelis mixedviT, qalaqi saSualebas gvaZlevs fokusi movaxdinoT

gacvlaze/urTierTgacvlaze (marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTad

yuradRebas warmoebas uTmobda), rogorc Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis

ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze. zimeli Tvlis, rom qalaqebi moicaven socialuri

asociaciis mdidar formebs, Tumca mas ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvs im

rezultatis mimarT, rac moaqvs individisTvis qalaqur cxovrebas Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi:

metropolisi pirovnuli arsebobis yvelaze individualuri formebis Seqmnis

saSualebas iZleva — imisda miuxedavad - rogoria Seqmnili forma - koreqtuli

Tu warmatebuli. Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba obieqturi

sulis dominaciiT subieqtur sulze; enaSi, kanonSi, warmoebis teqnikaSi, iseve

rogorc xelovnebasa da mecnierebaSi, yofiT sagnebSi, Cadebulia iseTi saxis

suli, romlis yoveldRiur ganviTarebas arasrulyofilad mihyveba da CamorCeba

individis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba" (individualobasa da socialuri

formebis Sesaxeb, zimeli).

erovnuli saxelmwifo

erovnuli saxelmwifos fenomeni Zalian mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove

sazogadoebisa da Tanamedrove sociologiisTvis. klasikosi Teoretikosebidan,

veberi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ganviTarebas Tanamedrove industriuli

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan winapirobad miiCnevs. es

Sexeduleba rTuli da mraval plastiania, Tumca saxelmwifos biurokratizacia

— magaliTad saxelmwifos sabuRaltro da finansuri sistemebi ganmsazRvrel

rols TamaSoben. es argumentebi veberis mier racionalizaciis moazrebis farTo

konteqstSi unda davinaxoT.

“racionalizaciis mTeli procesi rogorc qarxanaSi, aseve nebismier sxva

adgilas, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo biurokratiul aparatSi mesakuTris

xelSi materialuri elementebis Tavmoyris paralelurad mimdinareobs.

disciplina dominirebs iseT farTo sferoebSi, rogoric aris politikuri da

ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba rac ufro da ufro metad

racionalizebuli xdeba. es universaluri fenomeni qarizmis mniSvnelobas da

individualurad gansxvavebul qcevas zRudavs (ekonomika da sazogadoeba)

gidensi wers, rom Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula omis industrializaciam:

“omis industrializacia Tan sdevda erovnuli saxelmwifos Casaxvas da

erovnuli saxelmwifos sistemas garkveuli forma misca. Sedegad Seiqmna

msoflio samxedro wesrigi, romelic kveTs pirvel, meore da mesame qveynebs

Soris gansxvavebulobebs” (erovnuli saxelmwifo da Zaladoba).

61

manqana

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoretikosebis umravlesobisTvis, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis materialur an ekonomikur fesvebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvT.

es ara mxolod marqsistuli midgomaa, aramed igive azrs iziarebs veberi

(romelic wers did da kompleqsur bazrebze) da durkheimi (romelic ganixilavda

Sromis ganawilebis kompleqsur struqturas). Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

dabadebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa industriulma revoluciam. socio-

logiurad moxda ori yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba:

1) xeliT warmoeba Secvala manqanurma warmoebam; 2) ojaxi — qarxanam, rogorc

warmoebis erTeulma.

ZiriTad cnebas aq warmoadgens Sromis rTuli ganawileba (diferenciaciis

forma), razec werdnen adam smiti da Semdeg durkheimi. Tumca,

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom industriuli revolucia ar warmoadgenda movlenas,

aramed araTanabar process (iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric iyo britaneTi, aseve

safrangeTisa da germaniis gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi).

gidensis mixedviT, mxolod me-19 saukunis Suidan SeiZleba ewodos britanul

sazogadoebas "industriuli sazogadoeba". situacia safrangeTsa da germaniaSi

gansxvavdeboda. garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad kulturul miRwevebSi,

gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi orive qveyana win

uswrebda britaneTs. magram me-18 saukunis Suidan safrangeTi da germania

britaneTs CamorCebodnen ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da mxolod saukunis

dagvianebiT daewivnen britaneTs.

sakamaToa industrializaciis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba kapitalizmis

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebaSi (kamaTi

damokidebuli iqneba ramdenad viwrod an farTod movaxdenT TiToeuli cnebis

gansazRvrebas, magaliTad, veberis mier kapitalizmis gansazRvreba ufro

farToa vidre marqsis).

li da niubais mixedviT, industriuli revolucia Tavisi xasiaTiT kapi-

talisturi iyo, miuxedavad imisa rom industrializmi da kapitalizmi SeiZleba

moviazroT rogorc calke cnebebi. kapitalizmis gavrcelebas industriaSi

iseTive efeqti hqonda socialur urTierTobebze, rac industrializacias

manamde provinciaSi.

urTierToba industriis damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris

ZiriTadad efuZneboda fuls — jamagirs — jamagiris arapersonalur xasiaTs;

aseve xdeboda mokle vadiani interesebis konfliqti jamagirsa da mogebas Soris

— am faqtorebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT gamoewviaT socialuri da politikuri

vnebaTaRelva, rac Tan axlda industriul revolucias.

qalaqi

urbanizacias mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. klasikos-Teoretikosebs Soris,

urbanizaciis obieqturi Sedegebi gamoikvlies durkhaimma da veberma. zimelis

naSromi ki qalaqis dinamikas subieqturi gamocdilebidan ganixilavs. aq

ganxilulia gaucxoebisa da socialuri cxovrebis impersonalizaciis sakiTxebi,

romlebic aqtualuri gaxda industrializaciasTan erTad, urbanizaciuli

procesebis dros.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqi ar iyo axali socialuri organizmi, arsebobda

farTod aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalaqebi mxolod droebiT saWiroebas

warmoadgenden da maT ar eqnebodaT mudmivi xasiaTi. lis da niubais mixedviT,

amis dasabuTeblad, magaliTebis moyvana SeiZleba klasikuri da bibliuri

literaturidan, sadac moTxrobilia qalaqi saxelmwifoebis aRzevebisa da

dacemis, civilizaciebis Tanamdevi gadagvarebis Sesaxeb.

iTvleboda, rom qalaqma moitana pirovnuli urTierTobebisa da socialuri

kontrolis formebis rRveva, romlebic klasebs Soris urTierTobas axasiaTebda

provinciaSi. me -19 saukunis warmomadgenel mesakuTre klasebs eSinodaT, rom

60

Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs. mag., Cven viyenebT msgavsebisa da

gansxvavebulobis principebs, imisaTvis rom davamyaroT kavSiri cnebebs Soris an

gavarCioT isini erTmaneTisgan. mag., me mgonia, rom garkveulwilad Citebi hgvanan

TviTmrfrinavebs caSi, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom oriveni dafrinaven. Tumca

amave dros isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, imitom rom pirveli bunebas

ekuTvnis, meore ki, adamianis xeliT aris gakeTebuli. swored cnebebs Soris

amgvari kavSirebis safuZvelze Cven vayalibebT fiqrebs. mocemul magaliTSi

pirveli daskvna emyareba frena/ar frenas Soris ganxvavebas, xolo meore exeba

bunebrivsa da xelovnurs Soris gansxvavebas.

arsebobs gansxvavebuli saxis organizaciis principi, romelic mag.,

Tanmimdevrobazea agebuli — saqme gvaqvs imasTan, Tu romeli cneba romels

mohyveba, an kidev kauzalobasTan, ra iwvevs ras. aq saubaria ara SemTxveviT

Tavmoyril cnebebze, aramed cnebebze, romlebic klasificirebulia erTmenTTan

mimarTebaSi.

mniSvneloba emyareba samyaroSi sagnebsa da cnebobriv sistemas Soris

urTierTobas, romlebic warmoadgenen maT mentalur repezentacias. magram,

amave dros, Cven erTmaneTTan vamyarebT komunikacias imitom rom viziarebT erTi

da imave konceptualur rukebs da met- naklebad msgavsad vaxdenT samyaros

interpretacias. Tumca gaziarebuli cnebobrivi ruka ar aris sakmarisi. Cven

aseve unda gvakavSirebdes saerTo ena. ena warmoadgens reprezentaciis meore

sistemas. Cveni cnebebi da ideebi SesabamisobaSi rom movidnen konkretul

daweril sityvebTan, warmoTqmul bgerebTan an vizualur gamosaxulebasTan

amisaTvis mivmarTavT niSnebs.

niSnebi organizebulia enebad da swored saerTo enebis arsebobis saSualebiT

vaxdenT Cveni azebis, cnebebis Targmans sityvebad, gamosaxulebebad daa.S. rom

SevajamoT, mniSvnelobis procesis SaugulSi, kulturaSi arsebobs ori

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli “reprezentaciuli sistema”. pirveli saSualebas

gvaZlevs mniSvneloba mivaniWoT samyaros sagnebs Cveni cnebobriv rukebs Soris

Sesabamisobis, igiveobriobis damyarebis gziT. meore ki, efuZneba Cvens cnebobriv

rukebsa da niSnebs Soris Sesabamisobis damyarebas.

vizualuri niSnebi da gamosaxulebebi msgavsia im sagnebisa, romlebsac isini

warmosaxaven; Tumca es niSnebi mainc niSnebad rCebian — isini garkveuli

mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian da eqvemdebarebian interpretacias. imisaTvis,

rom movaxdinoT maTi interpretacia, Cven unda gvqondes zemoT ganxiluli

reprezentaciis or sistemas Soris kavSiri.

magaliTad, rom warmovidginoT "cxvris" abstraqtuli naxati, mocemuli

abstraqtuli naxatis wasakiTxavad Cven unda vflobdeT rTul cnebobriv da

gaziarebul lingvistur sistemas. rodesac niSansa da mis referents anu

aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri bundovania, maSin mniSvneloba eWvis qveS dgeba da

gaurkvevloba isadgurebs, ar xdeba mniSvnelobis komunikacia calsaxad da

naTlad. vizualur niSnebs — xatebi (imiji) ewodeba. xati formiT msgavsia im

obieqtisa, romlis asaxvasac is cdilobs. werilobiTi da verbaluri niSnebi ki

warmoadgenen "indeqsur" niSnebs.

indeqsuri niSnebi aranair urTierTobaSi ar imyofebian im sagnebTan

romlebzec isini msjeloben. magaliTad, asoebi s a x l i, ar hgavs Cvens garSemo

arsebul saxlebs da arc bgerebis saSualebiT warmoTqmuli "saxli " aris msgavsi

im obieqtisa, romelsac Cven vuyurebT.

urTierTdamokidebuleba reprezentaciis am sistemebSi niSans, cnebasa da im

obieqts Soris, romlis aRsaniSnavadac isini gamoiyenebian aris TviTneburi.

"TviTneburSi" Cven vgulisxmobT, rom sxva nebismieri asoebis an bgerebis

Tavmoyras SeiZleba imave warmatebiT gamoexata is sagani Tu obieqti, romelsac

Cven vuwodebT saxls. mag., ingliselebi da qarTvelebi imave cnebas iyeneben,

magram es cneba inglisurSi gamoixateba sityviT “house" qarTulSi, ki "saxliT”

maSasadame, mniSvnelobis konstruireba xdeba reprezentaciis sistemebis

saSualebiT. es konstruireba da Semdeg fiqsireba xdeba kodis saSualebiT,

romelic amyarebs kavSirs Cvens cnebobriv sistemasa da Cvens enobriv sistemas

Soris, ise rom yovel jerze, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT saxlze kodi gveubneba, rom

unda gamoviyenoT qarTuli sityva saxli, Tu ki inglisur enovan qveyanaSi

29

vimyofebiT, maSin es iqneba sityva “house” . aseve, amis sapirispirod kodi

gveubneba, Tu romel cnebazea saubari rodesac Cven gvesmis an vkiTxulobT

garkveul niSnebs. kodebi saSualebas gvaZleven vTargmnoT Cveni cnebebi

garkveul enaze, rac Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelobis gadacemis meqanizmia molaparakis

mxridan adresatisTvis. es mTargmnelobiTi meqanizmi ar aris mocemuli arc

bunebrivad da arc RmerTis mier, aramed warmoadgens socialuri konvenciebis

rezultats da fiqsirebulia socialurad kulturaSi.

ingliseli, frangi, Tu qarTveli mosaubreni raRac drois ganmavlobaSi

mividnen SeTanxmebamde rom TavianT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul enebSi,

garkveuli niSnebi aRniSnaven garkveul cnebebs. swored amas swavloben bavSvebi

da isini gardaiqmnebian ara mxolod biologiur individebad, aramed kulturuli

subieqtebad. amitom, rodesac mivekuTvnebiT garkveul kulturas da Sesabamisad

vflobT konkretul enobriv da cnebobriv sistemas, samyaros vxedavT garkveuli

perspeqtividan.

enis pirveli anTropologebi, werdnen rom Caketilebi varT garkveul

kulturul "mentalitetSi" da ena aris saukeTeso gasaRebi Cveni cnebobrivi

samyaros amosacnobad. sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris Cveni gamocdileba

limitirebuli Cveni lingvisturi da cnebobrivi samyaros mier?

Tu mniSvneloba warmoadgens rezultats imisa, rac ar aris mudmivad myari

bunebaSi, aramed Cveni socialuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konvenciebis

Sedegia, maSin mniSvnelobis sabolood fiqsireba SeuZlebelia. Cven yvelani

"vTanxmdebiT" rom garkveul sityvebs magaliTad axalgazrdebisTvis SeiZleba

hqondeT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. Tumca, aucilebelia, rom moxdes

mniSvnelobis fiqsireba, raTa erTmaneTis gvesmodes. sicialuri da lingvisturi

konvenciebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sityvebi cvdeba da axali frazebi

ibadeba. zogierT kulturas ar moepoveba ama Tu im cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva,

rac, magaliTad, Cvens kulturaSi SeiZleba farTod ixmarebodes.

axla, ganvixiloT mniSvnelobis reprezentacisadmi sami midgoma.

refleqsuri midgomis mixedviT, mniSvneloba devs saganSi, adamianSi,

movlenaSi romlebic arsebobs "realur samyaroSi", xolo ena funqcionirebs

rogorc sarke, romlic asaxavs im namdvil mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs

samyaroSi. Cv. w.-mde meoTxe saukuneSi berZnebma mimarTes mimezisis cnebas, raTa

aexsnaT, Tu rogor asaxavda an bunebis imitirebas axdenda ena da naxati. isini

magaliTad miiCnevdnen, rom homerosis iliada axdenda heroikuli movlenebis

imitacias. Teorias, romelic ambobs rom ena ubralod axdens WeSmaritebis

imitacias, romelic arsebobs fiqsirebuli saxiT gare samyaroSi, ewodeba

mimeturi.

WeSmaritebis garkveuli marcvali arsebobs reprezentaciisa da enis mimetur

TeoriebSi. mag., vizualuri niSnebi garkveulwilad asaxaven im obieqtebis

formasa da faqturas, romelebsac gamoxataven. Tumca, vardis organzomilebiani

vizualuri gamosaxuleba warmoadgens mxolod niSans, da is ar unda agverios

eklian mcenaresTan, romelsac specifikuri suni aqvs.

intencionaluri midgomis mixedviT, mosaubre, avtori axdens Tavisi

mnSvnelobis, azris komunikacias enis saSualebiT. sityvebi aRniSnaven imas, ra

mniSvnelobasac avtori debs maTSi. es midgoma naklovania, ramdenadac Cven ar

varT enaSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis erTaderTi da unikaluri wyaro. ena,

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, efuZneba gaziarebul lingvistur konvenciebsa da

kodebs.

mesame midgoma — konstruqtivistuli - aRiarebs enis sazogadoebriv,

socialur xasiaTs. am midgomis mixedviT, TviTon sagnebi arafers aRniSnaven: Cven

vaxdenT mniSvnelobis konstruirebas reprezentaciuli sistemebis — cnebebisa

da niSnebis saSualebiT. aq ar unda movaxdinoT materialuri samyaros aRreva

simbolur praqtikasa da procesebTan. konstruqtivistebi ar uaryofen

materialur samyaros. ubralod ara materialuri samyaros atarebs mniS-

vnelobas, aramed enobrivi sistema. socialuri subieqtebi iyeneven TavianTi

kulturis cnebobriv sistemebs imisaTvis, rom samyaro garkveuli mniSvnelobis

matarebeli gaxdes da sxvebisTvisac gasagebi iyos Cveni fiqrebi da azrebi.

socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis damfuZneblad iTvleba ferdinand

30

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria, 1971, gidensi)

zigmund baumani ki Tvlis, rom, “...im adreul xanaSi (romelsac xSirad pre-

Tanamedroves uwodeben) socialuri gansxvebulobebisa da dayofebis

SenarCunebas hqonda TavisTavadi saxe, arsebuli socialuri struqtura drois

gareT moiazreboda rogorc ucvleli da adamianis Carevisgan Tavisufali.

socialuri elementebi ganixilebodnen rogorc "RvTaebrivi kosmosis” Semad-

geneli nawilebi, sadac yvelafers da yvelas sul mudam Tavisi winaswar

gansazRvruli adgili eqneboda. daaxloebiT me-16 saukunis bolos, dasavleTi

evropis garkveul nawilebSi samyaros es harmoniuli da monoliTuri suraTi

iwyebs rRvevas... nel-nela naTeli xdeba rom socialuri wesrigi adamianur

produqts warmoadgens da imdenad, ramdenadac is adamianuri produqtia,

SeiZleba misi an gaumjobeseba an gauareseba. rogoric ar unda iyos, sociums

TviTneburi da xelovnuri xasiaTi eniWeba; adamianuri wesrigi xelovnebis,

codnisa da teqnologiis sagani xdeba”.

1789 wels ganxorcielebuli safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobaze

saubrisas, entoni gidensi Tvlis, rom revoluciam erTmaneTs daupirispira

privilegirebuli, aristokratuli wesrigi da axali sazogadoebis xedva,

romelSic ganxorcieldeboda samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis zogadi prin-

cipebi. adamianebis uflebebis deklaracia (1789), acxadebda, rom "adamianis

uflebebis ucodinaroba, upativcemuloba da siZulvili warmoadgens sazoga-

doebrivi ubedurebis erTaderT mizezs". amrigad, safrangeTis revoluciam

gaafarTova 16-17 saukuneebis sekularuli racionalizmi da is adamianuri

sazogadoebis sferod aqcia. (kapitalizmi da Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria

gidensi, 1971)

,

li da niubais mixedviT, safrangeTis da amerikis revoluciebma garkveul

sakiTxTa kristalizeba moaxdines, ramac ganapiroba "Tanamedrove sazogadoebis"

warmoSoba da ganviTareba. es sakiTxebi/dapirispirebebi Semdegia:

tradicia/racio;

religia/saxelmwifo;

sakuTrebis xasiaTi (e.i. sakuTrebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis ufleba);

socialur klasebs Soris urTierTobebi (samarTlebrivi kontraqti);

Tanasworuflebianoba.

Tumca, marqsi safrangeTis revoluciaze werda, rom Tu revolucia, romelic

ansaxierebs yvela istoriul "qmedebas" warmoadgenda marcxs, es marcxi

ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom revolucia ar gascda gansazRvruli masis

saxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis farglebs, ar iyo yovlis momcveli.

revoluciam ver gamoiwvia masis "enTuziazmi" da "interesi", ramdenadac masebis

mravalricxovani nawili, romelic Zalian gansxvavdeba burJuaziisgan ver

xedavda Tavis namdvil interess revoluciis principebSi da ar gaaCnda Tavisi

revoluciuri principi, aramed mxolod "idea" da, aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod

droebiTi enTuziazmi da egzaltacia" (istoriis meterialisturi koncefcia,

maklelanis redaqtorobiT)

robert nisbeti marqsiseul safrangeTis revoluciis interpretacias

afarToebs da ganmartavs, Tu ratom iyo safrangeTis revolucia mniSvnelovani

ara mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebisTvis, aramed Tanamedrove

socialuri azrisTvisac:

“dasavleT evropis mravalricxovani inteleqtualebis azriT, miuxedavad

maTi radikaluri, liberaluri Tu konservatiuli ganwyobebisa, revolucias

safrangeTSi epoqaluri xasiaTi hqonda, ramac kvali daamCnia mTel dasavleT

evropas. arcerT Tanamedrove movlenas, garda SeiZleba bolSevikuri

revoluciisa ruseTSi, ar hqonda ufro didi da grZelvadiani gavlena

filosofiur, literaturul, politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur ideebze,

vidre safrangeTis revolucias”.

59

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti

Tanamedrove da postmodernistuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri Teoriebi

ara mxolod aRweren an asaxaven samyaros garkveuli wesiT, aramed gar-

kveulwilad Tvlian, rom samyaros aumjobeseben. am kuTxiT isini warmoadgenen

ara mxolod Teoriebs, aramed normatiul proeqtebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT

faseulobebi, idealebi, istoriis grandiozuli Teoriebi da momavlis

winaswarmetyveleba. amitom, rodesac vkiTxulobT da vaxdenT sociologiuri

Teoriis interpetacias unda gavarCioT ra tipis Teoriul siZneleebTan gvaqvs

saqme, rodesac normatiul proeqtebs vexebiT. aseve Tu Teoriis praqtikaSi

gamoyeneba gvsurs, unda amovirCios Teoriis is nawili Tu mxare, romelzec

movaxdenT koncentracias.

modernistulsa da postmodernistuls Soris gansxvavebas xSirad bundovani

saxe aqvs. modernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, gamomdinareoben obieqtivis-

turi (xandaxan pozitivisturi) epistemiologiidan, maSin rodesac post-

modernistuli Teoriebi ZiriTadad subieqtivisturia; modernistuli Teoriebi

sazogadoebis zrdas ganmartaven rogorc diferenciaciis process, maSin

rodesac postmodernistebi dediferenciaze saubroben; modernistuli Teo-

riebi ZiriTadad cdiloben sazogadoebis saerTo, ganzogadebuli modelebi

SemogvTavazon, postmodernistebi ki mraval sxvadasxva perspeqtivas ganixi-

laven.

rac Seexeba normatiul proeqtebs, romlebic am TeoriebTan asocirdeba:

modernistebi racionaluri dialogis saSualebiT eZeben eTikur principebze

dafuZnebul universalizms anu miiswrafian garkveuli eTikuri principebis

erTobliobis irgvliv SeTanxmebisken; maTi azriT, mocemuli principebis er-

Tobliobas argumentirebuli/gamarTlebuli saxe unda hqondes da miznad

isaxavdes sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebas; postmodernistebi ki

cdiloben kulturuli pluralizmis SenarCunebas, ris farglebSic isini Tana-

ugrZnoben da tolerantulad arian ganwyobilni sxvebis moralurobis/eTikis

mimarT da kamaTis SemTxvevaSi upirispirdebian maT "TamaSis formiT".

ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba?

li da niubais mixedviT, "ganmanaTleblobis ideali" da misi mniSvneloba

mdgomareobs “racionalurad moazrebul adamianur istoriaSi, rodesac

SesaZlebeli xdeba politikuri sazogadoebis gaumjobeseba. TviTon socialuri

mecnierebis idea am Sexedulebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda; sociologiis

zogierTi damfuZneblis naSromebi swored imis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rom

ganmanaTleblobis ideali daecvaT araracionaluris Semotevisgan”.

lord aqtoni kidev ufro pompezurad da saxasiaTod aRwers "axali saukunis"

dadgomas: “im istoriul periodSi, kolumbma Secvala Sexedulebebi samyaros

Sesaxeb da moaxdina warmoebis pirobebis, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis radika-

luri gardaqmna; makiavelma xelisufleba gaaTavisufla kanonis SezRudvebisgan;

erazm roterdamelma Zveli yaidis swavleba gadaiyvana profanulidan

qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze; martin luterma Searyia avtoritetis jaWvisa

da tradiciis uZlieresi kavSiri; kopernikma Seqmna Seuryeveli rwmena, romelmac

samaradisod daukavSira progresi im momavals romelic modioda. yovelive

warmoadgenda axali cxovrebis dasabams; samyarom daiwyo manamde ucnob

orbitaze brunva, rac ganpirobebuli iyo manamde ucnobi zegavlenebiT”.

entoni gidensi, zemoT moyvanil paragrafze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs, Tu ras

niSnavda yovelive es istoriis gagebisTvis: “ istoriis mecnierebis arseboba..

winapirobad aRiqvams cvalebadi samyaros arsebobas, sadac warsuli

garkvulwilad gadaiqca tvirTad, romlisganac adamianebi ganTavisuflebas

cdiloben. Tanamedrove xanaSi, adamianebi aRar aRiqvamen cxovrebis im pirobebs

bunebrivad da fiqsirebulad, ra pirobebSic isini daibadnen, aramed cdiloben

TavianTi nebiT gavlena moaxdinon realobaze. am mcdelobiT adamianebi momavals

iseT formas aZleven, romelic daakmayofilebs maT survilebs (kapitalizmi da

58

sosuri (1857 —1913). sosurs Tanamdedrove lingvistikis mamad miiCneven. enis

miseulma modelma safuZveli Cauyara semiotur midgomas reprezentaciis

problemis mimarT. sosurisTvis ena warmoadgens niSnebis sistemas. man niSani or

mniSvnelovan elementad dayo: formad (TviTon sityva, gamosaxuleba, foto, a.S)

da idead an cnebad Cvens TavebSi, romelTanac es forma asocirdeba.

pirvel elements sosurma aRmniSvneli uwyoda, xolo meores — aRsaniSni.

orive aucilebelia mniSvnelobis warmoqmnisTvis, magram maT Soris

damokidebuleba fiqsirebulia Cveni kulturuli da ligvisturi kodebis mier,

romlebic reprezentaciis arsebobas SesaZlebels xdis. aseve, niSnebi

warmoadgenen sistemis wevrebs da ganisazRvrebian erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.

magaliTad, mamis cneba ganisazRvreba dedasTan da SvilebTan mimarTebaSi. ase

rom, cnebebis gansazRvra xdeba gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze.

sosuris mixedviT cnebebi (aRsaniSnebi) istoriis manZilze cvalebadobas

eqvemdebareba, yoveli cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs kulturis cnebobriv

rukaSi cvilelebas, Sesabisad kulturebi istoriis gansxvavebul monakveTSi

gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen samyaros. magaliTad, mravali saukunis manZilze

dasavlur civilizaciaSi sityva Savi asocirdeboda yvelafer muqTan, borotTan,

akrZalulTan, satanisturTan, saxifaTosTan, rac dRemde asea. Tumca,

SesaZlebelia rom gansxvavebul kulturaSi an kulturul konteqstSi Savs

radikalurad gansxvavebuli datvirTva hqondes.

daskvnis saxiT, mniSvnelobebi iqmneba kulturisa da istoriis wiaRSi. ar

arsebobs erTi, ucvleli, universaluri "WeSmariti mniSvneloba" radganac niSani

mTlianad eqvemdebareba istorias da yoveli aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis

kombinacia aris istoriuli procesis cvalebadi rezultati; anu mniSvneloba

eqvemdebareba interpretaciis aqtiur process. imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT raime

azriani, mniSvnelobis mqone, amisaTvis unda davixmaroT ena; ena ki matarebelia

Cvenamde arsebuli bevri Zveli mniSvnelobis. Cven ar SegviZlia bolomde enis

gawmenda da im dafaruli mniSvnelobebisgan gaTavisufleba, romlebmac SeiZleba

Secvalon an daamaxinjos is risi Tqmac gvsurs. magaliTad, isev Savs rom

davubrundeT, rodesac vkiTxulobT an gvesmis rom ama da am adamians Savi dRe

gauTenda, aq ukve viciT Tu Savs ra mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli Cveni kulturis

farglebSi. Tumca interpretaciis dros yovelTvis aris adgili

cdomilebisTvis, sadac Cvens mier Cadebuli mniSvneloba ar esmiT an esmiT odnav

sxvanairad, a.S.

sosurma ena or nawilad gayo. pirveli Sedgeba lingvisturi sitemis zogadi

wesebisa da kodebisgan, romlebic gaziarebulia enis yvela momxmareblis mier

rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba. wesebi warmoadgens principebs, romlebsac Cven

vswavlobT enis Seswavlis dros. sosuri enis struqturas, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs sworad CamovayaliboT winadadebebi uwodebda langs (anu enobriv

sistemas). meore nawili ki Sedgeba saubris, weris an xatvis konkretuli,

personaluri aqtebisgan, romlebic langis struqturisa da wesebis gamoyenebiT-

iwarmoeba mosaubris an damweris mier. is mas paroles uwodebda. langi aris enis

sistema, ena rogorc formebis sistema, maSin rodesac parole warmoadgens

konkretul saubars an weras, sadac saubris aqtebi SesaZlebeli xdeba enis mier.

sosurisTvis wesebis da kodebis es struqtura warmoadgenda enis socialur

nawils, romlis Seswavlac SesaZlebeli iyo mecnieruli sizustiT, ramdenadac es

sitema daxuruli, SezRuduli bunebis gaxldaT.

imdenad ramdenadac, sosuri gvTavazobda enis Rrma struqturebis Seswavlas,

mas struqturalisti, xolod mis mier warmodgenili enis Seswavlis models

struqturalisturi uwodes. enis meore naswili ki -parole iTvleboda enis

"zedapirad". arsebobda paroles SeuzRudavi raodenoba da Sesabamisad paroles

ar hqonda is struqturuli Taviseburebebi — daxuruli da SezRuduli

variaciebi - romelic mis mecnieruli midgomiT Seswavlas SesaZlebels gaxdida.

sosuris mixedviT, avtori wyvets Tu risi Tqma surs mas, magram amave dros igi

unda daeqvemdebaros enis konkretul wesebs, Tu unda rom sxvebma gaigon misi

saTqmeli. amitom ena socialuri fenomenia. misi wyaro devs sazogadoebaSi,

kulturaSi, Cvens mier gaziarebul kulturul kodebSi da ara bunebasa Tu

individualur subieqtSi.

31

miuxedavad sosuris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis popularobisa,

mogvianebiT mividnen im daskvnamde, rom enis Seswavla mecnieruli sizustiT

SeuZlebelia. ena wesebs eqvemdebareba, magram is ar aris daxuruli sistema,

romelic daiyvaneba formalur elementebze. ena gamudmebul cvalebadobas

eqvemdebareba, is Riaa cvalebadobis mimarT — gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebmac

sosuris modeli gaafarToves da SeimuSaves poststruqturalisturi midgoma

enobrivi sistemebis mimarT.

sosuris naazrevs misma studentebma Tavi mouyares naSromSi “kursi zogad

lingvistikaSi (1960), sadac is ambobs, rom sasurvelia gaCndes mecniereba,

romelic Seiswavlida niSnebs sazogadoebaSi — "me davarqmevdi mas semiologias,

berZnuli sityva semion “niSnebi”, ganacxada sosurma. am zogad midgomas niSnebis

kvlevisadmi kulturaSi ewodeba semiotika. semiotikis amosavali wertilia is,

rom yvela kulturuli obieqti mniSvnelobis matarebelia da yvela kulturuli

praqtika damokidebulia mniSvnelobaze. isini iyeneben niSnebs, amitom niSnebi

iseve funqcionirebs rogorc ena da eqvemdebareba imave analizs, rogorsac

sosoris mier SemoTavazebuli lingvisturi cnebebi (aRmniSvneli/aRsaniSni,

ena/parole, kodebi da struqturebi da niSnis TviTneburi xasiaTi).

frangi socialuri kritikosi roland barti Tavis wignSi "miTologiebi"

(1972) ganixilavs Widaobis fenomens, greta garbos saxes, sarecxis fxvnilebs da

sapons. man miuyena semiotikuri analizi sazogadoebis yoveldRiur movlenebs da

garkveulli aqtivobebi da sagnebi aRiqva rogorc niSnebi, romlebic enis

saSualebiT garkveuli mniSvnelobis komunikacias cdiloben. semiotur

midgomaSi, ara mxolod sityvebsa da gamosaxulebebs eniWebaT niSnis mniSvneloba,

aramed Tavad sagnebic funqcionireben rogorc aRmniSvnelebi da warmoqmnian

raRac garkveul mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, tansacmeli ara mxolod sxeulis

dasafaravad gamoiyeneba, aramed garkveuli informaciis matarebelia — anu

niSania. saRamos kaba SeiZleba niSnavdes "eleganturobas", jinsi araformalur

Cacmulobas, a.S.

sosuris viwro lingvisturi midgomidan gadavdivarT ufro farTo

kulturul midgomaze. eseSi “miTi dRes” barti gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor muSaobs

reprezentacia ufro farTo kulturul doneze. franguli Jurnali pari matCis

garekanze warmodgenilia axalgazrda Savkanianis foto, romelic frangul

samxedro formaSi miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. misi Tvalebi zeviT aris

mimarTuli da, albaT, droSas uyurebs (1972). analizis pirvel doneze, Cven unda

gavSifroT aRmniSnvelebi: mag., jariskaci, uniforma, mklavi da Tvalebi aweuli,

safrangeTis droSa. niSnebis es erToblioba gvauwyebs, rom Savkaniani miesalmeba

safrangeTis droSas. aq barti ambobs, rom am fotos ufro farTo kulturuli

mniSneloba aqvs da is ris komunikaciasac aRniSnuli foto cdilobs SeiZleba

iyos Semdegi: rom safrangeTi didi da Zlieri imperiaa, rom yvela misi Svili,

miuxedavad kanis ferisa, erTgulad msaxurobs misi droSis qveS, rac warmoadgens

saukeTeso pasuxs imaTTvis, vinc bralad debs safrangeTs kolonializmSi;

Savkaniani biWi erTgulad emsaxureba mis e. w. mCagvrelebs”

barti aq ambobs, rom reprezentacias adgili aqvs ori sxvadasva, magram

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli procesiT. pirvel procesSi, aRmniSnvelebi

(gamosaxulebis elementebi) da aRniSnulebi (cnebebi —jariskaci, droSa)

erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas raRac niSani martivi mesijiT: Savkaniani

jariskaci miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. meore doneze ki aRsaniSnavebis

erToblioba dakavSirebulia franguli kolonializmis idologiur TemasTan.

analizis swored es meore done warmoadgens miTis Seqmnis done, rasac barti

uwodebs idologiurad Seqmnil mesijebsa Tu mniSnvelobas. amgvari wakiTxvis

dros, safrangeTis imperializmi aris miTis mamoZravebeli. am cnebis saSualebiT

mTeli axali istoria gadmocemuli miTis saxiT — safrangeTis kolonializmis

istoria, awmyoSi arsebuli problemebi.

rogorc davinaxeT, bartis naazrevSi sosuris lingvisturma modelma ufro

farTo gamoyeneba pova da Seexo niSnebisa da reprezentaciebis ufro farTo

sferos (reklama, fotografia, popularuli kultura, mogzauroba, moda)

semiotur midgomaSi, repezentacia gaigeboda imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor

funqcionirebdnen sityvebi rogorc niSnebi enaSi. maSin rodesac kulturaSi

32

qudi ar gergeboda, is aucileblad unda getarebina. musikac gansxvavdeboda

farTod aRiarebuli rokisa da popisgan. is erTgvarovnad bazisuri da pirdapiri

iyo an gamiznulad an kidev araprofesionalizmis gamo. pankis midgoma

harmoniuli musikis mimarT Semdegi iyo: Cven qaosis momxre varT da ara musikis.

pankebma ara mxolod Cacmulobis, aramed yvela aqtualuri diskursis

destabilizacia moaxdines. mag., cekva, romelic britanuli rokisa da popis

kulturaSi gamomsaxvelobiT mediums warmoadgenda, pankma is robotebis

moZraobad aqcia. cekvis ritualis tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric iyo

flirti miuReblad CaiTvala. scenasa da mayureblebs Soris zRvari gaqra.

pankebi arRvevdnen arsebul etikets da auditoria da xelovani erTmaneTSi

ireoda.

arc erT subkulturas ar ucdia dakanonebuli da bunebrivad winaswar

mocemuli normalizebuli formebisgan sakuTari Tavis gamijvna, ise rogorc

pankebs. maT amisTvis sazogadoebis didi nawilisgan gakicxva daimsaxures.

pankebi, magaliTad, ara mxolod pirdapir reagirebdnen britaneTSi sul ufro

mzard umuSevrobaze, cvalebad moralur standartebze, siRaribesa da

depresiaze, a.S. aramed isini axdendnen imis dramatizirebas, rasac Semdeg daerqva

“britaneTis dacema”.

pankebma Seqmnes ena, romelic rokis istebliSmentis ritorikis sapirispirod

bevrad ufro aqtualuri da miwieri iyo. maT gamoiyenes krizisis ritorika,

romelic im periodSi intensiurad Suqdeboda radioebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis

mier. pankebma moaxdines am ritorikis Targmna ufro xelSesaxebi da SesamCnevi

gziT.

1970-iani wlebis apokalipsuri atmosferos dros, rodesac umuSevrobas

masiuri saxe hqonda da londonis sxvadasxva ubnebSi Setakebebi daiwyo — pankebis

mier sakuTari Tavis rogorc absoluturi degeneratebis warmosaxva kargad

ewereboda saerTo suraTSi. es ufro imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom Seqmnili situacia,

socialuri struqturebis rRveva kargad ganasaxierebda didi britaneTis

atrofirebul mdgomareobas.

pankebis mxridan gakeTebuli "gancxadebebi" Zalian aqtualuri iyo, anu ena

romelsac isini iyenebdnen gamoirCeoda TanamedroveobiT, droulobiT rogorc

subkulturis wevrebisTvis, aseve misi openentebisTvisac. pankebis mier

gaTavisebuli sxvadasxva stili gamoxatavda agresias, frustraciasa da SfoTvas.

pankebis subkulturas garkveuli sanaxaobiTi buneba hqonda, magram amave dros

pankebi kargad axdenden imdroindeli problemebis warmoCenas. am gziT maT bevri

mimdevari gaiCines. uwesrigobis komunikaciisTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi enis

SerCeva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosalodnelia am enis ignorireba an

represireba.

pankebis subkultura gvexmareba avxsnaT mag., musikosi devid bouvis kultis

arseboba, romelic exeboda ara klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, aramed

sqesTan/genderTan. bouvitebi, rogorc maT uwodebdnen, ar axdendnen nacnobi

problematikis deklarirebas, mag., protesti avtoritetebis winaaRmdeg — maTi

pativiscema, a.S); isini cdilobdnen moexdinaT azriani saSualo sivrcis moZieba

mSoblebis kulturasa da dominantur ideologias Soris.: sivrce, sadac

aRmoCenili da gamovlenili iqnebodnen alternatiuli identobebi. am mxriv,

isini eZebdnen avtonomiis garkveul xarisxs, romelic axasiaTebs yvela

axalgazrdul da kontrkulturas.

skinhedebisgan gansxvavebiT, bouvitebi upirispirdebodnen ufro aSkara

sakiTxebs (seqsualuri, klasobrivi, teritorialuri) da eZebdnen am sakiTxebis

irgvliv arsebuli diskursebis Secvlas, gadagdebas. isini cdilobdnen eWvs qveS

daeyenebinaT tradiciuli muSaTa klasis puritanizmi da mas mediis mier muSaTa

klasis warmosaxva puritanebad; bouvitebi aseve axdenden masmediis saSualebiT

xelmisawvdomi imijebis, stilebisa da ideologiebis adaptacias alternatiuli

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, romelic gamorCeuli iqneboda Tavisi

gansxvavebulobiT. bouvitebi, pirvel rigSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen

klasobrivi da genderuli stereotipebis gardauvalobasa da bunebriobas.

57

romelic frTxilad da zustad awesrigebs da struqturebad awyobs fizikuri

samyaros detalebs CvenTvis ucxo logikis saSualebiT.

amgvarad, improvizirebuli struqturebi warmoadgenen garemoSi arsebuli

movlenebis mimarT droebiT pasuxs; Semdeg xdeba garkveuli sagnebis

erTmaneTTan gaerTianeba, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Tvisebebs Soris analogiebis

povna rac maT exmarebaT icxovron iseT samyaroSi, romelic axsnas eqvemdebareba

(houki, 1977).

jon klarkma brikolaJis struqturuli improvizaciebis Sedegi gamoiyena

subkulturis Teoriis ganxilvisas, romelic aseve warmoadgens komunikacias

garkveul sistemas. klarkma gamoikvlia, Tu rogor xdeba diskursis

(gansakuTrebiT modis) radikalurad adaptireba, destabilizacia da ganvrcoba

subkulturuli brikoles saSualebiT:

sagani da mniSvneloba erTad Seadgenen niSans, xolo Semdeg garkveuli

niSnebis erToblioba gadaiqceva diskursis maxasiaTebel formebad; es procesi

nebismier kulturas axasiaTebs; magram, rodesac brikole axdens mniSvnelovani

sagnis gadaadgilebas da mas adgilmdebareobas ucvlis mocemuli diskursis

farglebSi, niSnebis igive repertuaris gamoyenebiT, an kidev rodesac is obieqti

geZleva sxva kombinaciis farglebSi - Sedegad iqmneba axali diskursi da

gadaicema gansxvavebuli mesiji. (klarki, 1976)

aqve SegviZlia moviyvanoT umberto ekos fraza "semioturi saomari

moqmedebebi", imisaTvis rom aRvweroT subkulturebTan kavSirSi arsebuli

destabilizaciuri qmedebebi. saomari moqmedebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

mocemuli subkulturis calkeuli wevrebis cnobierebis miRma (miuxedavad imisa

rom subkultura aseve warmoadgens gamiznul komunikacias).

magaliTad, dadasa da surealizmis radikaluri esTetika — sizmrebTan

dakavSirebuli namuSevrebi, kolaJebi, yofiTi moxmarebis nivTebi —warmoadgenen

"anarqistuli" diskursis klasikur meTodebs. bretonis manifestoebma (1924 da

1929) Camoayalibes surealizmis mTavari amosavali wertili: rom axali

"sueraloba" warmoiqmneboda Cveulebrivi gonis destabilizaciiT, dominanti

logikuri kategoriebis SeryeviT (mag., sizmari, realoba, samuSao/TamaSi) da

aranormalurisa da akrZalulis zeimiT. es yovelive miiRweoda "ori

erTmaneTisgan Sors mdgari realobis erTad warmoCinebiT" (reverdi 1918).

naSromSi "sagnis krizisi", bretonma moaxdina "kolajis esTetikis"

Teoretizireba; is werda rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sintaqsze ieriSis mitana,

romelic gveubneba Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli Cveulebrivi sagnebi,

ubiZgebda ...sagnis mTliani revoluciisken: obieqts Camoacilebda Tavdapirvel

mniSvnelobas da miscemda axal saxelsa da niSans. transformacia da deformacia

unda momxdariyo umiznod, transformaciisa da deformaciisave mizniT.

obieqtebis aseTi gadawyobiT, maTi rolebis Secvlis saSualebiT isini miiRebdnen

gansxvavebul saxes (bretoni, 1936).

yovelive es saTaves iRebs brikolaJis cnebaSi. subkulturuli brikoleri,

iseve rogorc surealisturi kolaJis avtori, rogorc wesi axdens ori erTis

mxriv SeuTavsebeli realobis erT sibrtyeze moTavasebas (mag., droSa, qurTuki,

savarcxeli: iaraRi) da swored aq xdeba "am sagnebis feTqebadi gadakveTa" (maqs

ernsti 1948). pankuri moZraoba anarqistuli suliskveTebis subkulturuli

gamoyenebis yvelaze karg magaliTs warmoadgens. pankuri moZraobis wiaRSi

mniSvnelobis reorganizaciisa da Seferxebis mizniT xorcieldeboda "tran-

sformacia da deformacia".

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi

frangi xelovani marsel duSanis msgavsad, romelic "ukve arsebul nivTebs"

xelovnebis nimuSebad naTlavda, radgan mas ase surda, pankebisTvisac modas an

antimodas warmoadgenda yvelaze umniSvnelo da Seusabamo sagnebi — qinZisTavi,

saparsi britva, tualetis Casarecxi jaWvebi, parkebi, televizoris nawilebi.

pankebi am nivTebs aTavisuflebdnden TavianTi Cveuli konteqstisgan da

xmarobdnen yelis, yurebisa da tuCebis samkaulebad. maTi wesi martivi iyo: Tu

56

mniSnveloba xSirad damokidebulia im narativebze, gancxadebebze, gamosa-

xulebis jgufebze, mTlian diskursebze, romlebic operireben mravali teqstis

farglebSi, codnis sferoebze, sadac subieqtma moipova farTo Zalaufleba.

semiotika reprezenataciis process ganixilavda enis CarCoebSi da udgeboda

rogorc daxurul, statikur sistemas. Semdegi naSromebi reprezentacias

ganixilaven, rogorc socialuri codnis wyaros — rogorc ufro Ria sistemas,

romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur praqtikasTan da Zalauflebis

sakiTxebTan. semiotur midgomaSi subieqti enis centridan CamoSorebuli iyo.

mogvianebiT, Teoretikosebi daubrundnen subieqtis sakiTxs. Tumca subieqti ar

daubrunebiaT centrSi, rogorc mniSvnelobis avtori an wyaro. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ena Cven gvalaparakebda, unda aRiniSnos rom konkretul istoriul

momentebSi, zogierT adamians ufro meti Zalaufleba hqonda raTa esaubra

garkveuli sakiTxebis irgvliv, vidre sxvebs (kaci eqimebi qali giJi pacientebis

Sesaxeb 19 saukunis miwuruls). repezentaciis modelebs gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqciaT codnisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis SeswvlisTvis.

fuko reprezentacias ufro viwro gagebiT iyenebda, vidre aq aris ganxiluli,

Tumca man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana reprezentaciis problemis ganxilvaSi.

mas ainteresebda codnis warmoeba (da ara mxolod mniSvnelobis) diskursis

saSualebiT (da ara mxolod enis saSualebiT). misi amocana is iyo, rom

gaeanalizebina, Tu rogoria adamianebis TviTSegneba Cens kulturaSi da rogor

iqmneba Cveni codna socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, individebis Sesaxeb,

gaziarebuli mniSvnelobebis sxvadasxva istoriul periodebSi. fukos naazrevi

ufro istoriuli xasiaTis iyo, vidre sosuris an bartis; is yuradRebas aqcevda

istoriul konkretul pirobebs.

Cven ganvixilavT fukos mier SemoTavazebul sam ZiriTad cnebas: diskursis

cneba, codnisa da Zalauflebis da subieqtis cneba. fukom diskursis cneba

Semdegnairad gansazRvra "Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic qmnis

salaparako enas - codnis gamosaxatavad konkretuli Temis garSemo konkretul

istoriul momentSi. diskursi aris codnis warmoeba enis saSualebiT da

ramdenadac yvela socialuri praqtika atarebs raRac mniSvnelobas, mniSvne-

lobebi gavlenas axdenen da aformebebn Cvens qcevas — yvela qmedebas aqvs

diskursiuli aspeqti” igive diskursi vlindeba teqstebSi, qcevis formebSi,

sazogadoebis instituciur sferoebSi. rodesac diskursiuli movlenebi exebian

erTi da imave sagans, aqvT erTi da igive stili da iziareben erTsa da imave

instituciur, administraciul an politikur strategias Tu qmedebis xazs.

fukos mixedviT, isini miekuTvnebian erTi da imave diskursiul formirebas.

mniSvneloba da mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli qmedebis konstruireba xdeba

diskursis farglebSi. fuko, iseve rogorc semiotikosebi iyvnen konstruq-

tivistebi. imis mtkiceba, rom diskursis gareT arafers aqvs mniSvneloba, erTi

SexedviT, absurduli gancxadebaa, Tumca mniSvnelovani. fuko ar uaryofs rom

sagnebs gaaCniaT namdvili, materialuri arseboba samyaroSi. is ubralod ambobs,

rom sagnebi mniSvnelobas kargaven diskursis farglebs miRma. diskursis cneba ar

exeba sagnebis arsebobas, aramed mniSvnelobis qmnadobis wyaros. idea fizikuri

sagnebisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs, magram maT mniSvneloba eniWebaT da

codnis obieqtebi xdebian mxolod diskursis farglebSi. mag., cnebebs sigiJe,

dasja, seqsualoba mniSvneloba aqvT diskursis farglebSi. 1. mosazrebebi

"sigiJis", dasjisa da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveul codnas gvaZlevs am

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 2. wesebi, romlebic adgnen am sakiTxebze saubris

gamarTlebul, swor wsebs da gamoricxaven gansxvavebul wesebs — anu gan-

sazRvraven Tu risi Tqma da risi fiqri SeiZleba sigiJeze, dasjasa Tu

seqsualobaze konkretul istoriul momentSi. 3. subieqtebi, vinc garkve-

ulwilad axdenen diskursis personifikacias — giJi, isteriuli qali, kriminali,

perverti. am subieqtebs garkveuli atributebi eqnebaT mocemul istoriul

periodSi, gamomdinare arsebuli codnidan; 4. rogor iZens codna avtoritets,

"WeSmaritebis" elfers mocemuli sakiTxis garSemo mocemul momentSi;

fukos mixedviT, sagnebi iTvlebodnen "namdvilad" da "WeSmaritad" mxolod

konkretul istoriul konteqstSi. misi azriT, erTi da igive fenomeni ar

SeiniSneba sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, anu diskursi romelic qmnis codnis

33

garkveul formebs, obieqtebs, subieqtebs, da codnis praqtikas gansxvavdeba

sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi erTmaneTisgan. fukosTvis gonebrivi daavadeba

ar warmoadgenda obieqtur faqts, romelic igive rCeboda yvela istoriul

periodSi da erTsa da imaves niSnavda sxvadasxva kulturebSi. mxolod

konkretul diskursiul formirebaSi sagani "sigiJe" CaiTvleba mniSvelad da

gasageb konstruqtad.

fukos naSromebidan rom moviyvanoT magaliTi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi

yovelTvis arsebobda. magram "seqsualoba", seqsualur vnebaze saubris konkre-

tuli wesi, Seswavlis Tu regulirebis konkretuli meTodi, seqsualobasTan

dakavSirebuli saidumloebebi da fantaziebi dasavlur civilizaciaSi gamoCnda

mxolod konkretul istoriul momentSi (1978) aseve, yovelTvis arsebobda qcevis

homoseqsualuri formebi, magram "homoseqsuali" rogorc konkretuli

socialuri subieqti Seiqmna moraluri, samarTlebrivi, samedicino da

fsiqiatriuli diskursebis farglebSi, me -19 saukunis miwuruls konkretuli

institucionaluri aparatisa da praqtikis CarCoebSi. aseve, magaliTad, wignSi

“klinikis dabadeba” fuko gviCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala avadmyofobis xedva da

gageba naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. arsebobda klasikuri xedva, romlis

mixedviTac, avadmyofoba sxeulis gareT arsebobda. Tanamedrove gagebam ki

radikalurad Secvala aseTi xedva da ganacxada rom adamianis sxeulis

farglebSive SeiZleba aixsnas esa Tu is daavadeba. am diskursiulma cvlilebam,

Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia cvlilebebi samedicino praqtikaSi. ufro didi

mniSvneloba mieniWa eqimis "mzeras", romelsac ukve SeeZlo waekiTxa avadmyofoba

adamianis sxeulze, anatomiuri atlasis saSualebiT. SeZenilma codnam gazarda

eqimis sameTvalyureo Zalaufleba pacientze.

gviandel naSromebSi fuko dainteresda, Tu rogor xdeba codnis gamoyeneba

diskursiuli praqtikis saSualebiT mocemul institucionalur sferoSi, raTa

moxdes sxvaTa qcevis regulireba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila codnisa da

Zalauflebis urTerTdamokidebulebaze da, Tu rogor operirebda Zalaufleba

institucionaluri aparatis farglebSi da misi teqnologiebi (teqnika).

magaliTad, dasjis aparatis cneba fukosTvis moicavda sxvadasxva lingvistur da

ara lingvistur elements — "diskursebs, institutebs, arqiteqturul nage-

bobebs, wesebs, kanonebs, administraciul zomebs, mecnierul mosazrebebs,

filosofiur wanamZRvrebs, moralurobas da a.S.

aparati yovelTvis CarTulia Zalauflebis TamaSSi da aseve dakavSirebulia

codnis garkveul koordinatebTan — aparati Sedgeba Zalebis urTierTobis

strategiebisgan, romlebic codnis sayrdenis rols TamaSoben, codnis tipebic,

Tavis mxriv, sayrdenis rols asruleben ZalauflebisTvis”. (fuko, 1980)

aq fukos interesebi uaxlovdeba klasikuri sociologiis Teoriebs

ideologiis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizms. marqsizmi cdilobda

gamoevlina klasobrivi poziciebi da interesebi, romlebic dafaruli iyo

codnis garkveul saxeebSi. fukoc ganixilavs msgavss Temebs, Tumca is uaryofs

klasikuri marqsistuli ideologiis problematikas. marqsis mixedviT yovel

epoqaSi ideebi asaxaven sazogadoebis ekonomikur safuZvels da rom mmarTveli

klasis ideebi warmarTaven kapitalistur ekonomikasa da gamoxataven dominan-

tur interesebs. fukos mTavari argumenti klasikuri marqsisituli Teoriis

sawinaaRmdegod iyo, is rom mas codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris urTierToba

dayavda klasobriv Zalauflebaze da klasobriv interesebze. fuko ar uaryofda

klasebis arsebobas, magram is ekonomikuri an klasobrivi reduqcionizmis

winaaRmdegi iyo, rasac marqsistuli ideologiis Teoria efuZneboda.

aseve, fukos mixedviT marqizmi buruJuaziuli codnis "damaxinjebul

saxeebs” upirispirebda marqsistuli mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebul "WeSma-

ritebas". fuko Tvlida, rom azris arc erT formas ar hqonda "WeSmaritebaze"

pretenziis gamocxadebis ufleba, radganac arcerTi Teoria ar iyo diskursis

gavlenisgan Tavisufali. azris yvela politikuri da socialuri forma codnisa

da Zalauflebis urTierTqmedebis gavlenis qveS eqceva. aqedan gamomdinare, misi

naazrevi uaryofs tradiciul marqsistul kiTxvas romeli klasis intersebSi

operirebs ena, reprezentacia da Zalaufleba?"

mogvianebiT, italielma antonio gramSim, romelic marqsis gavlenas

34

amjobineb, a.S. Zalian mniSvnelovania TavisTavad. maTi arCevani bevr rameze

metyvelebs. TiToeul sinTezsa Tu kombinacias, gansxvavebulobis Sida sistemaSi

Tavisi adgili ukavia — konvenciuri normebisgan Semdgari diskursi - Seesabameba

socialurad aRiarebul rolebsa da SesaZleblobebs. es arCevani Seicavs

mesijebs, romelTa gadacemac xdeba mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT —

statusi, TviT imiji, mimzidveloba, profesia. sxva Tu araferi, isini gamoxataven

"normalurobas" "deviaciurobis" sapirispirod (anu isini gamoirCevian TavianTi

SedarebiT aragamomwvevi, uCinari CacmulobiT, "bunebriobiT") Tumca, mizan-

mimarTul komunikacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. is gamoirCeva Tavisi

konstruqciiT da warmoadgens mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli arCevanis Sedegs,

yuradRebas ipyrobs da iTxovs rom is waikiTxon.

subkulturuli stilebi warmoaCenen TavianT specifikur kodebs (mag.,

pankebis daxeuli maisurebi) an kidev miuTiTeben rom kodebi Seqmnilia imisTvis,

rom isini SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyenon. amitom subkulturuli stilebi

gansxvavdebian sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli da miRebuli stilebisgan, romelTa

mTavar maxasiaTebels, bartis mixedviT, warmoadgens maTi bunebrioba da

"normalizebuli" xasiaTi, ris Sedegadac realoba ise gveZleva, TiTqos es

yvelaferi eqvemdebarebodes bunebrivi wesrigis kanonebs.

subkultura, iseve rogorc moda scildeba am kanonebs, radgan axdens

mocemuli nivTebis gadanacvlebasa da gansxvavebul konteqstSi moTavsebas. maTi

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moxmareba nivelirdeba da Cndeba maTi moxmarebis

axali gzebi. subkulturuli stilisti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs "yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis cru bunebriobas" (alTuzeri 1968) da nivTebs aniWebs gansxvavebul,

winaaRmdegobriv mniSvnelobas Tu wakiTxvadobas.

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebulobis komunikacia devs yvela mniSvnelovani

subkulturis stilis ukan. es stili warmoadgens mesijs, romelic TavisTavad

bevri sxva mesijis matarebelia. sainteresoa, Tu rogori struqtura aqvT

individualur subkulturebs da Tu konkretulad risi Setyobineba da reklama

xdeba individualuri subkulturis mocemuli, mizanmimarTuli komunikaciis

saSualebiT.

stili, rogorc brikolaJi

subkulturebs bevri saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT. isini momxmareblur

kulturasac warmoadgenen — maSinac ki rodesac pankebi da skinhedebi

uaryofdnen garkveuli sagnebis yidva-moxmarebas — swored moxmarebis

specifiuri ritualebis gziT, stilis saSualebiT subkultura erTis mxriv

axdenda Tavisi "saidumlo" identobis warmoCenas da gvatyobinebda akrZalul

mniSvnelobebs. am gziT subkulturis wevrebi warmoaCendnen Tu rogor xdeboda

nivTebis gamoyeneba mocemul subkulturaSi, da amiT ganasxvavebdnen

subkulturas ufro farTod aRiarebuli kulturuli warmonaqmnebisgan.

brikolaJis cneba dagvexmareba subkulturuli stilebis Seqmnaze saubris

dros. levi strosi, Tavis cnobil naSromSi "veluri cnobiereba", wers rom

magiuri gzebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba primitiuli xalxebis mier (crurwmena,

jadoqroba, miTebi) SeiZleba davinaxoT rogorc erTi SexedviT gamaognebeli,

magram erTiani, logikuri, urTierT-damakavSirebeli sistemebis arseboba,

romlebic konkretul sagnebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben da Sesabamisad

amartiveben garSemo samyaros moazrebas. gaerTianebis am jadosnur sistemebs

axasiaTebT erTi saerTo niSani: maT SeuZliaT usasrulod gafarTovdnen,

radganac bazisuri elementebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bevr sxvadasxva

improvizirebul kombinaciaSi; Sedegad xdeba axali mniSvnelobebis generireba

mocemuli sistemebisve farglebSi.

brikolaJi aRiwereba rogorc "konkretulis mecniereba", rac mis

Tavdapirvel anTropoligiur mniSvnelobas ufro azustebs:

brikolaJi exeba im saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyenebisas veluri cnobiereba

urTierTobas amyarebs garSemo samyarosTan. es procesi moicavs "konkretulis

mecnierebas" (gansxvavebiT Cveni "civiluri" abstraqtuli mecnierebisgan),

55

da gadaeWra, albaT, ufro jadosnuri gziT is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebsac an

dafaruli saxe aqvT, an kidev gadauWreli rCeba mSoblebis kulturaSi”

subkulturis ganxilvam mogvianebiT mxedvelobaSi miiRo ideologiuri,

ekonomikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ama Tu im

subkulturis arsebobas. kohenma klasis cnebac CarTo Tavis analizSi da

ganacxada - imis magivrad, rom klasi warmodgenil iqnes rogorc garegani

gansazRvrulobebis abstraqtuli erToblioba, mas aqvs materialuri Zala da

gamoxatvas povebs stilis, gamocdilebisa da xatebis Seqmnis formiT. klasisa da

seqsualobis garSemo arsebuli interesi da problematika, konformizmsa da

devicias Soris winaaRmdegoba, ojaxi da skola, muSaoba da Tavisufali dro

Tavmoyril iqna iseTi formiT, romelic, erTi mxriv, SesamCnevi iyo, meore mxriv

ki dafaruli, magram amave dros iZleoda istoriis rekonstruirebisa da

dafaruli mniSvnelobebis gamovlinebis saSualebas.

stili: stili subkulturaSi mniSvnelobiT aris damuxtuli. misi

transformacia “bunebrivis winaaRmdeg” midis da "normalizaciis" procesSi

iWreba. stils Seadgens iseTi Jestebi, sityvebi, romlebic Seuracxyofs “mdumare

umravlesobas”, eWvis qveS ayenebs erTianobis princips da konsensusis miTs

ewinaaRmdegeba.

sainteresoa im faruli mesijebis garkveva, romlebic kodirebuli saxiT

gvevlineba stilis zedapirze; mocemul farul mesijebs analizis dros

“mniSvnelobis rukebis” saxe eniWebaT, romlebic Tavis TavSi moicaven im

winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa gadaWra an dafarvac warmoadgens kodebis funqcias.

stilis moazrebam, rogorc kodirebulma pasuxma sazogadoebaSi mimdinare

cvlilebebze, axalgazrduli kulturis kvlevisadmi midgomebi radikalurad

Secvala. gramSis hegemoniis cnebis gamoyenebiT, avtorebi axalgazrduli

kulturuli stilebis interpretacias axdenen rogorc protestis simbolur

formebs, rogorc ufro farTo da zogadad dafaruli disidenturi

suliskveTebis TvalsaCino simptomebs, rac axasiaTebda meore msoflio omis

Semdgom periods dasavleT evropaSi.

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia

"me vlaparakob tansacmlis saSualebiT" — (umberTo eko, 1973 )

nebismieri subkultura xasiaTdeba cikliT, romelsac mivyavarT opoziciuri

ganwyobidan neitralur poziciamde, protestidan gawevrianebamde/CarTulobam-

de. kerZod, ris komunikacias axdens subkulturuli stili? igive kiTxva exeba

modis kulturasac. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Semdegi ori kiTxva warmoiSoba:

rogor xdeba subkultura gasagebi Tavad misive wevrebisTvis? da rogor

gamoxatavs uwesrigobas? “gamosaxulebis ritorikaSi” roland barti adarebs

"mizanmimarTuli" sareklamo gamosaxulebas ufro "umanko" reportaJul fotos.

orive gamosaxuleba warmoadgens specifiuri kodebisa da praqtikis rTul

gamoxatulebas, magram reportaJuli foto ufro "bunebriv" da gamWvirvale

xasiaTs atarebs, vidre reklama. is wers, rom "imijis mniSvneloba namdvilad

mizanmimarTulia.. sareklamo gamosaxuleba naTelia, emfaturia” bartis es

gansxvaveba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT subkulturisa da "normalur" stilebs Soris

gansxvavebis aRsaniSnavad. subkulturul stilistur kombinaciebs — Cacmis,

musikis, cekvis, da a.S. iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT ufro konvenciur formebTan

(normaluri pijakebi da halstuxebi, araformaluri samoseli), rogorsac

sareklamo imiji atarebs naklebad cnobierad agebul sareportaJo fotosTan

SedarebiT.

rogorc semiotikosebi aRniSnaven, signifikacia ar aris saWiro, rom iyos

mizanmimarTuli. umberto ekos Tvlis rom ara mxolod gamiznulad komunikaciis

matarebeli obieqti SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc raimes niSani, aramed

nebismeiri obieqti warmoadgens niSans (eko, 1973). magaliTad, Cveulebrivi

Cacmuloba, romelsac atarebs saSualo mamakaci da qali quCaSi, SerCeulia maTi

finansuri SesaZlebobebidan gamomdinare, "gemovneba" Tu ris Cacmas rodis

54

ganicdida, Tumca marqsisgan gansxvavebiT uaryofda klasobriv reduqcionizms,

ganaviTara "ideologiis" cneba. gramSis "ideologiis" cneba exmaureba fukos

pozicias, magram mainc did yuradRebas uTmobs klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

gramSis mixedviT, socialuri jgufebi brZolis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven,

maT Soris ideologiurs, raTa moipovon sxva jgufebTan konsensusi da miaRwion

maTze garkveul Zalauflebas, rogorc Sexedulebebis sferoSi, aseve praqtikaSi.

Zalauflebis am formas ewodeba hegemonia da qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT

ganvixilavT mas.

hegemonia ar aris mudmivad stabiluri da ar daiyvaneba ekonomikur

interesebze an kidev sazogadoebis martiv klasobriv modelze. fukos pozicia

diskursis, codnisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba Semdegi kuTxiT: fuko

ambobda, rom codna ara mxolod Zalauflebis garkveul formas warmoadgens,

aramed Zalaufleba gansazRvravs Tu ra dros da rogor moxdeba codnis

gamoyeneba praqtikaSi. codnis gamoyeneba da misi efeqturoba, fukos mixedviT,

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo vidre am codnis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.

codna dakavSirebulia ZaluflebasTan da ara mxolod "WeSmaritebis”

avtoritets iZens, aramed Seswevs Zala gaamarTlos sakuTari Tavi. nebismieri

codna, rodesac is mieyeneba realur samyaros da moaqvs realuri Sedegebi, iZens

"namdvilis, WeSmaritis" statuss. codna rodesac gamoiyeneba sxvebis samarTavad,

moicavs SezRudvas, marTvasa da disciplinarul praqtikas.

fukos mixedviT, codna ar operirebs vakuumSi. codna operirebs garkveuli

strategiebis saSualebiT, gansakuTrebul situaciebSi, istoriul konteqstSi da

institucionalur reJimebSi. imisaTvis rom SeviswavloT dasjis fenomeni unda

davakvirdeT Tu diskursi-Zalis kombinaciam — Zala/codnis kombinaciam rogori

gageba Seqmna danaSaulisa da kriminalis, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens im

realur Sedegebze, rac moaqvs am faqtorebis aqtualobas damnaSavisTvis da

sasjelis gamomtanisTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, fuko mivida daskvnamde, rom yoveli diskursiuli

formacia aris garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis matarebeli. WeSmariteba ar

arsebobs Zalauflebis gareT. WeSmariteba am samyaros miekuTvneba. is iqmneba

SezRudvis mravalnairi formis saSualebiT da iwvevs Zalauflebis garkveul

periodul Sedegebs. yovel sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi WeSmaritebis reJimi,

WeSmaritebis Tavisi "zogadi politika"; anu diskursis tipebi, romlebsac is

iRebs da funqcionirebads xdis, rogorc marTals, SeimuSavebs meqanizmebsa da

magaliTebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba marTali da mcdari Sexedulebebis

gamijvna erTmaneTisgan, sanqcirebis meqanizmebis dadgena, imaTi statusis

gansazRvra, vinc ambobs Tu ra iTvleba WeSmaritad.

Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi

fukom SeimuSava Zaluflebis axali cneba. Cven Zalauflebas ganvixilavT

rogorc yovelTvis zemodan momavals erTi mimarTulebiT, da erTi wyarodan —

mmarTveli, saxelmwifo, mmarTveli klasi. fukosTvis Zalauflebas ufro

moZravi, wriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is arasdros aris erTi centris mier

monopolizirebuli da qseluri tipis organizaciis matarebelia. es ki niSnavs,

rom garkveulwilad Cven yvelani varT monawileebi — erTdroulad warmovadgenT

rogorc mCagvrelebs, aseve Cagrulebs. Zalauflebis urTierTobebi

ganmsWvalaven socialuri arsebobis yvela dones da funqcionireben socialuri

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi — ojaxisa da seqsualobis privatul sivrceebSi, iseve

rogorc politikis sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, ekonomikasa da samarTalSi. ufro

metic, Zalauflebas ara mxolod negatiuri, mCagvrelobiTi xasiaTi aqvs,

romelic eZebs kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, aramed is aseve

produqtiulia. Zalaufleba awarmoebs sagnebs, moaqvs siamovneba, akonstruirebs

codnis formebs, qmnis diskurss. is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc produqtiuli

qseli, romelic mTel socialur sxeulSi operirebs.

magaliTad, damsjeli sistema qmnis wignebs, xelSekrulebebs, wesebs,

kontrolis axal strategiebs, debatebs parliamentSi, treningis sistemas cixis

35

TanamSromlebisTvis.

seqsualobis kontrolis mcdelobebi ki qmnis garkveul diskurss —

Sexedulebebs, dialogs seqsis Sesaxeb, satelevizio da radio programebs,

kanonmdeblobas, saJurnalo statiebs, samedicino konsultaciebs, seqsualur

praqtikas (mag., usafrTxo seqsi) da porno industrias. fuko ar uaryofs rom

saxelwifos, kanons, mmarTvels an dominant klass uWiravs Zalauflebis

dominanturi poziciebi, aramed is migviTiTebs imisken, rom arsebobs aseve

Zalauflebis ufro lokalizebuli qselebi, taqtika da meqanizmebi — anu

Zalauflebis "mikro fizika”.

ibadeba kiTxva. Tu sad aris am ganazrebebSi subieqtis adgili. sosurma uaryo

subieqtis roli reprezentaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ena gvalaparakebs, Tqva

man. subieqti mxolod indviduluri saubris aqtis (paroles) avtoria. fukoc

garkveulwilad eTanxmeba am pozicias. misi azriT, diskursi da ara subieqti qmnis

codnas. codna/Zalauflebis funqcionirebisTvis ar aris saWiro "subieqtis"

moZieba. fuko ar eTanxmeboda subiqtis cnebis tradiciul moazrebas, romlis

mixedviTac subieqti, rogorc individi, warmoadgens cnobierebis matarebel,

avtonomiur da stabilur substancias, "me-s", mniSvnelobisa da moqmedebis

damoukidebl, namdvil wyaros.

rogorc davinaxeT, enisa da repezentaciis konstruqtivistuli moazreba

subieqts CamoaSorebs privilegirebul pozicias. fukos mixedviT, ara subieqtebi

laparakoben, aramed garkveuli diskursi alaparakebT maT. subieqtebs SeuZliaT

garkveuli teqstebis warmoeba, magram isini epistemes CarCoebSi moqmedeben,

gamomdinare garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis perspeqtividan, mocemuli

periodisa da kulturis sazRvrebs Soris moqceulni. subieqti SeuZlebelia

idges raRac garkveuli diskursis farglebs gareT rogorc codnis

damoukidebeli wyaro da avtori.

amave dros, diskursi qmnis subieqtisTvis adgils (mag., mkiTxveli an

mayurebeli, romelic aseve eqvemdebareba diskurss), saidanac mocemuli codna

da mniSvneloba xdeba gasagebi. yvela individi konkretul periodSi SeiZleba

gaxdes diskursis subieqti da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalaufleba/codnis

matarebeli. amisaTvis saWiroa sakuTari Tavi movaTavsoT iseT poziciaSi,

saidanac CvenTvis diskursi gasagebi gaxdeba da am gziT gavxdeT garkveuli

mniSvnelobebis, Zalauflebisa da regulaciis subieqtebi. yvela diskursi aseTi

saxiT qmnis subieqt poziciebs, saidanac isini gasagebi xdebian.

am Teoriis mixedviT, kacebisTvis Seqmnili pornografia, qalebisTvis

mxolod maSin iqneba gasagebi, Tu qali Tavs kacis "subieqt poziciis" adgilas

daayenebs.

yovelive zemoT xsenebuli rom SevajamoT, konstruqciuli midgomis

mixedviT, reprezentacia moicavs mniSvnelobis warmoebas sagnebis sam sxvadasxva

wesrigs Soris damyarebuli kavSirebis saSualebiT: sagnebis, xalxis, movlenebisa

da gamocdilebis samyaro, konceftualuri samyaro — mentaluri cnebebi,

romlebic Cven TavSi gvaqvs da niSnebi, mowesrigebuli enebad, romlebic am

cnebebis komunikacias axdenen.

Tu gvinda rom davamyaroT kavSiri gansxvavebul sistemebs Soris, fiqsireba

movaxdinoT am kavSirebs Soris garkveuli periodiT mainc, ise rom xalxma icodes

- erT sistemaSi mocemuli elementi Seesabameba meore sistemis mocemul

elements, maSin unda vflobdeT raRacas, rac Targmnis saSualebas mogvcems — anu

imas rac migviTiTebs, Tu romeli sityva unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli cnebis

aRsaniSnavad. am aucileblobidan momdinareobs kodebis arseboba.

mniSvnelobis warmoqmna damokidebulia interpretaciaze da rom

interpretacia funqcionirebs kodebis saSualebiT — Cven viyenebT kods — anu

vaxdenT gaSifvras — enkodings, xolo meore adamiani axdens Cvens mier kodSi

Cadebuli mniSvnelobis dekodirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelobebi

yovelTvis icvleba da xelidan gvisxlteba. kodebi operireben rogorc

socialuri konvenciebi da ara rogorc mudmivi kanonebi.

36

Seiqmna ramdenime marginaluri diskursi klasobrivi urTierTobebis farTo

CarCoebSi.

axalgazrduli kulturis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli polarizaciis am

process. muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis msyidvelunarianoba

gaizarda; axalgazrdebs ukve SeeZloT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad

warmoebuli produqciis yidva. ganaTlebis sistemaSic moxda cvlilebebi, ramac

xeli Seuwyo TaobaTa cnobierebis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdebs Soris. es

cnobiereba klasis gamocdilebas emyareboda, Tumca ukve gansxvavebuli

formebiT gamoixateboda, romlebic xSirad upirispirdeboda Zvel tradiciul

formebs.

klasis fenomeni imdenad meore xarisxovnad iTvleboda imdroindeli da

Semdgomi kvlevebis dros, rom bevrma socialurma Teoretikosma axalgazrdebi

CaTvala rogorc axali klasi. isini axalgazrdebSi xedavdnen

aradiferencirebul Tineijer momxmareblebs. subkulturis kvleva britaneTSi

daefuZna urbanul eTnografias, romelic jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarda

(henri meihius da tomas arCeris naSromebi, Carlz dikensisa da artur morisonis

novelebi). Tumca subkulturis kvlevisadmi ufro mecnieruli midgoma, Tavisi

meTodologiiT (CarTuli dakvirveba) 1920-ian wlebamde ar aRmocenebula,

rodesac sociologebisa da danaSaulis SemswavlelTa jgufma CikagoSi daiwyo

informaciis Segroveba quCis axalgazrda dajgufebebze da kriminogenur

jgufebze. CarTuli dakvirveba isev aqtualuria, Tumca analitikuri da axsniTi

amosavali wertilis ararsebobis gamo mas sociologiis ZiriTad nakadSi

marginaluri statusi eniWeba.

1950-ian wlebSi albert koeni da volter mileri Seecadnen Teoriuli

perspeqtivis Semotanas; isini Seiswavlidnen dominant da daqvemdebarebul

RirebulebiT sistemebs. koeni dainteresda muSaTa klasis axalgazrda

warmomadgenlebiT, romlebic kargad ver swavlobdnen skolaSi. isini Tavisufal

dros erTiandebodnen dajgufebebSi da am wesiT axdenden TviTRirebulebis,

TviTrwmenis alternatiuli wyaros Camoyalibebas. dajgufebaSi ar cnobdnen

sazogadoebaSi miRebul iseT Rirebulebebs rogoric iyo simkacre, ambicia,

konformizmi, a.S. am Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod dajgufebis wevrebi

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen hedonizms, avtoritetis arafrad Cagdebas, “sacemi

subieqtebis” Ziebas, a.S.

axalgazrdebis dajgufebebis RirebulebaTa sistemis kvlevisas, mileri xazs

usvams dajgufebasa da mSoblebis kulturas Soris msgavsebebs; mileris

mixedviT, devianti jgufis bevr Rirebulebas ubralod damaxinjebuli an

maqsimalisturi xasiaTi aqvs, Torem sxva mxriv is warmoadgens muSaTa klasis

ufrosi warmomadgenlebis faseulobebs.

1961 wels matsa da saiksma subkulturis Seswavlisas gamoiyenes termini

subteraniuli Rirebulebebi, raTa aexsnaT legitimuri da devianturi

axalgazrduli kulturebi. maTac aRiares rom axalgazrdebis kulturaSi

damkvidrebuli subteraniuli Rirebulebebi (riskis, garTobis Zieba) mWidrod

ukavSirdeba Sromis eTikas (dakmayofilebis gadavadeba, rutina). mogvianebiT, am

Teoriebis Semowmeba moxda britanuli savele samuSaoebis dros.

1960 wels piter vilmotma gamoaqveyna kvleva im kulturuli

SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xelmisawvdomi iyo muSaTa klasis

biWebisTvis londonis ist-endSi (aRmosavleT londonSi). vilmotmac daaskvna,

rom uklaso axalgazrduli kulturis idea jer kidev udroo da uazro iyo. misi

dakvirvebiT, Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis sxvadasxva SeesaZlebloba

axalgazrdebisTvis gansazRvruli iyo im winaaRmdegobebiTa da danawevrebiT,

romelic axasiaTebs uklaso sazogadoebas. man subkultura gansazRvra rogorc

"kompromisuli gadawyvetileba" or urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnilebas

Soris: Seqmnisa da avtonomiurobis moTxovnileba da mSoblisagan

gansxvavebulobis damtkiceba da mSoblis identifikaciebis SenarCunebis

moTxovnileba.

am analizis mixedviT, skinhedebisa da tedebis stili intepretirebuli iyo

rogorc mediaciis mcdeloba gamocdilebasa da tradicias, nacnobsa da axals

Soris. kohenisTvis, subkulturis latentur funqcias warmoadgenda “gamoexata

53

uTanxmoebis xasiaTs: es aris brZola niSnis kvlav mopovebisTvis, romelic

vrceldeba yoveldRiurobis yvelaze yoveldRiur sferoebzec ki.

subkultura/stili

subkulturis da stilis mniSvneloba xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego

cnebebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, es Tavi daeTmoba im process,

romlis saSualebiTac garkveul sagnebs raRac mniSvneloba eniWebaT, kerZod, ki

stili erqmevaT subkulturis farglebSi.

dik hebdijis wigni (1979) subkultura — stilis mniSvneloba warmoadgens

subkulturaze daweril wignebs Soris klasikas. hebdiji subkulturis fenomenis

ganxilvisas iyenebs altuzeris, gramSis, bartisa da praRis skolis mier

SemuSavebuli semiotikis midgomebs. 70-iani wlebi iyo is periodi, rodesac

britaneTSi bevri subkultura arsebobda an kidev maTi SemCneva ufro martivi

iyo, vidre sxvagan. ai, magaliTad, arsebobdnen Semdegi subkulturebi : tedebi,

skinhedebi, pankebi, bouvitebi (devid bouvis mimdevrebi), hipebi, dredebi da a.S.

hebdiji gramSis or termins iyenebs subkulturis analizisTvis; pirveli aris

gaerTianeba, xolo meore konkretuloba, rac niSnavs, rom TiToeuli

subkultura warmoadgens gamorCeul “moments”, konkretul pasuxs konkretuli

viTarebis mimarT. subkulturebi warmoiSva gviani xanis industriuli kulturis ufro farTo

sistemasTan komunaluri da simboluri urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. isini

ganpirobebuli arian, Tumca ara calsaxad - asakiTa da klasiT da gamoirCevian

gansxvavebuli stiliT. es stilebi ki warmoiqmneba konkretuli istoriuli da

kulturuli “Tanxvedrebis” dros; isini ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc

mxolod hegemoniis an kidev socialuri daZabulobis gadamwyveti saSualeba,

rogorc amas miiCnevdnen adreuli Teoretikosebi.

subkulturebi axdenen im periodSi gavrcelebuli "imijebisa" da arsebuli

meterialuri kulturis safuZvelze stilebis erTad Tavmoyras, im mizniT, rom

Semdeg maT Seqmnan gansxvavebuli identobebi. axali identobebi iqmneba im mizniT

rom subkulturis wevrebma am gziT moipovon “SedarebiTi avtonomia” socialuri

wesrigis farglebSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, klasificirebulia klasis, samuSaos,

Taobebs Soris gansxvavebebis safuZvelze.

hebdijma gviandel naSromSi (1998) sxvagvarad moiazra Tavisi meTodi da

ganacxada, rom man saTanado mniSvneloba ar mianiWa komerciuli kulturis Zalas,

romelsac SeuZlia kontrhegemonuri stilebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna.

panki warmoadgenda avangarduli kulturuli strategiis, marketinguli

unarebis da muSaTa klasis daumorCileblobis gansakuTrebul sinTezs, romelic

Seiqmna im dros, rodesac britaneli axalgazrdobisTvis samomxmareblo bazari

ar iyo martivad xelmisawvdomi. zRvari subkulturas, rogorc protests da

subkulturas, rogorc komerciul kulturas Soris rTuli gasavlebia,

ramdenadac orive siamovnebis momtania da hegemoniis iaraRia, gansakuTrebiT

maSin rodesac axalgazrdebze orientirebul bazars exeba saqme.

magaliTad, sainteresoa britaneTSi arsebuli Savkaniani mosaxleobisa da

muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis ganxilva subkulturebis

warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. SavkanianTa kulturuli formebi (mag., musika)

yovelTvis TamaSobda ganmsazRvrel rols subkulturuli stilebis

warmoqmnisas. aq xazi unda gaesvas urTierTobas subkulturebsa da im sxva

jgufebs Soris (mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, policia, “respeqtabeluri

moqalaqeebi”, a.S. da ufrosi muSaTa klasi da saSualo klasis kulturebi),

romlebsac am subkulturebis warmomadgenlebi gaemijnen. meore msoflio omis

Semdeg britaneTSi Zveli tradiciuli cxovrebis stili gadafara axalma,

zedapirulad naklebad klasobrivma sistemam. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasobrivi

struqtura ar gamqrala, is formebi, romlis saSualebiTac klasi gamoixateboda

kulturaSi Seicvala. masmediis ganviTarebam, ojaxis konstituciis Secvlam,

skolisa da samsaxuris organizaciam da samuSaosa da dasvenebis statusis

Secvlam muSaTa klasi gaanaxevra da misi polarizeba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac

52

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba

stuart holis esse “enkodireba, dekodireba” Seexeba mesijebis warmoebasa da

gavrcelebas. holis analizi efuZneba semiotikur paradigmas, mis naSroms

teqstualuri, aseve eTnografiuli saxe aqvs. holis mosazrebebi ZiriTadad

televizias exeba. igi gvTavazobs komunikaciis oTx etapian Teorias: warmoeba,

cirkulacia, gamoyeneba (romelsac igi uwodebs distribucias an moxmarebas) da

reproduqcia. holis azriT, TiToeuli safexuri “SedarebiT avtonomiuria”

sxvebisgan. es niSnavs rom mesijis kodireba ar akontrolebs mis miRebas da ara

gamWvirvale saxiT, TiToeul safexurs aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi da SesaZleblobebi.

SedarebiTi avtonomiis koncefcia saSualebas aZlevs mas isaubros polisemiaze,

romelic ar unda moiazrebodes rogorc pluralizmi. mesijebi ar eqvem-

debarebian nebismieri saxis interpretacias an gamoyenebas — radganac TiToeuli

safexuri mocemul wreSi zRudavs meoris SesaZleblobebs.

sazogadoebaSi, mesijebs aqvT "dominaciis kompleqsuri struqtura"

ramdenadac TiToeul safexurze isini eqcevian institucionaluri Zalauflebis

urTierTobebis gavlenis qveS. ufro metic, mesijis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas cnobadi xasiaTi aqvs an SesabamisobaSi modis garkveul

warmodgenebTan -- Tumca yovelTvis rCeba patara sivrce im mesijis gasagebad,

romelic ar Seesabameba saerTo warmodgenebs. komunikaciuri wre yovelTvis

axdens Zalauflebis reJimis reproduqcias.

telesamauwyeblo struqturebma enkodirebuli mesijebi unda warmoadginon

mniSvneladi diskursis farglebSi. institucia — produqciis socialuri

urTierTobebi unda daeqvemdebaron enis diskursiul wesebs, raTa moxdes maTi

produqtis realizacia. es TavisTavad mocemuli formaluri diskursisa da enis

wesebs ZalauflebaSi amyofebs. enkodirebuli mesijebis dekodirebis Sedegad

isini asruleben garkveul funqcias — gavlenis moxdenis, garTobis, dajerebis —

rasac Tavis mxriv moyveba kompleqsuri aRqmiTi, kognituri, emociuri,

ideologiuri da qceviTi Sedegebi. gansazRvrul momentSi struqtura iRebs

kods da qmnis mesijs. Semdeg momentSi, mocemuli "mesiji” dekodirebis

saSualebiT socialuri praqtikis struqturebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva.

tipuri procesebi, romlebsac ikvlevs pozitivisturi meTodi — Sedegebi,

gamoyeneba, "kmayofileba" — Tavad aris moqceuli gagebis struqturis CarCoebSi

da warmoiqmneba socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, romlebic

gansazRvrul formas aZleven mesijis miRebis formas, da SesaZleblobas iZlevian

rom mniSvnelobebi, romlebic figurirebs diskursis farglebSi gadavides

socialur cnobierebasa Tu praqtikaSi (imisaTvis rom maT mieniWoT socialuri

Rirebuleba an politikuri gavlena moipovon).

enkodirebisa da kodirebis kodebi ar aris simetriuli. anu "gagebisa" da

"arasworad gagebis" xarisxi komunikaciur gacvlaSi damokidebulia simet-

ria/asimetiriaze, romelic damyarebulia enkoderis- mwarmoebelsa da deko-

ders/mimRebs Soris. magram es TavisTavad damokidebulia identobis an ara

identobis xarisxze kodebs Soris, romlebic avad Tu kargad axdenen informaciis

gadacemas, Sewyvetas Tu damaxinjebas.

kodebs Soris Seusabamoba asaxavs prodiuserebsa da mayureblebs Soris

struqturul gansxvavebulobas. aseve, es SeiZleba gamowveul iyos kodebis

wyarosa da mimRebs Soris arsebuli asimetriiT. "damaxinjeba" an "gaugebroba"

gamowveulia am or mxares Soris komunikaciuri gacvlis dros arsebuli

ekvivalentobis ararsebobiT.

televizualuri niSans kompleqsuri xasiaTi aqvs. igi Sedgeba ori tipis

diskursis - vizualurisa da xmovanis kombinaciisgan. amave dros, is

gamosaxulebis (xatis) niSania, ramdenadac mas aqvs im sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi,

romlis warmosaxvasac axdens. am sakiTxma gaugebroba gamoiwvia vizualuri enis

Seswavlis sferoSi. imdenad ramdenadac, vizualuri diskursi samganzomilebian

samyaros organzomilebianad gardaqmnis, mas ar SeuZlia iyos imis referenti an

idea, rasac warmoadgens. realoba arsebobs enis gareT, magram misi gaSualeba

xdeba yovelTis eniT; rogorc ukve iTqva, rac viciT da rasac vambobT xdeba

konkretuli diskursis farglebSi. diskursiuli codna warmoadgens ara enaSi

37

"nadmvilis", gamWvirvale reprezentacias, aramed enis gamoyenebas realur

urTierTobebTan da pirobebTan mimarTebaSi.

Sesabamisad, kodis moqmedebis gareSe ar arsebobs gasagebi diskursi.

vizualuri niSnebi amrigad warmoadgenen kodirebul niSnebs — miuxedavad imisa,

rom aq kodebi gansxvavebulad moqmedeben. enaSi ar arsebobs nulovani aTvlis

wertili. naturalizmi da "realizmi" — warmoadgens reprezentaciis erTgulebas

im sagnis Tu ideis mimarT romlis warmosaxvac xdeba — da aris enis "realobasTan"

mimarTebaSi konkretuli gamoyenebis wesi, anu diskursiuli praqtikis

rezultati. Tumca, garkveuli kodebi imdenad farTod arian gavrcelebuli

konkretul sazogadoebasa Tu enaSi, rom isini bunebriobis iluzias badeben.

analogiurad, xSirad martiv vizualur niSnebs universaluri xasiaTi eZlevaT.

umberto ekos mixedviT, "xati" niSnebi gamoiyurebian rogorc sagnebi realur

samyaroSi, imitom rom isini axdenen mayurebelSi aRqmis pirobebis (kodebis)

reproducirebas. "aRqmis es pirobebi" warmoadgens dekodirebis rezultats da

kodirebuli, nawilobriv aracnobieri operaciebis erTobliobis. es exeba

rogorc fotografiul an televizualur gamosaxulebas, ise nebismier sxva

niSans.

reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia

sityva fiqcia gulisxmobs realuri cxvorebidan mowyvetas. novelis kiTxva,

kinoSi siaruli, teleserialis yureba gvaZlevs warmosaxviT samyaroSi

mogzaurobis saSualebas, romelic gvTavazobs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aqti-

vobebisgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul gamocdilebas.

1930iani wlebidan daaxloebiT 100000 saaTi daeTmo teleserialebs aSS-s

tleviziebisa da radios eTerSi. es statistika adasturebs imias, Tu ramdenad

warmoadgens teleserialebis fenomeni cxovrebiseul faqts.

kviraSi orjer, samjer da xSirad yoveldRiuradac teleserialebi

mayurebels sTavazoben fiqciur gamocdilebas, sadac yovelRiuroba da fiqcia

erTmaneTSia gadajaWvuli, imdenad rom teleserialis fiqciuri gmirebis

cxovrebebSi momxdari mTavari movlenebi qveyanaSi momxdar axal ambadac

SeiZleba aRiqvan. sainteresoa, ganvixiliT is procesebi, romlebic moicavs

fiqciasa da socialur samyaros Soris urTierTgacvlas: rogor Sedis

socialuri cxovreba fiqciur diskursSi da ra mosdis iq mas; rogor mimarTaven

sxvadasxva Janrebi sxvadasxva auditorias da rogor iTxoven maT

CarTuloba/monawileobas. ganvixiloT teleserialebis mier Seqmnili genderuli

principiT dayofili reprezentacia da mniSvnelobebi da mniSvnelovani da

xSirad ignorirebuli siamovnebis miRebis fenomeni.

rodesac ganvixilavT programebis formas yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs: 1.

teleserialis buneba, rogorc garkveuli samauwyeblo Janri;

2. naratiuli struqtura, rogorc konkretuli epizodi da teleseriali -

rogorc gangrZobiTi seriali; 3. kadrebis organizacia — vizualuri kompozicia

da montajis struqturebi; 4. personaJebi; 5. gamoxatvis saxeebi mag., melodrama,

komedia da realizmi da 6. mayureblebis mier gansakuTrebuli esTetikis

matarebeli audio-vizualuri dramatizebuli fiqciis miReba, sadac scenari da

vizualuri organizacia, xmebi da dramatuli Sexvedrebi exebian mayureblis

grZnobebsa da emociebs.

zemoT xsenebuli aspeqtebi qmnian an gamoxataven mniSvnelobebs, romlebic

Semdeg "mesijebad" gvevlinebian. swored am aspeqtebs unda mivaqcioT

yuradRebas, radgan gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xdeba teleseriali mravalricxovani

mayureblebis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura

masobrivi kulturis anomaliur niSans, feministebis azriT, warmoadgens

garkveuli kulturuli sivrcis gamoyofa, romelsac ewodeba qalis sivrce, mag.,

38

vxedavT, rom ganviTarebuli dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi, ideologiuri

sfero ar aris netraluri. konotaciur kodebs rom davubrundeT, isini

mniSvnelobiT arian datvirTuli da warmoadgenen dominanturi diskursebis

Semadgenel nawils, anu dominantur ideologiebs, dominanturi jgufebis

interesebs sazogadoebaSi.

marqsi: mmarTveli klasis ideebi yvela epoqaSi mmarTvel ideebs warmo-

adgenen; anu klasi, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebis materialur mmarTvel

Zalas amave dros aris mmarTveli inteleqtualuri Zala. klasi, romelic flobs

materialuri warmoebis saSualebebs, aseve flobs mentaluri warmoebis

saSualebebsac. mmarTveli ideebi warmoadgenen dominanturi materialuri

urTierTobebis idealur gamoxatulebas da aRiqmebian rogorc ideebi saidanac

gamomdinareobs urTierTobebi, romlebic klass mmarTvel klasad aqceven.

mmarTveli klasi ki, Tavis mxriv, dominanturi ideebis matarebeli xdeba (marqsi

da engelsi 1970).

antonio gramSis hegemoniis Teoria asaxavs Tu rogor xdeba dominantobis

SenarCuneba ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.

hegemonia: hegemoniis cneba Seexeba iseT situacias, romelSic socialuri

jgufebis garkveuli kavSiris Sedegad xdeba totaluri socialuri Zalauflebis

ganxorcieleba sxva daqvemdebarebul jgufebze, ara mxolod iZulebis an

mmarTveli ideebis pirdapiri Tavsmoxvevis gziT, aramed Tanxmobis mopovebisa da

saerTo Sexedulebebis formirebis saSualebiT, ise rom dominanturi jgufebis

Zalauflebas legitimuri da bunebrivi saxe eZleva.

hegemoniis SenarCuneba SeiZleba manamde, sanam dominanti klasebi warmatebiT

axerxeben ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis gansazRvras erTi mocemuli CarCos

farglebSi, ise rom daqvemdebarebuli jfugebi Tu ar kontrolirdebian, maSin

erT ideologiur sivrceSi mainc arian moqceuli. es ideologiuri sivrce ar

unda Candes rogorc mkveTrad ideologiuri, aramed hqondes mudmivobisa da

bunebriobis saxe, iyos istoriis gareT da konkretuli interesebis miRma.

bartis mixedviT, miTologia asrulebs naturalizaciisa da normalizaciis

vitalur funqcias. gramSi mniSvnelovan detals amatebs: misi azriT, hegemoniis

Zala, swored imitom rom mas sWirdeba daqvemdebarebuli umvravlesobis

Tanxmoba arasdros ganxorcieldeba erTsa da imave adamianTa jgufis mier.

hegemonia ar aris universaluri da winaswar mocemuli konkretuli

klasisTvis, rom maT marTon; aramed hegemonia, pirvel rigSi, mopovebul unda

iqnes, eqvemdebarebodes kvlavwarmoebas da hegemoniis SenarCunebisTvis

mmarTveli jgufi unda iRvwodes. hegemonia warmoadgens “moZrav wonasworobas”,

romelic moicavs Zalebis urTierTqmedebas, romlebic an keTilad arian

ganwyobili ama Tu im tendenciis mimarT, an ara.

aqedan gamomdinare, formebi ar SeiZleba permanentulad normalizebuli

iyos. maTi dekonstruireba da demistifikacia yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;

magaliTad, iseTi “miTologis” mier, rogoric aris roland barti. ufro metic,

sagnebis Tavidan mopoveba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;

maT xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelobebi eniWebaT imave jgufebis mier,

romlebmac sagnebi Seqmnes. simbiozi, romelSic ideologia da socialuri

wesrigi, warmoeba da kvlav warmoeba erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, ar aris stabiluri

da arc garantirebuli. is Riaa cvlilebebisTvis. konsensusi SeiZleba

danawevrdes, Seicvalos da misi validuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS moeqces. xolo

ZalauflebaSi myofi jgufebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas yovelTvis ver gavuwevT

ignorirebas an kidev avtomaturad ver CavrTavT mas Cven sistemaSi. Tumca,

lefebres mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT im sazogadoebaSi sadac meoradi buneba

pirveladis adgils ikavebs — aRqmadi realobis Tavdapirvel fenas (lefebvre

1971). yovelTvis aris winaaRmdegobebi da dapirispirebebi, romlebic niSansa da

sagans Soris, warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas Soris napralis amovsebas uSlian

xels.

brZola sxvadasxva diskurss , sxvadasxva definiciasa da mniSvnelobas Soris

ideologiis farglebSi, yovelTvis atarebs signifikaciis sferoSi arsebuli

51

arqiteqturis saxes iReben. yvelaferi winaswar gawerilia, sagnis Sinaars rom

arc ki SevexoT. es gansazRvrulobani ara mxolod imas svams CarCoebSi Tu ra

iswavleba, aramed Tu rogor iswavleba. saswavlo Senobebi pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT dominanti ideologiuri cnebebis warmoebas axdenen, pirvel rigSi,

Tu ra aris ganaTleba; swored am procesis saSualebiT saganmanaTleblo

struqtura, romelic Tavisi bunebiT cvalebadia kiTxvis niSansa Tu daeWvebas

aRar eqvemdebareba da gvevlineba rogorc winaswar mocemuli garemoeba (anu

ucvlelis saxiT).

socialuri urTierTobebi da procesebi Semdeg miewodeba individebs

garkveuli, winaswar gansazRvruli formebis saxiT; es formebi rogorc

aRvniSneT ar aris gamWvirvale. isini Semosilia “sayovelTaod miRebuli azris”

niRbiT, rac maT validurobas aZlevs da amave dros mistificirebas ukeTebs.

swored am formebis gaSifrva surs semiologiur analizs. kulturis yvela

aspeqts semiologiuri faseuloba gaaCnia da yvela mocemuli Tu miRebuli

fenomeni funqcionirebs rogorc niSani: rogorc sakomunikacio sistemaSi

arsebuli elementi, romelic imarTeba semantikuri wesebisa da kodebis mier, rac

TavisTavad gamocdilebaSi ar fiqsirdeba. es niSnebi arian iseTive gaumWvirvale,

rogorc is socialuri urTierTobebi, romlebic maT warmoSobs da Semdeg maT

gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela aRmniSvnels

ideologiuri ganzomileba gaaCnia:

niSani ar arsebobs ubralod rogorc realobis nawili — is asaxavs da Semdeg

ganasaxierebs sxva realobas. amitom man SeiZleba daamaxinjos an swored

warmoaCinos mocemuli realoba, an kidev gansakuTrebuli kuTxiT dagvanaxos is.

yvela niSani eqvemdebareba ideologiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebs; ideologiis

sfero emTxveva niSnebis sferos. sadac niSani arsebobs, iqve arsebobs ideo-

logiac. yvelafer ideologiurs aqvs semioturi mniSvneloba” (volosinovi, 1973)

niSnebis ideologiuri ganzomilebis gamosavlenad, Cven unda gavSifroT

kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis organizeba. “konotaciur”

kodebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. stuart holis mixedviT, isini

socialuri cxovrebis saxes faraven da warmoadgenen mas rogorc klasi-

ficirebad, gasageb da mniSvnelad rames”.

holi am kodebs “mniSvnelobis rukebs uwodebs”, romlebic produqciis

arCevans gansazRvraven. kodebi dominireben potenciuri mniSvnelobebis fonze

da Sedegad zogierTi mniSvneloba ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, vidre sxva. Cven

vcxovrobT am rukebis farglebSi iseve darwmunebulebi, rogorc “realur “

samyaroSi: isini Cven mogviazreben iseTive wesiT rogorc Cven maT moviazrebT. es

TavisTavad bunebrivi procesia. yvela adamianuri sazogadoeba Tavisi Tavis

kvlav warmoebas axdens “naturalizaciis” procesis saSualebiT. am procesiTve —

socialuri urTierTobebis konkretuli formebi, samyaros organizebis

konkretuli gzebi gveCveneba rogorc universaluri da maradiuli.

magaliTad, alTuzeri ambobs, rom ideologias ar aqvs istoria, da rom

ideologiis es farTo gageba yovelTvis iqneba nebismieri socialuri formaciis

Semadgeneli aucilebeli elementi. Tumca, iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi,

rogoric dasavleTis sazogadoebaa, romelic funqcionirebs kargad klasi-

ficirebuli dayofili muSa xelis saSualebiT, kiTxva ismis, Tu ra konkretul

ideologiebzea aq saubari, romeli jgufebis interesebs warmoadgenen es

ideologiebi, da ra momentSi an ra situaciaSi warmoCindeba isini. am sakiTxis

gasarkvevad Cven, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvixiloT rogor aris dasavlur

sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba ganawilebuli; anu sazogadoebis romeli jgufebi an

klasebi axdenen socialuri samyaros definicias, mowesrigebasa da

klasifikacias. magaliTad, im saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba, romelTa gziTac

ideebi vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi (mas mediis saSualebebi) ar warmoadgens erTsa

da imaves yvela klasisTvis. zogierT jgufs ufro metis Tqmis ufleba aqvs, sxvani

wesebs adgenen, mniSvnelobebs gansazRvraven, maSin rodesac garkveul nawils

naklebi Zalaufleba gaaCnia imisTvis rom Tavisi wesebi samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb

Tavs moaxvion danarCenebs.

sainteresoa, rogor funqcionirebs specifikuri ideologiebi, rogor

moipovebs zogierTi Zalauflebas, xolo sxvebi ki rCebian marginalebad. Cven

50

qalebis gverdi Jurnal-gazeTebSi, qalebisTvis gankuTvnili filmebi, qalebis

Jurnalebi.

feministuri azri amtkicebs, rom dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mamakacebi adgenen

imas Tu ra iTvleba adamianurad da ra ara; amitom qalebis kultura calke

kulturad aris gamocxadebuli. analogiuri ideologiis farglebSi, sityva

"kaci" SeiZleba aRniSnavdes rogorc kacs aseve qals. magaliTad, inglisur enaSi

xSirad him (mamrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli) aRniSnavs her-sac

(mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli).

kulturis genderuli saxe ar aris pirdapir gamokveTili. centralur,

damkvidrebul Rirebulebebs universaluri xasiaTi aqvT da genderuli

gamijvnisgan Tavisuflad ganixilebian. genderi mxolod maSin miiCneva

problematuri sakiTxad, rodesac qalebi, rogorc specifikuri kategoria,

dadgenili normis farglebs scildeba.

magaliTad, teleserialebis kultura iTvleba Zalian mdare xarisxis mqone

kulturad, romelsac ZiriTadad qali mayureblebi hyavs, rac niSnavs, rom xdeba

damkvidrebuli kulturuli Rirebulebidan (anu maskulinuri Rirebulebebidan)

gadaxra. 1970-ian wlebSi, erTma Jurnalistma teleserialebs uwoda "emociuri

porno" frustrirebuli diasaxlisebisTvis. gancda da emocia, iseve rogorc

ojaxuri kera, qalebis kulturul formebTan identificirdeba, amitomac kacebs

ar uyvarT, rodesac maT teleserialebis mayureblebs miaTvlian.

ibadeba Semdegi kiTxvebi: rogor xdeba genderis konstruireba

reprezentaciis dros? ra gavlena aqvs genders kulturul formebze romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba konstruireba? riTi gansxvavdeba qalebisTvis gamoyofili

sivrce maskulinuri normebisgan?

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi

“qalebis” zogadi kategoria ar arsebobs, imdenad ramdenadac qalebi ar

warmoadgenen erTgvarovan socialur jgufs, romelsac yvela qali miakuTvnebda

Tavs. genderi kveTavs socialuri identobebis iseT Semadgenel nawilebs,

rogoric aris garkveuli erovneba, eTnikuroba, asaki, socialuri jgufi,

seqsualuri orientacia, socialuri statusi.

aqedan gamomdinare, is Sexeduleba, rom reprezentacia unda warmoaCendes

“namdvil qalebs” mcdaria. kiTxva ismis, Tu vis realobaze aq saubari, rogor

realobaze (daTrgunuli qalebis, dadebiTi personaJebis, msxverpli qalebis), da

vis mixedviT aris realoba aseTi da ara sxvagvari?

stuart holis mixedviT, "qalis" da "kacis" aRmniSvneli sityva, Tu

gamosaxuleba warmoadgens kulturul aRmniSvnelebs, romlebic genderul

gansazRvrebebs, mniSvnelobebsa da identobebs ki ar asaxaven, aramed axdenen maT

konstruirebas. rac ar unda "bunebrivad" gveCvenebodes aRniSnuli cnebebi, isini

warmoadgnen qalisa da mamakacis winaswar mocemuli arsis simbolur rep-

rezentacias.

kulturuli formebisTvis genderis mniSvnelobis miniWeba da konkretuli

kulturuli formebisTvis privilegirebuli statusis micema SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc patriarqalur kulturasTan dapirispirebis erT-erTi

gamovlineba "realobis" gansazRvris procesSi. am dapirispirebas ki Semdegi

sqematuri saxe SeiZleba mivceT:

masobrivi kultura/garToba- feminuroba

popularuli Janris konvenciebi;

romantizirebuli stereotipebi;

brWyviala brwyinvaleba;

emociebi;

eqspresiuli performansi;

grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubari;

fantazia;

39

realobidan gaqceva;

kerZo Sinauruli sivrce;

siamovneba;

teleseriali.

maRali kultura/xelovneba — maskulinoba

realizmi;

samganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba;

simkacre;

azri;

gaumJRavnebeli, naklebad eqspresiuli qmedeba;

gadamwyveti qmedeba;

namdvili problemebi;

problemebis daZleva;

sazogadoebrivi sivrce;

siZneleebi;

vesterni.

zemoT mocemuli kulturuli dapirispirebebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli.

maRali kulturis perspeqtividan masobrivi garToba naklovania da asocirdeba

Sinaganad feminur TvisebebTan, maSin rodesac kulturuli realizmis maRali

standarti maskulinur RirebulebebTan asocirdeba. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom

qalebi ar monawileoben maRali kulturis sferoSi, ubralod rodesac isini amas

akeTeben, iTvleba rom qalebi maskulinur teritoriaze iWrebian da Sedegi

feminuri Tvisebebis daTrgunvaa. am hegemoniuri urTierTdaZabulobis fonze

zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvali ar warmoadgens myarad fiqsirebul opoziciebs,

aramed faseulobebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi modian da icvlebian

urTierTqmedebis dros.

Sesabamisad, kodebi, romlebic warmoadgenen realobas ar arian mudmivi da

stabiluri, aramed socialuri realobis konstruirebisaTvis brZolis procesSi

xdeba maTi modifikacia; icvleba warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iTvleba

feminurad da ra maskulinurad.

ra kuTxiT SeiZleba teleseriali CaiTvalos qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebel

kulturul formad? rogorc feministebi amboben, teleseriali bolos da

bolos iqmneba im samyaros mier, sadac mamakacebs aqvT Zalaufleba, im

diskursiuli praqtikis CarCoebSi, sadac xdeba maskulinobis, rogorc

dominanturi normis konstruireba.

sainteresoa, rogor axdens masmedia qaluri sivrcis Seqmnas? ra normebi

arsebobs, romlebic xels uwyoben teleserialis rogorc feminuri samyaros

produqtis warmoqmnas? rogor mimarTaven teleserialebi maT ufro da ufro

Sereul mayureblebs?

teleseriali 1930 - ian wlebSi Seiqmna amerikuli komerciuli radio da

sareklamo industriebis mier. am industriebis mizans dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlSi

myofi diasaxlisebisTvis produqtebis gasaReba warmoadgenda. teleserials

hqonda sareklamo datvirTva da ufro efeqturad anacvlebda radiosa da

Jurnal gazeTebSi qalebisTvis gamoyofili svetebis formats. programis

Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen iseTi fiqciuri samyaros Seqmnas, romelic qalebisTvis

iqneboda advilad amosacnobi, sasiamovno da martivad aRsaqmeli, rac saSualebas

miscemda maT paralelurad daelagebinaT saxli da miexedaT bavSvebisTvis.

teleserialis fiqciuri samyaro xasiaTdeba garkveuli opoziciebisa da

gansxvavebulobebis struqturiT. mag., qalebis samyaro moiazreba rogorc

piradi, ojaxur kerasTan da samezoblosTan dakavSirebuli, laparakis

moyvaruli; maSin, rodesac kacebis samyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSan Tvisebia:

sazogadoebrivi saqmiT dakavebuli, samuSaoSi CarTuli, qmediTunariani,

individualisti.

teleserialebSi monawile qali personaJebi TavianT cxovrebas ageben

garkveuli principebis mixedviT; zemoT moyvanili opoziciebis struqtura

40

bartis mier am lingvistikuri meTodis gamoyenebam enis gareT arsebuli sxva

diskursiuli sistemebis mimarT (moda, kino, saWmeli) axali SesaZleblobebi

ganaviTara Tanamedrove kulturul kvlevebis sferoSi. gaCnda imedi, rom

semiotikuri analizis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda enas, gamocdilebasa

da realobas Soris SeumCnveveli zRvari dafiqsirebuliyo da gaanalizebuliyo;

rom zRvari gaucxoebul inteleqtualsa da “namdvil” samyaros Soris

mniSvneladi gaxdariyo da amave dros gamqraliyo. semiologiuri analizi

saSualebas iZleoda momxdariyo kulturis ori dapirispirebuli gansazRvrebis

Serigeba — moraluri Sexedulebebisa (am SemTxvevaSi bartis marqsistuli

Sexedulebebi) da popularuli Temebis : sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis Seswavla.

amisaTvis saWiro iyo axali analitikuri midgomebis SemuSaveba. am

Teoretizaciis procesSi cnebam “ideologia” farTo mniSvneloba miiRo. bartma

dainaxa, rom “anonimuri ideologia” ganmsWvalavda socialuri cxovrebis yovel

SesaZlo dones, da vlindeboda yvelaze yofiT ritualSic ki da sazRvravda

yvelaze araformalur socialur Sexvedrebs. magram rogor SeiZleba ideologia

iyos anonimuri? da rogor SeiZleba mas mieniWos farTo mniSvneloba?

ideologia

“germanul ideologiaSi” marqsi aCvenebs, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikuri

struqturis safuZveli dafarulia warmoebis subieqtebis cnobierebisgan.

ideologiis axali gagebis mixedviT, moCvenebiTis miRma namdvili urTierTobebis

danaxvis warumatebloba ar aris gamowveuli imiT, rom TiTqos SeniRbvis mizniT

xdeba garkveuli operaciebi, romlebic tardeba individebis, socialuri

jgufebis an institutebis mier. amis sawinaaRmdegod, ideologia warmoadgens

cnobierebis miRma arsebul fenomens. “normaluri xedvis” doneze, ideologiuri

CarCoebi yvelaze mtkiced kristaldeba da yvelaze efeqturic aris, radganac

maTi ideologiuri xasiaTi yvelaze ufro kargad ifareba swored am doneze.

rogorc stuart holi ambobs, ideologiis gamWvirvaloba, bunebrioba,

uaryofa imisa, rom moxdes im winapirobebis gadasinjva, romelsac ideologia

efuZneba, misi winaaRmdegoba cvlilebis an koreqciis mimarT, misi pirdapir

cnobadobis efeqti da Caketili wre, romelSic is moZraobs, "Cveulebriv aRqmas"

aniWebs rogorc “spontanur”, aseve ideologiur da aracnobier xasiaTs. Tqven ar

SegiZliaT, Cveulebrivi gziT, gaigoT sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenen sagnebi:

Tqven mxolod gaarkvevT, sad unda iyvnen isini sagnebis raRac erTobliobis

farglebSi. am gziT xdeba status quo -s dakanoneba da ideologiis mediumad

gadaqceva, sadac winapirobebi moCvenebiTi gamWvirvalobis miRma SeumCneveli

xdeba. (holi, 1977)

imdenad ramdenadac ideologia ganmsWvalavs yoveldRiurobis diskurss

“Cveulebrivi, saRi azris” formiT, misi gamijvna yoveldRiurobisgan rTuli

xdeba; is warmoadgens TviTkmari “politikuri mosazrebebis” an “mikerZoebuli

Sexedulebebis” erTobliobas. misi arc msoflmxedvelobebis abstraqtul

ganzomilebebamde dayvana SeiZleba da arc marqsistuli perspeqtividan

gamomdinare “yalb cnobierebad” monaTvla. aramed rogorc lui alTuzerma

miuTiTa:

“ideologias bevri araferi akavSirebs “cnobierebasTan”. is siRrmiseulad

aracnobieri fenomenia. ideologia warmoadgens reprezentaciis sistemas, magram

umeteswilad es reprezentaciebi “cnobierebasTan” kavSirSi ar imyofeba, aramed

isini warmoadgenen gagebul-miRebul-gancdil kulturul obieqtebs, romlebic

funqciurad moqmedeben adamianebze raRac procesis saSualebiT, romelsac

adamianebi ver acnobiereben” da Sesabamisad eqcevian garkveul struqturebSi

TavianTi “cnobierebisgan” damoukideblad. (alTuzeri, 1969).

miuxedavad imisa, rom aq alTuzeri saubrobs im struqturebze, rogoric aris

mag., ojaxi, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi, a.S. Cven aseve SeiZleba

moviyvanoT fizikuri struqturis magaliTi. ganaTlebis yvelaze Tanamedrove

institutebi, maTi moCvenebiTi neitralurobis miuxedavad, implicituri

idologiuri Sexedulebebis matarebelni arian, romlebic Semdeg myari

49

dayofilia aqtiur/maskulinur da pasiur/feminur komponentebad.

melvim ganasxvava sami tipis mzera: kinokameridan movlenisken an scenaze

mimarTuli mzera; mzera mayureblidan ekranze ganxorcielebuli movlenis

mimarTulebiT da filmSi personaJebs Soris urTierTgacvliTi mzera. melvis

mixedviT, es sami tipis mzera organizebulia swored zemoT xsenebuli

dixotomiis irgvliv. erTi mxriv, mamakacebi warmoadgenen am mzeris matareblebs

(aqtiuri Tvali) filmSi, feminuri ki kodirebulia rogorc vizualuri sanaxaoba

(pasiuri obieqti romelsac uyureben) meores mxriv, mayureblis Tvali

identificirdeba mamakac personaJTan. aqedan gamomdinare, malvi Tvlis, rom

Seimcneva genderuli disbalansi, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu rogor arian

warmosaxuli mamakaci personaJebi filmis siuJetSi. mamakacebis warmosaxva

ekranze erotiuli, sanaxaobiTi mniSvnelobisgan daclilia. mamakaci akon-

trolebs mzeris dinamikas.

aq xorcieldeba individis adgil-mdebareobis gansazRvra, konkretuli subi-

eqtis poziciad Camoyalibeba, romelic mocemulia garkveuli reprezentaciis

farglebSi; es reprezentacia ki organizebulia skokofiliuri survilebisa da

aracnobieri identifikaciebis safuZvelze. rac TavisTavad warmoadgens im

process, romelic axdens seqsualuri Tu genderuli gansxvavebulobis

imitacias.

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi

roland barti, Sveicarel lingvist ferdinand sosuris naazrevze

dayrdnobiT Seecada gamoevlina kulturuli fenomenis TviTneburi xasiaTi da

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dafaruli mniSvnelobebi. barts ar ainteresebda kargis

cudisgan gamorCeva Tanamedrove maskulturaSi, aramed mas surda eCvenebina

Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebebis erTi mxriv, spontanuri formebi da

ritualebi rogor ganicdian sistemur damaxinjebas, da meore mxriv, rom

nebismier momentSi e.w. bunebrivad aRiarebuli formebis deistorizacia aris

mosalodneli, maTi miTad qcevis saSualebiT.

“mTeli safrangeTi am anonimuri ideologiis monawilea: Cveni presa, filmebi,

Teatri, literatura, ritualebi, sasamarTlo sistema, diplomatia, saubrebi,

Cveni Sexedulebebi amindis, mkvlelobis, sasamarTlos, qorwilis, samzareulos,

samoseli, romelic Cven gvacvia, yvelaferi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

damokidebulia im gamosaxulebaze, anu reprezentaciaze, romelsac burJuazias

aqvs da aseve Cvenc Tavs gvaxvevs samyarosa da adamianebs Soris damo-

kidebulebasTan mimarTebaSi (barti, 1972).

bartis mier Camoyalibebuli kulturis cneba biblioTekas, operasa da

Teatrs scildeba da moicavs yoveldRiurobas. Tumca es yoveldRiuroba

bartisTvis muqariT aris aRsavse da ufro sistemurad organizebuli xasiaTi

aqvs. bartisTvis “miTi warmoadgens laparakis tips”. is Tavis naSromSi,

miTologiebi gansazRvravs wesebis, kodebisa da konvenciebis dafarul

erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac garkveuli socialuri jgufebisTvis (e.i.

visac Zalaufleba gaaCnia) mniSvnelobebi xdeba universaluri da "winaswar

mocemuli" mTeli sazogadoebisTvis.

barti miuTiTebda iseT fenomenebze, mag., rogoric aris saWidao matCi,

mwerloba, turizmi. bartis mixedviT, am fenomenebs xelovnuri buneba

axasiaTebT, gaaCniaT garkveuli ideologiuri sayrdeni. TiToeuli maTgani erTsa

da imave ritorikis farglebSi Camoyalibda (is rac normalurad miRebulia — am

ritorikis farglebSi) da gadaiqca miTad, anu “semiologiuri sistemis meoradi

wesrigis” ubralo elementad (barti 1972). qvemoT, ufro detalurad ganvixilavT

bartis mier Jurnal "pari matCis" garekanze dabeWdil fotos, sadac zangi

jariskaci salutiT dgas frangul droSasTan; fotos gaaCnia pirveladi da

meoradi wesrigis konotacia : pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saluti erTgulebis Jestad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram, amave dros, imasac viTvaliswinebT, rom safrangeTi

aris udidesi imperia, da yvela misi Svili, kanis feris miuxedavad erTgulad

unda emsaxuros safrangeTs.

48

maTTvis garkveuli gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs genderis gansazRvris procesSi.

amave dros, teleserialis naratiuli Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovania, iseve

rogorc teleserialis serialuri forma. Tematika, Txrobis mravali xazi da

gadauWreli narativebi gavlenas axdens qali personaJebis tipebze.

produqtis Seqmnis procesSi, prodiuserebi iTvaliswineben im faqtors, Tu

ra tipis momxmarebelzea maTi produqti orientirebuli da Sesabamisad,

produqts (am SemTxvevaSi teleserials) garkveuli forma eZleva.

teleserialis ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebaa - laparaki/dialogi. laparaki

kulturis CarCoebSi moiazreba rogorc feminuri da moicavs im unarebisa da

gagebis wesebis gamoyenebas, romelic rogorc wesi qalebs axasiaTebT konkretul

socialur da istoriul viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, dialogs teleserialSi

centraluri roli eniWeba. teleserialis ganuwyveteli seriebi mayurebels

aiZulebs mudmivad adevnos Tvali am seriebs, anu damokidebuli gaxados am

seriebze. es ki reklamis mimcemebis, investorebisa da dominanti ideologiis

interesebSi Sedis. teleseriali gadaiqceva samezoblo samyarod, misi gmirebi

cocxldebian da mezoblebis statuss iZenen.

tradiciulad, swored qalebi qmnidnen da amyarebdnen samezoblos da Temis

socialur qselebs: maRaziebsa da supermarketebSi, klinikebsa da skolebSi.

diasaxlisi Cveulebisamebr, socialurobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas

mezoblebisgan iRebda. teleserialis qali mayurebeli amgvarad erTveba sxva

TemSi, fiqciurSi marTalia, magram iseT paralelur samyaroSi, romelic

xasiaTdeba realobis msgavsi problemebiTa da dilemebiT, isini drois

zemoqmedebas ganicdian iseve rogorc mayurebeli, cxovrebis msgavs etapebs

gadian: Relaven, warmatebas aRweven, imedi ucruvdebaT da a.S.

am wesiT, teleseriali ukavSirdeba qalebis auditorias, ramdenadac rogorc

ukve aRiniSna, Txrobis gamoyenebuli formebi qalebis kulturasTan asocirdeba.

sainteresoa, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg rac auditoria miiRebs mowvevas, rom

Seabijos teleserialis samyaroSi.

feministuri analizis mixedviT, mayurebeli uyurebs kameras, romelic

uyurebs gmirs, romelic uyurebs qals; fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,

holivudis filmebis TxrobiTi forma da vizualuri forma Camoyalibda

oidiposis fantaziebisa da mamakacebis aracnobieri tendenciebis zegavleniT.

mzerasa da mzeris mimarTulebas kinoSi, rogorc malvei da sxvani weren,

maskulinuri buneba axasiaTebs, anu subieqti, romelic iqmneba warmoadgens

maskulinuri mzeris Sedegs.

qalis gamosaxulebiT tkboba xdeba mamakacis poziciidan, vizualur

kontrols mamakacis personaJi axorcielebs. xSirad, qali kadris centrSia

moTavsebuli da statikuria, maSin rodesac mamakaci personaJi Tavisuflad

moZraobs rogorc kadrSi, aseve kadrs miRmac. aseTi tipis xedvas didi gavlena

hqonda genderisa da seqsualuri identobebis Camoyalibebaze.

teqstisa da auditoriis urTierTobas gansazRvravs wakiTxvadobis

kompetencia, rac warmoadgens semiotur cnebas. es cneba exeba ganaTlebis gziT

mopovebul interpretaciul CarCoebs da kiTxvis unars, romelic sxvadasxva

socialuri jgufebis mier gamoiyeneba, rata moaxdinon niSnebisa da

reprezentaciebis dekodireba.

kompetenturoba aq ar niSnavs koreqtulobasa da efeqturobas, aramed yofiT

codnasa da perspeqtivebs, romelic gaziarebulia konkretuli wamkiTxvelebis

mier. mocemul socialur jgufebs gansakuTrebuli kulturuli kompetenciebis

floba axasiaTebT; verbaluri an vizualuri enis niSnebi xSirad iReben iseT

mniSvnelobas, rac gasagebia erTi jgufisTvis, xolo gaugebari meoreTaTvis.

gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel klass, eTnikur an sqesobriv jgufs

miekuTvneba, Tu ra ganaTleba an samuSao gamocdileba aqvs mas miRebuli, adamians

Sesabamisad uyalibdeba garkveuli kulturuli kompetenciebi.

frangma kulturis sociologma pier burdiem ganaviTara kulturis

kapitalis cneba, romelic finansuri kapitalis analogiurad socialuri

diferenciaciis wyaroa. finansuri kapitali adamians aZlevs ekonomikuri

usafrTxoebisa da statusis SegrZnebas. finansuri kapitalis msgavsad,

kulturul kapitals Cven imisTvis viyenebT, rom garkveuli codna miviRoT

41

samyaros Sesaxeb; SeviZinoT is praqtikuli kompetenciebi, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs Cvens statussa da pozicias da gvexmareba Cveni Tavis sxvebisgan

gasamijnavad, romlebic naklebad kulturulad kompetenturni migvaCnia.

magaliTad, iseve rogorc tarkovskis filmis gageba Cvengan moiTxovs

kulturuli kapitalis garkveuli formebis flobas — specifikuri artistuli,

lingvisturi, politikuri da kino-diskursebis Sesaxeb elementaruli

informaciis qonas, aseve teleserialebis gagebac moiTxovs Sesabamis kulturul

kompetencias.

Sarlota burnsdonma qalis kulturuli kompetencia uwoda qalebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli problemebis gagebas, mag., rogoric aris ojaxi, ojaxuri sivrce,

personaluri urTierTobebi — problematika ris Sesaxebac teleserialebi

gviyvebian. teleserialebi, rogorc wesi, mimarTaven im kulturul kodebs,

romlebic ZiriTadad qalebis mier gamoiyeneba.

mamakacebze orientirebuli klasikuri filmi ki struqturizebulia mTavari

makontrolirebeli figuris garSemo, romelTanac mayurebeli axdens iden-

tifikacias. teleserialebi ki xazs usvamen individualuri cxovrebis umniS-

vnelobas. klasikur filmSi mayureblis mier mTavar gmirTan identifikacia

iwvevs imas, rom mayurebelic gmirTan erTad garkveuli Zalis matarebeli xdeba.

teleserialSi ki mraval sxvadasxva personaJTan identifikacia mayurebels

piriqiT auZlurebs.

mayurebeli ver identificirdeba im personaJTan, romelic dausrulebuli

qmedebis avtoria. imis magivrad, rom mas mieweros erTi Zlieri ego, romelic

saqmis warmmarTvelia, teleseriali gvTavazobs mraval limitirebul egos,

romelic konfliqtSi imyofeba sxvebTan da sul warumatebelia Tavisi qmedebis

dros, ramdenadac arasdros icis bolomde sxvebis gegmebis, motivaciebisa da

strategiebis Sesaxeb.

amitom qalebis uZlureba/uunarobas am donezec vlindeba. teleserialis

subieqti/mayurebeli warmoadgens idealuri dedis xats: adamiani, romelic ufro

met cxovrebiseul sibrZnes flobs, vidre yvela misi Svili, da romlis

TanagrZnobac moicavs misi ojaxis yvela dapirispirebul mxares (is yvelasTan

axdens identifikacias). am gmirs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi da survilebi ar

gaaCnia. teleserialebi axdenen ojaxis prioritetulobisTvis xazgasmas, ara

idealuri ojaxis warmoCinebiT, aramed ojaxisa, romelic ganuwyvetel krizisSi

imyofeba. teleserialebSi mxolod is sakiTxebi ganixileba, romelTa moTmenac an

patiebac SeiZleba. xolo iseTi sakiTxebi rogoric aris qalebis mier

gamovlenili karieristuli ambiciebi, aborti, qorwinebamde da qorwinebis gareT

seqsi, alkoholizmi, mentaluri da fizikuri Zaladoba, homoseqsualoba an

uaryofidaT fasdeba, an kidev, rogorc wesi, saerTod ignorirebulia.

Tumca, teleserialebis zrdadi ricxvi da popularoba, iseve rogorc

teleserialebis formatSi mamakacebze orientirebuli tele/kino formebis

gamoyeneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom teleseriali sxva JanrebisTvisac kulturuli

resursad gadaiqceva.

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna

1980-iani wlebis SuaSi nel-nela iwyeba "axali mamakacis" xatis Seqmna,

romelic warmoadgenda maskulinobis axal versias. kacis tansacmlis axali

dizainis saSualebiT masobriv reprezentanciebSi kodirebuli iyo "axali

mamakacis" xati. "axali mamakacis" warmoCineba ZiriTadad xdeboda kacis

tansacmlis maRaziebsa da am maRaziebis vitrinebSi, Jurnal-gazeTebsa da

televiziis saSualebiT ganTavsebul reklamaSi.

sainteresoa ganvixiloT, Tu ra kulturuli mniSnveloba hqonda "axali

mamakacis” xats, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur

kulturaSi damkvidrebul maskulinobis ideasTan.

pirvel rigSi, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom genderuli identobebi ar

aris erTgvarovani da fiqsirebuli, aramed eqvemdebareba socialur da

istoriul cvlilebebs. maskulinuri maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi repre-

42

da survili iyo meore adamiani (identifikacia).

aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ori tipis process — katexiziss, obieqtis

mesakuTrisa da gamoyenebiT aspeqts da destruqciul, asimilaciur tendencias

identifikaciis dros. es mesakuTreuli da agresiuli dinebebi obieqt-katexizisa

da identifikaciaSi aSkarad iCens Tavs oidiposis kompleqsSi. oidiposis

kompleqsi bavSvis ganviTarebis procesSi gadamwyvet fazas warmoadgens. swored

am momentSi genderul identobasa da seqsualobas (an seqsualuri obieqtis

arCevas) fiqsirebuli saxe aqvs. aseve am periodSive xdeba sxva ori cnebis

gamovlena, esenia skopofiliisa da narcisizmis cnebebi.

naSromSi, “sami esse seqsualobis Teoriis Sesaxeb” froidi ambobs, rom

siamovnebis miReba yurebisas aris adamianuri seqsualobis Semadgeneli nawili.

siamovneba yurebisas anu skopofilia SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxva arxebiT,

erT-erTi maTgania - adamianis formiT tkboba. froidma am tkbobas narcisizmi

uwoda, rac mas identifikaciis meqanizmis axsnaSi daexmara. froidis mixedviT,

identifikaciis tendenciis narcisistul gamovlinebas ufro aracnobieri saxe

hqonda da scildeboda individis TviTcnobierebis farglebs.

identifikacia froidisTvis ara mxolod skokofiliuri tendenciis

narcisistuli komponentebis organizebas axdenda, aramed aseve moicavda

gaorebis process rac vlindeba froidis mier aRweril oidiposis dramaSi.

oidiposis krizisis procesSi da Semdeg mis warmatebiT gadalaxvis dros — "biWi"

irCevs maskulinur identifikacias mamasTan da am procesSi xdeba mamis mimarT

arsebuli adreuli agresiuli fantaziebis Canacvleba. Tumca es maskulinuri

identifikacia, xels uSlis Semdeg "biWs" moaxdinos feminuri identifikacia

dedasTan. oidiposis scenarSi, froidi xazs usvams seqsualuri gansxvavebulobis

da seqsualuri identobis formacias arCevanis gakeTebis dros ganxorcielebul

identifikaciasa (biWis SemTxvevaSi maskulinuri) da im identifikacias Soris,

romelic uariyofa (feminuri). froidis mixedviT, xdeba uaryofili identifika-

ciis aqtiuri represireba, rac Semdeg sul Tan sdevs adamians. fsiqoanalitikuri

xedvidan gamomdinare, fiqsirebul seqsualuri identobasa da seqsualur

gansxvavebulobas yovelTvis arastabiluri xasiaTi aqvT da bolomde maTi

miRweva ar xdeba. subiqti rCeba gaorebuli, erTianobis msxvrevadi SegrZnebiT.

froidis mier arCevanis gakeTebis periodis dros identifikaciis

ganxorcieleba warmoadgens frangi Teoretikosisa da fsiqoanalitikosis Jak

lakanis Teoriis centralur komponents. lakani ToTo bavSvis mier sakuTari

Tavis aRqmas (sarkis safexuri, rogorc me-s funqciis maformirebeli), mis pirvel

TviTidentifikacias gansazRvravs ToTo bavSvis sarkeSi gamosaxulebis aRqmis

saSualebiT — rodesac bavSvi uyurebs Tavis anarekls sarkeSi, an kidev dedis

TvalebSi areklil sakuTar Tavs. lakani ambobs, rom am dros bavSvi sakuTar Tavs

aRiqvams rogorc sarkis gamosaxulebas. swored am dros xdeba pirveladi

narcisuli identifikacia, romelic warmoadgens yvela momavali identifikaciis

safuZvelsa da prototips.

mayureblad yofnis fenomeni

ra aris mniSvnelovani froidisa da lakanis mier identifikaciis moazrebaSi —

narcisizmisa da skopofiliis fenomenebis aRwerisas — es aris identifikaciis

struqturebis vizualuri xasiaTi. 1970-ian wlebis kinos TeoriaSi, Teoreti-

kosebma ganaviTares froidisa da lakanis Sexedulebebi da maTi Teoria miuyenes

kino-reprezentaciebis analizs. isini xazs usvamdnen vizualuri enis Zalas

vizualuri kulturis momxmareblebze da SemogvTavazes yurebisa da

identifikaciis genderuli dayofa.

lora melvi, Tavis eseSi “vizualuri siamovneba da naratiuli kino”

aanalizebs yurebis fenomens. melvis mixedviT, naratiuli kino axdenda

skopofiliuri instiqtis (ego libido) narcisistuli aspeqtebis mobilizebas da

voieristuli da fetiSisturi komponentebis (obiqti-katexizisi) xazgasmas. misi

azriT, adgili aqvs mayureblis fenomenis specifikur organizebas skopofiliur

survilebTan mimarTebaSi, ris mixedviTac yurebis dros siamovnebis miReba

47

subieqtivizaciaze an daqvemdebarebaze, sadac Zalauflebas isev centraluri

roli eniWeba. Zalauflebis urTierTobebs SeuZliaT materialurad imoqmedon

subieqtze subieqtis sakuTari reprezentaciebis mediaciaze damokidebulebis

gareSe. individebs garkveuli poziciebi ukaviaT garkveul diskursSi, isini

warmoadgenen Zalauflebis produqtebs. magaliTad, Zalauflebis urTierTobe-

bis zemoqmedebam individebis sxeulze SeiZleba gamovlineba povos sxeulisTvis

miniWebuli siamovnebis gaZlierebis gziT, sxeulis Weris manera, moZraoba da

garkveuli praqtikis danergva dakavSirebulia swored dominanti diskuris

zegavlenasTan.

diskursisa da individis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens produqtiul

urTierTobas, Zalaufleba Seadgens individis bunebasa da individis qcevas.

fukos aseTi mosazrebebi sagulisxmoa rodesac reprezentaciaze vsaubrobT,

Tumca fuko nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im faqts, rom individebma SeiZleba

pasiurad ar miiRon maTTvis Tavs moxveuli qcevis wesebi da SeewinaRmdegon

Zalauflebis urTierTobebs, romlebic maT garkveuli poziciisken ubiZgebs.

gviandel naSromebSi fuko exeba "me"- s teqnologiebs, an praqtikas. is ambobs, rom

subieqts Seadgens simboluri sistema. ara mxolod simboloebiT TamaSis

saSualebiT xdeba subieqtis warmoqmna, aramed is warmoiqmneba realur

praqtikaSi.

eseSi "me"-s teqnologiebi (1988) fuko gamoyofs oTxi tipis teqnologias

(warmoeba-produqciis, niSanTa sistemis, Zalauflebisa da "me"-s). "me"-s

teqnologiebi saSualebas aZleven individebs rom sakuTarive saSualebebiT an

sxvebis daxmarebiT Caataron garkveuli operaciebi TavianT sxeulebze da

sulebze, azrebze, qcevaze da yofaze, rom moaxdinon sakuTari Tavebis gardaqmna

bednierebis, siwmindis, sibrZnis, srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis mopovebis

mizniT. teqnologiebi, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, me-s teqnikebi warmoadgenen

garkveul teqnikas an praqtikas, romlis saSualebiTac subieqtis poziciebi

ukaviaT individebs.

aq fuko istoriul individebs ufro farTod moiazrebs da Tvlis, rom maTi

urTierToba diskursebTan dinamikur process atarebs. Tumca, isini mainc

Zalaufleba- codnis sferoebSi yalibdebian, konkretuli diskursebis

farglebSi.

amrigad, miSel fukos midgoma sainteresoa Semdegi kuTxiT, rom "axali

mamakacis" xatebi aRviqvaT rogorc reprezentaciis garkveuli reJimi; rom

yurebisa Tu mayureblis reJimi iqmneba garkveuli adgilebis saSualebiT, sadac

es xatebi mniSvnelobs, rogoric aris maRaziebi, masmediis saSualebebi, a.S.

swored am adgilebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT xdeba "axali mamakacis"

rogorc istoriuli identobis Seqmna.

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti

kulturis mkvlevrebisTvis fsiqoanalizma aseve saintereso msjeloba

Semoitana, romelic exeba imas, Tu ra gavlena aqvT reprezentaciul sistemebs

namdvil istoriul individebze. mniSvnelovania - fsiqoanalizidan aRebuli sami

cneba: identifikaciis, skopofiliisa da narcisizmis. samive cneba gvexmareba

ukeTesad gavigoT genderuli identobebis Camoyalibeba reprezentaciebis

CarCoebSi, da Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs yurebasa da mayureblobas, romlebic am

process garkveul formas aZleven.

identifikacia warmoadgens ZiriTad cnebas am sam cnebas Soris. esseSi

“jgufis fsiqologia da egos analizi”, froidi (1977) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs

ori tipis urTierTobas, romlebSic individebi Sedian. erTis mxriv, arsebobs

urTierToba obieqtTan, romelic moicavs libidinaluri energiebis fokusirebas

(seqsualuri impulsebi) meore adamianze. meore tipis identifikaciis dros xdeba

proeqcia gamomdinare msgavsebidan individsa da meore pirs Soris, rasac moyveba

sakuTari egos morgeba Tu mimsgavseba meore adamianis egoze. froidi Tvlis, rom

es gansxvavebuloba aris ori tipis survilis sxvaoba: survili rom

gyavdes/gekuTvnodes meore adamiani (romelsac is uwodebs katexiziss - obieqts)

46

zentaciuli sistemebis rolis ganxilvisas, iseve rogorc vizualuri

reprezentaciebis analizis dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia frangi filosofosis

miSel fukos mosazrebebi diskursis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi.

adreuli naSromebi mamakacebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iZleoda im Tvisebebisa da

atributebis suraTs, romelic maskulinobas ganixilavda rogorc problemur

kategorias. wignebSi mag., mamakacebis seqsualoba (metkalfi da hamfri, 1985)

avtorebi aRwerdnen maskulinobas, romelsac axasiaTebda agresia, konkurencia,

emociuri uunaroba, sicive da mxolod orgazmze, sakuTar dakmayofilebaze

orientirebul seqsze aqcenti. Tumca, amave dros, aRiniSneboda, rom mamakacebi

kritikulad udgebodnen TavianT maskulinobas — isini garkveuli SiSiT, dardiTa

da tkiviliT ekidebodnen maTTvis winaswar mocemul maskulinobis scenarebs,

romlebsac isini unda damorCilebodnen; mamakacebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi

seqsualuri unarebis gamovlineba, emociebisgan gaucxoeba, mamebTan cudi

urTierToba. Sesabamisad, ixateboda maskulinobis winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi.

erTi mxriv, warmoCenili iyo maskulinobis farTod gaziarebuli idea,

romelic asocirdeboda mamakacebis ZalauflebasTan qalebTan mimarTebaSi,

meore mxriv ki, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli kulturuli warmodgenebi mamakacebs

tvirTad awveboda. mogvianebiT mividnen im azramde, rom maskulinobis cnebis

calsaxad da erTgvarovnad moazreba aramarTebulia, rom arsebobs maskulinobis

gamovlinebis sxvadasxva forma.

rogorc viksi aRniSnavs (viksi, 1981, 1985), daiwyo iseTi sakiTxebis xelaxla

ganxilva rogoric iyo seqsi, politika, sazogadoeba da seqsualoba.

seqsologebis da medicinis warmomadgenlebis mier gabatonebuli diskursis

gadasinjvam ubiZga viqtorianuli periodis maskulinobis Sesaxeb arsebuli

warmodgenebis Sesusteba.

homoseqsualobis nebismieri niSnis gamovlineba mamakacebSi iTvleboda, rom

isini "namdvili” maskulinobis SeZenas verasdros moaxerxebdnen. homoseqsua-

lobas mesame sqesad ganixilavdnen. viksis mixedviT, maskulinobis moazrebisTvis

aucilebelia istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi

ki iseT faqtorebs aqceven yuradRebas, rogoric aris klasi, "rasa" eTnikuroba

da Taoba. swored am faqtorebis gadakveTisas warmoiSoba maskulinobis

garkveuli tipebi.

aseve, maskulinobis gansazRvra xdeba feminurobasTan mimarTebaSi.

davidovis da holis wignSi, "ojaxuri realiebi" (1987) naCvenebia Tu rogor

wamoiSva inglisuri saSualo klasi 1780 - 1850 wlebis periodSi. analizi emyareba

saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mamkacebisa da qalebis pirad Canawerebs.

avtorebi xazs usvamen imas, rom am periodSi warmoqmnili saSualo klasis

maskulinobis moazreba xdeboda ara marto muSaTa klasisa da aristokratuli

fenebis mier gagebuli maskulinobis sapirispirod, aramed zogadad genderuli

gansxvavebulobis fonze. mamakacebis da qalebis Tvisebebi radikalurad

emijneboda erTmaneTs, rac aseve arsebiTi iyo saSualo klasis mamakacebSi maTi

maskulinuri TviTSefasebisTvis.

saSualo fenis profesionalizacia aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saSualo

klasis mamakacebis CarTuloba warmoebaSi, mSeneblobaSi, buRalteriasa da

dazRvevaSi moiTxovda garkveul unarebsa da codnas, romelTa flobac xSirad

gansazRvravda maT maskulinobas. es unarebi aseve upirispirdeboda ara mxolod

aristokrati mamakacebis unarebs (sporti, seqsualuri miRwevebi, azartuli

TamaSebis codna), aramed muSaTa klasis da saSualo klasis qalebisTvis

damaxasiaTebel unarebs.

mamakacobis gancdis gamyareba xdeboda mTeli rigi formaluri da

araformaluri institutebis saSualebiT (mag., mecnieruli da profesiuli

sazogadoebebi, mamakacebis klubebSi gamarTuli Tavyrilobebi). es adgilebi

warmoadgendnen sazogadoebriv sivrceebs, sadac xdeboda maskulinobis

ganmtkiceba. bevrisTvis mag., eklesiaSi siaruli da qristianuli ritualebis

dacva pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli saSualo fenis Sromisadmi TavdadebasTan,

ramdenadac religiis protestantuli xedva gulisxmobda RmerTis mowodebis

danergvas am samyaroSi. biznesis da sawarmoebis warmatebuli gaZRola

iTvleboda RmerTis nebis ganxorcielebad.

43

am rwmenam, mamakacebis tansacmelzec ki pova asaxva. Cacmis stili ufro

uemocio da mkacri gaxda da sagrZnoblad gaemijna qalebis Cacmis stils. 18

saukunis mamakacis Cacmuloba radikalurad gansxvavdeba muqi, mZime, mkacri,

uformo da viwro tansacmlisgan, romlis tarebasac iwyeben mamakacebi gviandel

periodSi.

me-18 saukuneSi da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi saSualo klasis ojaxuri keris

Seqmnam aseve gansazRvra saSualo klasis mamakacis Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba.

mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisgan sazogadoebrivi da piradi sivrceebi. am dros

Camoyalibda saSualo klasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxlisa da ojaxuri keris

konkretuli tipi. qalaqis centrisgan moSorebuli saxlebi aseve Sors iyo

samuSaosa da klasobrivi struqturebisgan. qalebs ekisrebodaT ojaxis Seqmna da

momsaxureba, maSin rodesac saSualo fenis mamakacebi TavianTi maskulinobis

gamovlenas ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sferoSi axdendnen. saSualo klasis

qalebis moqmedebis arealad piradi, ojaxuri samyaro gadaiqca. ojaxuri kera,

mamakacebis maskulinobis erT-erT gamovlinebadac iTvleboda. isini Tavs ar

zogavdnen, radgan gaweuli Sromis safasurad ojaxuri harmonia moepovebinaT.

maT visac ojaxis rCena SeeZloT, isini damoukideblad iTvlebodnen da

sazogadoebrivi Rirseba ematebodaT, Sesabamisad ojaxis finansurad uzrun-

velyofis SesaZleblobas Zalian mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda saSualo fenis

mamakacebisTvis.

maskulinobaze rodesac vmsjelobT, yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT

maskulinursa da feminurs Soris arsebuli dinamika. genderuli urTierTobebis

sfero Zalauflebis urTierTobebs moicavs, rac zogierTi avtorisTvis

miuTiTebs patriarqatis garkveul sistemaze. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

rodesac Zalauflebis urTierTobaze vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT

maskulinobis sxvadasxva formebs Soris arsebuli dominaciis, daqvemdebarebisa

da dapirispirebis gamoxatulebebi.

aseve, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, maskulinoba ar warmoadgens cnebas,

romelic apriori aris mocemuli - qali da feminuroba, mamakaci da maskulinoba

gamogonili kategoriebia; es cnebebi kulturuli mniSvnelobebis produqts

warmoadgenen, romelic moicavs garkveul atributebs da qcevis formebs

konkretul istoriul periodebSi. Tumca, miuxedavad maTi gamogonilobisa, am

cnebebs Cvenze didi gavlena aqvs. Cven gvWirdeba isini, rogorc simyaris gancdisa

da identobis garantia, rac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavis moazrebaSi sxvebTan

mimarTebaSi.

aq unda gavixsenoT enis rogorc struqturis roli, romlis wiaRSic xdeba

mniSvnelobebis warmoeba da aseve diskursis fukoseuli gageba. fukos mixedviT,

diskursi warmoadgens im wesebsa da praqtikas, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemul

istoriul momentSi aqtualur da Semecnebad sakiTxebs.

fukos argumenti diskursiul formirebebTan dakavSirebiT saSualebas

gvaZlevs SeviswavloT ara mxolod erTi an ori privilegirebuli “axali

mamakacis” imiji, aramed davinaxoT regularuli xasiaTis msgavsebebi, romlebic

am axali mamakacis gamoxatulebis sxvadasxva gmovlinebasTan aris dakavSi-

rebuli, reprezentaciis mraval sxvadasxva adgilas. mag., axali mamakacis

gamosaxuleba, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ara mxolod satelevizio reklamebSi

gamoCnda, aramed plakatebze, Jurnalebis ydebsa da JurnalebSi da a.S.

aseve yuradReba unda mieqces specifikur diskursiul kodebs da normebs,

romelTa saSualebiTac maskulinoba aRiniSneba gamocemebis dros, tansacmlis

dizainis Seqmnisa da reklamirebisas. es kodebi exebian sxeuls, gamosaxulebas da

individualur momxmareblur tendenciebs, romlebic Semdeg maskulinobis

garkveul xats qnian.

fukos interesi Zalauflebis urTierTobebis mimarT aseve dagvexmareba am

xatebis SeqmnaSi monawile Zalauflebis dinamikis rolis gaanalizebaSi: romel

kulturul kodebs irCeven maskulinobis xatis agebisas da razea aqcenti

vizualuri siamovnebis miRebis dros.

levi strausis 501 jinsis reklamebSi xazi gasmuli aqvs ara imdenad

mamakacebis kunTian aRnagobas, aramed maTi aRnagobis pasiur seqsualobas.

mamakacis sxeuli aSkarad iTxovs vnebiT aRsavse mzeras. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis

44

Jurnalebis modis fotografiam Seqmna maskulinobis axali kodebi. SeiZleba

gamovyoT axali mamakacis sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani "imiji", romelic 80-ian

wlebSi Seiqmna. es aris "quCis stili", "italiur-amerikuli tipi" da

"konservatiuli ingliselis tipi".

stilis SerCeva xdeboda modelis Sesabamisi fizikuri Tvisebebis SerCevis

saSualebiT. modeli aq axalgazrda iyo, Zlieri, kargad gamokveTili nakvTebiT.

es elementebi biWur sinazes warmoqmnida; maskulinoba vlindeboda mkacri

nakvTebis da mag., saxeze tatuirebuli simbolos xarjze. quCis stili Seexeboda

"biWurobisa" da "simagre — siZlieris" kombinacias, rac TavisTavad masku-

linurobis moazrebis erT-erT winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda; anu sensualoba da

hiper - maskulinoba — es orive Tviseba asocirdeboda am stilTan.

meore, italiur-amerikuli stilis gansazRvrisas, wina planze idga

eTnikuroba, rogorc am axali mamakacis gansazRvreli mTavari elementi.

italiuri warmoSobis amerikeloba niSnavda muqi TeTri feris kans, gamokveTil

nakvTebs da xazgasmul sensualobas (savse tuCebi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

SerCeul modelebs Soris). quCis stilis msgavsad, italiur amerikuli stili

gulisxmobda sensualobisa da simagris sinTezs, sensualoba asocirdeboda kanis

muq ferTan, TvalebTan da savse tuCebTan, romlebic gamokveTili nikapisa da

cxvirebis fonze italiel-amerikeli "maCos" imijs qmnida.

konservatiuli ingliselobis warmoCenisas modelebs mkrTali TeTri kani,

saxis nazi nakvTebi da Ria Tmis feri unda hqonodaT. Tmis stili gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo konservatiuli ingliselobis xazgasasmelad. Tma aWrili iyo

gverdebze, kefaze ki sakmarisad grZeli, rata misi ukan gadavarcxna SesaZlebeli

yofiliyo. Tma modelebs ise hqondaT SeWrili, rom odnav win gadmovardniliyo,

rac grZeli Tmis iluzias qmnida, maSin rodesac maskulinuri disciplinis iers

ar kargavda da civilurad mowesrigebul iers inarCunebda.

samive SemTxvevaSi, tansacmeli romelic modelebs ecvaT maskulinuri iyo da

xSirad xazs usvamda mkvriv aRnagobas. modelebis gamometyveleba da dgomis

manera miuTiTebda maT damoukideblobasa da TviTrwmenaze, iseve rogorc

narcisistul TviTSefasebaze.

am gamosaxulebebis adresati mamakaci identificirdeboda modelTan da

cdilobda msgavsi imiji Seeqmna.

maRaziebi mamakacebs maskulinobis am kodebis realizaciis saSualebas aZlev-

da. maT SeeZloT moesinjaT da moezomaT tansacmeli, komunikacia daemyarebinaT

maRaziaSi momuSavebTan — rac tansacmlis yidvis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia.

maRaziis interieri da vitrina amgvarad warmoadgens mamakacebisTvis Tavisi

Tavis movlis/Seqmnis privilegirebul sivrces, sadac axali mamakacis xati

iqmneba. vizualuri siamovnebis miReba xdeboda tansacmlis esTeturad gamofenis

Sedegad, magram amave dros zRvari bundovani iyo, Tu vis uyurebdnen surviliTa

da vnebiT- im produqts, romelsac modeli reklamirebas uwevda, Tu Tavad

modelsac, romlis maskulinur sensualobasac xazi hqonda gasmuli. aseTi mzera

Tu istoriulad mxolod homoseqsualuri orientaciis mamakacebis

prerogativad iTvleboda, mogvianebiT yvelas Seexo.

miSel fukos mixedviT, diskursi individebisTvis, subieqtisa (agentis) da

identobis mravali istoriulad specifikuri poziciis matarebelia. rogorc

ukve iTqva, swored es subieqt-poziciebi individebs saSualebas aZleven

imoqmedon an codna SeiZinon mocemul socialur praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT.

amgvarad, popularul warmosaxvaSi xdeba mamakacebis axali subieqti-poziciis

damkvidreba modasTan, stilTan da indivudualur moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi.

magram sainteresoa, Tu rogor moxda am subieqt poziciebis dakaveba mamakacTa

mTeli jgufebis mier. fukos ainteresebs individualobis Tanamedrove formebis

warmoSoba axali codnisa da Zalauflebis qselebis saSualebiT.

centraluri mqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac fuko cdilobs gaigos is

procesi, romelic xels uwyobs istoriul individebs daeqvemdebaron garkveul

diskursiul poziciebs aris Zalauflebis funqcionireba diskursis CarCoebSi.

fuko Tvlis, rom qcevis kodebis normad damkvidreba, rac individebze sazRvrebs

awesebs, aseve qmnis subieqtisa da individualobis konkretul formebs.

interviuSi Zalauflebisa da codnis Sesaxeb (1980) fuko saubrobs

45

am rwmenam, mamakacebis tansacmelzec ki pova asaxva. Cacmis stili ufro

uemocio da mkacri gaxda da sagrZnoblad gaemijna qalebis Cacmis stils. 18

saukunis mamakacis Cacmuloba radikalurad gansxvavdeba muqi, mZime, mkacri,

uformo da viwro tansacmlisgan, romlis tarebasac iwyeben mamakacebi gviandel

periodSi.

me-18 saukuneSi da me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi saSualo klasis ojaxuri keris

Seqmnam aseve gansazRvra saSualo klasis mamakacis Taviseburebebis Camoyalibeba.

mkacrad gaimijna erTmaneTisgan sazogadoebrivi da piradi sivrceebi. am dros

Camoyalibda saSualo klasisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxlisa da ojaxuri keris

konkretuli tipi. qalaqis centrisgan moSorebuli saxlebi aseve Sors iyo

samuSaosa da klasobrivi struqturebisgan. qalebs ekisrebodaT ojaxis Seqmna da

momsaxureba, maSin rodesac saSualo fenis mamakacebi TavianTi maskulinobis

gamovlenas ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sferoSi axdendnen. saSualo klasis

qalebis moqmedebis arealad piradi, ojaxuri samyaro gadaiqca. ojaxuri kera,

mamakacebis maskulinobis erT-erT gamovlinebadac iTvleboda. isini Tavs ar

zogavdnen, radgan gaweuli Sromis safasurad ojaxuri harmonia moepovebinaT.

maT visac ojaxis rCena SeeZloT, isini damoukideblad iTvlebodnen da

sazogadoebrivi Rirseba ematebodaT, Sesabamisad ojaxis finansurad uzrun-

velyofis SesaZleblobas Zalian mniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda saSualo fenis

mamakacebisTvis.

maskulinobaze rodesac vmsjelobT, yovelTvis unda gaviTvaliswinoT

maskulinursa da feminurs Soris arsebuli dinamika. genderuli urTierTobebis

sfero Zalauflebis urTierTobebs moicavs, rac zogierTi avtorisTvis

miuTiTebs patriarqatis garkveul sistemaze. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

rodesac Zalauflebis urTierTobaze vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT

maskulinobis sxvadasxva formebs Soris arsebuli dominaciis, daqvemdebarebisa

da dapirispirebis gamoxatulebebi.

aseve, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, maskulinoba ar warmoadgens cnebas,

romelic apriori aris mocemuli - qali da feminuroba, mamakaci da maskulinoba

gamogonili kategoriebia; es cnebebi kulturuli mniSvnelobebis produqts

warmoadgenen, romelic moicavs garkveul atributebs da qcevis formebs

konkretul istoriul periodebSi. Tumca, miuxedavad maTi gamogonilobisa, am

cnebebs Cvenze didi gavlena aqvs. Cven gvWirdeba isini, rogorc simyaris gancdisa

da identobis garantia, rac gvexmareba sakuTari Tavis moazrebaSi sxvebTan

mimarTebaSi.

aq unda gavixsenoT enis rogorc struqturis roli, romlis wiaRSic xdeba

mniSvnelobebis warmoeba da aseve diskursis fukoseuli gageba. fukos mixedviT,

diskursi warmoadgens im wesebsa da praqtikas, romlebic gansazRvraven mocemul

istoriul momentSi aqtualur da Semecnebad sakiTxebs.

fukos argumenti diskursiul formirebebTan dakavSirebiT saSualebas

gvaZlevs SeviswavloT ara mxolod erTi an ori privilegirebuli “axali

mamakacis” imiji, aramed davinaxoT regularuli xasiaTis msgavsebebi, romlebic

am axali mamakacis gamoxatulebis sxvadasxva gmovlinebasTan aris dakavSi-

rebuli, reprezentaciis mraval sxvadasxva adgilas. mag., axali mamakacis

gamosaxuleba, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ara mxolod satelevizio reklamebSi

gamoCnda, aramed plakatebze, Jurnalebis ydebsa da JurnalebSi da a.S.

aseve yuradReba unda mieqces specifikur diskursiul kodebs da normebs,

romelTa saSualebiTac maskulinoba aRiniSneba gamocemebis dros, tansacmlis

dizainis Seqmnisa da reklamirebisas. es kodebi exebian sxeuls, gamosaxulebas da

individualur momxmareblur tendenciebs, romlebic Semdeg maskulinobis

garkveul xats qnian.

fukos interesi Zalauflebis urTierTobebis mimarT aseve dagvexmareba am

xatebis SeqmnaSi monawile Zalauflebis dinamikis rolis gaanalizebaSi: romel

kulturul kodebs irCeven maskulinobis xatis agebisas da razea aqcenti

vizualuri siamovnebis miRebis dros.

levi strausis 501 jinsis reklamebSi xazi gasmuli aqvs ara imdenad

mamakacebis kunTian aRnagobas, aramed maTi aRnagobis pasiur seqsualobas.

mamakacis sxeuli aSkarad iTxovs vnebiT aRsavse mzeras. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis

44

Jurnalebis modis fotografiam Seqmna maskulinobis axali kodebi. SeiZleba

gamovyoT axali mamakacis sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani "imiji", romelic 80-ian

wlebSi Seiqmna. es aris "quCis stili", "italiur-amerikuli tipi" da

"konservatiuli ingliselis tipi".

stilis SerCeva xdeboda modelis Sesabamisi fizikuri Tvisebebis SerCevis

saSualebiT. modeli aq axalgazrda iyo, Zlieri, kargad gamokveTili nakvTebiT.

es elementebi biWur sinazes warmoqmnida; maskulinoba vlindeboda mkacri

nakvTebis da mag., saxeze tatuirebuli simbolos xarjze. quCis stili Seexeboda

"biWurobisa" da "simagre — siZlieris" kombinacias, rac TavisTavad masku-

linurobis moazrebis erT-erT winaaRmdegobas warmoadgenda; anu sensualoba da

hiper - maskulinoba — es orive Tviseba asocirdeboda am stilTan.

meore, italiur-amerikuli stilis gansazRvrisas, wina planze idga

eTnikuroba, rogorc am axali mamakacis gansazRvreli mTavari elementi.

italiuri warmoSobis amerikeloba niSnavda muqi TeTri feris kans, gamokveTil

nakvTebs da xazgasmul sensualobas (savse tuCebi gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

SerCeul modelebs Soris). quCis stilis msgavsad, italiur amerikuli stili

gulisxmobda sensualobisa da simagris sinTezs, sensualoba asocirdeboda kanis

muq ferTan, TvalebTan da savse tuCebTan, romlebic gamokveTili nikapisa da

cxvirebis fonze italiel-amerikeli "maCos" imijs qmnida.

konservatiuli ingliselobis warmoCenisas modelebs mkrTali TeTri kani,

saxis nazi nakvTebi da Ria Tmis feri unda hqonodaT. Tmis stili gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo konservatiuli ingliselobis xazgasasmelad. Tma aWrili iyo

gverdebze, kefaze ki sakmarisad grZeli, rata misi ukan gadavarcxna SesaZlebeli

yofiliyo. Tma modelebs ise hqondaT SeWrili, rom odnav win gadmovardniliyo,

rac grZeli Tmis iluzias qmnida, maSin rodesac maskulinuri disciplinis iers

ar kargavda da civilurad mowesrigebul iers inarCunebda.

samive SemTxvevaSi, tansacmeli romelic modelebs ecvaT maskulinuri iyo da

xSirad xazs usvamda mkvriv aRnagobas. modelebis gamometyveleba da dgomis

manera miuTiTebda maT damoukideblobasa da TviTrwmenaze, iseve rogorc

narcisistul TviTSefasebaze.

am gamosaxulebebis adresati mamakaci identificirdeboda modelTan da

cdilobda msgavsi imiji Seeqmna.

maRaziebi mamakacebs maskulinobis am kodebis realizaciis saSualebas aZlev-

da. maT SeeZloT moesinjaT da moezomaT tansacmeli, komunikacia daemyarebinaT

maRaziaSi momuSavebTan — rac tansacmlis yidvis procesis ganuyofeli nawilia.

maRaziis interieri da vitrina amgvarad warmoadgens mamakacebisTvis Tavisi

Tavis movlis/Seqmnis privilegirebul sivrces, sadac axali mamakacis xati

iqmneba. vizualuri siamovnebis miReba xdeboda tansacmlis esTeturad gamofenis

Sedegad, magram amave dros zRvari bundovani iyo, Tu vis uyurebdnen surviliTa

da vnebiT- im produqts, romelsac modeli reklamirebas uwevda, Tu Tavad

modelsac, romlis maskulinur sensualobasac xazi hqonda gasmuli. aseTi mzera

Tu istoriulad mxolod homoseqsualuri orientaciis mamakacebis

prerogativad iTvleboda, mogvianebiT yvelas Seexo.

miSel fukos mixedviT, diskursi individebisTvis, subieqtisa (agentis) da

identobis mravali istoriulad specifikuri poziciis matarebelia. rogorc

ukve iTqva, swored es subieqt-poziciebi individebs saSualebas aZleven

imoqmedon an codna SeiZinon mocemul socialur praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT.

amgvarad, popularul warmosaxvaSi xdeba mamakacebis axali subieqti-poziciis

damkvidreba modasTan, stilTan da indivudualur moxmarebasTan mimarTebaSi.

magram sainteresoa, Tu rogor moxda am subieqt poziciebis dakaveba mamakacTa

mTeli jgufebis mier. fukos ainteresebs individualobis Tanamedrove formebis

warmoSoba axali codnisa da Zalauflebis qselebis saSualebiT.

centraluri mqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac fuko cdilobs gaigos is

procesi, romelic xels uwyobs istoriul individebs daeqvemdebaron garkveul

diskursiul poziciebs aris Zalauflebis funqcionireba diskursis CarCoebSi.

fuko Tvlis, rom qcevis kodebis normad damkvidreba, rac individebze sazRvrebs

awesebs, aseve qmnis subieqtisa da individualobis konkretul formebs.

interviuSi Zalauflebisa da codnis Sesaxeb (1980) fuko saubrobs

45

subieqtivizaciaze an daqvemdebarebaze, sadac Zalauflebas isev centraluri

roli eniWeba. Zalauflebis urTierTobebs SeuZliaT materialurad imoqmedon

subieqtze subieqtis sakuTari reprezentaciebis mediaciaze damokidebulebis

gareSe. individebs garkveuli poziciebi ukaviaT garkveul diskursSi, isini

warmoadgenen Zalauflebis produqtebs. magaliTad, Zalauflebis urTierTobe-

bis zemoqmedebam individebis sxeulze SeiZleba gamovlineba povos sxeulisTvis

miniWebuli siamovnebis gaZlierebis gziT, sxeulis Weris manera, moZraoba da

garkveuli praqtikis danergva dakavSirebulia swored dominanti diskuris

zegavlenasTan.

diskursisa da individis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens produqtiul

urTierTobas, Zalaufleba Seadgens individis bunebasa da individis qcevas.

fukos aseTi mosazrebebi sagulisxmoa rodesac reprezentaciaze vsaubrobT,

Tumca fuko nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs im faqts, rom individebma SeiZleba

pasiurad ar miiRon maTTvis Tavs moxveuli qcevis wesebi da SeewinaRmdegon

Zalauflebis urTierTobebs, romlebic maT garkveuli poziciisken ubiZgebs.

gviandel naSromebSi fuko exeba "me"- s teqnologiebs, an praqtikas. is ambobs, rom

subieqts Seadgens simboluri sistema. ara mxolod simboloebiT TamaSis

saSualebiT xdeba subieqtis warmoqmna, aramed is warmoiqmneba realur

praqtikaSi.

eseSi "me"-s teqnologiebi (1988) fuko gamoyofs oTxi tipis teqnologias

(warmoeba-produqciis, niSanTa sistemis, Zalauflebisa da "me"-s). "me"-s

teqnologiebi saSualebas aZleven individebs rom sakuTarive saSualebebiT an

sxvebis daxmarebiT Caataron garkveuli operaciebi TavianT sxeulebze da

sulebze, azrebze, qcevaze da yofaze, rom moaxdinon sakuTari Tavebis gardaqmna

bednierebis, siwmindis, sibrZnis, srulyofilebisa da ukvdavebis mopovebis

mizniT. teqnologiebi, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, me-s teqnikebi warmoadgenen

garkveul teqnikas an praqtikas, romlis saSualebiTac subieqtis poziciebi

ukaviaT individebs.

aq fuko istoriul individebs ufro farTod moiazrebs da Tvlis, rom maTi

urTierToba diskursebTan dinamikur process atarebs. Tumca, isini mainc

Zalaufleba- codnis sferoebSi yalibdebian, konkretuli diskursebis

farglebSi.

amrigad, miSel fukos midgoma sainteresoa Semdegi kuTxiT, rom "axali

mamakacis" xatebi aRviqvaT rogorc reprezentaciis garkveuli reJimi; rom

yurebisa Tu mayureblis reJimi iqmneba garkveuli adgilebis saSualebiT, sadac

es xatebi mniSvnelobs, rogoric aris maRaziebi, masmediis saSualebebi, a.S.

swored am adgilebSi ganxorcielebuli qmedebebiT xdeba "axali mamakacis"

rogorc istoriuli identobis Seqmna.

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti

kulturis mkvlevrebisTvis fsiqoanalizma aseve saintereso msjeloba

Semoitana, romelic exeba imas, Tu ra gavlena aqvT reprezentaciul sistemebs

namdvil istoriul individebze. mniSvnelovania - fsiqoanalizidan aRebuli sami

cneba: identifikaciis, skopofiliisa da narcisizmis. samive cneba gvexmareba

ukeTesad gavigoT genderuli identobebis Camoyalibeba reprezentaciebis

CarCoebSi, da Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs yurebasa da mayureblobas, romlebic am

process garkveul formas aZleven.

identifikacia warmoadgens ZiriTad cnebas am sam cnebas Soris. esseSi

“jgufis fsiqologia da egos analizi”, froidi (1977) erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs

ori tipis urTierTobas, romlebSic individebi Sedian. erTis mxriv, arsebobs

urTierToba obieqtTan, romelic moicavs libidinaluri energiebis fokusirebas

(seqsualuri impulsebi) meore adamianze. meore tipis identifikaciis dros xdeba

proeqcia gamomdinare msgavsebidan individsa da meore pirs Soris, rasac moyveba

sakuTari egos morgeba Tu mimsgavseba meore adamianis egoze. froidi Tvlis, rom

es gansxvavebuloba aris ori tipis survilis sxvaoba: survili rom

gyavdes/gekuTvnodes meore adamiani (romelsac is uwodebs katexiziss - obieqts)

46

zentaciuli sistemebis rolis ganxilvisas, iseve rogorc vizualuri

reprezentaciebis analizis dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia frangi filosofosis

miSel fukos mosazrebebi diskursis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi.

adreuli naSromebi mamakacebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iZleoda im Tvisebebisa da

atributebis suraTs, romelic maskulinobas ganixilavda rogorc problemur

kategorias. wignebSi mag., mamakacebis seqsualoba (metkalfi da hamfri, 1985)

avtorebi aRwerdnen maskulinobas, romelsac axasiaTebda agresia, konkurencia,

emociuri uunaroba, sicive da mxolod orgazmze, sakuTar dakmayofilebaze

orientirebul seqsze aqcenti. Tumca, amave dros, aRiniSneboda, rom mamakacebi

kritikulad udgebodnen TavianT maskulinobas — isini garkveuli SiSiT, dardiTa

da tkiviliT ekidebodnen maTTvis winaswar mocemul maskulinobis scenarebs,

romlebsac isini unda damorCilebodnen; mamakacebs aRelvebdaT TavianTi

seqsualuri unarebis gamovlineba, emociebisgan gaucxoeba, mamebTan cudi

urTierToba. Sesabamisad, ixateboda maskulinobis winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi.

erTi mxriv, warmoCenili iyo maskulinobis farTod gaziarebuli idea,

romelic asocirdeboda mamakacebis ZalauflebasTan qalebTan mimarTebaSi,

meore mxriv ki, maT Sesaxeb arsebuli kulturuli warmodgenebi mamakacebs

tvirTad awveboda. mogvianebiT mividnen im azramde, rom maskulinobis cnebis

calsaxad da erTgvarovnad moazreba aramarTebulia, rom arsebobs maskulinobis

gamovlinebis sxvadasxva forma.

rogorc viksi aRniSnavs (viksi, 1981, 1985), daiwyo iseTi sakiTxebis xelaxla

ganxilva rogoric iyo seqsi, politika, sazogadoeba da seqsualoba.

seqsologebis da medicinis warmomadgenlebis mier gabatonebuli diskursis

gadasinjvam ubiZga viqtorianuli periodis maskulinobis Sesaxeb arsebuli

warmodgenebis Sesusteba.

homoseqsualobis nebismieri niSnis gamovlineba mamakacebSi iTvleboda, rom

isini "namdvili” maskulinobis SeZenas verasdros moaxerxebdnen. homoseqsua-

lobas mesame sqesad ganixilavdnen. viksis mixedviT, maskulinobis moazrebisTvis

aucilebelia istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswineba. Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi

ki iseT faqtorebs aqceven yuradRebas, rogoric aris klasi, "rasa" eTnikuroba

da Taoba. swored am faqtorebis gadakveTisas warmoiSoba maskulinobis

garkveuli tipebi.

aseve, maskulinobis gansazRvra xdeba feminurobasTan mimarTebaSi.

davidovis da holis wignSi, "ojaxuri realiebi" (1987) naCvenebia Tu rogor

wamoiSva inglisuri saSualo klasi 1780 - 1850 wlebis periodSi. analizi emyareba

saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mamkacebisa da qalebis pirad Canawerebs.

avtorebi xazs usvamen imas, rom am periodSi warmoqmnili saSualo klasis

maskulinobis moazreba xdeboda ara marto muSaTa klasisa da aristokratuli

fenebis mier gagebuli maskulinobis sapirispirod, aramed zogadad genderuli

gansxvavebulobis fonze. mamakacebis da qalebis Tvisebebi radikalurad

emijneboda erTmaneTs, rac aseve arsebiTi iyo saSualo klasis mamakacebSi maTi

maskulinuri TviTSefasebisTvis.

saSualo fenis profesionalizacia aseve mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saSualo

klasis mamakacebis CarTuloba warmoebaSi, mSeneblobaSi, buRalteriasa da

dazRvevaSi moiTxovda garkveul unarebsa da codnas, romelTa flobac xSirad

gansazRvravda maT maskulinobas. es unarebi aseve upirispirdeboda ara mxolod

aristokrati mamakacebis unarebs (sporti, seqsualuri miRwevebi, azartuli

TamaSebis codna), aramed muSaTa klasis da saSualo klasis qalebisTvis

damaxasiaTebel unarebs.

mamakacobis gancdis gamyareba xdeboda mTeli rigi formaluri da

araformaluri institutebis saSualebiT (mag., mecnieruli da profesiuli

sazogadoebebi, mamakacebis klubebSi gamarTuli Tavyrilobebi). es adgilebi

warmoadgendnen sazogadoebriv sivrceebs, sadac xdeboda maskulinobis

ganmtkiceba. bevrisTvis mag., eklesiaSi siaruli da qristianuli ritualebis

dacva pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli saSualo fenis Sromisadmi TavdadebasTan,

ramdenadac religiis protestantuli xedva gulisxmobda RmerTis mowodebis

danergvas am samyaroSi. biznesis da sawarmoebis warmatebuli gaZRola

iTvleboda RmerTis nebis ganxorcielebad.

43

samyaros Sesaxeb; SeviZinoT is praqtikuli kompetenciebi, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs Cvens statussa da pozicias da gvexmareba Cveni Tavis sxvebisgan

gasamijnavad, romlebic naklebad kulturulad kompetenturni migvaCnia.

magaliTad, iseve rogorc tarkovskis filmis gageba Cvengan moiTxovs

kulturuli kapitalis garkveuli formebis flobas — specifikuri artistuli,

lingvisturi, politikuri da kino-diskursebis Sesaxeb elementaruli

informaciis qonas, aseve teleserialebis gagebac moiTxovs Sesabamis kulturul

kompetencias.

Sarlota burnsdonma qalis kulturuli kompetencia uwoda qalebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli problemebis gagebas, mag., rogoric aris ojaxi, ojaxuri sivrce,

personaluri urTierTobebi — problematika ris Sesaxebac teleserialebi

gviyvebian. teleserialebi, rogorc wesi, mimarTaven im kulturul kodebs,

romlebic ZiriTadad qalebis mier gamoiyeneba.

mamakacebze orientirebuli klasikuri filmi ki struqturizebulia mTavari

makontrolirebeli figuris garSemo, romelTanac mayurebeli axdens iden-

tifikacias. teleserialebi ki xazs usvamen individualuri cxovrebis umniS-

vnelobas. klasikur filmSi mayureblis mier mTavar gmirTan identifikacia

iwvevs imas, rom mayurebelic gmirTan erTad garkveuli Zalis matarebeli xdeba.

teleserialSi ki mraval sxvadasxva personaJTan identifikacia mayurebels

piriqiT auZlurebs.

mayurebeli ver identificirdeba im personaJTan, romelic dausrulebuli

qmedebis avtoria. imis magivrad, rom mas mieweros erTi Zlieri ego, romelic

saqmis warmmarTvelia, teleseriali gvTavazobs mraval limitirebul egos,

romelic konfliqtSi imyofeba sxvebTan da sul warumatebelia Tavisi qmedebis

dros, ramdenadac arasdros icis bolomde sxvebis gegmebis, motivaciebisa da

strategiebis Sesaxeb.

amitom qalebis uZlureba/uunarobas am donezec vlindeba. teleserialis

subieqti/mayurebeli warmoadgens idealuri dedis xats: adamiani, romelic ufro

met cxovrebiseul sibrZnes flobs, vidre yvela misi Svili, da romlis

TanagrZnobac moicavs misi ojaxis yvela dapirispirebul mxares (is yvelasTan

axdens identifikacias). am gmirs sakuTari moTxovnilebebi da survilebi ar

gaaCnia. teleserialebi axdenen ojaxis prioritetulobisTvis xazgasmas, ara

idealuri ojaxis warmoCinebiT, aramed ojaxisa, romelic ganuwyvetel krizisSi

imyofeba. teleserialebSi mxolod is sakiTxebi ganixileba, romelTa moTmenac an

patiebac SeiZleba. xolo iseTi sakiTxebi rogoric aris qalebis mier

gamovlenili karieristuli ambiciebi, aborti, qorwinebamde da qorwinebis gareT

seqsi, alkoholizmi, mentaluri da fizikuri Zaladoba, homoseqsualoba an

uaryofidaT fasdeba, an kidev, rogorc wesi, saerTod ignorirebulia.

Tumca, teleserialebis zrdadi ricxvi da popularoba, iseve rogorc

teleserialebis formatSi mamakacebze orientirebuli tele/kino formebis

gamoyeneba miuTiTebs imaze, rom teleseriali sxva JanrebisTvisac kulturuli

resursad gadaiqceva.

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna

1980-iani wlebis SuaSi nel-nela iwyeba "axali mamakacis" xatis Seqmna,

romelic warmoadgenda maskulinobis axal versias. kacis tansacmlis axali

dizainis saSualebiT masobriv reprezentanciebSi kodirebuli iyo "axali

mamakacis" xati. "axali mamakacis" warmoCineba ZiriTadad xdeboda kacis

tansacmlis maRaziebsa da am maRaziebis vitrinebSi, Jurnal-gazeTebsa da

televiziis saSualebiT ganTavsebul reklamaSi.

sainteresoa ganvixiloT, Tu ra kulturuli mniSnveloba hqonda "axali

mamakacis” xats, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur

kulturaSi damkvidrebul maskulinobis ideasTan.

pirvel rigSi, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom genderuli identobebi ar

aris erTgvarovani da fiqsirebuli, aramed eqvemdebareba socialur da

istoriul cvlilebebs. maskulinuri maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi repre-

42

da survili iyo meore adamiani (identifikacia).

aq yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ori tipis process — katexiziss, obieqtis

mesakuTrisa da gamoyenebiT aspeqts da destruqciul, asimilaciur tendencias

identifikaciis dros. es mesakuTreuli da agresiuli dinebebi obieqt-katexizisa

da identifikaciaSi aSkarad iCens Tavs oidiposis kompleqsSi. oidiposis

kompleqsi bavSvis ganviTarebis procesSi gadamwyvet fazas warmoadgens. swored

am momentSi genderul identobasa da seqsualobas (an seqsualuri obieqtis

arCevas) fiqsirebuli saxe aqvs. aseve am periodSive xdeba sxva ori cnebis

gamovlena, esenia skopofiliisa da narcisizmis cnebebi.

naSromSi, “sami esse seqsualobis Teoriis Sesaxeb” froidi ambobs, rom

siamovnebis miReba yurebisas aris adamianuri seqsualobis Semadgeneli nawili.

siamovneba yurebisas anu skopofilia SeiZleba warimarTos sxvadasxva arxebiT,

erT-erTi maTgania - adamianis formiT tkboba. froidma am tkbobas narcisizmi

uwoda, rac mas identifikaciis meqanizmis axsnaSi daexmara. froidis mixedviT,

identifikaciis tendenciis narcisistul gamovlinebas ufro aracnobieri saxe

hqonda da scildeboda individis TviTcnobierebis farglebs.

identifikacia froidisTvis ara mxolod skokofiliuri tendenciis

narcisistuli komponentebis organizebas axdenda, aramed aseve moicavda

gaorebis process rac vlindeba froidis mier aRweril oidiposis dramaSi.

oidiposis krizisis procesSi da Semdeg mis warmatebiT gadalaxvis dros — "biWi"

irCevs maskulinur identifikacias mamasTan da am procesSi xdeba mamis mimarT

arsebuli adreuli agresiuli fantaziebis Canacvleba. Tumca es maskulinuri

identifikacia, xels uSlis Semdeg "biWs" moaxdinos feminuri identifikacia

dedasTan. oidiposis scenarSi, froidi xazs usvams seqsualuri gansxvavebulobis

da seqsualuri identobis formacias arCevanis gakeTebis dros ganxorcielebul

identifikaciasa (biWis SemTxvevaSi maskulinuri) da im identifikacias Soris,

romelic uariyofa (feminuri). froidis mixedviT, xdeba uaryofili identifika-

ciis aqtiuri represireba, rac Semdeg sul Tan sdevs adamians. fsiqoanalitikuri

xedvidan gamomdinare, fiqsirebul seqsualuri identobasa da seqsualur

gansxvavebulobas yovelTvis arastabiluri xasiaTi aqvT da bolomde maTi

miRweva ar xdeba. subiqti rCeba gaorebuli, erTianobis msxvrevadi SegrZnebiT.

froidis mier arCevanis gakeTebis periodis dros identifikaciis

ganxorcieleba warmoadgens frangi Teoretikosisa da fsiqoanalitikosis Jak

lakanis Teoriis centralur komponents. lakani ToTo bavSvis mier sakuTari

Tavis aRqmas (sarkis safexuri, rogorc me-s funqciis maformirebeli), mis pirvel

TviTidentifikacias gansazRvravs ToTo bavSvis sarkeSi gamosaxulebis aRqmis

saSualebiT — rodesac bavSvi uyurebs Tavis anarekls sarkeSi, an kidev dedis

TvalebSi areklil sakuTar Tavs. lakani ambobs, rom am dros bavSvi sakuTar Tavs

aRiqvams rogorc sarkis gamosaxulebas. swored am dros xdeba pirveladi

narcisuli identifikacia, romelic warmoadgens yvela momavali identifikaciis

safuZvelsa da prototips.

mayureblad yofnis fenomeni

ra aris mniSvnelovani froidisa da lakanis mier identifikaciis moazrebaSi —

narcisizmisa da skopofiliis fenomenebis aRwerisas — es aris identifikaciis

struqturebis vizualuri xasiaTi. 1970-ian wlebis kinos TeoriaSi, Teoreti-

kosebma ganaviTares froidisa da lakanis Sexedulebebi da maTi Teoria miuyenes

kino-reprezentaciebis analizs. isini xazs usvamdnen vizualuri enis Zalas

vizualuri kulturis momxmareblebze da SemogvTavazes yurebisa da

identifikaciis genderuli dayofa.

lora melvi, Tavis eseSi “vizualuri siamovneba da naratiuli kino”

aanalizebs yurebis fenomens. melvis mixedviT, naratiuli kino axdenda

skopofiliuri instiqtis (ego libido) narcisistuli aspeqtebis mobilizebas da

voieristuli da fetiSisturi komponentebis (obiqti-katexizisi) xazgasmas. misi

azriT, adgili aqvs mayureblis fenomenis specifikur organizebas skopofiliur

survilebTan mimarTebaSi, ris mixedviTac yurebis dros siamovnebis miReba

47

dayofilia aqtiur/maskulinur da pasiur/feminur komponentebad.

melvim ganasxvava sami tipis mzera: kinokameridan movlenisken an scenaze

mimarTuli mzera; mzera mayureblidan ekranze ganxorcielebuli movlenis

mimarTulebiT da filmSi personaJebs Soris urTierTgacvliTi mzera. melvis

mixedviT, es sami tipis mzera organizebulia swored zemoT xsenebuli

dixotomiis irgvliv. erTi mxriv, mamakacebi warmoadgenen am mzeris matareblebs

(aqtiuri Tvali) filmSi, feminuri ki kodirebulia rogorc vizualuri sanaxaoba

(pasiuri obieqti romelsac uyureben) meores mxriv, mayureblis Tvali

identificirdeba mamakac personaJTan. aqedan gamomdinare, malvi Tvlis, rom

Seimcneva genderuli disbalansi, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu rogor arian

warmosaxuli mamakaci personaJebi filmis siuJetSi. mamakacebis warmosaxva

ekranze erotiuli, sanaxaobiTi mniSvnelobisgan daclilia. mamakaci akon-

trolebs mzeris dinamikas.

aq xorcieldeba individis adgil-mdebareobis gansazRvra, konkretuli subi-

eqtis poziciad Camoyalibeba, romelic mocemulia garkveuli reprezentaciis

farglebSi; es reprezentacia ki organizebulia skokofiliuri survilebisa da

aracnobieri identifikaciebis safuZvelze. rac TavisTavad warmoadgens im

process, romelic axdens seqsualuri Tu genderuli gansxvavebulobis

imitacias.

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi

roland barti, Sveicarel lingvist ferdinand sosuris naazrevze

dayrdnobiT Seecada gamoevlina kulturuli fenomenis TviTneburi xasiaTi da

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis dafaruli mniSvnelobebi. barts ar ainteresebda kargis

cudisgan gamorCeva Tanamedrove maskulturaSi, aramed mas surda eCvenebina

Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebebis erTi mxriv, spontanuri formebi da

ritualebi rogor ganicdian sistemur damaxinjebas, da meore mxriv, rom

nebismier momentSi e.w. bunebrivad aRiarebuli formebis deistorizacia aris

mosalodneli, maTi miTad qcevis saSualebiT.

“mTeli safrangeTi am anonimuri ideologiis monawilea: Cveni presa, filmebi,

Teatri, literatura, ritualebi, sasamarTlo sistema, diplomatia, saubrebi,

Cveni Sexedulebebi amindis, mkvlelobis, sasamarTlos, qorwilis, samzareulos,

samoseli, romelic Cven gvacvia, yvelaferi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

damokidebulia im gamosaxulebaze, anu reprezentaciaze, romelsac burJuazias

aqvs da aseve Cvenc Tavs gvaxvevs samyarosa da adamianebs Soris damo-

kidebulebasTan mimarTebaSi (barti, 1972).

bartis mier Camoyalibebuli kulturis cneba biblioTekas, operasa da

Teatrs scildeba da moicavs yoveldRiurobas. Tumca es yoveldRiuroba

bartisTvis muqariT aris aRsavse da ufro sistemurad organizebuli xasiaTi

aqvs. bartisTvis “miTi warmoadgens laparakis tips”. is Tavis naSromSi,

miTologiebi gansazRvravs wesebis, kodebisa da konvenciebis dafarul

erTobliobas, romlis saSualebiTac garkveuli socialuri jgufebisTvis (e.i.

visac Zalaufleba gaaCnia) mniSvnelobebi xdeba universaluri da "winaswar

mocemuli" mTeli sazogadoebisTvis.

barti miuTiTebda iseT fenomenebze, mag., rogoric aris saWidao matCi,

mwerloba, turizmi. bartis mixedviT, am fenomenebs xelovnuri buneba

axasiaTebT, gaaCniaT garkveuli ideologiuri sayrdeni. TiToeuli maTgani erTsa

da imave ritorikis farglebSi Camoyalibda (is rac normalurad miRebulia — am

ritorikis farglebSi) da gadaiqca miTad, anu “semiologiuri sistemis meoradi

wesrigis” ubralo elementad (barti 1972). qvemoT, ufro detalurad ganvixilavT

bartis mier Jurnal "pari matCis" garekanze dabeWdil fotos, sadac zangi

jariskaci salutiT dgas frangul droSasTan; fotos gaaCnia pirveladi da

meoradi wesrigis konotacia : pirvel SemTxvevaSi, saluti erTgulebis Jestad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram, amave dros, imasac viTvaliswinebT, rom safrangeTi

aris udidesi imperia, da yvela misi Svili, kanis feris miuxedavad erTgulad

unda emsaxuros safrangeTs.

48

maTTvis garkveuli gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs genderis gansazRvris procesSi.

amave dros, teleserialis naratiuli Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovania, iseve

rogorc teleserialis serialuri forma. Tematika, Txrobis mravali xazi da

gadauWreli narativebi gavlenas axdens qali personaJebis tipebze.

produqtis Seqmnis procesSi, prodiuserebi iTvaliswineben im faqtors, Tu

ra tipis momxmarebelzea maTi produqti orientirebuli da Sesabamisad,

produqts (am SemTxvevaSi teleserials) garkveuli forma eZleva.

teleserialis ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebaa - laparaki/dialogi. laparaki

kulturis CarCoebSi moiazreba rogorc feminuri da moicavs im unarebisa da

gagebis wesebis gamoyenebas, romelic rogorc wesi qalebs axasiaTebT konkretul

socialur da istoriul viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, dialogs teleserialSi

centraluri roli eniWeba. teleserialis ganuwyveteli seriebi mayurebels

aiZulebs mudmivad adevnos Tvali am seriebs, anu damokidebuli gaxados am

seriebze. es ki reklamis mimcemebis, investorebisa da dominanti ideologiis

interesebSi Sedis. teleseriali gadaiqceva samezoblo samyarod, misi gmirebi

cocxldebian da mezoblebis statuss iZenen.

tradiciulad, swored qalebi qmnidnen da amyarebdnen samezoblos da Temis

socialur qselebs: maRaziebsa da supermarketebSi, klinikebsa da skolebSi.

diasaxlisi Cveulebisamebr, socialurobis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas

mezoblebisgan iRebda. teleserialis qali mayurebeli amgvarad erTveba sxva

TemSi, fiqciurSi marTalia, magram iseT paralelur samyaroSi, romelic

xasiaTdeba realobis msgavsi problemebiTa da dilemebiT, isini drois

zemoqmedebas ganicdian iseve rogorc mayurebeli, cxovrebis msgavs etapebs

gadian: Relaven, warmatebas aRweven, imedi ucruvdebaT da a.S.

am wesiT, teleseriali ukavSirdeba qalebis auditorias, ramdenadac rogorc

ukve aRiniSna, Txrobis gamoyenebuli formebi qalebis kulturasTan asocirdeba.

sainteresoa, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg rac auditoria miiRebs mowvevas, rom

Seabijos teleserialis samyaroSi.

feministuri analizis mixedviT, mayurebeli uyurebs kameras, romelic

uyurebs gmirs, romelic uyurebs qals; fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT,

holivudis filmebis TxrobiTi forma da vizualuri forma Camoyalibda

oidiposis fantaziebisa da mamakacebis aracnobieri tendenciebis zegavleniT.

mzerasa da mzeris mimarTulebas kinoSi, rogorc malvei da sxvani weren,

maskulinuri buneba axasiaTebs, anu subieqti, romelic iqmneba warmoadgens

maskulinuri mzeris Sedegs.

qalis gamosaxulebiT tkboba xdeba mamakacis poziciidan, vizualur

kontrols mamakacis personaJi axorcielebs. xSirad, qali kadris centrSia

moTavsebuli da statikuria, maSin rodesac mamakaci personaJi Tavisuflad

moZraobs rogorc kadrSi, aseve kadrs miRmac. aseTi tipis xedvas didi gavlena

hqonda genderisa da seqsualuri identobebis Camoyalibebaze.

teqstisa da auditoriis urTierTobas gansazRvravs wakiTxvadobis

kompetencia, rac warmoadgens semiotur cnebas. es cneba exeba ganaTlebis gziT

mopovebul interpretaciul CarCoebs da kiTxvis unars, romelic sxvadasxva

socialuri jgufebis mier gamoiyeneba, rata moaxdinon niSnebisa da

reprezentaciebis dekodireba.

kompetenturoba aq ar niSnavs koreqtulobasa da efeqturobas, aramed yofiT

codnasa da perspeqtivebs, romelic gaziarebulia konkretuli wamkiTxvelebis

mier. mocemul socialur jgufebs gansakuTrebuli kulturuli kompetenciebis

floba axasiaTebT; verbaluri an vizualuri enis niSnebi xSirad iReben iseT

mniSvnelobas, rac gasagebia erTi jgufisTvis, xolo gaugebari meoreTaTvis.

gamomdinare iqidan, Tu romel klass, eTnikur an sqesobriv jgufs

miekuTvneba, Tu ra ganaTleba an samuSao gamocdileba aqvs mas miRebuli, adamians

Sesabamisad uyalibdeba garkveuli kulturuli kompetenciebi.

frangma kulturis sociologma pier burdiem ganaviTara kulturis

kapitalis cneba, romelic finansuri kapitalis analogiurad socialuri

diferenciaciis wyaroa. finansuri kapitali adamians aZlevs ekonomikuri

usafrTxoebisa da statusis SegrZnebas. finansuri kapitalis msgavsad,

kulturul kapitals Cven imisTvis viyenebT, rom garkveuli codna miviRoT

41

realobidan gaqceva;

kerZo Sinauruli sivrce;

siamovneba;

teleseriali.

maRali kultura/xelovneba — maskulinoba

realizmi;

samganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri daxasiaTeba;

simkacre;

azri;

gaumJRavnebeli, naklebad eqspresiuli qmedeba;

gadamwyveti qmedeba;

namdvili problemebi;

problemebis daZleva;

sazogadoebrivi sivrce;

siZneleebi;

vesterni.

zemoT mocemuli kulturuli dapirispirebebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli.

maRali kulturis perspeqtividan masobrivi garToba naklovania da asocirdeba

Sinaganad feminur TvisebebTan, maSin rodesac kulturuli realizmis maRali

standarti maskulinur RirebulebebTan asocirdeba. es ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom

qalebi ar monawileoben maRali kulturis sferoSi, ubralod rodesac isini amas

akeTeben, iTvleba rom qalebi maskulinur teritoriaze iWrebian da Sedegi

feminuri Tvisebebis daTrgunvaa. am hegemoniuri urTierTdaZabulobis fonze

zemoT moyvanili CamonaTvali ar warmoadgens myarad fiqsirebul opoziciebs,

aramed faseulobebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan uTanxmoebaSi modian da icvlebian

urTierTqmedebis dros.

Sesabamisad, kodebi, romlebic warmoadgenen realobas ar arian mudmivi da

stabiluri, aramed socialuri realobis konstruirebisaTvis brZolis procesSi

xdeba maTi modifikacia; icvleba warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iTvleba

feminurad da ra maskulinurad.

ra kuTxiT SeiZleba teleseriali CaiTvalos qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebel

kulturul formad? rogorc feministebi amboben, teleseriali bolos da

bolos iqmneba im samyaros mier, sadac mamakacebs aqvT Zalaufleba, im

diskursiuli praqtikis CarCoebSi, sadac xdeba maskulinobis, rogorc

dominanturi normis konstruireba.

sainteresoa, rogor axdens masmedia qaluri sivrcis Seqmnas? ra normebi

arsebobs, romlebic xels uwyoben teleserialis rogorc feminuri samyaros

produqtis warmoqmnas? rogor mimarTaven teleserialebi maT ufro da ufro

Sereul mayureblebs?

teleseriali 1930 - ian wlebSi Seiqmna amerikuli komerciuli radio da

sareklamo industriebis mier. am industriebis mizans dRis ganmavlobaSi saxlSi

myofi diasaxlisebisTvis produqtebis gasaReba warmoadgenda. teleserials

hqonda sareklamo datvirTva da ufro efeqturad anacvlebda radiosa da

Jurnal gazeTebSi qalebisTvis gamoyofili svetebis formats. programis

Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen iseTi fiqciuri samyaros Seqmnas, romelic qalebisTvis

iqneboda advilad amosacnobi, sasiamovno da martivad aRsaqmeli, rac saSualebas

miscemda maT paralelurad daelagebinaT saxli da miexedaT bavSvebisTvis.

teleserialis fiqciuri samyaro xasiaTdeba garkveuli opoziciebisa da

gansxvavebulobebis struqturiT. mag., qalebis samyaro moiazreba rogorc

piradi, ojaxur kerasTan da samezoblosTan dakavSirebuli, laparakis

moyvaruli; maSin, rodesac kacebis samyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSan Tvisebia:

sazogadoebrivi saqmiT dakavebuli, samuSaoSi CarTuli, qmediTunariani,

individualisti.

teleserialebSi monawile qali personaJebi TavianT cxovrebas ageben

garkveuli principebis mixedviT; zemoT moyvanili opoziciebis struqtura

40

bartis mier am lingvistikuri meTodis gamoyenebam enis gareT arsebuli sxva

diskursiuli sistemebis mimarT (moda, kino, saWmeli) axali SesaZleblobebi

ganaviTara Tanamedrove kulturul kvlevebis sferoSi. gaCnda imedi, rom

semiotikuri analizis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda enas, gamocdilebasa

da realobas Soris SeumCnveveli zRvari dafiqsirebuliyo da gaanalizebuliyo;

rom zRvari gaucxoebul inteleqtualsa da “namdvil” samyaros Soris

mniSvneladi gaxdariyo da amave dros gamqraliyo. semiologiuri analizi

saSualebas iZleoda momxdariyo kulturis ori dapirispirebuli gansazRvrebis

Serigeba — moraluri Sexedulebebisa (am SemTxvevaSi bartis marqsistuli

Sexedulebebi) da popularuli Temebis : sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis Seswavla.

amisaTvis saWiro iyo axali analitikuri midgomebis SemuSaveba. am

Teoretizaciis procesSi cnebam “ideologia” farTo mniSvneloba miiRo. bartma

dainaxa, rom “anonimuri ideologia” ganmsWvalavda socialuri cxovrebis yovel

SesaZlo dones, da vlindeboda yvelaze yofiT ritualSic ki da sazRvravda

yvelaze araformalur socialur Sexvedrebs. magram rogor SeiZleba ideologia

iyos anonimuri? da rogor SeiZleba mas mieniWos farTo mniSvneloba?

ideologia

“germanul ideologiaSi” marqsi aCvenebs, rom kapitalisturi ekonomikuri

struqturis safuZveli dafarulia warmoebis subieqtebis cnobierebisgan.

ideologiis axali gagebis mixedviT, moCvenebiTis miRma namdvili urTierTobebis

danaxvis warumatebloba ar aris gamowveuli imiT, rom TiTqos SeniRbvis mizniT

xdeba garkveuli operaciebi, romlebic tardeba individebis, socialuri

jgufebis an institutebis mier. amis sawinaaRmdegod, ideologia warmoadgens

cnobierebis miRma arsebul fenomens. “normaluri xedvis” doneze, ideologiuri

CarCoebi yvelaze mtkiced kristaldeba da yvelaze efeqturic aris, radganac

maTi ideologiuri xasiaTi yvelaze ufro kargad ifareba swored am doneze.

rogorc stuart holi ambobs, ideologiis gamWvirvaloba, bunebrioba,

uaryofa imisa, rom moxdes im winapirobebis gadasinjva, romelsac ideologia

efuZneba, misi winaaRmdegoba cvlilebis an koreqciis mimarT, misi pirdapir

cnobadobis efeqti da Caketili wre, romelSic is moZraobs, "Cveulebriv aRqmas"

aniWebs rogorc “spontanur”, aseve ideologiur da aracnobier xasiaTs. Tqven ar

SegiZliaT, Cveulebrivi gziT, gaigoT sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgenen sagnebi:

Tqven mxolod gaarkvevT, sad unda iyvnen isini sagnebis raRac erTobliobis

farglebSi. am gziT xdeba status quo -s dakanoneba da ideologiis mediumad

gadaqceva, sadac winapirobebi moCvenebiTi gamWvirvalobis miRma SeumCneveli

xdeba. (holi, 1977)

imdenad ramdenadac ideologia ganmsWvalavs yoveldRiurobis diskurss

“Cveulebrivi, saRi azris” formiT, misi gamijvna yoveldRiurobisgan rTuli

xdeba; is warmoadgens TviTkmari “politikuri mosazrebebis” an “mikerZoebuli

Sexedulebebis” erTobliobas. misi arc msoflmxedvelobebis abstraqtul

ganzomilebebamde dayvana SeiZleba da arc marqsistuli perspeqtividan

gamomdinare “yalb cnobierebad” monaTvla. aramed rogorc lui alTuzerma

miuTiTa:

“ideologias bevri araferi akavSirebs “cnobierebasTan”. is siRrmiseulad

aracnobieri fenomenia. ideologia warmoadgens reprezentaciis sistemas, magram

umeteswilad es reprezentaciebi “cnobierebasTan” kavSirSi ar imyofeba, aramed

isini warmoadgenen gagebul-miRebul-gancdil kulturul obieqtebs, romlebic

funqciurad moqmedeben adamianebze raRac procesis saSualebiT, romelsac

adamianebi ver acnobiereben” da Sesabamisad eqcevian garkveul struqturebSi

TavianTi “cnobierebisgan” damoukideblad. (alTuzeri, 1969).

miuxedavad imisa, rom aq alTuzeri saubrobs im struqturebze, rogoric aris

mag., ojaxi, kulturuli da politikuri institutebi, a.S. Cven aseve SeiZleba

moviyvanoT fizikuri struqturis magaliTi. ganaTlebis yvelaze Tanamedrove

institutebi, maTi moCvenebiTi neitralurobis miuxedavad, implicituri

idologiuri Sexedulebebis matarebelni arian, romlebic Semdeg myari

49

arqiteqturis saxes iReben. yvelaferi winaswar gawerilia, sagnis Sinaars rom

arc ki SevexoT. es gansazRvrulobani ara mxolod imas svams CarCoebSi Tu ra

iswavleba, aramed Tu rogor iswavleba. saswavlo Senobebi pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT dominanti ideologiuri cnebebis warmoebas axdenen, pirvel rigSi,

Tu ra aris ganaTleba; swored am procesis saSualebiT saganmanaTleblo

struqtura, romelic Tavisi bunebiT cvalebadia kiTxvis niSansa Tu daeWvebas

aRar eqvemdebareba da gvevlineba rogorc winaswar mocemuli garemoeba (anu

ucvlelis saxiT).

socialuri urTierTobebi da procesebi Semdeg miewodeba individebs

garkveuli, winaswar gansazRvruli formebis saxiT; es formebi rogorc

aRvniSneT ar aris gamWvirvale. isini Semosilia “sayovelTaod miRebuli azris”

niRbiT, rac maT validurobas aZlevs da amave dros mistificirebas ukeTebs.

swored am formebis gaSifrva surs semiologiur analizs. kulturis yvela

aspeqts semiologiuri faseuloba gaaCnia da yvela mocemuli Tu miRebuli

fenomeni funqcionirebs rogorc niSani: rogorc sakomunikacio sistemaSi

arsebuli elementi, romelic imarTeba semantikuri wesebisa da kodebis mier, rac

TavisTavad gamocdilebaSi ar fiqsirdeba. es niSnebi arian iseTive gaumWvirvale,

rogorc is socialuri urTierTobebi, romlebic maT warmoSobs da Semdeg maT

gamoxatulebas warmoadgens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvela aRmniSvnels

ideologiuri ganzomileba gaaCnia:

niSani ar arsebobs ubralod rogorc realobis nawili — is asaxavs da Semdeg

ganasaxierebs sxva realobas. amitom man SeiZleba daamaxinjos an swored

warmoaCinos mocemuli realoba, an kidev gansakuTrebuli kuTxiT dagvanaxos is.

yvela niSani eqvemdebareba ideologiuri Sefasebis kriteriumebs; ideologiis

sfero emTxveva niSnebis sferos. sadac niSani arsebobs, iqve arsebobs ideo-

logiac. yvelafer ideologiurs aqvs semioturi mniSvneloba” (volosinovi, 1973)

niSnebis ideologiuri ganzomilebis gamosavlenad, Cven unda gavSifroT

kodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis organizeba. “konotaciur”

kodebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. stuart holis mixedviT, isini

socialuri cxovrebis saxes faraven da warmoadgenen mas rogorc klasi-

ficirebad, gasageb da mniSvnelad rames”.

holi am kodebs “mniSvnelobis rukebs uwodebs”, romlebic produqciis

arCevans gansazRvraven. kodebi dominireben potenciuri mniSvnelobebis fonze

da Sedegad zogierTi mniSvneloba ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba, vidre sxva. Cven

vcxovrobT am rukebis farglebSi iseve darwmunebulebi, rogorc “realur “

samyaroSi: isini Cven mogviazreben iseTive wesiT rogorc Cven maT moviazrebT. es

TavisTavad bunebrivi procesia. yvela adamianuri sazogadoeba Tavisi Tavis

kvlav warmoebas axdens “naturalizaciis” procesis saSualebiT. am procesiTve —

socialuri urTierTobebis konkretuli formebi, samyaros organizebis

konkretuli gzebi gveCveneba rogorc universaluri da maradiuli.

magaliTad, alTuzeri ambobs, rom ideologias ar aqvs istoria, da rom

ideologiis es farTo gageba yovelTvis iqneba nebismieri socialuri formaciis

Semadgeneli aucilebeli elementi. Tumca, iseT kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi,

rogoric dasavleTis sazogadoebaa, romelic funqcionirebs kargad klasi-

ficirebuli dayofili muSa xelis saSualebiT, kiTxva ismis, Tu ra konkretul

ideologiebzea aq saubari, romeli jgufebis interesebs warmoadgenen es

ideologiebi, da ra momentSi an ra situaciaSi warmoCindeba isini. am sakiTxis

gasarkvevad Cven, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvixiloT rogor aris dasavlur

sazogadoebaSi Zalaufleba ganawilebuli; anu sazogadoebis romeli jgufebi an

klasebi axdenen socialuri samyaros definicias, mowesrigebasa da

klasifikacias. magaliTad, im saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba, romelTa gziTac

ideebi vrceldeba sazogadoebaSi (mas mediis saSualebebi) ar warmoadgens erTsa

da imaves yvela klasisTvis. zogierT jgufs ufro metis Tqmis ufleba aqvs, sxvani

wesebs adgenen, mniSvnelobebs gansazRvraven, maSin rodesac garkveul nawils

naklebi Zalaufleba gaaCnia imisTvis rom Tavisi wesebi samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb

Tavs moaxvion danarCenebs.

sainteresoa, rogor funqcionirebs specifikuri ideologiebi, rogor

moipovebs zogierTi Zalauflebas, xolo sxvebi ki rCebian marginalebad. Cven

50

qalebis gverdi Jurnal-gazeTebSi, qalebisTvis gankuTvnili filmebi, qalebis

Jurnalebi.

feministuri azri amtkicebs, rom dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mamakacebi adgenen

imas Tu ra iTvleba adamianurad da ra ara; amitom qalebis kultura calke

kulturad aris gamocxadebuli. analogiuri ideologiis farglebSi, sityva

"kaci" SeiZleba aRniSnavdes rogorc kacs aseve qals. magaliTad, inglisur enaSi

xSirad him (mamrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli) aRniSnavs her-sac

(mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvneli nacvalsaxeli).

kulturis genderuli saxe ar aris pirdapir gamokveTili. centralur,

damkvidrebul Rirebulebebs universaluri xasiaTi aqvT da genderuli

gamijvnisgan Tavisuflad ganixilebian. genderi mxolod maSin miiCneva

problematuri sakiTxad, rodesac qalebi, rogorc specifikuri kategoria,

dadgenili normis farglebs scildeba.

magaliTad, teleserialebis kultura iTvleba Zalian mdare xarisxis mqone

kulturad, romelsac ZiriTadad qali mayureblebi hyavs, rac niSnavs, rom xdeba

damkvidrebuli kulturuli Rirebulebidan (anu maskulinuri Rirebulebebidan)

gadaxra. 1970-ian wlebSi, erTma Jurnalistma teleserialebs uwoda "emociuri

porno" frustrirebuli diasaxlisebisTvis. gancda da emocia, iseve rogorc

ojaxuri kera, qalebis kulturul formebTan identificirdeba, amitomac kacebs

ar uyvarT, rodesac maT teleserialebis mayureblebs miaTvlian.

ibadeba Semdegi kiTxvebi: rogor xdeba genderis konstruireba

reprezentaciis dros? ra gavlena aqvs genders kulturul formebze romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba konstruireba? riTi gansxvavdeba qalebisTvis gamoyofili

sivrce maskulinuri normebisgan?

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi

“qalebis” zogadi kategoria ar arsebobs, imdenad ramdenadac qalebi ar

warmoadgenen erTgvarovan socialur jgufs, romelsac yvela qali miakuTvnebda

Tavs. genderi kveTavs socialuri identobebis iseT Semadgenel nawilebs,

rogoric aris garkveuli erovneba, eTnikuroba, asaki, socialuri jgufi,

seqsualuri orientacia, socialuri statusi.

aqedan gamomdinare, is Sexeduleba, rom reprezentacia unda warmoaCendes

“namdvil qalebs” mcdaria. kiTxva ismis, Tu vis realobaze aq saubari, rogor

realobaze (daTrgunuli qalebis, dadebiTi personaJebis, msxverpli qalebis), da

vis mixedviT aris realoba aseTi da ara sxvagvari?

stuart holis mixedviT, "qalis" da "kacis" aRmniSvneli sityva, Tu

gamosaxuleba warmoadgens kulturul aRmniSvnelebs, romlebic genderul

gansazRvrebebs, mniSvnelobebsa da identobebs ki ar asaxaven, aramed axdenen maT

konstruirebas. rac ar unda "bunebrivad" gveCvenebodes aRniSnuli cnebebi, isini

warmoadgnen qalisa da mamakacis winaswar mocemuli arsis simbolur rep-

rezentacias.

kulturuli formebisTvis genderis mniSvnelobis miniWeba da konkretuli

kulturuli formebisTvis privilegirebuli statusis micema SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc patriarqalur kulturasTan dapirispirebis erT-erTi

gamovlineba "realobis" gansazRvris procesSi. am dapirispirebas ki Semdegi

sqematuri saxe SeiZleba mivceT:

masobrivi kultura/garToba- feminuroba

popularuli Janris konvenciebi;

romantizirebuli stereotipebi;

brWyviala brwyinvaleba;

emociebi;

eqspresiuli performansi;

grZnobebis Sesaxeb saubari;

fantazia;

39

"nadmvilis", gamWvirvale reprezentacias, aramed enis gamoyenebas realur

urTierTobebTan da pirobebTan mimarTebaSi.

Sesabamisad, kodis moqmedebis gareSe ar arsebobs gasagebi diskursi.

vizualuri niSnebi amrigad warmoadgenen kodirebul niSnebs — miuxedavad imisa,

rom aq kodebi gansxvavebulad moqmedeben. enaSi ar arsebobs nulovani aTvlis

wertili. naturalizmi da "realizmi" — warmoadgens reprezentaciis erTgulebas

im sagnis Tu ideis mimarT romlis warmosaxvac xdeba — da aris enis "realobasTan"

mimarTebaSi konkretuli gamoyenebis wesi, anu diskursiuli praqtikis

rezultati. Tumca, garkveuli kodebi imdenad farTod arian gavrcelebuli

konkretul sazogadoebasa Tu enaSi, rom isini bunebriobis iluzias badeben.

analogiurad, xSirad martiv vizualur niSnebs universaluri xasiaTi eZlevaT.

umberto ekos mixedviT, "xati" niSnebi gamoiyurebian rogorc sagnebi realur

samyaroSi, imitom rom isini axdenen mayurebelSi aRqmis pirobebis (kodebis)

reproducirebas. "aRqmis es pirobebi" warmoadgens dekodirebis rezultats da

kodirebuli, nawilobriv aracnobieri operaciebis erTobliobis. es exeba

rogorc fotografiul an televizualur gamosaxulebas, ise nebismier sxva

niSans.

reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia

sityva fiqcia gulisxmobs realuri cxvorebidan mowyvetas. novelis kiTxva,

kinoSi siaruli, teleserialis yureba gvaZlevs warmosaxviT samyaroSi

mogzaurobis saSualebas, romelic gvTavazobs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis aqti-

vobebisgan Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul gamocdilebas.

1930iani wlebidan daaxloebiT 100000 saaTi daeTmo teleserialebs aSS-s

tleviziebisa da radios eTerSi. es statistika adasturebs imias, Tu ramdenad

warmoadgens teleserialebis fenomeni cxovrebiseul faqts.

kviraSi orjer, samjer da xSirad yoveldRiuradac teleserialebi

mayurebels sTavazoben fiqciur gamocdilebas, sadac yovelRiuroba da fiqcia

erTmaneTSia gadajaWvuli, imdenad rom teleserialis fiqciuri gmirebis

cxovrebebSi momxdari mTavari movlenebi qveyanaSi momxdar axal ambadac

SeiZleba aRiqvan. sainteresoa, ganvixiliT is procesebi, romlebic moicavs

fiqciasa da socialur samyaros Soris urTierTgacvlas: rogor Sedis

socialuri cxovreba fiqciur diskursSi da ra mosdis iq mas; rogor mimarTaven

sxvadasxva Janrebi sxvadasxva auditorias da rogor iTxoven maT

CarTuloba/monawileobas. ganvixiloT teleserialebis mier Seqmnili genderuli

principiT dayofili reprezentacia da mniSvnelobebi da mniSvnelovani da

xSirad ignorirebuli siamovnebis miRebis fenomeni.

rodesac ganvixilavT programebis formas yuradReba unda mieqces Semdegs: 1.

teleserialis buneba, rogorc garkveuli samauwyeblo Janri;

2. naratiuli struqtura, rogorc konkretuli epizodi da teleseriali -

rogorc gangrZobiTi seriali; 3. kadrebis organizacia — vizualuri kompozicia

da montajis struqturebi; 4. personaJebi; 5. gamoxatvis saxeebi mag., melodrama,

komedia da realizmi da 6. mayureblebis mier gansakuTrebuli esTetikis

matarebeli audio-vizualuri dramatizebuli fiqciis miReba, sadac scenari da

vizualuri organizacia, xmebi da dramatuli Sexvedrebi exebian mayureblis

grZnobebsa da emociebs.

zemoT xsenebuli aspeqtebi qmnian an gamoxataven mniSvnelobebs, romlebic

Semdeg "mesijebad" gvevlinebian. swored am aspeqtebs unda mivaqcioT

yuradRebas, radgan gavarkvioT, Tu ratom xdeba teleseriali mravalricxovani

mayureblebis cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura

masobrivi kulturis anomaliur niSans, feministebis azriT, warmoadgens

garkveuli kulturuli sivrcis gamoyofa, romelsac ewodeba qalis sivrce, mag.,

38

vxedavT, rom ganviTarebuli dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi, ideologiuri

sfero ar aris netraluri. konotaciur kodebs rom davubrundeT, isini

mniSvnelobiT arian datvirTuli da warmoadgenen dominanturi diskursebis

Semadgenel nawils, anu dominantur ideologiebs, dominanturi jgufebis

interesebs sazogadoebaSi.

marqsi: mmarTveli klasis ideebi yvela epoqaSi mmarTvel ideebs warmo-

adgenen; anu klasi, romelic warmoadgens sazogadoebis materialur mmarTvel

Zalas amave dros aris mmarTveli inteleqtualuri Zala. klasi, romelic flobs

materialuri warmoebis saSualebebs, aseve flobs mentaluri warmoebis

saSualebebsac. mmarTveli ideebi warmoadgenen dominanturi materialuri

urTierTobebis idealur gamoxatulebas da aRiqmebian rogorc ideebi saidanac

gamomdinareobs urTierTobebi, romlebic klass mmarTvel klasad aqceven.

mmarTveli klasi ki, Tavis mxriv, dominanturi ideebis matarebeli xdeba (marqsi

da engelsi 1970).

antonio gramSis hegemoniis Teoria asaxavs Tu rogor xdeba dominantobis

SenarCuneba ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi.

hegemonia: hegemoniis cneba Seexeba iseT situacias, romelSic socialuri

jgufebis garkveuli kavSiris Sedegad xdeba totaluri socialuri Zalauflebis

ganxorcieleba sxva daqvemdebarebul jgufebze, ara mxolod iZulebis an

mmarTveli ideebis pirdapiri Tavsmoxvevis gziT, aramed Tanxmobis mopovebisa da

saerTo Sexedulebebis formirebis saSualebiT, ise rom dominanturi jgufebis

Zalauflebas legitimuri da bunebrivi saxe eZleva.

hegemoniis SenarCuneba SeiZleba manamde, sanam dominanti klasebi warmatebiT

axerxeben ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebis gansazRvras erTi mocemuli CarCos

farglebSi, ise rom daqvemdebarebuli jfugebi Tu ar kontrolirdebian, maSin

erT ideologiur sivrceSi mainc arian moqceuli. es ideologiuri sivrce ar

unda Candes rogorc mkveTrad ideologiuri, aramed hqondes mudmivobisa da

bunebriobis saxe, iyos istoriis gareT da konkretuli interesebis miRma.

bartis mixedviT, miTologia asrulebs naturalizaciisa da normalizaciis

vitalur funqcias. gramSi mniSvnelovan detals amatebs: misi azriT, hegemoniis

Zala, swored imitom rom mas sWirdeba daqvemdebarebuli umvravlesobis

Tanxmoba arasdros ganxorcieldeba erTsa da imave adamianTa jgufis mier.

hegemonia ar aris universaluri da winaswar mocemuli konkretuli

klasisTvis, rom maT marTon; aramed hegemonia, pirvel rigSi, mopovebul unda

iqnes, eqvemdebarebodes kvlavwarmoebas da hegemoniis SenarCunebisTvis

mmarTveli jgufi unda iRvwodes. hegemonia warmoadgens “moZrav wonasworobas”,

romelic moicavs Zalebis urTierTqmedebas, romlebic an keTilad arian

ganwyobili ama Tu im tendenciis mimarT, an ara.

aqedan gamomdinare, formebi ar SeiZleba permanentulad normalizebuli

iyos. maTi dekonstruireba da demistifikacia yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;

magaliTad, iseTi “miTologis” mier, rogoric aris roland barti. ufro metic,

sagnebis Tavidan mopoveba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yovelTvis aris SesaZlebeli;

maT xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi mniSvnelobebi eniWebaT imave jgufebis mier,

romlebmac sagnebi Seqmnes. simbiozi, romelSic ideologia da socialuri

wesrigi, warmoeba da kvlav warmoeba erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, ar aris stabiluri

da arc garantirebuli. is Riaa cvlilebebisTvis. konsensusi SeiZleba

danawevrdes, Seicvalos da misi validuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS moeqces. xolo

ZalauflebaSi myofi jgufebis mimarT winaaRmdegobas yovelTvis ver gavuwevT

ignorirebas an kidev avtomaturad ver CavrTavT mas Cven sistemaSi. Tumca,

lefebres mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT im sazogadoebaSi sadac meoradi buneba

pirveladis adgils ikavebs — aRqmadi realobis Tavdapirvel fenas (lefebvre

1971). yovelTvis aris winaaRmdegobebi da dapirispirebebi, romlebic niSansa da

sagans Soris, warmoebasa da kvlavwarmoebas Soris napralis amovsebas uSlian

xels.

brZola sxvadasxva diskurss , sxvadasxva definiciasa da mniSvnelobas Soris

ideologiis farglebSi, yovelTvis atarebs signifikaciis sferoSi arsebuli

51

uTanxmoebis xasiaTs: es aris brZola niSnis kvlav mopovebisTvis, romelic

vrceldeba yoveldRiurobis yvelaze yoveldRiur sferoebzec ki.

subkultura/stili

subkulturis da stilis mniSvneloba xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego

cnebebiT ganisazRvreba. aqedan gamomdinare, es Tavi daeTmoba im process,

romlis saSualebiTac garkveul sagnebs raRac mniSvneloba eniWebaT, kerZod, ki

stili erqmevaT subkulturis farglebSi.

dik hebdijis wigni (1979) subkultura — stilis mniSvneloba warmoadgens

subkulturaze daweril wignebs Soris klasikas. hebdiji subkulturis fenomenis

ganxilvisas iyenebs altuzeris, gramSis, bartisa da praRis skolis mier

SemuSavebuli semiotikis midgomebs. 70-iani wlebi iyo is periodi, rodesac

britaneTSi bevri subkultura arsebobda an kidev maTi SemCneva ufro martivi

iyo, vidre sxvagan. ai, magaliTad, arsebobdnen Semdegi subkulturebi : tedebi,

skinhedebi, pankebi, bouvitebi (devid bouvis mimdevrebi), hipebi, dredebi da a.S.

hebdiji gramSis or termins iyenebs subkulturis analizisTvis; pirveli aris

gaerTianeba, xolo meore konkretuloba, rac niSnavs, rom TiToeuli

subkultura warmoadgens gamorCeul “moments”, konkretul pasuxs konkretuli

viTarebis mimarT. subkulturebi warmoiSva gviani xanis industriuli kulturis ufro farTo

sistemasTan komunaluri da simboluri urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. isini

ganpirobebuli arian, Tumca ara calsaxad - asakiTa da klasiT da gamoirCevian

gansxvavebuli stiliT. es stilebi ki warmoiqmneba konkretuli istoriuli da

kulturuli “Tanxvedrebis” dros; isini ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc

mxolod hegemoniis an kidev socialuri daZabulobis gadamwyveti saSualeba,

rogorc amas miiCnevdnen adreuli Teoretikosebi.

subkulturebi axdenen im periodSi gavrcelebuli "imijebisa" da arsebuli

meterialuri kulturis safuZvelze stilebis erTad Tavmoyras, im mizniT, rom

Semdeg maT Seqmnan gansxvavebuli identobebi. axali identobebi iqmneba im mizniT

rom subkulturis wevrebma am gziT moipovon “SedarebiTi avtonomia” socialuri

wesrigis farglebSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, klasificirebulia klasis, samuSaos,

Taobebs Soris gansxvavebebis safuZvelze.

hebdijma gviandel naSromSi (1998) sxvagvarad moiazra Tavisi meTodi da

ganacxada, rom man saTanado mniSvneloba ar mianiWa komerciuli kulturis Zalas,

romelsac SeuZlia kontrhegemonuri stilebis gamoyeneba da Seqmna.

panki warmoadgenda avangarduli kulturuli strategiis, marketinguli

unarebis da muSaTa klasis daumorCileblobis gansakuTrebul sinTezs, romelic

Seiqmna im dros, rodesac britaneli axalgazrdobisTvis samomxmareblo bazari

ar iyo martivad xelmisawvdomi. zRvari subkulturas, rogorc protests da

subkulturas, rogorc komerciul kulturas Soris rTuli gasavlebia,

ramdenadac orive siamovnebis momtania da hegemoniis iaraRia, gansakuTrebiT

maSin rodesac axalgazrdebze orientirebul bazars exeba saqme.

magaliTad, sainteresoa britaneTSi arsebuli Savkaniani mosaxleobisa da

muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis ganxilva subkulturebis

warmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. SavkanianTa kulturuli formebi (mag., musika)

yovelTvis TamaSobda ganmsazRvrel rols subkulturuli stilebis

warmoqmnisas. aq xazi unda gaesvas urTierTobas subkulturebsa da im sxva

jgufebs Soris (mSoblebi, maswavleblebi, policia, “respeqtabeluri

moqalaqeebi”, a.S. da ufrosi muSaTa klasi da saSualo klasis kulturebi),

romlebsac am subkulturebis warmomadgenlebi gaemijnen. meore msoflio omis

Semdeg britaneTSi Zveli tradiciuli cxovrebis stili gadafara axalma,

zedapirulad naklebad klasobrivma sistemam. miuxedavad imisa, rom klasobrivi

struqtura ar gamqrala, is formebi, romlis saSualebiTac klasi gamoixateboda

kulturaSi Seicvala. masmediis ganviTarebam, ojaxis konstituciis Secvlam,

skolisa da samsaxuris organizaciam da samuSaosa da dasvenebis statusis

Secvlam muSaTa klasi gaanaxevra da misi polarizeba gamoiwvia, ris Sedegadac

52

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba

stuart holis esse “enkodireba, dekodireba” Seexeba mesijebis warmoebasa da

gavrcelebas. holis analizi efuZneba semiotikur paradigmas, mis naSroms

teqstualuri, aseve eTnografiuli saxe aqvs. holis mosazrebebi ZiriTadad

televizias exeba. igi gvTavazobs komunikaciis oTx etapian Teorias: warmoeba,

cirkulacia, gamoyeneba (romelsac igi uwodebs distribucias an moxmarebas) da

reproduqcia. holis azriT, TiToeuli safexuri “SedarebiT avtonomiuria”

sxvebisgan. es niSnavs rom mesijis kodireba ar akontrolebs mis miRebas da ara

gamWvirvale saxiT, TiToeul safexurs aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi da SesaZleblobebi.

SedarebiTi avtonomiis koncefcia saSualebas aZlevs mas isaubros polisemiaze,

romelic ar unda moiazrebodes rogorc pluralizmi. mesijebi ar eqvem-

debarebian nebismieri saxis interpretacias an gamoyenebas — radganac TiToeuli

safexuri mocemul wreSi zRudavs meoris SesaZleblobebs.

sazogadoebaSi, mesijebs aqvT "dominaciis kompleqsuri struqtura"

ramdenadac TiToeul safexurze isini eqcevian institucionaluri Zalauflebis

urTierTobebis gavlenis qveS. ufro metic, mesijis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod

im SemTxvevaSi Tu mas cnobadi xasiaTi aqvs an SesabamisobaSi modis garkveul

warmodgenebTan -- Tumca yovelTvis rCeba patara sivrce im mesijis gasagebad,

romelic ar Seesabameba saerTo warmodgenebs. komunikaciuri wre yovelTvis

axdens Zalauflebis reJimis reproduqcias.

telesamauwyeblo struqturebma enkodirebuli mesijebi unda warmoadginon

mniSvneladi diskursis farglebSi. institucia — produqciis socialuri

urTierTobebi unda daeqvemdebaron enis diskursiul wesebs, raTa moxdes maTi

produqtis realizacia. es TavisTavad mocemuli formaluri diskursisa da enis

wesebs ZalauflebaSi amyofebs. enkodirebuli mesijebis dekodirebis Sedegad

isini asruleben garkveul funqcias — gavlenis moxdenis, garTobis, dajerebis —

rasac Tavis mxriv moyveba kompleqsuri aRqmiTi, kognituri, emociuri,

ideologiuri da qceviTi Sedegebi. gansazRvrul momentSi struqtura iRebs

kods da qmnis mesijs. Semdeg momentSi, mocemuli "mesiji” dekodirebis

saSualebiT socialuri praqtikis struqturebis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva.

tipuri procesebi, romlebsac ikvlevs pozitivisturi meTodi — Sedegebi,

gamoyeneba, "kmayofileba" — Tavad aris moqceuli gagebis struqturis CarCoebSi

da warmoiqmneba socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad, romlebic

gansazRvrul formas aZleven mesijis miRebis formas, da SesaZleblobas iZlevian

rom mniSvnelobebi, romlebic figurirebs diskursis farglebSi gadavides

socialur cnobierebasa Tu praqtikaSi (imisaTvis rom maT mieniWoT socialuri

Rirebuleba an politikuri gavlena moipovon).

enkodirebisa da kodirebis kodebi ar aris simetriuli. anu "gagebisa" da

"arasworad gagebis" xarisxi komunikaciur gacvlaSi damokidebulia simet-

ria/asimetiriaze, romelic damyarebulia enkoderis- mwarmoebelsa da deko-

ders/mimRebs Soris. magram es TavisTavad damokidebulia identobis an ara

identobis xarisxze kodebs Soris, romlebic avad Tu kargad axdenen informaciis

gadacemas, Sewyvetas Tu damaxinjebas.

kodebs Soris Seusabamoba asaxavs prodiuserebsa da mayureblebs Soris

struqturul gansxvavebulobas. aseve, es SeiZleba gamowveul iyos kodebis

wyarosa da mimRebs Soris arsebuli asimetriiT. "damaxinjeba" an "gaugebroba"

gamowveulia am or mxares Soris komunikaciuri gacvlis dros arsebuli

ekvivalentobis ararsebobiT.

televizualuri niSans kompleqsuri xasiaTi aqvs. igi Sedgeba ori tipis

diskursis - vizualurisa da xmovanis kombinaciisgan. amave dros, is

gamosaxulebis (xatis) niSania, ramdenadac mas aqvs im sagnis niSan-Tvisebebi,

romlis warmosaxvasac axdens. am sakiTxma gaugebroba gamoiwvia vizualuri enis

Seswavlis sferoSi. imdenad ramdenadac, vizualuri diskursi samganzomilebian

samyaros organzomilebianad gardaqmnis, mas ar SeuZlia iyos imis referenti an

idea, rasac warmoadgens. realoba arsebobs enis gareT, magram misi gaSualeba

xdeba yovelTis eniT; rogorc ukve iTqva, rac viciT da rasac vambobT xdeba

konkretuli diskursis farglebSi. diskursiuli codna warmoadgens ara enaSi

37

TanamSromlebisTvis.

seqsualobis kontrolis mcdelobebi ki qmnis garkveul diskurss —

Sexedulebebs, dialogs seqsis Sesaxeb, satelevizio da radio programebs,

kanonmdeblobas, saJurnalo statiebs, samedicino konsultaciebs, seqsualur

praqtikas (mag., usafrTxo seqsi) da porno industrias. fuko ar uaryofs rom

saxelwifos, kanons, mmarTvels an dominant klass uWiravs Zalauflebis

dominanturi poziciebi, aramed is migviTiTebs imisken, rom arsebobs aseve

Zalauflebis ufro lokalizebuli qselebi, taqtika da meqanizmebi — anu

Zalauflebis "mikro fizika”.

ibadeba kiTxva. Tu sad aris am ganazrebebSi subieqtis adgili. sosurma uaryo

subieqtis roli reprezentaciis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. ena gvalaparakebs, Tqva

man. subieqti mxolod indviduluri saubris aqtis (paroles) avtoria. fukoc

garkveulwilad eTanxmeba am pozicias. misi azriT, diskursi da ara subieqti qmnis

codnas. codna/Zalauflebis funqcionirebisTvis ar aris saWiro "subieqtis"

moZieba. fuko ar eTanxmeboda subiqtis cnebis tradiciul moazrebas, romlis

mixedviTac subieqti, rogorc individi, warmoadgens cnobierebis matarebel,

avtonomiur da stabilur substancias, "me-s", mniSvnelobisa da moqmedebis

damoukidebl, namdvil wyaros.

rogorc davinaxeT, enisa da repezentaciis konstruqtivistuli moazreba

subieqts CamoaSorebs privilegirebul pozicias. fukos mixedviT, ara subieqtebi

laparakoben, aramed garkveuli diskursi alaparakebT maT. subieqtebs SeuZliaT

garkveuli teqstebis warmoeba, magram isini epistemes CarCoebSi moqmedeben,

gamomdinare garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis perspeqtividan, mocemuli

periodisa da kulturis sazRvrebs Soris moqceulni. subieqti SeuZlebelia

idges raRac garkveuli diskursis farglebs gareT rogorc codnis

damoukidebeli wyaro da avtori.

amave dros, diskursi qmnis subieqtisTvis adgils (mag., mkiTxveli an

mayurebeli, romelic aseve eqvemdebareba diskurss), saidanac mocemuli codna

da mniSvneloba xdeba gasagebi. yvela individi konkretul periodSi SeiZleba

gaxdes diskursis subieqti da, aqedan gamomdinare, Zalaufleba/codnis

matarebeli. amisaTvis saWiroa sakuTari Tavi movaTavsoT iseT poziciaSi,

saidanac CvenTvis diskursi gasagebi gaxdeba da am gziT gavxdeT garkveuli

mniSvnelobebis, Zalauflebisa da regulaciis subieqtebi. yvela diskursi aseTi

saxiT qmnis subieqt poziciebs, saidanac isini gasagebi xdebian.

am Teoriis mixedviT, kacebisTvis Seqmnili pornografia, qalebisTvis

mxolod maSin iqneba gasagebi, Tu qali Tavs kacis "subieqt poziciis" adgilas

daayenebs.

yovelive zemoT xsenebuli rom SevajamoT, konstruqciuli midgomis

mixedviT, reprezentacia moicavs mniSvnelobis warmoebas sagnebis sam sxvadasxva

wesrigs Soris damyarebuli kavSirebis saSualebiT: sagnebis, xalxis, movlenebisa

da gamocdilebis samyaro, konceftualuri samyaro — mentaluri cnebebi,

romlebic Cven TavSi gvaqvs da niSnebi, mowesrigebuli enebad, romlebic am

cnebebis komunikacias axdenen.

Tu gvinda rom davamyaroT kavSiri gansxvavebul sistemebs Soris, fiqsireba

movaxdinoT am kavSirebs Soris garkveuli periodiT mainc, ise rom xalxma icodes

- erT sistemaSi mocemuli elementi Seesabameba meore sistemis mocemul

elements, maSin unda vflobdeT raRacas, rac Targmnis saSualebas mogvcems — anu

imas rac migviTiTebs, Tu romeli sityva unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli cnebis

aRsaniSnavad. am aucileblobidan momdinareobs kodebis arseboba.

mniSvnelobis warmoqmna damokidebulia interpretaciaze da rom

interpretacia funqcionirebs kodebis saSualebiT — Cven viyenebT kods — anu

vaxdenT gaSifvras — enkodings, xolo meore adamiani axdens Cvens mier kodSi

Cadebuli mniSvnelobis dekodirebas. aqedan gamomdinare, mniSvnelobebi

yovelTvis icvleba da xelidan gvisxlteba. kodebi operireben rogorc

socialuri konvenciebi da ara rogorc mudmivi kanonebi.

36

Seiqmna ramdenime marginaluri diskursi klasobrivi urTierTobebis farTo

CarCoebSi.

axalgazrduli kulturis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli polarizaciis am

process. muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdobis msyidvelunarianoba

gaizarda; axalgazrdebs ukve SeeZloT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad

warmoebuli produqciis yidva. ganaTlebis sistemaSic moxda cvlilebebi, ramac

xeli Seuwyo TaobaTa cnobierebis Camoyalibebas axalgazrdebs Soris. es

cnobiereba klasis gamocdilebas emyareboda, Tumca ukve gansxvavebuli

formebiT gamoixateboda, romlebic xSirad upirispirdeboda Zvel tradiciul

formebs.

klasis fenomeni imdenad meore xarisxovnad iTvleboda imdroindeli da

Semdgomi kvlevebis dros, rom bevrma socialurma Teoretikosma axalgazrdebi

CaTvala rogorc axali klasi. isini axalgazrdebSi xedavdnen

aradiferencirebul Tineijer momxmareblebs. subkulturis kvleva britaneTSi

daefuZna urbanul eTnografias, romelic jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi ganviTarda

(henri meihius da tomas arCeris naSromebi, Carlz dikensisa da artur morisonis

novelebi). Tumca subkulturis kvlevisadmi ufro mecnieruli midgoma, Tavisi

meTodologiiT (CarTuli dakvirveba) 1920-ian wlebamde ar aRmocenebula,

rodesac sociologebisa da danaSaulis SemswavlelTa jgufma CikagoSi daiwyo

informaciis Segroveba quCis axalgazrda dajgufebebze da kriminogenur

jgufebze. CarTuli dakvirveba isev aqtualuria, Tumca analitikuri da axsniTi

amosavali wertilis ararsebobis gamo mas sociologiis ZiriTad nakadSi

marginaluri statusi eniWeba.

1950-ian wlebSi albert koeni da volter mileri Seecadnen Teoriuli

perspeqtivis Semotanas; isini Seiswavlidnen dominant da daqvemdebarebul

RirebulebiT sistemebs. koeni dainteresda muSaTa klasis axalgazrda

warmomadgenlebiT, romlebic kargad ver swavlobdnen skolaSi. isini Tavisufal

dros erTiandebodnen dajgufebebSi da am wesiT axdenden TviTRirebulebis,

TviTrwmenis alternatiuli wyaros Camoyalibebas. dajgufebaSi ar cnobdnen

sazogadoebaSi miRebul iseT Rirebulebebs rogoric iyo simkacre, ambicia,

konformizmi, a.S. am Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod dajgufebis wevrebi

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen hedonizms, avtoritetis arafrad Cagdebas, “sacemi

subieqtebis” Ziebas, a.S.

axalgazrdebis dajgufebebis RirebulebaTa sistemis kvlevisas, mileri xazs

usvams dajgufebasa da mSoblebis kulturas Soris msgavsebebs; mileris

mixedviT, devianti jgufis bevr Rirebulebas ubralod damaxinjebuli an

maqsimalisturi xasiaTi aqvs, Torem sxva mxriv is warmoadgens muSaTa klasis

ufrosi warmomadgenlebis faseulobebs.

1961 wels matsa da saiksma subkulturis Seswavlisas gamoiyenes termini

subteraniuli Rirebulebebi, raTa aexsnaT legitimuri da devianturi

axalgazrduli kulturebi. maTac aRiares rom axalgazrdebis kulturaSi

damkvidrebuli subteraniuli Rirebulebebi (riskis, garTobis Zieba) mWidrod

ukavSirdeba Sromis eTikas (dakmayofilebis gadavadeba, rutina). mogvianebiT, am

Teoriebis Semowmeba moxda britanuli savele samuSaoebis dros.

1960 wels piter vilmotma gamoaqveyna kvleva im kulturuli

SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xelmisawvdomi iyo muSaTa klasis

biWebisTvis londonis ist-endSi (aRmosavleT londonSi). vilmotmac daaskvna,

rom uklaso axalgazrduli kulturis idea jer kidev udroo da uazro iyo. misi

dakvirvebiT, Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis sxvadasxva SeesaZlebloba

axalgazrdebisTvis gansazRvruli iyo im winaaRmdegobebiTa da danawevrebiT,

romelic axasiaTebs uklaso sazogadoebas. man subkultura gansazRvra rogorc

"kompromisuli gadawyvetileba" or urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnilebas

Soris: Seqmnisa da avtonomiurobis moTxovnileba da mSoblisagan

gansxvavebulobis damtkiceba da mSoblis identifikaciebis SenarCunebis

moTxovnileba.

am analizis mixedviT, skinhedebisa da tedebis stili intepretirebuli iyo

rogorc mediaciis mcdeloba gamocdilebasa da tradicias, nacnobsa da axals

Soris. kohenisTvis, subkulturis latentur funqcias warmoadgenda “gamoexata

53

da gadaeWra, albaT, ufro jadosnuri gziT is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebsac an

dafaruli saxe aqvT, an kidev gadauWreli rCeba mSoblebis kulturaSi”

subkulturis ganxilvam mogvianebiT mxedvelobaSi miiRo ideologiuri,

ekonomikuri da kulturuli faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven ama Tu im

subkulturis arsebobas. kohenma klasis cnebac CarTo Tavis analizSi da

ganacxada - imis magivrad, rom klasi warmodgenil iqnes rogorc garegani

gansazRvrulobebis abstraqtuli erToblioba, mas aqvs materialuri Zala da

gamoxatvas povebs stilis, gamocdilebisa da xatebis Seqmnis formiT. klasisa da

seqsualobis garSemo arsebuli interesi da problematika, konformizmsa da

devicias Soris winaaRmdegoba, ojaxi da skola, muSaoba da Tavisufali dro

Tavmoyril iqna iseTi formiT, romelic, erTi mxriv, SesamCnevi iyo, meore mxriv

ki dafaruli, magram amave dros iZleoda istoriis rekonstruirebisa da

dafaruli mniSvnelobebis gamovlinebis saSualebas.

stili: stili subkulturaSi mniSvnelobiT aris damuxtuli. misi

transformacia “bunebrivis winaaRmdeg” midis da "normalizaciis" procesSi

iWreba. stils Seadgens iseTi Jestebi, sityvebi, romlebic Seuracxyofs “mdumare

umravlesobas”, eWvis qveS ayenebs erTianobis princips da konsensusis miTs

ewinaaRmdegeba.

sainteresoa im faruli mesijebis garkveva, romlebic kodirebuli saxiT

gvevlineba stilis zedapirze; mocemul farul mesijebs analizis dros

“mniSvnelobis rukebis” saxe eniWebaT, romlebic Tavis TavSi moicaven im

winaaRmdegobebs, romelTa gadaWra an dafarvac warmoadgens kodebis funqcias.

stilis moazrebam, rogorc kodirebulma pasuxma sazogadoebaSi mimdinare

cvlilebebze, axalgazrduli kulturis kvlevisadmi midgomebi radikalurad

Secvala. gramSis hegemoniis cnebis gamoyenebiT, avtorebi axalgazrduli

kulturuli stilebis interpretacias axdenen rogorc protestis simbolur

formebs, rogorc ufro farTo da zogadad dafaruli disidenturi

suliskveTebis TvalsaCino simptomebs, rac axasiaTebda meore msoflio omis

Semdgom periods dasavleT evropaSi.

stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia

"me vlaparakob tansacmlis saSualebiT" — (umberTo eko, 1973 )

nebismieri subkultura xasiaTdeba cikliT, romelsac mivyavarT opoziciuri

ganwyobidan neitralur poziciamde, protestidan gawevrianebamde/CarTulobam-

de. kerZod, ris komunikacias axdens subkulturuli stili? igive kiTxva exeba

modis kulturasac. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Semdegi ori kiTxva warmoiSoba:

rogor xdeba subkultura gasagebi Tavad misive wevrebisTvis? da rogor

gamoxatavs uwesrigobas? “gamosaxulebis ritorikaSi” roland barti adarebs

"mizanmimarTuli" sareklamo gamosaxulebas ufro "umanko" reportaJul fotos.

orive gamosaxuleba warmoadgens specifiuri kodebisa da praqtikis rTul

gamoxatulebas, magram reportaJuli foto ufro "bunebriv" da gamWvirvale

xasiaTs atarebs, vidre reklama. is wers, rom "imijis mniSvneloba namdvilad

mizanmimarTulia.. sareklamo gamosaxuleba naTelia, emfaturia” bartis es

gansxvaveba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT subkulturisa da "normalur" stilebs Soris

gansxvavebis aRsaniSnavad. subkulturul stilistur kombinaciebs — Cacmis,

musikis, cekvis, da a.S. iseTive damokidebuleba aqvT ufro konvenciur formebTan

(normaluri pijakebi da halstuxebi, araformaluri samoseli), rogorsac

sareklamo imiji atarebs naklebad cnobierad agebul sareportaJo fotosTan

SedarebiT.

rogorc semiotikosebi aRniSnaven, signifikacia ar aris saWiro, rom iyos

mizanmimarTuli. umberto ekos Tvlis rom ara mxolod gamiznulad komunikaciis

matarebeli obieqti SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc raimes niSani, aramed

nebismeiri obieqti warmoadgens niSans (eko, 1973). magaliTad, Cveulebrivi

Cacmuloba, romelsac atarebs saSualo mamakaci da qali quCaSi, SerCeulia maTi

finansuri SesaZlebobebidan gamomdinare, "gemovneba" Tu ris Cacmas rodis

54

ganicdida, Tumca marqsisgan gansxvavebiT uaryofda klasobriv reduqcionizms,

ganaviTara "ideologiis" cneba. gramSis "ideologiis" cneba exmaureba fukos

pozicias, magram mainc did yuradRebas uTmobs klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

gramSis mixedviT, socialuri jgufebi brZolis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven,

maT Soris ideologiurs, raTa moipovon sxva jgufebTan konsensusi da miaRwion

maTze garkveul Zalauflebas, rogorc Sexedulebebis sferoSi, aseve praqtikaSi.

Zalauflebis am formas ewodeba hegemonia da qvemoT ufro dawvrilebiT

ganvixilavT mas.

hegemonia ar aris mudmivad stabiluri da ar daiyvaneba ekonomikur

interesebze an kidev sazogadoebis martiv klasobriv modelze. fukos pozicia

diskursis, codnisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb gansxvavdeba Semdegi kuTxiT: fuko

ambobda, rom codna ara mxolod Zalauflebis garkveul formas warmoadgens,

aramed Zalaufleba gansazRvravs Tu ra dros da rogor moxdeba codnis

gamoyeneba praqtikaSi. codnis gamoyeneba da misi efeqturoba, fukos mixedviT,

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo vidre am codnis WeSmaritebis mtkiceba.

codna dakavSirebulia ZaluflebasTan da ara mxolod "WeSmaritebis”

avtoritets iZens, aramed Seswevs Zala gaamarTlos sakuTari Tavi. nebismieri

codna, rodesac is mieyeneba realur samyaros da moaqvs realuri Sedegebi, iZens

"namdvilis, WeSmaritis" statuss. codna rodesac gamoiyeneba sxvebis samarTavad,

moicavs SezRudvas, marTvasa da disciplinarul praqtikas.

fukos mixedviT, codna ar operirebs vakuumSi. codna operirebs garkveuli

strategiebis saSualebiT, gansakuTrebul situaciebSi, istoriul konteqstSi da

institucionalur reJimebSi. imisaTvis rom SeviswavloT dasjis fenomeni unda

davakvirdeT Tu diskursi-Zalis kombinaciam — Zala/codnis kombinaciam rogori

gageba Seqmna danaSaulisa da kriminalis, rac TavisTavad gavlenas axdens im

realur Sedegebze, rac moaqvs am faqtorebis aqtualobas damnaSavisTvis da

sasjelis gamomtanisTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, fuko mivida daskvnamde, rom yoveli diskursiuli

formacia aris garkveuli WeSmaritebis reJimis matarebeli. WeSmariteba ar

arsebobs Zalauflebis gareT. WeSmariteba am samyaros miekuTvneba. is iqmneba

SezRudvis mravalnairi formis saSualebiT da iwvevs Zalauflebis garkveul

periodul Sedegebs. yovel sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi WeSmaritebis reJimi,

WeSmaritebis Tavisi "zogadi politika"; anu diskursis tipebi, romlebsac is

iRebs da funqcionirebads xdis, rogorc marTals, SeimuSavebs meqanizmebsa da

magaliTebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba marTali da mcdari Sexedulebebis

gamijvna erTmaneTisgan, sanqcirebis meqanizmebis dadgena, imaTi statusis

gansazRvra, vinc ambobs Tu ra iTvleba WeSmaritad.

Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi

fukom SeimuSava Zaluflebis axali cneba. Cven Zalauflebas ganvixilavT

rogorc yovelTvis zemodan momavals erTi mimarTulebiT, da erTi wyarodan —

mmarTveli, saxelmwifo, mmarTveli klasi. fukosTvis Zalauflebas ufro

moZravi, wriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is arasdros aris erTi centris mier

monopolizirebuli da qseluri tipis organizaciis matarebelia. es ki niSnavs,

rom garkveulwilad Cven yvelani varT monawileebi — erTdroulad warmovadgenT

rogorc mCagvrelebs, aseve Cagrulebs. Zalauflebis urTierTobebi

ganmsWvalaven socialuri arsebobis yvela dones da funqcionireben socialuri

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi — ojaxisa da seqsualobis privatul sivrceebSi, iseve

rogorc politikis sazogadoebriv sivrceebSi, ekonomikasa da samarTalSi. ufro

metic, Zalauflebas ara mxolod negatiuri, mCagvrelobiTi xasiaTi aqvs,

romelic eZebs kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, aramed is aseve

produqtiulia. Zalaufleba awarmoebs sagnebs, moaqvs siamovneba, akonstruirebs

codnis formebs, qmnis diskurss. is SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc produqtiuli

qseli, romelic mTel socialur sxeulSi operirebs.

magaliTad, damsjeli sistema qmnis wignebs, xelSekrulebebs, wesebs,

kontrolis axal strategiebs, debatebs parliamentSi, treningis sistemas cixis

35

garkveul formebs, obieqtebs, subieqtebs, da codnis praqtikas gansxvavdeba

sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi erTmaneTisgan. fukosTvis gonebrivi daavadeba

ar warmoadgenda obieqtur faqts, romelic igive rCeboda yvela istoriul

periodSi da erTsa da imaves niSnavda sxvadasxva kulturebSi. mxolod

konkretul diskursiul formirebaSi sagani "sigiJe" CaiTvleba mniSvelad da

gasageb konstruqtad.

fukos naSromebidan rom moviyvanoT magaliTi, seqsualuri urTierTobebi

yovelTvis arsebobda. magram "seqsualoba", seqsualur vnebaze saubris konkre-

tuli wesi, Seswavlis Tu regulirebis konkretuli meTodi, seqsualobasTan

dakavSirebuli saidumloebebi da fantaziebi dasavlur civilizaciaSi gamoCnda

mxolod konkretul istoriul momentSi (1978) aseve, yovelTvis arsebobda qcevis

homoseqsualuri formebi, magram "homoseqsuali" rogorc konkretuli

socialuri subieqti Seiqmna moraluri, samarTlebrivi, samedicino da

fsiqiatriuli diskursebis farglebSi, me -19 saukunis miwuruls konkretuli

institucionaluri aparatisa da praqtikis CarCoebSi. aseve, magaliTad, wignSi

“klinikis dabadeba” fuko gviCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala avadmyofobis xedva da

gageba naxevar saukuneze nakleb droSi. arsebobda klasikuri xedva, romlis

mixedviTac, avadmyofoba sxeulis gareT arsebobda. Tanamedrove gagebam ki

radikalurad Secvala aseTi xedva da ganacxada rom adamianis sxeulis

farglebSive SeiZleba aixsnas esa Tu is daavadeba. am diskursiulma cvlilebam,

Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia cvlilebebi samedicino praqtikaSi. ufro didi

mniSvneloba mieniWa eqimis "mzeras", romelsac ukve SeeZlo waekiTxa avadmyofoba

adamianis sxeulze, anatomiuri atlasis saSualebiT. SeZenilma codnam gazarda

eqimis sameTvalyureo Zalaufleba pacientze.

gviandel naSromebSi fuko dainteresda, Tu rogor xdeba codnis gamoyeneba

diskursiuli praqtikis saSualebiT mocemul institucionalur sferoSi, raTa

moxdes sxvaTa qcevis regulireba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila codnisa da

Zalauflebis urTerTdamokidebulebaze da, Tu rogor operirebda Zalaufleba

institucionaluri aparatis farglebSi da misi teqnologiebi (teqnika).

magaliTad, dasjis aparatis cneba fukosTvis moicavda sxvadasxva lingvistur da

ara lingvistur elements — "diskursebs, institutebs, arqiteqturul nage-

bobebs, wesebs, kanonebs, administraciul zomebs, mecnierul mosazrebebs,

filosofiur wanamZRvrebs, moralurobas da a.S.

aparati yovelTvis CarTulia Zalauflebis TamaSSi da aseve dakavSirebulia

codnis garkveul koordinatebTan — aparati Sedgeba Zalebis urTierTobis

strategiebisgan, romlebic codnis sayrdenis rols TamaSoben, codnis tipebic,

Tavis mxriv, sayrdenis rols asruleben ZalauflebisTvis”. (fuko, 1980)

aq fukos interesebi uaxlovdeba klasikuri sociologiis Teoriebs

ideologiis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizms. marqsizmi cdilobda

gamoevlina klasobrivi poziciebi da interesebi, romlebic dafaruli iyo

codnis garkveul saxeebSi. fukoc ganixilavs msgavss Temebs, Tumca is uaryofs

klasikuri marqsistuli ideologiis problematikas. marqsis mixedviT yovel

epoqaSi ideebi asaxaven sazogadoebis ekonomikur safuZvels da rom mmarTveli

klasis ideebi warmarTaven kapitalistur ekonomikasa da gamoxataven dominan-

tur interesebs. fukos mTavari argumenti klasikuri marqsisituli Teoriis

sawinaaRmdegod iyo, is rom mas codnasa da Zalauflebas Soris urTierToba

dayavda klasobriv Zalauflebaze da klasobriv interesebze. fuko ar uaryofda

klasebis arsebobas, magram is ekonomikuri an klasobrivi reduqcionizmis

winaaRmdegi iyo, rasac marqsistuli ideologiis Teoria efuZneboda.

aseve, fukos mixedviT marqizmi buruJuaziuli codnis "damaxinjebul

saxeebs” upirispirebda marqsistuli mecnierebis mier SemoTavazebul "WeSma-

ritebas". fuko Tvlida, rom azris arc erT formas ar hqonda "WeSmaritebaze"

pretenziis gamocxadebis ufleba, radganac arcerTi Teoria ar iyo diskursis

gavlenisgan Tavisufali. azris yvela politikuri da socialuri forma codnisa

da Zalauflebis urTierTqmedebis gavlenis qveS eqceva. aqedan gamomdinare, misi

naazrevi uaryofs tradiciul marqsistul kiTxvas romeli klasis intersebSi

operirebs ena, reprezentacia da Zalaufleba?"

mogvianebiT, italielma antonio gramSim, romelic marqsis gavlenas

34

amjobineb, a.S. Zalian mniSvnelovania TavisTavad. maTi arCevani bevr rameze

metyvelebs. TiToeul sinTezsa Tu kombinacias, gansxvavebulobis Sida sistemaSi

Tavisi adgili ukavia — konvenciuri normebisgan Semdgari diskursi - Seesabameba

socialurad aRiarebul rolebsa da SesaZleblobebs. es arCevani Seicavs

mesijebs, romelTa gadacemac xdeba mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebis saSualebiT —

statusi, TviT imiji, mimzidveloba, profesia. sxva Tu araferi, isini gamoxataven

"normalurobas" "deviaciurobis" sapirispirod (anu isini gamoirCevian TavianTi

SedarebiT aragamomwvevi, uCinari CacmulobiT, "bunebriobiT") Tumca, mizan-

mimarTul komunikacias gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvs. is gamoirCeva Tavisi

konstruqciiT da warmoadgens mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli arCevanis Sedegs,

yuradRebas ipyrobs da iTxovs rom is waikiTxon.

subkulturuli stilebi warmoaCenen TavianT specifikur kodebs (mag.,

pankebis daxeuli maisurebi) an kidev miuTiTeben rom kodebi Seqmnilia imisTvis,

rom isini SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyenon. amitom subkulturuli stilebi

gansxvavdebian sazogadoebaSi aRiarebuli da miRebuli stilebisgan, romelTa

mTavar maxasiaTebels, bartis mixedviT, warmoadgens maTi bunebrioba da

"normalizebuli" xasiaTi, ris Sedegadac realoba ise gveZleva, TiTqos es

yvelaferi eqvemdebarebodes bunebrivi wesrigis kanonebs.

subkultura, iseve rogorc moda scildeba am kanonebs, radgan axdens

mocemuli nivTebis gadanacvlebasa da gansxvavebul konteqstSi moTavsebas. maTi

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moxmareba nivelirdeba da Cndeba maTi moxmarebis

axali gzebi. subkulturuli stilisti kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs "yoveldRiuri

cxovrebis cru bunebriobas" (alTuzeri 1968) da nivTebs aniWebs gansxvavebul,

winaaRmdegobriv mniSvnelobas Tu wakiTxvadobas.

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebulobis komunikacia devs yvela mniSvnelovani

subkulturis stilis ukan. es stili warmoadgens mesijs, romelic TavisTavad

bevri sxva mesijis matarebelia. sainteresoa, Tu rogori struqtura aqvT

individualur subkulturebs da Tu konkretulad risi Setyobineba da reklama

xdeba individualuri subkulturis mocemuli, mizanmimarTuli komunikaciis

saSualebiT.

stili, rogorc brikolaJi

subkulturebs bevri saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT. isini momxmareblur

kulturasac warmoadgenen — maSinac ki rodesac pankebi da skinhedebi

uaryofdnen garkveuli sagnebis yidva-moxmarebas — swored moxmarebis

specifiuri ritualebis gziT, stilis saSualebiT subkultura erTis mxriv

axdenda Tavisi "saidumlo" identobis warmoCenas da gvatyobinebda akrZalul

mniSvnelobebs. am gziT subkulturis wevrebi warmoaCendnen Tu rogor xdeboda

nivTebis gamoyeneba mocemul subkulturaSi, da amiT ganasxvavebdnen

subkulturas ufro farTod aRiarebuli kulturuli warmonaqmnebisgan.

brikolaJis cneba dagvexmareba subkulturuli stilebis Seqmnaze saubris

dros. levi strosi, Tavis cnobil naSromSi "veluri cnobiereba", wers rom

magiuri gzebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba primitiuli xalxebis mier (crurwmena,

jadoqroba, miTebi) SeiZleba davinaxoT rogorc erTi SexedviT gamaognebeli,

magram erTiani, logikuri, urTierT-damakavSirebeli sistemebis arseboba,

romlebic konkretul sagnebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben da Sesabamisad

amartiveben garSemo samyaros moazrebas. gaerTianebis am jadosnur sistemebs

axasiaTebT erTi saerTo niSani: maT SeuZliaT usasrulod gafarTovdnen,

radganac bazisuri elementebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba bevr sxvadasxva

improvizirebul kombinaciaSi; Sedegad xdeba axali mniSvnelobebis generireba

mocemuli sistemebisve farglebSi.

brikolaJi aRiwereba rogorc "konkretulis mecniereba", rac mis

Tavdapirvel anTropoligiur mniSvnelobas ufro azustebs:

brikolaJi exeba im saSualebebs, romelTa gamoyenebisas veluri cnobiereba

urTierTobas amyarebs garSemo samyarosTan. es procesi moicavs "konkretulis

mecnierebas" (gansxvavebiT Cveni "civiluri" abstraqtuli mecnierebisgan),

55

romelic frTxilad da zustad awesrigebs da struqturebad awyobs fizikuri

samyaros detalebs CvenTvis ucxo logikis saSualebiT.

amgvarad, improvizirebuli struqturebi warmoadgenen garemoSi arsebuli

movlenebis mimarT droebiT pasuxs; Semdeg xdeba garkveuli sagnebis

erTmaneTTan gaerTianeba, bunebisa da sazogadoebis Tvisebebs Soris analogiebis

povna rac maT exmarebaT icxovron iseT samyaroSi, romelic axsnas eqvemdebareba

(houki, 1977).

jon klarkma brikolaJis struqturuli improvizaciebis Sedegi gamoiyena

subkulturis Teoriis ganxilvisas, romelic aseve warmoadgens komunikacias

garkveul sistemas. klarkma gamoikvlia, Tu rogor xdeba diskursis

(gansakuTrebiT modis) radikalurad adaptireba, destabilizacia da ganvrcoba

subkulturuli brikoles saSualebiT:

sagani da mniSvneloba erTad Seadgenen niSans, xolo Semdeg garkveuli

niSnebis erToblioba gadaiqceva diskursis maxasiaTebel formebad; es procesi

nebismier kulturas axasiaTebs; magram, rodesac brikole axdens mniSvnelovani

sagnis gadaadgilebas da mas adgilmdebareobas ucvlis mocemuli diskursis

farglebSi, niSnebis igive repertuaris gamoyenebiT, an kidev rodesac is obieqti

geZleva sxva kombinaciis farglebSi - Sedegad iqmneba axali diskursi da

gadaicema gansxvavebuli mesiji. (klarki, 1976)

aqve SegviZlia moviyvanoT umberto ekos fraza "semioturi saomari

moqmedebebi", imisaTvis rom aRvweroT subkulturebTan kavSirSi arsebuli

destabilizaciuri qmedebebi. saomari moqmedebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

mocemuli subkulturis calkeuli wevrebis cnobierebis miRma (miuxedavad imisa

rom subkultura aseve warmoadgens gamiznul komunikacias).

magaliTad, dadasa da surealizmis radikaluri esTetika — sizmrebTan

dakavSirebuli namuSevrebi, kolaJebi, yofiTi moxmarebis nivTebi —warmoadgenen

"anarqistuli" diskursis klasikur meTodebs. bretonis manifestoebma (1924 da

1929) Camoayalibes surealizmis mTavari amosavali wertili: rom axali

"sueraloba" warmoiqmneboda Cveulebrivi gonis destabilizaciiT, dominanti

logikuri kategoriebis SeryeviT (mag., sizmari, realoba, samuSao/TamaSi) da

aranormalurisa da akrZalulis zeimiT. es yovelive miiRweoda "ori

erTmaneTisgan Sors mdgari realobis erTad warmoCinebiT" (reverdi 1918).

naSromSi "sagnis krizisi", bretonma moaxdina "kolajis esTetikis"

Teoretizireba; is werda rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sintaqsze ieriSis mitana,

romelic gveubneba Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli Cveulebrivi sagnebi,

ubiZgebda ...sagnis mTliani revoluciisken: obieqts Camoacilebda Tavdapirvel

mniSvnelobas da miscemda axal saxelsa da niSans. transformacia da deformacia

unda momxdariyo umiznod, transformaciisa da deformaciisave mizniT.

obieqtebis aseTi gadawyobiT, maTi rolebis Secvlis saSualebiT isini miiRebdnen

gansxvavebul saxes (bretoni, 1936).

yovelive es saTaves iRebs brikolaJis cnebaSi. subkulturuli brikoleri,

iseve rogorc surealisturi kolaJis avtori, rogorc wesi axdens ori erTis

mxriv SeuTavsebeli realobis erT sibrtyeze moTavasebas (mag., droSa, qurTuki,

savarcxeli: iaraRi) da swored aq xdeba "am sagnebis feTqebadi gadakveTa" (maqs

ernsti 1948). pankuri moZraoba anarqistuli suliskveTebis subkulturuli

gamoyenebis yvelaze karg magaliTs warmoadgens. pankuri moZraobis wiaRSi

mniSvnelobis reorganizaciisa da Seferxebis mizniT xorcieldeboda "tran-

sformacia da deformacia".

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi

frangi xelovani marsel duSanis msgavsad, romelic "ukve arsebul nivTebs"

xelovnebis nimuSebad naTlavda, radgan mas ase surda, pankebisTvisac modas an

antimodas warmoadgenda yvelaze umniSvnelo da Seusabamo sagnebi — qinZisTavi,

saparsi britva, tualetis Casarecxi jaWvebi, parkebi, televizoris nawilebi.

pankebi am nivTebs aTavisuflebdnden TavianTi Cveuli konteqstisgan da

xmarobdnen yelis, yurebisa da tuCebis samkaulebad. maTi wesi martivi iyo: Tu

56

mniSnveloba xSirad damokidebulia im narativebze, gancxadebebze, gamosa-

xulebis jgufebze, mTlian diskursebze, romlebic operireben mravali teqstis

farglebSi, codnis sferoebze, sadac subieqtma moipova farTo Zalaufleba.

semiotika reprezenataciis process ganixilavda enis CarCoebSi da udgeboda

rogorc daxurul, statikur sistemas. Semdegi naSromebi reprezentacias

ganixilaven, rogorc socialuri codnis wyaros — rogorc ufro Ria sistemas,

romelic mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli socialur praqtikasTan da Zalauflebis

sakiTxebTan. semiotur midgomaSi subieqti enis centridan CamoSorebuli iyo.

mogvianebiT, Teoretikosebi daubrundnen subieqtis sakiTxs. Tumca subieqti ar

daubrunebiaT centrSi, rogorc mniSvnelobis avtori an wyaro. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ena Cven gvalaparakebda, unda aRiniSnos rom konkretul istoriul

momentebSi, zogierT adamians ufro meti Zalaufleba hqonda raTa esaubra

garkveuli sakiTxebis irgvliv, vidre sxvebs (kaci eqimebi qali giJi pacientebis

Sesaxeb 19 saukunis miwuruls). repezentaciis modelebs gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqciaT codnisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebis SeswvlisTvis.

fuko reprezentacias ufro viwro gagebiT iyenebda, vidre aq aris ganxiluli,

Tumca man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana reprezentaciis problemis ganxilvaSi.

mas ainteresebda codnis warmoeba (da ara mxolod mniSvnelobis) diskursis

saSualebiT (da ara mxolod enis saSualebiT). misi amocana is iyo, rom

gaeanalizebina, Tu rogoria adamianebis TviTSegneba Cens kulturaSi da rogor

iqmneba Cveni codna socialuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, individebis Sesaxeb,

gaziarebuli mniSvnelobebis sxvadasxva istoriul periodebSi. fukos naazrevi

ufro istoriuli xasiaTis iyo, vidre sosuris an bartis; is yuradRebas aqcevda

istoriul konkretul pirobebs.

Cven ganvixilavT fukos mier SemoTavazebul sam ZiriTad cnebas: diskursis

cneba, codnisa da Zalauflebis da subieqtis cneba. fukom diskursis cneba

Semdegnairad gansazRvra "Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic qmnis

salaparako enas - codnis gamosaxatavad konkretuli Temis garSemo konkretul

istoriul momentSi. diskursi aris codnis warmoeba enis saSualebiT da

ramdenadac yvela socialuri praqtika atarebs raRac mniSvnelobas, mniSvne-

lobebi gavlenas axdenen da aformebebn Cvens qcevas — yvela qmedebas aqvs

diskursiuli aspeqti” igive diskursi vlindeba teqstebSi, qcevis formebSi,

sazogadoebis instituciur sferoebSi. rodesac diskursiuli movlenebi exebian

erTi da imave sagans, aqvT erTi da igive stili da iziareben erTsa da imave

instituciur, administraciul an politikur strategias Tu qmedebis xazs.

fukos mixedviT, isini miekuTvnebian erTi da imave diskursiul formirebas.

mniSvneloba da mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli qmedebis konstruireba xdeba

diskursis farglebSi. fuko, iseve rogorc semiotikosebi iyvnen konstruq-

tivistebi. imis mtkiceba, rom diskursis gareT arafers aqvs mniSvneloba, erTi

SexedviT, absurduli gancxadebaa, Tumca mniSvnelovani. fuko ar uaryofs rom

sagnebs gaaCniaT namdvili, materialuri arseboba samyaroSi. is ubralod ambobs,

rom sagnebi mniSvnelobas kargaven diskursis farglebs miRma. diskursis cneba ar

exeba sagnebis arsebobas, aramed mniSvnelobis qmnadobis wyaros. idea fizikuri

sagnebisa da qmedebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs, magram maT mniSvneloba eniWebaT da

codnis obieqtebi xdebian mxolod diskursis farglebSi. mag., cnebebs sigiJe,

dasja, seqsualoba mniSvneloba aqvT diskursis farglebSi. 1. mosazrebebi

"sigiJis", dasjisa da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveul codnas gvaZlevs am

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 2. wesebi, romlebic adgnen am sakiTxebze saubris

gamarTlebul, swor wsebs da gamoricxaven gansxvavebul wesebs — anu gan-

sazRvraven Tu risi Tqma da risi fiqri SeiZleba sigiJeze, dasjasa Tu

seqsualobaze konkretul istoriul momentSi. 3. subieqtebi, vinc garkve-

ulwilad axdenen diskursis personifikacias — giJi, isteriuli qali, kriminali,

perverti. am subieqtebs garkveuli atributebi eqnebaT mocemul istoriul

periodSi, gamomdinare arsebuli codnidan; 4. rogor iZens codna avtoritets,

"WeSmaritebis" elfers mocemuli sakiTxis garSemo mocemul momentSi;

fukos mixedviT, sagnebi iTvlebodnen "namdvilad" da "WeSmaritad" mxolod

konkretul istoriul konteqstSi. misi azriT, erTi da igive fenomeni ar

SeiniSneba sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, anu diskursi romelic qmnis codnis

33

miuxedavad sosuris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis popularobisa,

mogvianebiT mividnen im daskvnamde, rom enis Seswavla mecnieruli sizustiT

SeuZlebelia. ena wesebs eqvemdebareba, magram is ar aris daxuruli sistema,

romelic daiyvaneba formalur elementebze. ena gamudmebul cvalebadobas

eqvemdebareba, is Riaa cvalebadobis mimarT — gamoCndnen mecnierebi, romlebmac

sosuris modeli gaafarToves da SeimuSaves poststruqturalisturi midgoma

enobrivi sistemebis mimarT.

sosuris naazrevs misma studentebma Tavi mouyares naSromSi “kursi zogad

lingvistikaSi (1960), sadac is ambobs, rom sasurvelia gaCndes mecniereba,

romelic Seiswavlida niSnebs sazogadoebaSi — "me davarqmevdi mas semiologias,

berZnuli sityva semion “niSnebi”, ganacxada sosurma. am zogad midgomas niSnebis

kvlevisadmi kulturaSi ewodeba semiotika. semiotikis amosavali wertilia is,

rom yvela kulturuli obieqti mniSvnelobis matarebelia da yvela kulturuli

praqtika damokidebulia mniSvnelobaze. isini iyeneben niSnebs, amitom niSnebi

iseve funqcionirebs rogorc ena da eqvemdebareba imave analizs, rogorsac

sosoris mier SemoTavazebuli lingvisturi cnebebi (aRmniSvneli/aRsaniSni,

ena/parole, kodebi da struqturebi da niSnis TviTneburi xasiaTi).

frangi socialuri kritikosi roland barti Tavis wignSi "miTologiebi"

(1972) ganixilavs Widaobis fenomens, greta garbos saxes, sarecxis fxvnilebs da

sapons. man miuyena semiotikuri analizi sazogadoebis yoveldRiur movlenebs da

garkveulli aqtivobebi da sagnebi aRiqva rogorc niSnebi, romlebic enis

saSualebiT garkveuli mniSvnelobis komunikacias cdiloben. semiotur

midgomaSi, ara mxolod sityvebsa da gamosaxulebebs eniWebaT niSnis mniSvneloba,

aramed Tavad sagnebic funqcionireben rogorc aRmniSvnelebi da warmoqmnian

raRac garkveul mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, tansacmeli ara mxolod sxeulis

dasafaravad gamoiyeneba, aramed garkveuli informaciis matarebelia — anu

niSania. saRamos kaba SeiZleba niSnavdes "eleganturobas", jinsi araformalur

Cacmulobas, a.S.

sosuris viwro lingvisturi midgomidan gadavdivarT ufro farTo

kulturul midgomaze. eseSi “miTi dRes” barti gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor muSaobs

reprezentacia ufro farTo kulturul doneze. franguli Jurnali pari matCis

garekanze warmodgenilia axalgazrda Savkanianis foto, romelic frangul

samxedro formaSi miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. misi Tvalebi zeviT aris

mimarTuli da, albaT, droSas uyurebs (1972). analizis pirvel doneze, Cven unda

gavSifroT aRmniSnvelebi: mag., jariskaci, uniforma, mklavi da Tvalebi aweuli,

safrangeTis droSa. niSnebis es erToblioba gvauwyebs, rom Savkaniani miesalmeba

safrangeTis droSas. aq barti ambobs, rom am fotos ufro farTo kulturuli

mniSneloba aqvs da is ris komunikaciasac aRniSnuli foto cdilobs SeiZleba

iyos Semdegi: rom safrangeTi didi da Zlieri imperiaa, rom yvela misi Svili,

miuxedavad kanis ferisa, erTgulad msaxurobs misi droSis qveS, rac warmoadgens

saukeTeso pasuxs imaTTvis, vinc bralad debs safrangeTs kolonializmSi;

Savkaniani biWi erTgulad emsaxureba mis e. w. mCagvrelebs”

barti aq ambobs, rom reprezentacias adgili aqvs ori sxvadasva, magram

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli procesiT. pirvel procesSi, aRmniSnvelebi

(gamosaxulebis elementebi) da aRniSnulebi (cnebebi —jariskaci, droSa)

erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas raRac niSani martivi mesijiT: Savkaniani

jariskaci miesalmeba safrangeTis droSas. meore doneze ki aRsaniSnavebis

erToblioba dakavSirebulia franguli kolonializmis idologiur TemasTan.

analizis swored es meore done warmoadgens miTis Seqmnis done, rasac barti

uwodebs idologiurad Seqmnil mesijebsa Tu mniSnvelobas. amgvari wakiTxvis

dros, safrangeTis imperializmi aris miTis mamoZravebeli. am cnebis saSualebiT

mTeli axali istoria gadmocemuli miTis saxiT — safrangeTis kolonializmis

istoria, awmyoSi arsebuli problemebi.

rogorc davinaxeT, bartis naazrevSi sosuris lingvisturma modelma ufro

farTo gamoyeneba pova da Seexo niSnebisa da reprezentaciebis ufro farTo

sferos (reklama, fotografia, popularuli kultura, mogzauroba, moda)

semiotur midgomaSi, repezentacia gaigeboda imis safuZvelze, Tu rogor

funqcionirebdnen sityvebi rogorc niSnebi enaSi. maSin rodesac kulturaSi

32

qudi ar gergeboda, is aucileblad unda getarebina. musikac gansxvavdeboda

farTod aRiarebuli rokisa da popisgan. is erTgvarovnad bazisuri da pirdapiri

iyo an gamiznulad an kidev araprofesionalizmis gamo. pankis midgoma

harmoniuli musikis mimarT Semdegi iyo: Cven qaosis momxre varT da ara musikis.

pankebma ara mxolod Cacmulobis, aramed yvela aqtualuri diskursis

destabilizacia moaxdines. mag., cekva, romelic britanuli rokisa da popis

kulturaSi gamomsaxvelobiT mediums warmoadgenda, pankma is robotebis

moZraobad aqcia. cekvis ritualis tradiciuli maxasiaTeblebi, rogoric iyo

flirti miuReblad CaiTvala. scenasa da mayureblebs Soris zRvari gaqra.

pankebi arRvevdnen arsebul etikets da auditoria da xelovani erTmaneTSi

ireoda.

arc erT subkulturas ar ucdia dakanonebuli da bunebrivad winaswar

mocemuli normalizebuli formebisgan sakuTari Tavis gamijvna, ise rogorc

pankebs. maT amisTvis sazogadoebis didi nawilisgan gakicxva daimsaxures.

pankebi, magaliTad, ara mxolod pirdapir reagirebdnen britaneTSi sul ufro

mzard umuSevrobaze, cvalebad moralur standartebze, siRaribesa da

depresiaze, a.S. aramed isini axdendnen imis dramatizirebas, rasac Semdeg daerqva

“britaneTis dacema”.

pankebma Seqmnes ena, romelic rokis istebliSmentis ritorikis sapirispirod

bevrad ufro aqtualuri da miwieri iyo. maT gamoiyenes krizisis ritorika,

romelic im periodSi intensiurad Suqdeboda radioebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis

mier. pankebma moaxdines am ritorikis Targmna ufro xelSesaxebi da SesamCnevi

gziT.

1970-iani wlebis apokalipsuri atmosferos dros, rodesac umuSevrobas

masiuri saxe hqonda da londonis sxvadasxva ubnebSi Setakebebi daiwyo — pankebis

mier sakuTari Tavis rogorc absoluturi degeneratebis warmosaxva kargad

ewereboda saerTo suraTSi. es ufro imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom Seqmnili situacia,

socialuri struqturebis rRveva kargad ganasaxierebda didi britaneTis

atrofirebul mdgomareobas.

pankebis mxridan gakeTebuli "gancxadebebi" Zalian aqtualuri iyo, anu ena

romelsac isini iyenebdnen gamoirCeoda TanamedroveobiT, droulobiT rogorc

subkulturis wevrebisTvis, aseve misi openentebisTvisac. pankebis mier

gaTavisebuli sxvadasxva stili gamoxatavda agresias, frustraciasa da SfoTvas.

pankebis subkulturas garkveuli sanaxaobiTi buneba hqonda, magram amave dros

pankebi kargad axdenden imdroindeli problemebis warmoCenas. am gziT maT bevri

mimdevari gaiCines. uwesrigobis komunikaciisTvis saWiroa Sesabamisi enis

SerCeva, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosalodnelia am enis ignorireba an

represireba.

pankebis subkultura gvexmareba avxsnaT mag., musikosi devid bouvis kultis

arseboba, romelic exeboda ara klasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, aramed

sqesTan/genderTan. bouvitebi, rogorc maT uwodebdnen, ar axdendnen nacnobi

problematikis deklarirebas, mag., protesti avtoritetebis winaaRmdeg — maTi

pativiscema, a.S); isini cdilobdnen moexdinaT azriani saSualo sivrcis moZieba

mSoblebis kulturasa da dominantur ideologias Soris.: sivrce, sadac

aRmoCenili da gamovlenili iqnebodnen alternatiuli identobebi. am mxriv,

isini eZebdnen avtonomiis garkveul xarisxs, romelic axasiaTebs yvela

axalgazrdul da kontrkulturas.

skinhedebisgan gansxvavebiT, bouvitebi upirispirdebodnen ufro aSkara

sakiTxebs (seqsualuri, klasobrivi, teritorialuri) da eZebdnen am sakiTxebis

irgvliv arsebuli diskursebis Secvlas, gadagdebas. isini cdilobdnen eWvs qveS

daeyenebinaT tradiciuli muSaTa klasis puritanizmi da mas mediis mier muSaTa

klasis warmosaxva puritanebad; bouvitebi aseve axdenden masmediis saSualebiT

xelmisawvdomi imijebis, stilebisa da ideologiebis adaptacias alternatiuli

pirovnebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, romelic gamorCeuli iqneboda Tavisi

gansxvavebulobiT. bouvitebi, pirvel rigSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebdnen

klasobrivi da genderuli stereotipebis gardauvalobasa da bunebriobas.

57

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti

Tanamedrove da postmodernistuli sazogadoebis sociologiuri Teoriebi

ara mxolod aRweren an asaxaven samyaros garkveuli wesiT, aramed gar-

kveulwilad Tvlian, rom samyaros aumjobeseben. am kuTxiT isini warmoadgenen

ara mxolod Teoriebs, aramed normatiul proeqtebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT

faseulobebi, idealebi, istoriis grandiozuli Teoriebi da momavlis

winaswarmetyveleba. amitom, rodesac vkiTxulobT da vaxdenT sociologiuri

Teoriis interpetacias unda gavarCioT ra tipis Teoriul siZneleebTan gvaqvs

saqme, rodesac normatiul proeqtebs vexebiT. aseve Tu Teoriis praqtikaSi

gamoyeneba gvsurs, unda amovirCios Teoriis is nawili Tu mxare, romelzec

movaxdenT koncentracias.

modernistulsa da postmodernistuls Soris gansxvavebas xSirad bundovani

saxe aqvs. modernistuli Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, gamomdinareoben obieqtivis-

turi (xandaxan pozitivisturi) epistemiologiidan, maSin rodesac post-

modernistuli Teoriebi ZiriTadad subieqtivisturia; modernistuli Teoriebi

sazogadoebis zrdas ganmartaven rogorc diferenciaciis process, maSin

rodesac postmodernistebi dediferenciaze saubroben; modernistuli Teo-

riebi ZiriTadad cdiloben sazogadoebis saerTo, ganzogadebuli modelebi

SemogvTavazon, postmodernistebi ki mraval sxvadasxva perspeqtivas ganixi-

laven.

rac Seexeba normatiul proeqtebs, romlebic am TeoriebTan asocirdeba:

modernistebi racionaluri dialogis saSualebiT eZeben eTikur principebze

dafuZnebul universalizms anu miiswrafian garkveuli eTikuri principebis

erTobliobis irgvliv SeTanxmebisken; maTi azriT, mocemuli principebis er-

Tobliobas argumentirebuli/gamarTlebuli saxe unda hqondes da miznad

isaxavdes sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebas; postmodernistebi ki

cdiloben kulturuli pluralizmis SenarCunebas, ris farglebSic isini Tana-

ugrZnoben da tolerantulad arian ganwyobilni sxvebis moralurobis/eTikis

mimarT da kamaTis SemTxvevaSi upirispirdebian maT "TamaSis formiT".

ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba?

li da niubais mixedviT, "ganmanaTleblobis ideali" da misi mniSvneloba

mdgomareobs “racionalurad moazrebul adamianur istoriaSi, rodesac

SesaZlebeli xdeba politikuri sazogadoebis gaumjobeseba. TviTon socialuri

mecnierebis idea am Sexedulebis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda; sociologiis

zogierTi damfuZneblis naSromebi swored imis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rom

ganmanaTleblobis ideali daecvaT araracionaluris Semotevisgan”.

lord aqtoni kidev ufro pompezurad da saxasiaTod aRwers "axali saukunis"

dadgomas: “im istoriul periodSi, kolumbma Secvala Sexedulebebi samyaros

Sesaxeb da moaxdina warmoebis pirobebis, simdidrisa da Zalauflebis radika-

luri gardaqmna; makiavelma xelisufleba gaaTavisufla kanonis SezRudvebisgan;

erazm roterdamelma Zveli yaidis swavleba gadaiyvana profanulidan

qristianul msoflmxedvelobaze; martin luterma Searyia avtoritetis jaWvisa

da tradiciis uZlieresi kavSiri; kopernikma Seqmna Seuryeveli rwmena, romelmac

samaradisod daukavSira progresi im momavals romelic modioda. yovelive

warmoadgenda axali cxovrebis dasabams; samyarom daiwyo manamde ucnob

orbitaze brunva, rac ganpirobebuli iyo manamde ucnobi zegavlenebiT”.

entoni gidensi, zemoT moyvanil paragrafze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs, Tu ras

niSnavda yovelive es istoriis gagebisTvis: “ istoriis mecnierebis arseboba..

winapirobad aRiqvams cvalebadi samyaros arsebobas, sadac warsuli

garkvulwilad gadaiqca tvirTad, romlisganac adamianebi ganTavisuflebas

cdiloben. Tanamedrove xanaSi, adamianebi aRar aRiqvamen cxovrebis im pirobebs

bunebrivad da fiqsirebulad, ra pirobebSic isini daibadnen, aramed cdiloben

TavianTi nebiT gavlena moaxdinon realobaze. am mcdelobiT adamianebi momavals

iseT formas aZleven, romelic daakmayofilebs maT survilebs (kapitalizmi da

58

sosuri (1857 —1913). sosurs Tanamdedrove lingvistikis mamad miiCneven. enis

miseulma modelma safuZveli Cauyara semiotur midgomas reprezentaciis

problemis mimarT. sosurisTvis ena warmoadgens niSnebis sistemas. man niSani or

mniSvnelovan elementad dayo: formad (TviTon sityva, gamosaxuleba, foto, a.S)

da idead an cnebad Cvens TavebSi, romelTanac es forma asocirdeba.

pirvel elements sosurma aRmniSvneli uwyoda, xolo meores — aRsaniSni.

orive aucilebelia mniSvnelobis warmoqmnisTvis, magram maT Soris

damokidebuleba fiqsirebulia Cveni kulturuli da ligvisturi kodebis mier,

romlebic reprezentaciis arsebobas SesaZlebels xdis. aseve, niSnebi

warmoadgenen sistemis wevrebs da ganisazRvrebian erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.

magaliTad, mamis cneba ganisazRvreba dedasTan da SvilebTan mimarTebaSi. ase

rom, cnebebis gansazRvra xdeba gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze.

sosuris mixedviT cnebebi (aRsaniSnebi) istoriis manZilze cvalebadobas

eqvemdebareba, yoveli cvlileba ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs kulturis cnebobriv

rukaSi cvilelebas, Sesabisad kulturebi istoriis gansxvavebul monakveTSi

gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen samyaros. magaliTad, mravali saukunis manZilze

dasavlur civilizaciaSi sityva Savi asocirdeboda yvelafer muqTan, borotTan,

akrZalulTan, satanisturTan, saxifaTosTan, rac dRemde asea. Tumca,

SesaZlebelia rom gansxvavebul kulturaSi an kulturul konteqstSi Savs

radikalurad gansxvavebuli datvirTva hqondes.

daskvnis saxiT, mniSvnelobebi iqmneba kulturisa da istoriis wiaRSi. ar

arsebobs erTi, ucvleli, universaluri "WeSmariti mniSvneloba" radganac niSani

mTlianad eqvemdebareba istorias da yoveli aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis

kombinacia aris istoriuli procesis cvalebadi rezultati; anu mniSvneloba

eqvemdebareba interpretaciis aqtiur process. imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT raime

azriani, mniSvnelobis mqone, amisaTvis unda davixmaroT ena; ena ki matarebelia

Cvenamde arsebuli bevri Zveli mniSvnelobis. Cven ar SegviZlia bolomde enis

gawmenda da im dafaruli mniSvnelobebisgan gaTavisufleba, romlebmac SeiZleba

Secvalon an daamaxinjos is risi Tqmac gvsurs. magaliTad, isev Savs rom

davubrundeT, rodesac vkiTxulobT an gvesmis rom ama da am adamians Savi dRe

gauTenda, aq ukve viciT Tu Savs ra mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli Cveni kulturis

farglebSi. Tumca interpretaciis dros yovelTvis aris adgili

cdomilebisTvis, sadac Cvens mier Cadebuli mniSvneloba ar esmiT an esmiT odnav

sxvanairad, a.S.

sosurma ena or nawilad gayo. pirveli Sedgeba lingvisturi sitemis zogadi

wesebisa da kodebisgan, romlebic gaziarebulia enis yvela momxmareblis mier

rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba. wesebi warmoadgens principebs, romlebsac Cven

vswavlobT enis Seswavlis dros. sosuri enis struqturas, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs sworad CamovayaliboT winadadebebi uwodebda langs (anu enobriv

sistemas). meore nawili ki Sedgeba saubris, weris an xatvis konkretuli,

personaluri aqtebisgan, romlebic langis struqturisa da wesebis gamoyenebiT-

iwarmoeba mosaubris an damweris mier. is mas paroles uwodebda. langi aris enis

sistema, ena rogorc formebis sistema, maSin rodesac parole warmoadgens

konkretul saubars an weras, sadac saubris aqtebi SesaZlebeli xdeba enis mier.

sosurisTvis wesebis da kodebis es struqtura warmoadgenda enis socialur

nawils, romlis Seswavlac SesaZlebeli iyo mecnieruli sizustiT, ramdenadac es

sitema daxuruli, SezRuduli bunebis gaxldaT.

imdenad ramdenadac, sosuri gvTavazobda enis Rrma struqturebis Seswavlas,

mas struqturalisti, xolod mis mier warmodgenili enis Seswavlis models

struqturalisturi uwodes. enis meore naswili ki -parole iTvleboda enis

"zedapirad". arsebobda paroles SeuzRudavi raodenoba da Sesabamisad paroles

ar hqonda is struqturuli Taviseburebebi — daxuruli da SezRuduli

variaciebi - romelic mis mecnieruli midgomiT Seswavlas SesaZlebels gaxdida.

sosuris mixedviT, avtori wyvets Tu risi Tqma surs mas, magram amave dros igi

unda daeqvemdebaros enis konkretul wesebs, Tu unda rom sxvebma gaigon misi

saTqmeli. amitom ena socialuri fenomenia. misi wyaro devs sazogadoebaSi,

kulturaSi, Cvens mier gaziarebul kulturul kodebSi da ara bunebasa Tu

individualur subieqtSi.

31

vimyofebiT, maSin es iqneba sityva “house” . aseve, amis sapirispirod kodi

gveubneba, Tu romel cnebazea saubari rodesac Cven gvesmis an vkiTxulobT

garkveul niSnebs. kodebi saSualebas gvaZleven vTargmnoT Cveni cnebebi

garkveul enaze, rac Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelobis gadacemis meqanizmia molaparakis

mxridan adresatisTvis. es mTargmnelobiTi meqanizmi ar aris mocemuli arc

bunebrivad da arc RmerTis mier, aramed warmoadgens socialuri konvenciebis

rezultats da fiqsirebulia socialurad kulturaSi.

ingliseli, frangi, Tu qarTveli mosaubreni raRac drois ganmavlobaSi

mividnen SeTanxmebamde rom TavianT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul enebSi,

garkveuli niSnebi aRniSnaven garkveul cnebebs. swored amas swavloben bavSvebi

da isini gardaiqmnebian ara mxolod biologiur individebad, aramed kulturuli

subieqtebad. amitom, rodesac mivekuTvnebiT garkveul kulturas da Sesabamisad

vflobT konkretul enobriv da cnebobriv sistemas, samyaros vxedavT garkveuli

perspeqtividan.

enis pirveli anTropologebi, werdnen rom Caketilebi varT garkveul

kulturul "mentalitetSi" da ena aris saukeTeso gasaRebi Cveni cnebobrivi

samyaros amosacnobad. sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad aris Cveni gamocdileba

limitirebuli Cveni lingvisturi da cnebobrivi samyaros mier?

Tu mniSvneloba warmoadgens rezultats imisa, rac ar aris mudmivad myari

bunebaSi, aramed Cveni socialuri, kulturuli da lingvisturi konvenciebis

Sedegia, maSin mniSvnelobis sabolood fiqsireba SeuZlebelia. Cven yvelani

"vTanxmdebiT" rom garkveul sityvebs magaliTad axalgazrdebisTvis SeiZleba

hqondeT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. Tumca, aucilebelia, rom moxdes

mniSvnelobis fiqsireba, raTa erTmaneTis gvesmodes. sicialuri da lingvisturi

konvenciebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. sityvebi cvdeba da axali frazebi

ibadeba. zogierT kulturas ar moepoveba ama Tu im cnebis aRmniSvneli sityva,

rac, magaliTad, Cvens kulturaSi SeiZleba farTod ixmarebodes.

axla, ganvixiloT mniSvnelobis reprezentacisadmi sami midgoma.

refleqsuri midgomis mixedviT, mniSvneloba devs saganSi, adamianSi,

movlenaSi romlebic arsebobs "realur samyaroSi", xolo ena funqcionirebs

rogorc sarke, romlic asaxavs im namdvil mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs

samyaroSi. Cv. w.-mde meoTxe saukuneSi berZnebma mimarTes mimezisis cnebas, raTa

aexsnaT, Tu rogor asaxavda an bunebis imitirebas axdenda ena da naxati. isini

magaliTad miiCnevdnen, rom homerosis iliada axdenda heroikuli movlenebis

imitacias. Teorias, romelic ambobs rom ena ubralod axdens WeSmaritebis

imitacias, romelic arsebobs fiqsirebuli saxiT gare samyaroSi, ewodeba

mimeturi.

WeSmaritebis garkveuli marcvali arsebobs reprezentaciisa da enis mimetur

TeoriebSi. mag., vizualuri niSnebi garkveulwilad asaxaven im obieqtebis

formasa da faqturas, romelebsac gamoxataven. Tumca, vardis organzomilebiani

vizualuri gamosaxuleba warmoadgens mxolod niSans, da is ar unda agverios

eklian mcenaresTan, romelsac specifikuri suni aqvs.

intencionaluri midgomis mixedviT, mosaubre, avtori axdens Tavisi

mnSvnelobis, azris komunikacias enis saSualebiT. sityvebi aRniSnaven imas, ra

mniSvnelobasac avtori debs maTSi. es midgoma naklovania, ramdenadac Cven ar

varT enaSi arsebuli mniSvnelobebis erTaderTi da unikaluri wyaro. ena,

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, efuZneba gaziarebul lingvistur konvenciebsa da

kodebs.

mesame midgoma — konstruqtivistuli - aRiarebs enis sazogadoebriv,

socialur xasiaTs. am midgomis mixedviT, TviTon sagnebi arafers aRniSnaven: Cven

vaxdenT mniSvnelobis konstruirebas reprezentaciuli sistemebis — cnebebisa

da niSnebis saSualebiT. aq ar unda movaxdinoT materialuri samyaros aRreva

simbolur praqtikasa da procesebTan. konstruqtivistebi ar uaryofen

materialur samyaros. ubralod ara materialuri samyaros atarebs mniS-

vnelobas, aramed enobrivi sistema. socialuri subieqtebi iyeneven TavianTi

kulturis cnebobriv sistemebs imisaTvis, rom samyaro garkveuli mniSvnelobis

matarebeli gaxdes da sxvebisTvisac gasagebi iyos Cveni fiqrebi da azrebi.

socialuri konstruqtivizmis Teoriis damfuZneblad iTvleba ferdinand

30

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria, 1971, gidensi)

zigmund baumani ki Tvlis, rom, “...im adreul xanaSi (romelsac xSirad pre-

Tanamedroves uwodeben) socialuri gansxvebulobebisa da dayofebis

SenarCunebas hqonda TavisTavadi saxe, arsebuli socialuri struqtura drois

gareT moiazreboda rogorc ucvleli da adamianis Carevisgan Tavisufali.

socialuri elementebi ganixilebodnen rogorc "RvTaebrivi kosmosis” Semad-

geneli nawilebi, sadac yvelafers da yvelas sul mudam Tavisi winaswar

gansazRvruli adgili eqneboda. daaxloebiT me-16 saukunis bolos, dasavleTi

evropis garkveul nawilebSi samyaros es harmoniuli da monoliTuri suraTi

iwyebs rRvevas... nel-nela naTeli xdeba rom socialuri wesrigi adamianur

produqts warmoadgens da imdenad, ramdenadac is adamianuri produqtia,

SeiZleba misi an gaumjobeseba an gauareseba. rogoric ar unda iyos, sociums

TviTneburi da xelovnuri xasiaTi eniWeba; adamianuri wesrigi xelovnebis,

codnisa da teqnologiis sagani xdeba”.

1789 wels ganxorcielebuli safrangeTis revoluciis mniSvnelobaze

saubrisas, entoni gidensi Tvlis, rom revoluciam erTmaneTs daupirispira

privilegirebuli, aristokratuli wesrigi da axali sazogadoebis xedva,

romelSic ganxorcieldeboda samarTlianobisa da Tavisuflebis zogadi prin-

cipebi. adamianebis uflebebis deklaracia (1789), acxadebda, rom "adamianis

uflebebis ucodinaroba, upativcemuloba da siZulvili warmoadgens sazoga-

doebrivi ubedurebis erTaderT mizezs". amrigad, safrangeTis revoluciam

gaafarTova 16-17 saukuneebis sekularuli racionalizmi da is adamianuri

sazogadoebis sferod aqcia. (kapitalizmi da Tanamedrove socialuri Teoria

gidensi, 1971)

,

li da niubais mixedviT, safrangeTis da amerikis revoluciebma garkveul

sakiTxTa kristalizeba moaxdines, ramac ganapiroba "Tanamedrove sazogadoebis"

warmoSoba da ganviTareba. es sakiTxebi/dapirispirebebi Semdegia:

tradicia/racio;

religia/saxelmwifo;

sakuTrebis xasiaTi (e.i. sakuTrebis Tavisuflad gamoyenebis ufleba);

socialur klasebs Soris urTierTobebi (samarTlebrivi kontraqti);

Tanasworuflebianoba.

Tumca, marqsi safrangeTis revoluciaze werda, rom Tu revolucia, romelic

ansaxierebs yvela istoriul "qmedebas" warmoadgenda marcxs, es marcxi

ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom revolucia ar gascda gansazRvruli masis

saxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis farglebs, ar iyo yovlis momcveli.

revoluciam ver gamoiwvia masis "enTuziazmi" da "interesi", ramdenadac masebis

mravalricxovani nawili, romelic Zalian gansxvavdeba burJuaziisgan ver

xedavda Tavis namdvil interess revoluciis principebSi da ar gaaCnda Tavisi

revoluciuri principi, aramed mxolod "idea" da, aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod

droebiTi enTuziazmi da egzaltacia" (istoriis meterialisturi koncefcia,

maklelanis redaqtorobiT)

robert nisbeti marqsiseul safrangeTis revoluciis interpretacias

afarToebs da ganmartavs, Tu ratom iyo safrangeTis revolucia mniSvnelovani

ara mxolod Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebisTvis, aramed Tanamedrove

socialuri azrisTvisac:

“dasavleT evropis mravalricxovani inteleqtualebis azriT, miuxedavad

maTi radikaluri, liberaluri Tu konservatiuli ganwyobebisa, revolucias

safrangeTSi epoqaluri xasiaTi hqonda, ramac kvali daamCnia mTel dasavleT

evropas. arcerT Tanamedrove movlenas, garda SeiZleba bolSevikuri

revoluciisa ruseTSi, ar hqonda ufro didi da grZelvadiani gavlena

filosofiur, literaturul, politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur ideebze,

vidre safrangeTis revolucias”.

59

manqana

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoretikosebis umravlesobisTvis, Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis materialur an ekonomikur fesvebs Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvT.

es ara mxolod marqsistuli midgomaa, aramed igive azrs iziarebs veberi

(romelic wers did da kompleqsur bazrebze) da durkheimi (romelic ganixilavda

Sromis ganawilebis kompleqsur struqturas). Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

dabadebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa industriulma revoluciam. socio-

logiurad moxda ori yvelaze fundamenturi cvlileba:

1) xeliT warmoeba Secvala manqanurma warmoebam; 2) ojaxi — qarxanam, rogorc

warmoebis erTeulma.

ZiriTad cnebas aq warmoadgens Sromis rTuli ganawileba (diferenciaciis

forma), razec werdnen adam smiti da Semdeg durkheimi. Tumca,

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom industriuli revolucia ar warmoadgenda movlenas,

aramed araTanabar process (iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric iyo britaneTi, aseve

safrangeTisa da germaniis gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi).

gidensis mixedviT, mxolod me-19 saukunis Suidan SeiZleba ewodos britanul

sazogadoebas "industriuli sazogadoeba". situacia safrangeTsa da germaniaSi

gansxvavdeboda. garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad kulturul miRwevebSi,

gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, xelovnebasa da filosofiaSi orive qveyana win

uswrebda britaneTs. magram me-18 saukunis Suidan safrangeTi da germania

britaneTs CamorCebodnen ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da mxolod saukunis

dagvianebiT daewivnen britaneTs.

sakamaToa industrializaciis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba kapitalizmis

ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dabadebaSi (kamaTi

damokidebuli iqneba ramdenad viwrod an farTod movaxdenT TiToeuli cnebis

gansazRvrebas, magaliTad, veberis mier kapitalizmis gansazRvreba ufro

farToa vidre marqsis).

li da niubais mixedviT, industriuli revolucia Tavisi xasiaTiT kapi-

talisturi iyo, miuxedavad imisa rom industrializmi da kapitalizmi SeiZleba

moviazroT rogorc calke cnebebi. kapitalizmis gavrcelebas industriaSi

iseTive efeqti hqonda socialur urTierTobebze, rac industrializacias

manamde provinciaSi.

urTierToba industriis damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebulebs Soris

ZiriTadad efuZneboda fuls — jamagirs — jamagiris arapersonalur xasiaTs;

aseve xdeboda mokle vadiani interesebis konfliqti jamagirsa da mogebas Soris

— am faqtorebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT gamoewviaT socialuri da politikuri

vnebaTaRelva, rac Tan axlda industriul revolucias.

qalaqi

urbanizacias mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. klasikos-Teoretikosebs Soris,

urbanizaciis obieqturi Sedegebi gamoikvlies durkhaimma da veberma. zimelis

naSromi ki qalaqis dinamikas subieqturi gamocdilebidan ganixilavs. aq

ganxilulia gaucxoebisa da socialuri cxovrebis impersonalizaciis sakiTxebi,

romlebic aqtualuri gaxda industrializaciasTan erTad, urbanizaciuli

procesebis dros.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qalaqi ar iyo axali socialuri organizmi, arsebobda

farTod aRiarebuli Sexeduleba, rom qalaqebi mxolod droebiT saWiroebas

warmoadgenden da maT ar eqnebodaT mudmivi xasiaTi. lis da niubais mixedviT,

amis dasabuTeblad, magaliTebis moyvana SeiZleba klasikuri da bibliuri

literaturidan, sadac moTxrobilia qalaqi saxelmwifoebis aRzevebisa da

dacemis, civilizaciebis Tanamdevi gadagvarebis Sesaxeb.

iTvleboda, rom qalaqma moitana pirovnuli urTierTobebisa da socialuri

kontrolis formebis rRveva, romlebic klasebs Soris urTierTobas axasiaTebda

provinciaSi. me -19 saukunis warmomadgenel mesakuTre klasebs eSinodaT, rom

60

Soris kompleqsur urTierTobebs. mag., Cven viyenebT msgavsebisa da

gansxvavebulobis principebs, imisaTvis rom davamyaroT kavSiri cnebebs Soris an

gavarCioT isini erTmaneTisgan. mag., me mgonia, rom garkveulwilad Citebi hgvanan

TviTmrfrinavebs caSi, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom oriveni dafrinaven. Tumca

amave dros isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, imitom rom pirveli bunebas

ekuTvnis, meore ki, adamianis xeliT aris gakeTebuli. swored cnebebs Soris

amgvari kavSirebis safuZvelze Cven vayalibebT fiqrebs. mocemul magaliTSi

pirveli daskvna emyareba frena/ar frenas Soris ganxvavebas, xolo meore exeba

bunebrivsa da xelovnurs Soris gansxvavebas.

arsebobs gansxvavebuli saxis organizaciis principi, romelic mag.,

Tanmimdevrobazea agebuli — saqme gvaqvs imasTan, Tu romeli cneba romels

mohyveba, an kidev kauzalobasTan, ra iwvevs ras. aq saubaria ara SemTxveviT

Tavmoyril cnebebze, aramed cnebebze, romlebic klasificirebulia erTmenTTan

mimarTebaSi.

mniSvneloba emyareba samyaroSi sagnebsa da cnebobriv sistemas Soris

urTierTobas, romlebic warmoadgenen maT mentalur repezentacias. magram,

amave dros, Cven erTmaneTTan vamyarebT komunikacias imitom rom viziarebT erTi

da imave konceptualur rukebs da met- naklebad msgavsad vaxdenT samyaros

interpretacias. Tumca gaziarebuli cnebobrivi ruka ar aris sakmarisi. Cven

aseve unda gvakavSirebdes saerTo ena. ena warmoadgens reprezentaciis meore

sistemas. Cveni cnebebi da ideebi SesabamisobaSi rom movidnen konkretul

daweril sityvebTan, warmoTqmul bgerebTan an vizualur gamosaxulebasTan

amisaTvis mivmarTavT niSnebs.

niSnebi organizebulia enebad da swored saerTo enebis arsebobis saSualebiT

vaxdenT Cveni azebis, cnebebis Targmans sityvebad, gamosaxulebebad daa.S. rom

SevajamoT, mniSvnelobis procesis SaugulSi, kulturaSi arsebobs ori

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli “reprezentaciuli sistema”. pirveli saSualebas

gvaZlevs mniSvneloba mivaniWoT samyaros sagnebs Cveni cnebobriv rukebs Soris

Sesabamisobis, igiveobriobis damyarebis gziT. meore ki, efuZneba Cvens cnebobriv

rukebsa da niSnebs Soris Sesabamisobis damyarebas.

vizualuri niSnebi da gamosaxulebebi msgavsia im sagnebisa, romlebsac isini

warmosaxaven; Tumca es niSnebi mainc niSnebad rCebian — isini garkveuli

mniSvnelobis matareblebi arian da eqvemdebarebian interpretacias. imisaTvis,

rom movaxdinoT maTi interpretacia, Cven unda gvqondes zemoT ganxiluli

reprezentaciis or sistemas Soris kavSiri.

magaliTad, rom warmovidginoT "cxvris" abstraqtuli naxati, mocemuli

abstraqtuli naxatis wasakiTxavad Cven unda vflobdeT rTul cnebobriv da

gaziarebul lingvistur sistemas. rodesac niSansa da mis referents anu

aRsaniSns Soris kavSiri bundovania, maSin mniSvneloba eWvis qveS dgeba da

gaurkvevloba isadgurebs, ar xdeba mniSvnelobis komunikacia calsaxad da

naTlad. vizualur niSnebs — xatebi (imiji) ewodeba. xati formiT msgavsia im

obieqtisa, romlis asaxvasac is cdilobs. werilobiTi da verbaluri niSnebi ki

warmoadgenen "indeqsur" niSnebs.

indeqsuri niSnebi aranair urTierTobaSi ar imyofebian im sagnebTan

romlebzec isini msjeloben. magaliTad, asoebi s a x l i, ar hgavs Cvens garSemo

arsebul saxlebs da arc bgerebis saSualebiT warmoTqmuli "saxli " aris msgavsi

im obieqtisa, romelsac Cven vuyurebT.

urTierTdamokidebuleba reprezentaciis am sistemebSi niSans, cnebasa da im

obieqts Soris, romlis aRsaniSnavadac isini gamoiyenebian aris TviTneburi.

"TviTneburSi" Cven vgulisxmobT, rom sxva nebismieri asoebis an bgerebis

Tavmoyras SeiZleba imave warmatebiT gamoexata is sagani Tu obieqti, romelsac

Cven vuwodebT saxls. mag., ingliselebi da qarTvelebi imave cnebas iyeneben,

magram es cneba inglisurSi gamoixateba sityviT “house" qarTulSi, ki "saxliT”

maSasadame, mniSvnelobis konstruireba xdeba reprezentaciis sistemebis

saSualebiT. es konstruireba da Semdeg fiqsireba xdeba kodis saSualebiT,

romelic amyarebs kavSirs Cvens cnebobriv sistemasa da Cvens enobriv sistemas

Soris, ise rom yovel jerze, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT saxlze kodi gveubneba, rom

unda gamoviyenoT qarTuli sityva saxli, Tu ki inglisur enovan qveyanaSi

29

pirdeba. Tumca es binaruli xedva xSirad eWvis qveS dgeba, imdenad ramdenadac

reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben, erTmaneTs cvlian. rac ufro

Rrmad Sedixar reprezentaciis kvlevis procesSi, miT ufro kompleqsuri xdeba

isda ufro rTulia aRsawerad.

reprezentacia da mniSvneloba

qvemoT ganvixilavT, Tu rogor akavSirebs reprezentaciis cneba

mniSvnelobasa da enas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sam sxvadasxva midgomaze Tu

Teoriaze am sakiTxis Sesaxeb: refleqsurs, intencionalurs da konst-

ruqtivistuls. ena ubralod asaxavs im mniSvnelobas, romelic ukve arsebobs

sganebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis samyaroSi (refleqsuri); ena gamoxatavs

mxolod molaparakis an mwerlis, an mxatvris saTqmels, maT mier Cadebul

mniSvnelobas (intencionaluri); mniSvneloba iqmneba enis saSualebiT

(konstruqtivistuli).

jer daviwyebT reprezentaciis cnebis ganxilviT: ras niSnavs sityva

reprezentacia. ras moicavs reprezentaciis procesebi da rogor muSaobs

reprezentacia.

reprezentacia aris mniSvnelobis warmoeba enis saSualebiT. oqsfordis

inglisuri enis leqsikonSi am sityvas CvenTvis ori aqtualuri mniSvneloba aqvs:

1. raRacas rom warmoadgen, niSnavs rom mas aRwer an gamosaxav, gonebaSi

moixmob aRweris, warmosaxvis ZaliT, amsgavseb gonebiT an grZnobiT raRacas, mag.,

winadadeba - es suraTi warmoadgens abelis mier kainis mkvlelobas;

2. reprezentacia aseve niSnavs, rom xdeba raRacis simbolizacia, raRaca

meore sagans warmoadgens an cvlis. mag., qristianobaSi jvari warmoadgens

qristes tanjvasa da jvarcmas.

figurebi naxatze kainis da abelis istoriias gamosaxaven, iseve rogorc

jvari Sedgeba ori xis joxisgan, romlebic erTmaneTzea miWedebuli;

qristianuli rwmenis konteqstSi ki jvari ufro bevri niSvnelobis matarebeli

simboloa da es aris is cneba, romelic Cven SegviZlia aRvweroT sityvebiTa da

gamosaxulebebiT.

sityva niSnavs an warmoadgens raRac cnebas da isSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

rogorc referenti an kidev aRmniSvneli "namdvili” an warmosaxviTi obieqtis.

mag., Cven SegviZlia voperirebdeT mxolod Wiqis cnebiT. rogorc lingvistebi

amboben, ZaRlebi yefen, magram Tavad cneba "ZaRli" arc yefs da arc ikbineba. Cven

ar SegviZlia visaubroT WiqiT, aramed am sagans vaniWebT garkveul sityvas — Wiqa

— romelic warmoadgens lingvistur niSans, romelsac qarTulSi viyenebT im

sagnebis mimarT saidanac SegviZlia davlioT wyali. swored aq Semodis

reprezentaciis cneba, rac rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna warmoadgens cnebebis

mniSvnelobebis warmoebas Cvens gonebaSi enis saSualebiT. is aris kavSiri

cnebebsa da enas Soris, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs visaubroT sagnebis,

adamianebis, movlenebis "namdvil" samyaroze.

aq gvaqvs ori procesi, reprezentaciis ori sistema. pirvel rigSi arsebobs

sistema, romlis saSualebiTac sagnebis, adamianebisa da movlenebis dakavSireba

xdeba cnebebis garkveuli kompleqtiT an kidev mentaluri reprezentaciebiT,

romlebic arsebobs Cvens TavebSi. maT gareSe Cven ver movaxdendiT samyaros

azrian interpretacias. pirvel rigSi, mniSvneloba efuZneba cnebebisa da

gamosaxulebebis sistemas romelic formirdeba Cvens azrebSi, romlebic

aRniSnaven an warmosaxvven samyaros.

es TavisTavad Zalian kompleqsuri procesis martivi axsnaa. martivia imis

danaxva, Tu rogor vayalibebT cnebebs im sagnebisTvis, romelsac vxedavT —

xalxi, materialuri sagnebi, mag. skamebi, magidebi. magram Cven aseve vayalibebT

cnebebs ufro bundovani da abstraqtuli sagnebisTvis, romlebsac ver vxedavT,

ver SevigrZnobT da ver vexebiT. mag., sikvdilis, megobrobisa Tu rwmenis cnebebi.,

romlebic arasdros gvinaxavs da verc vnaxavT. Cven amas vuwodeT reprezentaciis

sistemas, radganac is Sedgeba ara individualuri cnebebisgan, aramed cnebebis

organizebis, Tavmoyris, klasifikaciis sxvadasxva gzebisgan da amyarebs maT

28

qalaqis ganviTareba gamoiwvevda "sazogadoebis dakargvas" da Sedegad

sazogadoeba gaxdeboda arastabiluri.

gidensis mixedviT, unda ganvasxvavoT tradiciuli da Tanamedrove qalaqebi a)

urbanul/soflur urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi (am mimarTebis Tanamedrove

versia ufro farToa) da b) Zalauflebis koncentracia (tradiciuli qalaqi-

saxelmwifoebis Zalaufleba gadaeca Tanamedrove erovnul saxelmwifoebs)

sityva "qalaqi” gamoiyeneba farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelic exeba rogorc

urbanul dasaxlebebs tradiciul saozogadoebebSi, aseve im adgilebs sadac

kapitalistur-industriuli wesrigia Camoyalibebuli. qalaqis aseTi farTo

mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba xSirad damabnevelia, ramdenadac Tanamedrove

industria, romelsac mohyveba urbanizmis gavrceleba ar aris erT adgilze

mibmuli. tradiciuli qalaqi ki warmoadgens klasobriv sazogadoebebSi

dixciplinaruli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis mTavar adgils, romelic sofels

emijneba rogorc simbolurad, aseve xSir SemTxvevaSi fizikuradac galavnis

saSualebiT" (sazogadoebis konstitucia, gidensi).

zimelis mixedviT, qalaqi saSualebas gvaZlevs fokusi movaxdinoT

gacvlaze/urTierTgacvlaze (marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTad

yuradRebas warmoebas uTmobda), rogorc Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis

ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze. zimeli Tvlis, rom qalaqebi moicaven socialuri

asociaciis mdidar formebs, Tumca mas ambivalenturi damokidebuleba aqvs im

rezultatis mimarT, rac moaqvs individisTvis qalaqur cxovrebas Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi:

metropolisi pirovnuli arsebobis yvelaze individualuri formebis Seqmnis

saSualebas iZleva — imisda miuxedavad - rogoria Seqmnili forma - koreqtuli

Tu warmatebuli. Tanamedrove kulturis ganviTareba xasiaTdeba obieqturi

sulis dominaciiT subieqtur sulze; enaSi, kanonSi, warmoebis teqnikaSi, iseve

rogorc xelovnebasa da mecnierebaSi, yofiT sagnebSi, Cadebulia iseTi saxis

suli, romlis yoveldRiur ganviTarebas arasrulyofilad mihyveba da CamorCeba

individis inteleqtualuri ganviTareba" (individualobasa da socialuri

formebis Sesaxeb, zimeli).

erovnuli saxelmwifo

erovnuli saxelmwifos fenomeni Zalian mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove

sazogadoebisa da Tanamedrove sociologiisTvis. klasikosi Teoretikosebidan,

veberi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos ganviTarebas Tanamedrove industriuli

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan winapirobad miiCnevs. es

Sexeduleba rTuli da mraval plastiania, Tumca saxelmwifos biurokratizacia

— magaliTad saxelmwifos sabuRaltro da finansuri sistemebi ganmsazRvrel

rols TamaSoben. es argumentebi veberis mier racionalizaciis moazrebis farTo

konteqstSi unda davinaxoT.

“racionalizaciis mTeli procesi rogorc qarxanaSi, aseve nebismier sxva

adgilas, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo biurokratiul aparatSi mesakuTris

xelSi materialuri elementebis Tavmoyris paralelurad mimdinareobs.

disciplina dominirebs iseT farTo sferoebSi, rogoric aris politikuri da

ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba rac ufro da ufro metad

racionalizebuli xdeba. es universaluri fenomeni qarizmis mniSvnelobas da

individualurad gansxvavebul qcevas zRudavs (ekonomika da sazogadoeba)

gidensi wers, rom Tanamedrove erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSi

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula omis industrializaciam:

“omis industrializacia Tan sdevda erovnuli saxelmwifos Casaxvas da

erovnuli saxelmwifos sistemas garkveuli forma misca. Sedegad Seiqmna

msoflio samxedro wesrigi, romelic kveTs pirvel, meore da mesame qveynebs

Soris gansxvavebulobebs” (erovnuli saxelmwifo da Zaladoba).

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sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala?

Tanamedrove sociologia ZiriTadad exeboda wesrigis problemas im sazo-

gadoebebSi, sadac individualizmi, Temis dakargva, avtoritetis decentra-

lizacia da sekularizacia safrTxes uqmnida garkveuli sazogadoebebis

arsebobis gagrZlebas. zigmund baumanis mixedviT:

“wesrigis cneba, rogorc movlenebis regularuli Tanmimdevrobisa, rogorc

kargad SeTanxmebuli nawilebis harmoniuli erTobliobisa, rogorc situaciisa,

sadac sagnebi rCebian iseTebad, ra molodinic aris maTgan ar dabadebula

Tanamedrove periodis CasaxvasTan erTad.

Tumca, gamorCeulad Tanamedrove fiqrs warmodgens wesrigis Sesaxeb fiqri,

gancda rom raime swrafad unda moimoqmedon, SiSi imisa Sesabamis zomebs Tu ar

miiReben, maSin wesrigi qaosad gadaiqceva... iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mxolod adamianuri urTierTobebis frTxili

menejmenti yofs wesrigs qaosisgan (sociologiurad fiqri).

sakiTxisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba vlindeba durkhemis naazrevSic.

naSromSi, Sromis ganawileba, durkhemi wers specializaciis (Sromis ganawilebis)

moralur Sedegebze. durkhemisTvis specializaciis fenomeni ar izRudeba

ekonomikuri cxovrebiT (igi amiT upirispirdeba marqsizms). misTvis

specializacia ekonomikur konteqsts scildeba da socialuri cxovrebis sxva

sferoebisTvisac aqtualuri xdeba. adgili aqvs samuSaos saxlisgan gamijvnas:

politika, ganaTleba iqceva specializirebul sferoebad. mecnierebac

specializirebul mimarTulebebad iyofa. am farTo fragmentaciam, Sromis

socialurma dayofam Secvala individis damokidebuleba moraluri wesrigis

mimarT. amitomac durkhemi sazogadoebas moralur Zalad miiCnevs:

“sazogadoeba warmoadgens moraluri samyaros arsebobis pirobas.

sazogadoeba individebis ubralo Tavmoyra ki ar aris, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi

gawevrianebis dros Tavisi Sinagani moraluroba SeaqvT sazogadoebaSi; aramed

adamiani warmoadgens moralur arsebas mxolod imitom rom is cxovrobs

sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadac moraluroba dakavSirebulia jgufTan solidarobis

gancdasTan da icvleba arsebuli solidarobidan gamomdinare. socialuri

cxovrebis gaqrobasTan erTad moraluri cxovrebac gaqreboda, ramdenadac mas

aRar eqneboda mizani" (Sromis ganawileba; rCeuli nawerebidan).

baumani Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove xedva imisa, rom TiTqos sazogadoebam unda

gaxados individi "civilizebuli" mcdaria. aseTi xedva efuZneba durkheimis mier

individTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebis rogorc moraluri da SemzRudveli Zalis

moazrebas. sociologia da socialuri mecnierebebi wamoadgenen am rwmenis

inteleqtualur gamoxatulebas da amitom saWiroa maTi gadafaseba post-

modernistuli sazogadoebis farglebSi, sadac individs eniWeba prioriteti

sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT.

sociologiam unda Seicvalos damamkvidreblis roli sazogadoebasa da

sazogadoebriv eTikasTan mimarTebaSi da gaxdes interpretaciuli gansxvavebuli

individualuri perspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ufro meti yuradReba unda

daeTmos piradi moralurobis Seswavlasac. aqedan gamomdinare, postmoder-

nistuli sociologiis mTavari amocanaa politikasa da kulturaSi waaxalisos da

SeinarCunos pluralizmi. baumanis normatiuli argumenti efuZneba sazoga-

doebriv eTikasa da indivudualur moralurobas Soris gansxvavebas. is Tvlis,

rom Tanamedrove sociologiis gadmosaxedidan garkveuli undobloba arsebobs

individis mimarT (da individualuri moralurobis mimarT) rac aseve

ukavSirdeba sazogadoebrivi eTikis legitimurobas rogorc imis SesaZlebobas,

rom moagvaros (racios saSualebiT) Tu rogor unda wavmarToT kargad Cveni

cxovrebebi. baumani cdilobs socialuri Teoriis mimarT gansxvavebuli

midgomis damkvidrebas (da ufro farTod sazogadoebis "marTvisa" da socialuri

urTierTobebis mimarTac) romelic axdens moralurobis re-personalizacias,

rac damokidebulia intuiciasa da emociaze da ara mxolod racioze (baumani

amjobinebs "interpretaciuli racios" cnebas am konteqstSi — cneba, romelic

man dilTaisgan aiRo). baumani ganaviTarebs Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis

iseTi sakiTxebis mimarT ufro intuitur da garegnulad moralistur midgomas,

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reprezentaciis principebs. aqedan gamomdinare, fotografiac reprezentaciuli

sistemaa, romelic iRebs gamosaxulebas sinaTleze mgrZnobiare qaRaldze

dasxivebis saSualebiT, rom warmoadginos fotografiuli mniSvneloba

konkretul adamianis, movlenisa Tu scenis Sesaxeb. gamofena muzeumSi an

galereaSi SeiZleba aRiqmebodes rogorc ena, ramdenadac is iyenebs gamofenil

sagnebs imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas garkveuli mniSvnelobebi gamofenis Tematikis

irgvliv. aseve rodesac fexburTis matCze saxe daxatulebi, sloganebiTa da

transfarantebiT midian, esec garkveuli enaa, anu simboluri praqtika, romelic

aZlevs mniSvnelobas an gamoxatulebas rom es pirebi miekuTvnebian nacionalur

kulturas, an kidev identificirdebian TavianT qalaqTan Tu regionTan.

reprezentacia aq mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc identobasTan, aseve

codnasTanac. rTulia icode Tu ras niSnavs iyo ingliseli an frangi, an

qarTveli Tu ar daveyrdnobiT am aRmniSvnel sistemebs, romelTa saSualebiTac

xdeba Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros moazreba, da romelsac Cven kulturas

vuwodebT.

kulturisa da enis saSualebiT

mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia

ena gvTavazobs erT zogad models Tu rogor muSaobs kultura da

reprezentacia, gansakuTrebiT ki semiotikis sferoSi. semiotikas uwodeben

“niSnebis mecnierebas”. es niSnebi warmoadgenen mniSvnelobis matareblebs

kulturaSi. mniSvnelobiT dainteresebam gamoiwvia is, rom diskursis roli

kulturaSi gaxda msjelobebis sagani. diskursi warmoadgens raRac konkretuli

praqtikis sagnis garSemo codnis konstruirebas an am saganze msjelobis gzebs :

kompleqsi (erToblioba) ideebis, gamosaxulebebis, da praqtikis, romelic

dakavSirebulia garkveul TemasTan, socialur aqtivobasTan an instituti-

ciasTan sazogadoebaSi. es diskursiuli Camoyalibebuli erTobliobebi,

gansazRvraven ra aris da ra ar aris misaRebi ama Tu im konkretuli sagnis Tu

socialuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, ra codna aris aucilebeli da

aqtualuri im mocemul konteqstSi da ra tipis individebi atareben am

maxasiaTeblebs.

arsebobs bevri msgavseba, magram, amave dros, gansxvavebebi semiotursa da

diskursiul midgomebs Soris. erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaoba mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom semioturi midgoma exeba Tu rogor xdeba warmodgena, Tu rogor qmnis ena

mniSvnelobas, romelsac ewodeba “poetika”, maSin rodesac diskursiuli midgoma

ufro Seexeba reprezentaciis Sedegebsa da efeqtebs — mis politikas. is ikvlevs

ara mxolod rogor qmnian ena da reprezentacia mniSvnelobas, aramed codnas,

romelsac warmoqmnis konkretuli diskursi da romelic ukavSirdeba

Zalauflebas, aregulirebs qcevas, Seadgens an akonstruirebs identobebs da

subieqtebs da gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda moizrebodnen da gamoixatebodnen

mocemuli sagnebi. fokusi diskursiul midgomaSi yovelTvis konkretuli formis

istoriul specifiurobazea an kidev gamoxatvis meqanizmze: ara enaze rogorc

aseTze, aramed konkretul enebze an mniSvnelobebze da Tu rogor xdeba maTi

gamoyeneba mocemul dros da mocemul adgilas.

Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri, martivi, racionaluri an pragmatuli

damokidebuleba mniSvnelobebis mimarT. isini axdenen Zlieri rogorc pozitiuri

aseve negatiuri grZnobebisa da emociebis mobilizirebas. maT xSirad

urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTi aqvT da xSirad Cvens identobebsac kiTxvis niSnis

qveS ayeneben. Cven gviwevs maT dasacavad, an maT winaaRmdeg brZola, radgan isini

mniSvneladia da maT seriozuli Sedegebi mohyveba. isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra

aris “normaluri”, vin miukuTvneba mocemul socialur erTobliobas da vin ara.

isini mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zalauflebis urTierTobebTan, imdenad,

ramdenadac Cveni cxovrebebze did zegavlenas axdens is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba

Semdegi cnebebis gansazRvra da xmareba kaci/qali, Savkaniani/TeTrkaniani,

mdidari/Raribi, homoseqsuali/heteroseqsuali, axalgazrda/moxuci, moqala-

qe/ucxo. mniSvnelobebis organizeba xSirad binarulia anerTmaneTs upiris-

27

swored es gamoarCevs “adamianur” elements socialur cxovrebaSi bio-

logiuri motivaciebisgan. kulturis gamokvlevisas umniSvnelovanesi roli

eniWeba simbolikis sferos, romelic safuZvlad udevs socialur cxovrebas.

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna

sad warmoiqmneba mniSvneloba? mniSvnelobebi wamoiqmneba ramdenime

sxvadasxva adgilas da Semdeg maTi cirkulacia xdeba ramdenime sxvadasxva

procesis an praqtikis saSualebiT (kulturis wre). mniSvneloba gvaZlevs Cveni

identurobis SegrZnebas, vin varT Cven da adamianTa romel wres mivekuTvnebiT.

mniSvneloba mudmivad iqmneba da Semdeg icvleba yoveli piradi da socialuri

urTierTobis dros, romelSic viRebT monawileobas. mniSvnelobas aseve qmnis

masmedia, globaluri komunikaciebi da kompleqsuri teqnologiebi, romelTa

saSualebiTac xdeba sxvadasxva kulturebis cirkulacia saocari siswrafiT.

mniSvneloba aseve iqmneba maSinac, rodesac Cven gamovxatavT sakuTar Tavs, an

movixmarT garkveul “kulturul sagnebs”, anu vaxdenT maT CarTvas yovelRiur

ritualebsa da praqtikaSi da am gziT vaniWebT mas mniSvnelobas an faseulobas, an

rodesac vqmniT garkveul narativebs, istoriebs da fantaziebs maT garSemo.

yovelive zemoT Tqmuli xdeba enis saSualebiT. erTsa da imave kulturis

wevrebs aqvT saziaro azrebi, gamosaxulebebi da ideebi, romlebic maT

saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli perspeqtividan moiazron da Seicnon samyaro da,

aqedan gamomdinare, moaxdinon samyaros interpretacia daaxloebiT erTi da

imave wesiT. zogadad rom vTqvaT, isini operireben erTi da imave “kulturuli

kodebiT” da am kuTxiT azrovneba da grZnoba TavisTavad warmoadgens garkveuli

“reprezentaciis sistemas”, sadac Cveni koncefciebi, gamosaxulebebi da emociebi

niSnaven an warmoadgnen Cvens gonebriv cxovebaSi im sagnebs romlebic SeiZleba

arsebobdnen an ar arsebobdnen Cvens garSemo.

imisaTvis, rom movaxdinoT Cvens mier moazrebulis sxvebisTvis gaziareba,

isinic imave lingvistur kodebs unda flobdnen, rom gaigon Cveni saTqmeli. es ar

niSnavs, rom isini imave enaze, mag., frangul an Cinurze unda saubrobdnen,

rogorc Cven, aramed Cven enas aq vgulisxmobT ufro farTo gagebiT. Cveni

adresatebi, enis garda, aseve daaxloebiT analogiurad unda aRiqvamdnen

vizualur gamosaxulebebsac da bgerebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis im garkveul

formac icnobdnen, romelsac Cven musikas vuwodebT da a.S.

mniSvneloba warmoadgens dialogs — is yovelTvis mxolod nawilobriv aris

gagebuli da yovelTvis araTanabari gacvlaa.

maSasadame, ratom varqmevT enas an enebs mniSvnelobis Seqmnis da gadacemis

sxvadasxva gzebs? rogor funqcionireben es enebi? enebi operireben rogorc

reprezentaciuli sistemebi, imdenad ramdenadac isini iyeneben garkveul

elementebs, romlebic warmoadgenen imas risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs imisaTvis, rom

gamovxatoT raRac azri, idea an grZnoba. verbaluri ena iyenebs bgerebs,

werilobiTi — sityvebs, xolo musikaluri ena - notebs, "sxeulis ena” mimarTavs

fizikur Jestebs, modis industria tansacmels iyenebs, televizia ki cifrulad

an eleqtronuli wesiT warmoqmnil piqselebs ekranze, SuqniSnebi mimarTaven

mwvane, wiTel da yviTel ferebs CvenTvis garkveuli informaciis mosawodeblad.

yvela es elementi — bgerebi, sityvebi, notebi, Jestebi, tansacmeli warmoadgens

Cveni bunebrivi an materilauri samyaros nawils, magram maTi enisTvis

mniSvneloba ar aris is Tu ras warmoadgenen isini, aramed Tu ras akeTeben isini,

maTi funqcia. isini qmnian mniSvnelobas da Semdeg gadascemen. isini aRniSnaven

raRacas. TavisTavad maT ar gaaCniaT mniSvneloba, aramed warmoadgnen

saSualebebs, romlebic arian mniSvnelobis matareblebi, radganac operireben

rogorc simboloebi. es simboloebi ki warmoadgenen im mniSvnelobebs, romlis

sxvisTvis gadacemac Cven gvsurs. anu maT eniWebaT niSnebis funqcia. niSnebi

aRniSnaven an warmoadgenen Cvens ideebs, azrebs, gancdebs iseTi gziT rom maTi

“wakiTxva” dekodireba an interpretacia SeZlon sxvebma, daaxloebiT imave wesiT.

ena amitom warmoadgens aRmniSvnel praqtikas. nebismieri reprezentaciuli

sistema, romelic am gziT funqcionirebs, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom efuZneba enis

26

romlebic eqvemdebarebian racionalur dialogs, maSin rodesac postmo-

dernistul TeoriaSi (liotari) TamaSis farglebSi xdeba maTi ganxilva.

rogorc baumani aRniSnavs - "Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, Cven varT

sazogadoeba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom varT moralurebi”.

postmodernistuli sazogadoeba:

postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi

terminebi postmodernistuli, postmodernuli xana da postmodernizmi

erTmaneTs cvlian literaturaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernizmi

SeTanxmebisamebr ZiriTadad esTetikas exeba. es terminebi mravali sxvadasxva

fenomenis aRsaniSnavad yofila naxmari: sazogadoebebi (Tanamedrove dasavluri

evropa, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS), socialuri praqtika ("Sopingi”, mobiluri

telefonebis, internetis moxmareba, turizmi); socialuri Teoriebi (bodriari,

baumani, liotari); filosofiuri argumentebi (riCard rorti, derida);

skulptura/instalaciebi (demien hersti, treisi emini..) muxika (Snitke, praimal

skrimi); mxatvroba (vorholi, devid hakni), Senobebi (loidi, rem kulhaasi, demien

da hercogi), fuli (plastikuri baraTebi, evro); mecniereba (klonireba), garToba

(virtualuri realoba), da a.S.

Tu postmodernuli fenomenebis es sia raimeTi mainc aris erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli, maSin Semdegi Temebi SeiZleba iyos aqtualuri:

konteqstualizacia — sxvadasxva stilisa da midgomis “Sereva”, romlebic

adre erTmaneTisgan gamoirCeodnen (mag., arqiteqtura, moda, religia);

Sereva, “melt dauni” — "gaerTianebisa" da fragmentaciis gancda (imitacia

dizainsa da reklamaSi)

pastiSi — stilebisa da midgomebis ironiuli kopireba (mag., komediaSi);

zedapiri — siRrmis nakleboba, "realobasa" da realobis "reprezentacias"

Soris gansxvavebis uaryofa.

sociologiuri terminebis gamoyenebiT, es Temebi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes

rogorc dediferenciaciis procesi, romelic atrialebs da cvlis socialuri

diferenciaciis process, romliTac xasiaTdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

ganviTareba (parsonsi, habermasi). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xdeba sazRvrebis

rRveva: sazRvrebi an ganxvavebebi romlebic Seiqmna socialuri diferenciaciis

Sedegad areulia postmodernistul sazogadoebaSi: mag. sazRvari maRal da

dabal kulturas Soris, ralobasa da realobis reprezentacias Soris

televizorSi (an filmSi, mxatvrobaSi, literaturaSi), politikasa da reklmas

Soris, ekonomikur cxovrebasa da kulturas Soris; warmoebasa da gacvlas Soris,

xelovnursa da adamianur gonebas Soris, dasavluri da aRmosavluri rwmenis

sistemebs Soris. es idea safuZvlad udevs postmodernistul socialur

TeoriaSi fragmentaciis Temas. de-diferenciaciis cneba gulisxmobs rom ukve

SeuZlebeli xdeba sazogadoebis rogorc integrirebuli sistemis moazreba, an

kidev rogorc erTi mTlianobis (marqsi da durkhemi).

postmodernis sxva gansazRvrebebi xSirad xmaroben sityva "axals" da ar

ganmartaven, Tu ras warmoadgens axali — sazogadoebas exeba es, socialur

Teorias Tu xelovnebis nimuSs. ritceri amis magaliTia: postmodernistuli xana

Seexeba istoriul epoqas, romelic rogorc wesi ganixileba rogorc Tana-

medrove periodi; postmodernizmi Seexeba kulturul produqtebs (xelovnebaSi,

filmebSi, arqiteqturaSi da a.S), romlebic ganxvavdebian Tanamedrove

kulturuli produqtebisgan.. postmoderni moicavs axal istoriul epoqas, axal

kulturul produqtebs da a.S. yovelive amaT aerTianebT is axali, rac moxda

bolo wlebis manZilze da ukve veRar mieyeneba sityva “Tanamedrove”, ramdenadac

axali etapebi cvlian Tanamedrove realobas. (sociologiis Teoria, mexuTe

gamocema)

kiTxva ismis - konkretulad ra xdeba "axali"? da konkretulad rodis, "bolo

wlebSi"? postmodernistuli sazogadoebis ufro zusti definiciisTvis unda

aRvniSnoT, rom 1960 ian wlebSi gaCnda socialuri institutebisa da socialuri

cxovrebis reorganizaciis iseTi formebi, romlebic ZiriTadad Sedgeba

63

informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebisgan, globaluri komunikaciuri

mediisgan da momsaxurebis seqtorisgan; momxmareblur sazogadoebaSi, aseve

ganxorcielda gacvliTi urTierTobebis da finansuri bazrebis eqspansia;

gaizarda kulturuli pluralizmi.

Tu postmodernistuli socialuri Teoria cdilobs gamoikvlios am cvli-

lebebis mizezebi da Sedegebi, sainteresoa, ras warmoadgens postmodernistuli

periodi rogorc normatiuli proeqti?

normatiuli cnebebis moSveliebiT, Tanamedroveobis (modernistuli) pro-

eqti ZiriTadad exeba sinTezis miRwevas an kidev universalur konsensuss. Tu

arsebobs iseTi proeqti, romelic asocirdeba postmodernistul xanasTan, is

pirvel rigSi exeba pluralizms ufro metad vidre universalizms da

gansxvavebulobis SenarCunebas, vidre sinTezis miRwevas. mTavari gansxvaveba

Tanamedrove da postTanamedrove Teoriebs Soris, iseve rogorc Tana-

medroveobasa da postTanamedroveobas rogorc normatiul proeqtebs Soris

aris is, rom xdeba racios interpretacia, gansakuTrebiT ki racios urTierToba

kulturasa da sazogadoebasTan.

Tanamedrove socialuri Teoriis farglebSi, goni, racio moazrebulia ro-

gorc socialuri Teoriis epistemiologiuri safuZveli da rogorc Tana-

medroveobis proeqtis CarCo, romelic scildeba kulturas. postmodernistul

socialur TeoriaSi, racio SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc kulturasTan

igiveobrivi, romelsac aZlierebs Zalaufleba; racio ar warmoadgens kulturis

safuZvels, aramed Teoretikosebis damaxinjebul mcdelobas axsnan samyaro.

Tu racio, kulturis farglebs scildeba, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes

rogorc kargi sazogadoebis ganxorcielebis safuZveli, sadac moxdeba

dapirispierbuli perspeqtivebisa da rwmenebis gasamarTleba. Tu goneba

kulturis nawilia an gaWuWyianebulia kulturis elementebis mier, maSin mas amis

ufleba ar gaaCnia: Cven ver vflobT gasamarTlebis saSualebebs da amitom ara

mxolod unda vicxovroT pluralistul samyaroSi, aramed gaviTavisoT is.

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi

post industrializmis cneba, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba daniel belis

naazrevTan 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi. beli gamoyofs industriul sazo-

gadoebaSi momxdar xuT ZiriTad cvlilebas: 1) postfordistuli warmoebis

teqnika; 2) axali da gafarToebuli profesiuli da teqnikuri klasis warmoSoba;

3) ufro meti Teoriuli codnis gamoyeneba rogorc politikisa da inovaciis

safuZveli; 4) zrdadi orientacia momavalze teqnologiebis marTvis dros; 5)

organizaciuli da informaciuli Teoriis mzardi ndoba.

daniel beli postindustrializms ganixilavs politikurad memarjvene

poziciidan, xolo alen tureni memarcxene poziciidan. misi ZiriTadi argumenti

Semdegia:

warmoiSva axali post industriuli codnis klasi, romelic sazogadoebaSi

atarebs inovaciis ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas da romelsac aqedan gamomdinare

xelSi uWiravs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; Tumca SedarebiT naklebad aris

SezRuduli warmoebis urTierTobebiT da amitom momavalSi iqneba ufro

radikaluri, vidre Zveli industriuli proletariati.

kidev erTi "postindustriuli moazrovnis” andre gorcis mixedviT, romelic

ufro axlos dgas turenTan, vidre belTan, warmoiSva axali postindustriuli

araproletariati romelic Sedgeba umuSevrebisa da kavSirebSi naklebad

gaerTianebeli adamianebisgan. es adamianebi iqnebian gamanTavisuflebeli

politikis adresati, romelic naklebad aris SezRuduli industriuli

korporaciebis mier (umuSevrebi) an kidev ufro institucionalizebuli (da

aqedan gamomdinare, ufro "usafrTxo") koleqtivisturi formebis mier (naklebad

gaerTianebuli kavSirebSi).

magram ratom unda gaviTvaliswinoT zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebi

postmodernistul TeoriaSi?

imitom rom: postindustrializmi asocirdeba ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

64

ena da reprezentacia

rogorc SesavalSi iqna aRniSnuli kultura Seexeba “gaziarebul mniS-

vnelobebs” ena ki warmoadgens im mediums ris saSualebiTac Cven moviazrebT ama

Tu im sagans da ris saSualebiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis warmoqmna da gacvla.

ena aris mniSvnelobisa da kulturis Seqmnis ZiriTadi instrumenti. magram

rogor xdeba enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobebis Seqmna? rogor xdeba monawileebs

Soris dialogis warmoeba, romelic maT saSualebas aZlevT Seqmnan gaziarebuli

Sexedulebebis erToblioba da moaxdinon maT garSemo arsebuli samyaros

interpretacia daaxloebiT analogiuri gziT? swored ena gvaZlevs amis

saSualebas, radganac, is operirebs rogorc reprezentaciuli sistema. enaSi Cven

vxmarobT niSnebs da simboloebs, magaliTad, bgerebs, werilobiT gadmocemul

sityvebs, eleqtronulad Seqmnil gamosaxulebebs, musikalur notebs, aseve

nivTebsac — da yovelive es SeiZleba warmoadgendes sxvebisTvis Cveni azrebis,

ideebis, grZnobebis gamoxatulebas. ena warmoadgens “mediis” erT-erT saxeobas,

romlis saSualebiTCveni am ideebis, azrebisa da grZnobebis gamoxatva xdeba

kulturaSi.

procesi, romelsac “kulturisken Semotrialeba” ewoda socialur da

humanitarul mecnierebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturulogiur kvlevebsa da

kulturis sociologiaSi, xazs usvamda mniSvnelobis centralurobas kulturis

gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi. es fokusi “gaziarebul mniSvnelobebze” SeiZleba

Zalian erTgvarovani da Teoriuli mogveCvenos, imdenad ramdenadac nebismier

kulturaSi raime erT Temas SeZleba hqondes uamravi mniSvneloba da arsebobdes

ramdenime gza erTsa da imave sakiTxis warmosaxvisa, Tu interpretaciisa.

kultura aseve moicavs grZnobebs, emociur mijaWvulobebs, azrebsa da

ideebs. Cemi saxis gamometyveleba “raRacas ambobs” Cems Sesaxeb (Cemi identoba) da

Tu ras vgrZnob (emociebi) an romel jgufs mivekuTvnebi (mijaWvuloba). yovelive

es SeiZleba wakiTxul da gagebul iqnes sxva adamianebis mier, miuxedavad imisa

rom me SeiZleba gamiznulad ar vapirebdi komunikaciis damyarebas, anu

formaluri “gzavnilis” gadacemas sxvebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore pirma

SeiZleba logikurad verc ki axsnas, me mas “sakuTari gamometyvelebiT ras

veubnebodi”.

aseve, kulturuli mniSvnelobebi ar aris mxolod “Cvens TavebSi mocemuli”

isini aorganizeben da aregulireben socialur praqtikas, gavlenas axdenen Cvens

qcevaze da Sesabamisad aqvT realuri praqtikuli Sedegi.

kulturuli praqtika mniSvnelovania, kulturaSi monawileebi aniWeben

mniSvnelobas sxva adamianebs, obieqtebsa da movlenebs. sagnebi “TavisTavad” ar

atareben erT, konkretul, fiqsirebul da ucvlel mniSvnelobas. iseTi ubralo

ram rogoric aris qva, SeiZleba warmoadgendes rogorc sasazRvro niSans, aseve

skulpturas — gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ras aRniSnavs, ra konteqstSia mocemuli,

rasac filosofosebi uwodeben gansxvavebul “enobriv TamaSebs” (mag., sazRvrebis

ena, skulpturis ena) iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ras vfiqrobT da gvgrZnobT ama Tu

im obieqtis Sesaxeb da rogor gamovsaxavT mas Semdeg — am gziT Cven mas vaniWebT

mniSvnelobas. xolo mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba im sainterpretacio CarCoebis

gamoyenebiT, romelsac Cven vflobT.

nawilobriv, Cven sagnebs vaniWebT mniSvnelobas imiT, Tu rogor vxmarobT maT

an kidev, Tu rogor vaxdenT maT integracias yoveldRiur praqtikaSi. mag.,

agurisa da cementis gamoyenebis Sedegad vagebT saxls da rasac vfiqrobT,

vgrZnobT an kidev vambobT mis Sesaxeb, am mocemul sagans saxlad aqcevs. meore

mxriv, ki sagnebs mniSvneloba eniWebaT imiT, Tu rogor gamovsaxavT maT —

sityvebs, romlebsac maT garSemo viyenebT, istoriebs, romlebsac vyvebiT maT

Sesaxeb, xatebs romlebsac vqmniT da emociebs da faseulobebs, romlebsac

vukavSirebT am sagnebs, klasifikaciisa da konceptualizaciis gzebs.

kultura warmoadgens yvela im praqtikas, romelSic Cven genetikurad ki ar

varT daprogramebulebi, aramed romelsac vaniWebT mniSvnelobasa da

faseulobas, rac Semdeg aseve mniSvneladad unda iyos interpretirebuli sxvebis

mier, imisaTvis rom "operacia" efeqturad ganxorcieldes. kultura, am gagebiT

ganmsWvalavs sazogadoebis yvela Sres.

25

moazrebas, romelic Seicavs semiotikuri analizs. yoveldRiur cxovrebaze

dayrdnobiT, burdie wers, rom materialuri obieqtebis gageba aris momentaluri

da uneburi, xolo aRqmis unari, an kidev gagebis unari individidan

gamomdinareobs. semiotikis gaTvaliswinebiT, burdie saubrobs, rom gageba aris

iluzoruli. aRqma ifiltreba ukve winaswar mocemuli kodebis saSualebiT,

romlebic mas Semdeg rac arian gadamuSavebulni damkvirveblis mier viTardeba

unaris saxiT. aRqma aris kulturuli gaSifrvis garkveuli forma da swored es

gaSifvris unari araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli sazogadoebaSi. yvelaze

mniSvnelovani saqmeebi da statusebi sazogadoebaSi iTxoven kompleqsur

Sesrulebas, romelTa ganxorcielebac SeuZliaT mxolod imaT, vinc saWiro

kodebs flobs. es kodebi warmoadgenen nebismieri sazogadoebis kulturul

simdidres, simdidre, romlis mflobelnic arian isini, vinc miiRo simboluri

saSualebebi. am moxmarebis instrumentebis aracnobieri flobiT individebi

iReben kulturul kapitals.

ojaxebi da skolebi, warmoadgenen institutebs, romlebic speciali-

zirdebian am kulturuli kodebis gadacemaSi da Semdeg ukve Tavs axveven

individebs maTi codnis gareSe, sazRvraven maTi aRqmis gansakuTrebul niSan-

Tvisebebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi individebi gaacnobiereben. imdenad, ramdenadac

ojaxebi da skolebi araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian Tavidanve Rirebuli

kulturuli kodebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT, maTi funqcia SeiZleba aRiweros

rogorc socialurad ganpirobebuli araTanabari kulturuli kompetenturobis

gadacema. radganac klasobrivi qceva emyareba kompetenturobas, romelic

gadaicema kulturuli da ara mxolod materialuri SesaZleblobebis saSua-

lebiT, socialuri privilegia warmoadgens individualuri niWis asaxvas da ara

piriqiT. privilegirebuli jgufebis wevrebic ki fiqroben, rom maTi gemovneba da

SesaZleblobebi bunebrivi ufroa, vidre socialuri. ganaTleba socialurad

ganpirobebul uTanasworobas gardaqmnis warmatebis uTanasworobad, rac Semdeg

interpretirdeba rogorc bunebrivi niWidan gamomdinare uTanasworoba.

kultura asrulebs am ideologiur funqcias manamde, sanam kavSiri kulturasa da

ganaTlebas Soris ukana planze ganixileba.

daskvnis saxiT

kulturul kvlevebSi ukanaskneli tendenciebi SeTanxmebulad aRiareben

kulturis avtonomias socialuri struqturisgan. ideologiis an rwmenaTa

sistemis arsi ar SeiZleba wavikiTxoT socialuri qcevidan gamomdinare. is unda

Seiswavlebodes rogorc TavisTavadi nimuSi. kulturisadmi midgomebi

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan ukve imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs es avtonomia.

zogierTi Tvlis, rom damoukideblad organizebuli kulturuli sistemebis

codna sakmarisia socialuri qcevebis motivebisa da mniSvnelobis gasagebad.

sxvebi ki saubroben, rom es sistema unda gagebul iqnes rogorc modelirebuli im

procesebze, romlebic ukve arsebobdnen socialur sistemaSi. konkretuli

procesebi, romlebic exeba kulturas, socialur struqturasa da qmedebas aseve

gansxvavdebian, dawyebuli religiuri ritualiT, socializaciiT da ganaTlebiT,

aseve dramaturgiuli inovaciiT da klasobrivi cnobierebis formaciiT. da

bolos, arsebobs uTanxmoeba kulturuli sistemis SigniT arsebuli elementebis

Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara kultura logikurad gadabmuli simboloebi Tu

Rirebulebebi, romlebic amtkiceben sasurvel socialur Tvisebebs?

yvela zemoT mocemuli midgoma Seicavs WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals.

Cven gagviWirdeba kulturis Semecneba subieqturi mniSvnelobis gagebis gareSe,

Tu ar gaviTvaliswineT socialur struqturuli SezRudvebi.

aseve rTulia adamianuri qmedebis interpretacia, Tu ar ganvixileT is

kodebi, romlebic individebs ar SeuqmniaT, Tumca adamianis gamogonebebi badebs

iseT garemos romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs kulturuli kodebis Secvlas.

miRebuli metafizikuri ideebi qmnian Tanamedrove socialuri struqturebis

Zalian myar qsels, magram Zlieri dajgufebebi xSirad mainc axerxeben socialuri

struqturebis gardaqmnas.

24

informaciis rolis eqspansiasTan da aqedan gamomdinare sazogadoebaSi

struqturisa da kulturis SerwymasTan. postindustrializmi aseve dakavSire-

bulia Zireul cvlilebebTan socialur stratifikaciaSi rogoric aris mzardi

saSualo klasi, rac gulisxmobs momxmarebluri sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis

zrdas. momxmarebloba aq ganxilulia ara rogorc mxolod aqtivoba, aramed

rogorc socialuri identobis ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelovani wyaro.

margaret arCeri am arguments Semdegnairad ajamebs: momsaxureobiT

dakavebuli klasis warmoSobasis paralelurad, uprecedento koleqtiurma

mobilobam ganapiroba umravlesobis CarTva industriul sazogadoebaSi;

momxdarma cvlilebebma umravlesobas SesZina materialuri interesebi,

romlebic gansakuTrebiT mzard momxmareblobaSi (konzumerizmSi) gamoixata da

Sesabamisad Seamcira maTi ideologiuri dapirispirebani da utopiuri xedvebi.

postpolitikurma da postideologiurma xanam aseve gvauwya axali

teqnoracionalurobis fenomeni kulturaSi, ramac darCenil socio-politikur

problemebs teqnikuri sakiTxebis statusi mianiWa, romelTa teqnikuri

gadawyvetac momavalSi moxdeboda (Teoria, kultura da post-industriuli

sazogadoeba — maik federstoni, red).

duglas kelneri ganavrcobs teqno kulturis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil am

Sexedulebas (Tumca kelneri ar warmoadgens postmodernists, aramed kritikuli

Teoretikosia); duglas kelneris mixedviT, teqnokultura masobrivi kulturisa

da momxmarebluri sazogadoebis erTianobas warmoadgens, sadac samomxmareblo

sagnebi, kino, televizia, masobrivi imijebi da kompiuterizirebuli informacia

kulturis dominantur formad gadaiqcevian ganviTarebul msoflioSi da aseve

sul ufro mzardi gavlena aqvT ganviTarebad qveynebzec.

teqnokulturaSi, imijebi, sanaxaoba da esTetizirebuli samomxmareblo

sagnebi, an kidev "samomxmareblo sagnebis esTetika" kulturis axal formebs

Seadgenen, romlebic axdenen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kolonizirebas da

politikas, ekonomikasa da socialur urTierTobebs gardaqmnian. yvela am

sferoSi teqnologia sul ufro da ufro centralur rols TamaSobs (kritikuli

Teoria marqsizmi da moderni, kelneri) ,

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi)

momxmareblobis (konzumerizmis) fenomeni xidis rols TamaSobs erTis mxriv

postindustrializmisa da informaciuli sazogadoebis Teoriebsa da meore

mxriv globalizaciisa an/da globaluri kapitalizmis Teoriebs Soris.

skot laSisa da jon uris mixedviT, Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, romelic

organizebulia momxmarebluri tendenciebis irgvliv (gasaTvaliswinebelia

finansuri bazrebis uzenaesoba industriul korporaciebTan da gacvlasTan

mimarTebaSi), rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri aqtivobis gabatonebul formas da

gamoirCeva (anu postmodernuli xasiaTi aqvs) socialur identobasa da

organizaciaze Tavisi zemoqmedebiT.

laSisa da uris mosazreba Semdeg argumentebs moicavs: mwarmoebluri

industria dasavleTis qveynebSi Sesustda da gadainacvla mesame msoflioSi

(post industrializmi). es procesi ganxorcielda soflis industrializaciis

formebis paralelurad, ramac, Tavis mxriv, socialur mobilobaSi farTo

cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.

am cvlilebma ki Seamcira metropolisebis mniSvneloba socialuri identobis

gansazRvra/CamoyalibebaSi. socialuri identoba fragmentuli gaxda, rac

nawilobriv ganapiroba momxmarebluri aqtivobis zrdam da moxmarebis

sagnebisTvis specializirebuli bazrebis ganviTarebam.

es procesi, Tavis mxriv, ki niSnavs, rom moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba imi-

taciis, pastiSisa da stilisturi sazRvrebis aRrevis principebze dayrdnobiT

mimdinareobs. ufro meti yuradReba eqceva stils, vidre Sinaarss rogorc

faseulobis indikators (rasac bodriliari uwodebs — niSan - faseulobas).

rogorc postindustrializmis Teoriebi, konzumerizmis Teoriebi Seexeba

dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi ganxorcielebul urTierTdamokidebul struqtu-

65

rul da kulturul cvlilebebs. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad efuZnebian or amosaval

arguments: rom sabazro kapitalizmi aris "uzenaesi" forma da rom am etapze ar

arsebobs politikuri ekonomiis alternatiuli sistemebi; da rom im

sazogadoebebis ricxvi, romelTac SeiZleba ewodoT liberalur-demokratiuli

izrdeba. es Sexedulebebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli zogad postmodernistul

ideasTan, rom dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi adgili hqonda reprezentaciis

kriziss da rom Cven mivaRwieT istoriis dasasruls (fukuiama, bodriliari).

robertsonma SemogvTavaza im fenomenebis sia, romelic dasavluri sazoga-

doebis istoriaSi gaurkveveli fazis arsebobas amtkicebs:

dawyebuli 1960-ian wlebSi krizisuli tendenciebi aSkara gaxda adreul 1990-

ianebSi. mesame msoflios inkluzia da globaluri cnobierebis amaRleba 1960-ian

wlebSi. mTvareze adamianis gagzavna. "post-materialisturi” Rirebulebebis

xazgasma. civi omis dasasruli da atomuri iaraRis gavrceleba. globaluri

institutebisa da moZraobebis ricxvis gazrda. sazogadoebebi sul ufro da

ufro xSirad dgebian multikulturuli da polieTnikuri problemebis winaSe.

individebis TviTmoazreba rTuldeba gamomdinare genderuli, eTnikuri da

rasobrivi aspeqtebidan. adamianis uflebebi. saerTaSoriso sistema ufro

labiluri xdeba — bipolaroba dasrulda. kacobriobis bedis Sesaxeb fiqri

gaZlierda. interesi gaCnda msoflio samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da msoflio

moqalaqeobis ideis mimarT. moxda globaluri media sistemis konsolidacia.

(globaluri viTarebis CarCoebSi moqceva — federstoni)

postindustrializmis koncefcia, konzumerizmis ideasTan erTad

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs pirovnebis identobisa da popularuli kulturis

formirebaSi, rac gvibiZgebs iqiTken, rom kapitalisturi sazogadoeba veRar

moiazreba gamomdinare marqsistuli Sexedulebidan ekonomikuri sistemis

Sesaxeb, rom socialuri cvlilebas mxolod warmoebis Zalebi ganapirobeben.

gacvla, niSan-faseulobebis simboluri samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania vidre

warmoeba, manqanebisa da sagnebis "namdvili" samyaro. warmoebis paradigmis

uaryofa mxars uWers postmodernistul mcdelobas gaauqmos gansxvaveba

namdvils, materialur samyarosa da simbolur- reprezentaciul samyaros Soris.

aqedan ki gamomdinareobs mniSvnelovani Teoriuli azri, rom istoriul

ganviTarebas ar gaaCnia raime garkveuli logika an xazi. am azrs ki, Tavis mxriv,

mivyavarT Semdeg daskvnamde - istoriam amowura Tavisi Tavi an kidev sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dasrulda.

sazogadoeba da individi

antoni gidensis da ulrix bekis SromebSi ZiriTad cnebas refleqsuroba

warmoadgens. gidensi refleqsurobas Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

refleqsuroba: socialuri cxovrebis nakadisTvis Tvalyuris devneba.

moqmedebis pirobebis Sesaxeb informaciis rogorc saSualebis gamoyeneba,

rom moxdes mocemuli moqmedebis gadafaseba da sxvanairad moazreba; ref-

leqsuroba, aris imis wesi Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni socialuri aqtivobis

monitorings, rogorc monawileebi da Sesabamisad vayalibebT da vcvliT am

qcevis xasiaTs dinamikaSi. (sazogadoebis konstitucia)

bekis mixedviT, ki refleqsuroba aris gaucnobierebloba: “rac ufro

Tanamedrove xdeba sazogadoeba, miT ufro winaswar ganusazRvreli Sedegebi

moaqvs mas, xolo rodesac xdeba am Sedegebis gamJRavneba da gacnobiereba, isini

industriuli modernizaciis safuZvlebs eWvis qveS ayeneben" (demokratia

mtrebis gareSe)

refleqsuroba — aucileblobis SegrZneba rom SenSi SemouSva "garegani

codna”, miiRo "garegani gamocdileba".

rac Seexeba gidensisa da bekis midgomebs Soris gansxvavebas, gidensisTvis

refleqsuroba yovelRiuri socialuri praqtikis codnis gamoyenebisa da

reproduqciisgan Sedgeba. aqedan gamomdinare, codna socialuri moqmedebis

wyarod gadaiqceva da aseve warmoadgens moqmedebis Secvlis saSualebas.

bekisTvis ki, refleqsurobas Seadgens Cvens codnaSi arsebuli carieli

66

postruqturalizmi da kultura — fuko, pier burdie

intleqtualuri moZraoba, romelsac ewodeba poststruqturalizmi

iziarebs marqsizmis kritikul ideologias garda rwmenisa, rom Tanamedrove

pirobebi gardaiqmneba cnobieri istoriuli agentis, muSaTa klasis CareviT.

aseTi uaryofa SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes radikaluri socialuri moZraobebis

warumatleblobas, Tumca aseve arsebobs Teoriuli mizezebic, imdenad, ram-

denadac postruqturalistur kulturul kvlevebs ara mxolod marqsis gavlena

axasiaTebT, aramed semiotikisa da struqturalizmisac. poststruqtura-

listuri midgoma ganviTarda gviandel 1960-ian da 70-ian wlebSi marqsizmisa da

struqtruralizmis safuZvelze. fukom da burdiem xazi gausves simbolizmis

socialur kavSirebs ZalauflebasTan da socialur klasTan. marqsizmis

struqturuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, maT Camoayalibes semioturi,

antifunqcionalisturi midgoma. fukosa da burdies Tanaxmad, socialuri

struqturebi, iseve rogorc klasebi an politikuri Zalaufleba ar SeiZleba

interpretirebuli iyos rogorc kulturis winaaRmdeg moqmedi, imdenad

ramdenadac aseTi gageba gulisxmobs imas, rom socialuri sistemaSi ar

figurirebs mniSvneloba.

parsonsis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, Tu klasebs an Zalauflebas axasiaTebs

mxolod analitikuri avtonomia kulturisgan , konkretulad isini unda

ganixilebodnen rogorc kulturuli kodebis Semcvleli formebi. es Teoriuli

strategia gvpirdeba, rom gadailaxeba axali kulturuli marqsizmis

meqanisturi, "funqcionaluri “ xedva. Tumca, safrTxe isaa, rom SeiZleba

gameordes determinirebuli da antivoluntaristuli Tvisebebi im semioturi

poziciisa, ris kritikasac is Tavad axorcielebs.

fukosTvis seqsualobis irgvliv adreuli naSromebs ara sakmarisad

kulturuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini ikvleven represiulobas an liberalizms seqsis

sxvadasxva diskursebisa, magram iReben seqsualur qcevas rogorc aseTs, TiTqos

is arsebobda kulturuli diskursebis damoukideblad. fukos mixedviT, unda

SeviswavloT, Tu rogor xdeba seqsualur qcevaze saubari, imdenad ramdenadac

kulturuli diskursi Seadgens im obieqts romelsac is aTavisuflebas, an wnexis

qveS amyofebs. is ambobs, rom gza romliTac "seqsi" eqceva diskurSi, warmoadgens

Zalauflebis formas, imdenad ramdenadac siRmiseul gavlenas axdens adamianur

qcevaze da akontrolebs yoveldRiur siamovnebas.

fuko xelaxla ganixilavs represiuli sazogadoebebidan adreuli

Tanamedrove periodis sazogadoebaze gadasvlas — sadac xdeboda deviaciuri

seqsualuri qcevis gamoxatva an qorwinebis farglebSi, an kidev qorwinebis miRma

— da romelic mkacrad isjeboda — ufro Tanamedrove garemoze, sadac Terapiam

da pedagogiam Caanacvles pirdapiri sasjeli. Tumca es ar niSnavs rom

Tanamedrove midgomam Searbila seqsualuri qcevis socialuri kontroli da

disciplina, aramed is gaxda Terapiisa da ganaTlebis prerogativa.

seqsualuri aqti gagebul iqna ufro da ufro racionalizebuli da

abstraqtuli diskursis CarCoebSi, rac, fukos mixedviT, warmoadgens kulturis

Zalauflebis gamovlenas seqsualobis kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad. maTi

funqcia naklebad warmoadgenda seqsis pirdapir akrZalvas, aramed qmnida seqsis

Sesaxeb saubris axal gzebs. Tu Tanamedrove seqsualobis kategoriebs gan-

vsazRvravT rogorc impotenturobas, perversiasa, Tu heteroseqsualobas — am

diskursebma Tavad Seqmnes is obieqtebi, romelTa qsovilic maTve unda aexsnaT.

seqsualuri kodeqsis Zala ar warmoadgenda mxolod kulturul kodeqss. am

sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebi mudmiv yruadRebas iTxovda xelmZRvaneli

pirebis mxridan; maT Seqmnes mTeli rigi axali profesiuli kadrebi, romlebic

meTvalyureobis funqcias Seasrulebdnen. fukos mixedviT, es kadrebi ar

Seqmnilan imisaTvis, rom seqsualurad deviaciuri qcevis kontroli moexdinaT,

aramed aseTi qceva uneburad ganapirobes Tavad maT da aseve im ufro farTo

seqsualurma diskursebma, romlebsac isini emsaxurobdnen. maTi profesiuli

yuradReba asaxavs am saagentoebis swrafvas kontaqtSi Sevides am diskursebTan,

vidre akontrolos isini.

pier burdies naSromebSi Cven vxvdebiT funqcionaluri midgomis kritikul

23

gadafaseba moaxdina da Sedegad miviReT kulturasa da ekonomikur cxovrebas

Soris urTerTdamokidebulebis naklebad reduqcionistuli xedva.

e. p. tompsonis “inglisuri muSaTa klasis Seqmna” warmoadgens axali

kulturuli marqsizmis yvelaze cnobil magaliTs meore msoflio omis Semdgom

periodSi. tompsonTan ara mxolod gramSis gavlena igrZnoba, aramed veberisa da

durkhemisac, igi ara mxolod klasebze saubrobs, aramed kodebze da Rire-

bulebebzec.

imisaTvis, rom aexsna inglisuri muSaTa klasis mzardi klasobrivi

cnobiereba da agresiuloba tompsonma naklebi mniSvneloba mianiWa ekonomikis

cvalebadobas da yuradReba "Temis" Seqmnaze gadaitana. igi Tvlis, rom maRal

organizebuli da cnobierebis mqone industriuli periodis muSaTa klasi

warmoiSva 18 saukunis adgilobrivi “tradiciebis” dros, romlebic organize-

buli iyvnen sakuTari Tavis pativismcemeli xelosnis eTikis kodeqsis irgvliv.

aRniSnuli eTikis kodeqsi xazs usvamda wesierebas, regularobasa da

urTierTdaxmarebas.

mas Semdeg, rac industriulma revoluciam sayovelTa saxe miiRo arsebuli

eTikis kodeqsi gavrcelda muSaTa ufro farTo jgufebSi, romlebic SeuerTdnen

dakrZalvisa da dazRvevis kompaniebs da muSaTa kavSirebs ara mxolod

racionaluri ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed imisTvis, rom Tavi egrZnoT

axali kulturuli xanis nawilad.

inglisuri muSaTa klasi rom gamxdariyo revoluciuri, sakuTari saarsebo

pirobebis da TviT interesis racionaluri codna ar iyo sakmarisi. tompsoni

kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs damoukidebeli muSaTa klasis kulturis

zrdas. am kulturis ganviTarebam xelosnebis kodeqsi daukavSira religiuri

saZmoebisa da socialisturi ideliazmis enebs. Sedegad miviReT koleqtiuri

Rirebulebebis klasobrivi kultura, romelic xazs usvams urTierTdaxmarebas,

TviT disciplinas da samoqalaqo dialogs, Rirebulebebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen

politikuri Teoriisa da axali socialuri organizaciebis (mag., profesiuli

kavSirebi) wiaRSi. masobrivma monawileobam maStabur ceremoniebSi da ritua-

lebSi aseve Tavisi wvlili Seitana. tompsoni ambobs, rom masobrivi demon-

straciebis saSualebiT muSebma moipoves socialuri aRiareba, da es moxda

swored warmatebuli kulturuli transformaciis Sedegad, romelmac gza

gauxsna monawileebs SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis mniSvneloba, solidaroba da

TviTdisciplina mZime politikuri pirobebis dros. tompsonis mixedviT,

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomias ara mxolod analitikuri cvladis saxe aqvs,

aramed iqceva istoriul da politikur saWiroebad.

orTodoqsuli marqsizmis Tanaxmad, kapitalisturi warmoeba muSaTa klass

aqcevs cxovrebis gancdis aspeqtSi ara ZiriTad kategoriad, aramed arTmevs mas

mniSvnelobas da dayavs meqanikur formamde. pol vilisisTvis misaRebia es

tradiciuli xedva imdenad, ramdenadac is aTavsebs fizikur Sromas centrSi da

ganixilavs mas rogorc gaucxoebisa da eqspluataciur process. is uxvevs

orTodoqsuli Sexedulebidan, imdenad, ramdenadac am industriul samuSaos

ganixilavs rogorc mniSvnelads. vilisisTvis bazisi da superstruqtura ar

warmoadgens arc calke kategoriebs da, arc ierarqiuls. warmoebis pirdapiri

gamocdileba miiReba sxvadaxva kulturuli diskursebis praqtikiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom vilisi aRiarebs muSaTa fizikuri datvirTvis

Semcirebas, is ambobs, rom Zalisa da simamacis metaforuli warmodgenebi Zalian

mniSvnelovania samuSao adgilisTvis. isini safuZvlad udevs kulturul aqcents

muSebis kompetenturobisa da araformaluri kontrolisTvis brZolaze samuSao

procesis dros, rac Tavis mxriv warmoSobs simbolur sivrces muSebisTvis. am

dros xdeba maskulinuri identobis simboluri ganmtkiceba.

TviTSefaseba, romelsac warmoSobs samuSao kultura efuZneba rwmenas rom

ufro sustebi, magaliTad, qalebi ver iqnebian warmatebulebi. rogorc

diferencirebuli miRwevis simbolo xelfasi, romelic muSas miaqvs saxlSi, mas

aniWebs centralur statuss ojaxSi, da aseve aZlevs garkveul damoukideblobas

colisa da Svilebis moTxovnebisgan. swored amitom maskulinuri samuSao,

sastiki qarxnuli cxovreba ganixileba rogorc genderis atributi da ara

kapitalisturi warmoebis dehumanirezebuli produqti.

22

adgilebi, romlebsac igi uwodebs ucodinarobas. ucodinaroba ara mxolod is

aris rac ar viciT, aramed warmoadgens SeuZleblobas rom vicodeT.

kiTxva ismis - ramdenad aris es ori ganxvavebuli midgoma erTmaneTis

Sesabamisi? imisaTvis rom ufro naTlad gavigoT, Tu ra Teoriul principebs

efuZneba gidensis mier refleqsurobis cnebis gamoyeneba, unda mokled

mimovixiloT misi adreuli mcdeloba gadaeWra struqtura /moqmedebis dilema

sociologiaSi.

dilemis mixedviT, unda moxdes moqmedebis, mniSvnelobisa da subieqturobis

cnebebis dakonkreteba da am cnebebis mimarTeba struqturisa da SezRudvebis

cnebebTan. Tu interpretaciuli sociologia emyareba subieqtis uzenaesobas,

funqcionalizmi da struqturalizmi afuZneben socialuri obieqtis

uzenaesobas.

gidensi Tvlis, rom am dilemis gadaWra Semdegnairad unda moxdes: yvela

sociologiurma axsna-ganmartebam unda socialuri qmedebis interpretacia

moaxdinos ise, rom gaTvaliswinebul iyos moqmedebis ganmaxorcieleblis

perspeqtiva; amitom "struqturis" cneba unda moicavdes ara mxolod

institutebs, aramed socialur praqtikasac.

amitom, sciologiuri miznebisTvis, struqtura unda warmoadgendes ara

Senobis karkass, aramed socialur "struqturebs"; unda gaaCndes sistemuri

niSan-Tvisebebi, rac niSnavs rom socialuri struqturebs/sistemebs dinamikuri

xasiaTi gaaCniaT da Sedgebian garkveuli drois periodSi socialuri praqtikis

reproduqciisgan.

aq ismis kiTxva: romelia "struqturul/sistemuri" elementebi da romelia

"qmedebis" Semcveli elementebi? gidens amazec aqvs pasuxi: es aris reproduqciis

procesi da ara faqti rom sazogadoeba garegania moqmedebis subieqtebTan

mimarTebaSi, romlebic socialur praqtikas struqturizebul xasiaTs aniWeben.

struqturul/sistemur elementebs gidensi wesebs uwodebs, romlebic normebis

msgavsia. Tumca wesebi ara mxolod moqmedebis SezRudvas (norma rasac

gulisxmobs) axdenen, aramed moTamaSeebs SeuZliaT wesebis, rogorc moqmedebis

resursis gamoyeneba.

wesebi, Tavis mxriv, codnis kompleqsisgan Sedgeba, risi codnac Cven

gvWirdeba, raTa SevideT socialur urTierTobaSi da vpasuxobdeT socialur

viTarebas; aqedan gamomdinare, wesebi da ara normebi Seadgenen sazogadoebis

sistemur niSan-Tvisebebs. yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gvaaxlovebs refleqsurobis

cnebasTan: refleqsurobis cneba mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac wesebis rogorc

resursebis gamoyeneba individebs saSualebas aZlevs monitoringi gauwion da

Sesabamisad garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi moaxdinon socialuri moqmedebis

nimuSebis reproduqcia. isini warmoadgenen im mediums, risi saSualebiTac

urTierTobebi SesaZlebeli xdeba. gidensis mixedviT, sazogadoeba zRudavs

individebs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs codnis naklovaneba. Tumca, am

naklovanebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios socialuri moqmedeba, romelsac gauTvleli

Sedegi moyveba.

aqve ibadeba kiTxva, rom Tu refleqsuri monitoringis mixedviT, nebismieri

sazogadoeba axdens Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias, maSin ratom axasiaTebs is

mxolod gviandel Tanamedrove sazogadoebas? gidensi pasuxobs, miuxedavad

imisa, rom refleqsuroba yvela adamianuri qmedebis ganmsazRvreli

maxasiaTebelia, misi institucionalizacia gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

specifikur niSans warmoadgens. es niSani nawilia imisa, rac safuZvlad udevs

sistemur reproduaqcias, iseTi gziT, rom azri da qmedeba gamudmebul

urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan.

gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba

gidensis da bekis mixedviT, gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba xasiaTdeba

iseTi procesiT, romelsac isini refleqsur modernizacias uwodeben. ref-

leqsuri modernizacia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ZiriTadi institucionaluri

67

maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebis aCqarebasa da radikalizacias warmoadgens. es

maxasiaTeblebia: kapitalizmi, industrializmi, saxelmwifo administracia,

samxedro Zala.

gidensi da beki aCqareba/radikalizaciis gamomwvev faqtorebad droisa da

sivrcis erTmaneTisgan daSorebas asaxeleben, rac, Tavis mxriv, gamowveulia

Semdegi meqanizmebiT: simboluri niSnebiT — fuliT da eqspertuli sitemebiT,

romlebic funqcionireben eqspertebis damoukideblad, vinc es sistemebi Seqmna,

mag., transportSi, organizaciebsa da telekomunikaciebSi.

refleqsuri monitoringis procesi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

institutebis organizaciuli aspeqtebis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda. Sedegad,

institutebi — da Cveni TviTidentoba daeqvemdebara cvlilebis ganuwyvetel

process. subieqturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare es SemaSfoTebelia.

refleqsuri modernizacia yovelTvis gvemuqreba imiT rom erT mSvenier dRes is

kontrols aRar daeqvemdebareba. refleqsurobis principi da mudmivi moni-

toringi, romelsac is gulisxmobs qmnis gaurkveveli momavlis SegrZnebas.

bekisTvis, refleqsuri modernizacia modernizaciuli procesis meore

talRas warmoadgens, romlis drosac industrializmi demistifikaciis process

ganicdis, iseve rogorc Tavis droze industrializaciam pre-Tanamedrove

msoflios demistifikacia moaxdina. preTanamedrove msoflios demistifikacia

ki ganapirobes industriuli ganviTarebis Sedegebma an kidev gauTvlelma

ukuCvenebam, rogoric aris magaliTad dabinZureba: Cven aRar vcxovrobT

industriuli warmoebis sazogadoebaSi, aramed industriuli warmoebis Sedegebs

winaSe vdgevarT, rac warmoadgens am sazogadoebis negatiur sarkisebur imijs.

beki postmodernistuli sazogadoebis analizs eTanxmeba imdenad ramdenadac, es

analizi aRiarebs, rom industriuli sazogadoeba dakninebulia. magram

industrializmi martivad ar Caunacvlebia mikroeleqtronikisa da

gafarToebuli servisis seqtoris teqnologiebs; industriuli sazogadoebis

etapi damTavrda yovelgvari dagegmarebisa da revoluciis gareSe.

rom SevajamoT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebam im etaps miaRwia, romlis drosac

moxda refleqsurobis intstitucionalizacia, rac niSnavs rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis yoveli ganzomileba kritikulad ganixileba am sazogadoebisave

wevrebis mier. Tumca es ar warmoadgens kritikuli TviTrefleqsiis kargad

mowesrigebul da teleologiur process, aramed Tanamedrove sazogadoebas

ufro eqsperimentuli xasiaTi aqvs; yoveli CvenTagani iZulebulia TviTon

gaakeTos arCevani da ar iyos damokidebuli politikosebze, eqspertebze an im

Zalebze, romlebsac isini efuZnebian.

riskis fenomeni rogorc gidensis aseve bekis naazrevSi centralur cnebas

warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT ki bekis naSromebSi. beki Tvlis, rom Cven vcxovrobT

Seqmnili riskis xanaSi. anu is riski, romlis winaSec Cven yoveldRiurad

vgdgavarT, Cveni xaniTvis specifikuria da ar warmoadgens bunebriv risks. is

warmoqmnilia eqspertTa sistemebis mier da ar aris Cveni qmedebebiT gan-

pirobebuli. Seqmnili riski codnazea damokidebuli da iTxovs Cvengan

warmovidginoT ararsebuli, momavali viTarebebi rogorc Cveni gadaw-

yvetilebebis an kanonmdeblobis miRebis safuZveli. amitomac dRevandel

sazogadoebas beki riskis sazogadoebas uwodebs.

zedmetad ganviTarebuli warmoebis Zalebis pirobebSi, 21 saukunis

dasawyisSi, mecniereba xSirad warmoadgens rogorc ganmaTleblobas, aseve

antiganmanaTleblobas, WeSmaritebasa da mis dafarvas, memkvidreobiT miRebuli

SezRudvebisagan ganTavisuflebas erTi mxriv da SezRudvas, meore mxriv, Cvens

mierve Seqmnili obieqturi sazRvrebis farglebSi. mecnierebis rogorc

apologetebi, aseve kritikosebi erTmaneTs ekamaTebian swored am ori

poziciidan gamomdinare. Tumca, cal-calke aRebuli orive pozicia mcdaria.

bekis Tvlis, rom sakiTxis dayeneba — mecnierebis saSualebiT an mecnierebis

gareSe — aramarTebulia; Seqmnili riski imanenturad aris politizirebuli, rac

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom riskis marTva, gamomdinare am fenomenis

kompleqsurobidan da riskis Sesafaseblad saWiro codna gadaiqca eqspertebis

prerogativad. eqspertebi efeqturad uvlian gverds politikur sistemas da

Sedegad xdeba rogorc beki uwodebs qve-politikuri sferos formireba.

68

alyaSi imyofeba.

terneri saubrobs rom martivi reklasifikacia aris saWiro. anti-

struqturuloba SeiZleba warmoadgendes moqmedebis, socialuri aqtivobisa da

cvlilebis stimuls, rogorc es moxda mag., komunisturi an religuri, an kidev

iseTi marginaluri gjufebis dros rogoric iyvnen bitnikebi, hipebi, pankebi.

maSin, rodesac orTodoqsuli durkhemiseuli Teoria ganixileboda rogorc

apolitikuri an kidev konservatuli, karol smit rozenbergis feministurma

gamokvlevebma uCvena, rom durkhemiseul Tanamedrove kulturalistur versiebs

aqvT politikuri da ufro metad kritikuli elferi. smit rozenbergi iwyebs

istoriuli problemiT: seqsualuri literaturis uprecendento afeTqebiT

adreul me-19 saukuneSi. higienuri literature, romelic axalgazrda kacebs

afrTxilebda masturbaciis da orgazmis yoveldRiur saSiSroebebze.

smit rozenbergi eyrdnoba rogorc duglasis, aseve terneris naSromebs da

gvafrTxilebs, rom amgvari literatura ar unda iqnes ganxiluli reduqciulad,

rogorc namdvili seqsualuri praqtikis an qceviTi problemebis asaxva. aramed

diskusia gagebul unda iqnes rogorc SedarebiTi avtonomiuri kulturuli

formebi, romlebic warmoadgenen Rirebulebebisa da socialuri sakiTxebis

simbolur reformulacias. rogorc ki fsiqologiisa da higienis sakiTxebi

gverdze gadaideba, aSkara xdeba, rom es naxevrad isteriuli diskusiebi

warmoadgenda gabatonebuli kulturuli sistemebisadmi arsebuli muqaris

saSiSroebis regulirebis mcdelobas.

mamakacis orgazmi ganixileboda rogorc binZuri, arakontrolirebadi Seteva

Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, rasac SeiZleba miveyvaneT avad-

myofobebamde da sikvdilamde. isini vinc "arakontrolirebad" masturbaciasa da

"mgznebare" seqsualur urTierTobas misdevnden, maT miewerebodaT anti-

struqturuli adgili maskulinursa da feminurs Soris. aseTi damokidebuleba

mogvagonebs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, mamakaci homoseqsualebisTvis

miweril stereotipebs.

smit rozenbergis mixedviT, moxda is rom kulturuli da ara racionaluri

logikiT, mamakacis fizikuri organizmi warmoadgenda adreuli me -19 saukunis

amerikis socialuri organizmis simbolos. safrTxe rom Selaxuliyo ierarqia,

wesrigi da am sazogadoebis balansi — izrdeboda mas Semdeg, rac daiwyo

tradiciulidan komerciul da demokratiul sazogadoebaze gadasvlis procesi

— es procesi, Tavis mxriv emuqreboda janmrTelobisa da maskulinobis

gabatonebul cnebebs.

am simboluri perspeqtividan gamomdinare, kacebis seqsualuri cxovrebis

represirebas hqonda kulturuli datvirTva, imdenad ramdenadac bazris axal

samyaroSi, Segirdebis sistema, romelic awesrigebda da ritualizriebul

xasiaTs aZlevda axalgazrdebis ufrosebis samyaroSi gadasvlas, gaqra.

Tu kacis orgazmi WuWyis matarebelia, maSin ra iyo gankurnebis meTodi?

imdenad ramdenadac jadosnuri Zalebis moxmoba ufro da ufro rTuli xdeboda

saero kulturaSi, qalis saxem puritanul literaturaSi SeiZina erTdroulad

macduri roskipis da wminda danonas Tvisebebi. simboluri ekvivalenti wminda da

TviTSemzRudveli kacisa iyo frigiduli qali, romelic ojaxuri kerisa da

saxlis erTguli iyo.

marqsizmi da kultura

marqsizmis orTodoqsulma versia xeli Seuwyo kulturisadmi avtonomiuri

midgomis Camoyalibebas. me-20 saukunis manZilze, Teoriis farglebSi gaCenilma

Sida revizionistulma midgoma Seecada marqsizmi am meqanisturi elementisgan

gaeTavisuflebina.

kulturul Teorias rac Seexeba, aq gramSi gvevlineba mniSvnelovan

revizionistad, romelmac burJuaziuli kultura moiazra rogorc socializmis

zrdis damoukidebeli barieri da, aqedan gamomdinare, axali klasis kulturis

ganviTareba daisaxa rogorc upirvelesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani revoluciuri

mizani. Tanamedrove marqsistulma midgomebma kulturis mimarT gramSis Teoriis

21

klasifikaciebs, aramed sakralursa da Cveulebrivs Soris axdenen gamijvnas.

aseTi tipis dapirispirebebs emociuri da moraluri xasiaTi aqvs. kognituri,

emociuri da moraluri dayofebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc organizebuli

socialuri Temebis safuZveli, romelTa wevrebsac erTmaneTTan akavSirebT

mWidro solidarobis gancda.

durkhemiseuli midgoma xazs usvams imas, rom mediaciis rols simbolur

dayofebsa da socialur solidarobebs Soris asrulebs rituali. ritualebi

aris intensiurad emociuri urTierTobebi, romlebic sakralur simboloebze

orientirdebian. isini SeiZleba warmoiSvan rogorc simboluri muqaris mimarT

reagireba an kidev socialuri solidarobis Sesustebis Sedegi sazogadoebebsa

Tu jgufebSi.

mari duglasis meTodologia semiotikasa da funqcionalizms efuZneba,

Tumca mis naSromSi simboluri dabinZurebis Zalis Sesaxeb — romelic STaagonebs

moralur, fsiqologiur da egzistenciur SiSs — aSkaraa struqturalizmisa da

funqcionalizmis elementebi. duglasi Tvlis, rom sakraluri da profanuli

wamoadgenen simboluri klasifikaciis ara mxolod Sida kulturul wyaroebs,

aramed Zlieri moraluri da emociuri CarTulobisa da socialuri kontrolis

safuZvelsac warmoadgenen. rodesac saubaria “dabinZurebaze”, Cven ar

vgulisxmobT higienur an materialur pirobebs. aramed dabinZurebulad iTvleba

is, rac ar modis mmarTvel simbolur klasifikaciebTan SesabamisobaSi. siwminde

ki sapirispirod aris is, rac Seexeba mocemulobis gamaZlierebel elementebs,

xolo, is rac dabinZurebulia uwesrigobis wyaroa, anu uadgiloa.

uwesrigoba ara qaoturobas gulisxmobs, aramed safrTxes. dabinZurebuli

nivTebi asocirdeba Sav ZalebTan, profanulTan. dabinZureba aris iaraRi

imisTvis, rom moaxdino dominanturi simboluri wesrigis gaZliereba. Sefer-

xebisTvis adanaSauleb gareSe pirs, es aqti asaxavs imas, rom axali elementebi

qmnian gaugebrobas, gaugebroba ki eWvs badebs gamefebul klasifikaciebTan

mimarTebaSi. duglass martivi sazogadoebebidan moyavs magaliTi da aCvenebs,

rom lideri, romelic Zalauflebas laxavs da legitimuri simboluri qcevis

kodebze ieriSi miaqvs, ganixileba rogorc arakontrolirebadi Zalebisa da

sulebis matarebeli, dabinZurebuli. dabinZureba SeiZleba gawmendil iqnes

Sesabamisi ritualebiT, romelic SiZleba moicavdes aRiarebas, msxverplSewirvas

an kidev kompleqsur kvlav legitimurad gaxdomis ceremoniebs.

antistruqturalur fazaSi monawileebi ganixilebian rogorc sakuTari

Tavis aseve sxvebis mier rogorc gaurkveveli, bundovani atributebis mqone.

isini reagireben ufro struqturirebuli socialuri cxovrebis status niS-

nebze, xolo antistruqturul periodebSi moTamaSeebi ayalibeben erTmaneTTan

mWidrod dakavSirebul TanasworuflebianTa sazogadoebebs. imdenad ramde-

nadac isini iZulebulebi arian uaryon TavianTi Zveli klasifikatoruli sis-

temebi, isini ganixilebian rogorc neofitebi, romlebic SeiZleba daeqvem-

debaron axal masocializirebel procesebs. Sedegad monawileebi am ritualebSi

iReben axal status poziciebs da isini amiT arsobrivad icvlebian.

terners naTesaobis fenomenis ganxilvis dros, am argumentis naTelsayofad

moaqvs zambiis mefis ndembus taxtze asvlasTan dakavSirebuli Zveli rituali.

sanam is taxtze ava, mefem unda gairos arastruqturizebuli periodi, romlis

drosac mas da mis cols ubralo xalxi ayenebs fizikur da sityvier

Seuracxyofas. am iZulebiTi identifikaciis saSualebiT mdabio xalxTan,

miiCneva rom adamiani romelic daikavebs maRal Tanamdebobas naklebad

isargeblebs borotad Tavisi ZalauflebiT. magram terners, iseve rogorc duglass, sjera, rom am perspeqtivis gavlena

cdeba ritualis Teoriis farglebs. iseve rogorc religia iqceva rTuli da

stratificirebuli sazogadoebis mxolod erT segmentad, aseve anti-

struqturalizmi xdeba institucionalizebuli iseTive gziT, romelic “sustTa

Zalauflebis” ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleva rutinuli gziT.

antistruqturalizmi aseve vlindeba saero warmodgenebSi usaxlkaro ucno-

bis misteriuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelic popularuli kulturis sxvadasxva

JanrebSi gvevlineba, vesternebis gmirebis msgavsad, mas aqvs ufleba Semoitanos

morali, wesrigi da gaaerTianos macxovreblebi im sazogadoebaSi, romelic

20

subpolitika arsebobs formaluri demokratiuli sivrcis gareT an qveS.

specialuri interesebis dakmayofileba ZiriTadad masmediisa da mosamarT-

leebis mier xdeba, rac iwvevs politikuri debatebis mimarT fragmentul

midgomas. es aseve saxelmwifos ekonomikuri daRmavlobis gamoxatulebaa, razec

mianiSnebs ara mxolod socialuri uzrunvelyofis nakleboba, aramed isic rom

mTavrobebi finansurad ver axerxeben sazogadoebis farTo maStabian monito-

rings. ufro zogadad, aRniSnuli viTareba miuTiTebs imaze, rom moxda gadasvla

masobrivi politikuri partiebidan konkretuli problematikis garCevaze.

globalizaciis procesebi riskis Temis analizTan mWidro kavSirSia. gidensi

globalizacias gansazRvravs rogorc msoflio socialuri urTierTobebis

gaintensiurebas, rac Soreul geografiul wertilebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan

ise rom lokalur movlenebs xSirad mravali aTasi kilometris daSorebiT

momxdari ganapirobebs. rac niSnavs, rom globalizacias dialeqtikuri saxe aqvs :

erT adgilas momxdarma movlenebma SeiZleba gamoiwvion gansxvavebuli an

sapirispiro xdomilebebi meore adgilas. am fenomens gidensi lokalur/glo-

balur kavSirs uwodebs.

gidensisTvis globalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia TviTidentobis trans-

formaciasTan, rac warmoadgens refleqsuri modernizaciis gafarToebas "me"-s

mimarTulebiT. adamianuri gamocdileba igive refleqsuri modernizaciis

process eqvemdebareba, rasac eqvemdebarebian Tanamedrove institutebi. Tumca

eqspertuli codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebiT individebis cxovrebebi icvleba,

seqsualobis, janmrTelobisa da sulierebis, a.S. sferoebSi. magaliTad,

fsiqoTerapia im dislokaciebsa da gaurkvevlobebs gamoxatavs, romlebic moica-

ven refleqsuri modernizaciis subieqtur gamocdilebas. TerapiasTan dakav-

Sirebuli ideebis gamoyeneba seqsualobaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobebis gamijvna

ganayofierebisgan gavlenas axdenen intimurobis mniSvnelobis sxvanairad

moazrebaze. refleqsuri modernizaciis mTavari gamovlinebas am etapze

warmoadgens intimuri urTierTobis damyarebisken swrafva, rac ufro did

prioritets aniWebs emociur da seqsualur dakmayofilebas, vidre xang-

rZlivobas.

qalebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. xelmisawvdomi informaciis raodenoba

da mravalferovneba gvibiZgebs imisken, rom Cveni cxovrebebi miRebuli

informaciis WrilSi ganvixiloT. eqspertuli codna ar efuZneba raime

tradicias da ar arsebobs realuri rekomendacia imisa, Tu rogori arCevani unda

gavakeToT an kidev rogori Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT eqspertTa mosazrebas.

Sedegad momavlis Riaoba dgas rogorc SesaZleblobebis, aseve safrTxis winaSec.

generaciuli politika

gidensisTvis da bekisTvis normatiuli proeqts, romelic refleqsuri

modernizaciis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs aqvs mZafri moTxovnilebis forma. posttradiciul sazogadoebaSi iSleba yvela erT dros myari parametri,

romelic arsebobda sazogadoebasa da bunebas Soris urTierTobaSi, ojaxis

struqturaSi, rwmenasa da klasobriv cnobierebaSi. am process Tan sdevs

individualizacia, romelic riskis kulturaSi TiTqmis aucileblobis saxe aqvs.

arc erTi CvenTagani individualizaciis procesisgan dazRveuli ar aris;

individualizacia inkluziis garkveul formadac SeiZleba iqnes ganxiluli.

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, arsebuli definiciebis safuZvelze energiuli

sazogadoebaa, sadac individebi da jgufebi met-naklebad iZulebulebi arian,

rom Zlieri pozicia daikavon sakuTari cxovrebis xarisxis mimarT. imdenad

ramdenadac cxovrebis xarisxs SeiZleba globaluri safrTxe daemuqros, TviTon

am poziciac globaluri xasiaTi eZleva. aucileblobidan gamomdinare Cven

gaviareT privatulobis etapi da rTulia Tavi avaciloT aqtiur politikur

CarTulobas.

sainteresoa, ra warmoadgens am aucileblobis wyaros. orive

TeoretikosisTvis, es aucilebloba ganpirobebulia faseulobebis globaluri

gaerTianebiT, rac TavisTavad gamowveulia SiSisa da safrTxis globaluri

69

xasiaTiT.

faseulobebis Tanxvedras empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is emyareba SiSs; amitom

negatiuria. magram gidensisa da bekisTvis, SiSis saerToobas sawinaaRmdego

Sedegic aqvs — saerTo imedi da saerTo leqsika. bekisTvis am leqsikas ZiriTadad

ekologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba gadaizardos socialuri uzrun-

velyofisa da janmrTelobis sferoebSi. gidensisTvis, gaziarebuli leqsika

sicocxlis sakralur faseulobas exeba, adamianis uflebebs, cocxali arsebebis

gadarCenasa da momavlisTvis zrunvas.

gidenss da beks ar sWirdebaT, zemoT aRniSnuli, universaluri faseulobebis

gamogoneba an Tavs moxveva, ramdenadac isini realurad arseboben da ara

TeoriaSi. riskis kulturis pirobebSi, romelmac gamoiwvia arastabiluroba da

SiSi, Cven iZulebulebi gavxdiT movaxdinoT politikis gadasinjva. gidensis

mixedviT, politikis gadafasebas mivyavarT generaciul politikamde.

gidensi socializms miiCnevs aramdgradad, radganac is efuZneba

sazogadoebis kibernetikul models. sazogadoebis es modeli gulisxmobs, rom

sazogadoebis marTva da kontroli SesaZlebelia maRali inteleqtis mier (anu

saxelmwifos mier). aseTi midgoma Zvel samyaros axasiaTebs, dRes ki Tanamedrove

dasavlur sazogadoebas funqcionirebisTvis sWirdeba adgilobrivi da ara

centraluri informaciis wyaroebi.

gidensi politikis gadasinjvisTvis Semdeg gzebs (mesame gza) gamoyofs:

- politikuri Zalis decentralizacia;

- individebisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis avtonomia im

mizniT, rom moxdes arsebuli informaciuli nakadis mimarTva moqmedi

subieqtidan mmarTveli struqturebisken, refleqsuri monitoringis

saSualebiT;

- aqtiuri ndobis damkvidreba politikuri sazogadoebis farglebSi ("aqti-

urSi" igulisxmeba mudmivad warmoebadi, monitorings daqvemdebarebuli da

SeTanxmebuli).

kiTxva ismis, Tu ratom uwodebs gidensi zemoTxsenebul rekomendaciebs

mesame gzas, memarcxeneobisa da memarjveneobis miRma?

generaciuli politikis idea asaxavs bazarsa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli

klasikuri dixotomiisgan Tavis aridebis mcdelobas. amitom individebisa da

jgufebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnan da awarmoon TavianTi Tavi politikur sazo-

gadoebebad gadamwyveti roli eniWeba. generaciuli politika “uzrunvelyofs

materialur pirobebs da organizaciul struqturebs im socialur-politikuri

gadawyvetilebebisaTvis, romlebsac iReben individebi da jgufebi farTo

socialuri wesrigis farglebSi”. (gidensi)

racios cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli gidensis refleqsurobis

cnebasTan, aqedan gamomdinare ki, generaciuli politikis formasTan, ris

advokatirebac igi eweva. gidensisTvis racio meToduri eWvis ganxorcielebis

saSualeba xdeba. Cveni xanis mTavar princips unda warmoadgendes meToduri eWvi,

romelic saTaves dekartes filosofiaSi iRebs. gidensi da beki Tvlian, rom

universalizmi da ara pluralizmi warmoadgens momavlisken svlis erTaderT

gzas, radganac SiSebisa da sadardebeli problematikis Tanxvedras mivyevarT

faseulobebis Tanxvedramde.

Tanamedrove procesebis gasagebad beki, iseve rogorc baumani Tvlis, rom

saWiroa axali sociologiuri cnebebis danergva, romlebic ufro adekvaturi

iqneba axal samyaroze saubrisas. Tumca es arc ise martivi saqmea.

magaliTad, beki wers, rom tradiciis cnebis magivrad unda dainergos

detradicionalizaciisa da posttradiciis cnebebi. modernizaciis magivrad is

mimarTavs refleqsuri modernizaciis cnebas, romelsac beki, agreTve uwodebs

“ganmanaTleblobis ganmanaTleblobas”. xolo, industriuli sazogadoebis

cnebas industriuli Sedegebis sazogadoebiT anacvlebs. baumanisgan gansxva-

vebiT, beki postTanamedrove sazogadoebas warmogvidgens rogorc Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis sapirispiros da ara rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan

Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuls.

70

piti aTvlis wertilad iRebs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis

politikuri da ekonomikuri struqturebis Sesaxeb sazogadod gavrcelebul

veberianul xedvas. misi azriT, am struqturebis gasagebad Cven unda ganvixiloT

tradiciul qristianoba. Tumca piti ufro Sors midis da aviTarebs

kaTolicizmis xsnis eTikas ufro Rrmad, vidre adreuli veberi. is saubrobs

sxnis mistikur modelze, romelsac SeuZlia efeqturi metafizikuri funqciis

Sesruleba Tanamedrove msoflioSi. piti religur simbolur sistemas ufro

formalurad ganixilavs, vidre veberi, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs sistema

moazrebul iqnes rogorc Tavisi Sinagani SezRudvebis mqone struqtura.

puritanebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic cdilobdnen gamxdariyvnen

abstraqtuli da momTxovni RvTaebrivi nebis racionaluri instrumentebi,

kaTolicizmma ganapiroba, is rom frangebi miiltvodnen Serwymodnen sakralurs,

rac vlindeboda ara mxolod eklesiis saxiT, aramed aseve bunebiTa da naciiT.

aq sasurveli xdeba ara asketuri, aramed esTeturi gamocdileba.

"keTilSobili" saqcielis CadeniT individebi cdiloben madlis mopovebas, rac

gamoixateboda imiT, rom isini irCevdnen ara tradiciul mZime da gamrje Sromas,

aramed spontanur da elegantur qcevas. es ki Tavis mxriv, asaxavda struq-

turebisa da principebis safuZvelSi mdebare ierarqiul mowesrigebulobas.

tradiciulad unarianoba, kompetenturoba asocirdeboda frangul aristo-

kratiasTan, romlebic axdendnen TavianTi keTilSobilebis demontracias

siyvarulSi, omSi, CacmulobaSi, saxlis mowyobaSi, saubarSi, yvelaze ufro metad

ki gemovnebaSi. es aristokratuli Rirebulebebi ar Seesabameboda industriuli

kapitalizmis ZiriTad aspeqtebs da rogorc piti aRniSnavs aferxebda biznesis

gafarToebas, imdenad, romdanadac sagnebis moxmarebas eniWeboda ufro didi

upiratesoba, vidre maT warmoebas. keTilSobilebis kultura gvTavazobda

burJuaziuli qcevis models, ramac franguli kapitalizmi ufro ierarqiul,

politikurad orientirebuli mimarTulebiT waiyvana.

semiotika Tavs aridebs Rirebulebis Teoriis socialurze dayvanas,

simboluri sistemebis Sinagani elementebis formalizebis saSualebiT. Tumca

Sinagani elementebis am formalizebiT, is emuqreba kulturis rogorc

socialuri nimuSebisgan dacarielebas. funqcionalizmis mixedviT ki socialuri

nimuSebi warmoadgens swored im elementebs, rac kulturas xdis aseT

mniSvnelovan sferod instituciuri sferoebTan mimarTebaSi.

veberianuli analizi ufro semiotikuria, vidre dramaturgiuli an

funqcionaluri im niSniT, rom is aRiarebs simboluri sistemebis Sinagan logikas

da amave dros ufro istoriuli da socialuri xasiaTi aqvs kulturasTan

mimarTebaSi. Tu veberianuli kvlevebi exeba religiis Sinagan struqturebsa da

procesebs, xsnis Sesaxeb ganazrebebs, is ukavSirebs sxnis sxvadasxva

formulirebebs konkretul politikur, ekonomikur da normatiul

ganviTarebebs. am gziT, veberianuli Teoria kulturis avtonomias aRiarebs da

gaurbis formalizms.

durkhemi

durkhemianistuli midgomebSic kulturis mimarT religias ZiriTadi adgili

eniWeba. religiaze fokusi SesaZleblobas iZleva xazi gavusvaT simboluri

sistemebis kompleqsurobasa da avtonomias. funqcionaluri da veberianuli

Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, durkhemiseuli midgoma ar aris mxolod dainte-

resebuli kulturuli procesebis istoriuli gagebiT an kidev SedarebiTi

midgomebiT maT socialuri da eTikuri kodebis mimarT. Seswavlis sagani xdeba

mniSvneladi sistemis struqtura da procesi, romlebic ganixileba rogorc

universaluri, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli droisa Tu adgilisa. am kuTxiT

durkhemiseuli midgoma ufro hgavs semiotikursa da struqturalisturs.

rogorc semiotika, durkhemiseuli Teoria kulturul sistemebs ganixilavs

rogorc organizebuls simbolur antinomiebad. is am formalizms scildeba

ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi: upirveles yovlisa, durkhemiseuli midgoma

miuTiTebs, rom es antiTezisebi warmoadgenen ara mxolod kognitur an logikur

19

gamocdilebas xdis gasagebs. geerci Tvlis, rom moTamaSeebi da movlena qmnian am

struqturas, da ara struqtura qmnis movlenas.

funqcionalizmi, semiotika da dramaturgia ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis

mowinaaRmdege versiebs kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb. es zogadi orientaciebi

Camoyalibda zemoT ganxiluli arqetipuli perspeqtivebis safuZvelze. ufro

metic, am konteqstSi es orientaciebi gamokveTen kulturis avtonomiis garSemo

arsebul sxvadasxva midgomas da xazs usvamen Rirebulebebs, formalur sim-

bolur urTierTobebsa, da Sesabamisad esTetikur, SemoqmedebiT damoki-

debulebas. Tanamedrove kulturuli analizi veberianul, durkhemiseul da

marqsistul formebSi ganxvavdeba klasikuri orTodoqsuli persepqtivebisgan

imdenad, ramdenadac isini aseve moeqcnen postklasikuri kulturuli aqcentis

gavlenis qveS, romlebic Cven zemoT ganvixileT.

veberianizmi

veberis wvlili kulturisa da sazogadoebis gagebaSi tradiciulad

moiazreba rogorc misi “protestantuli eTikis diskusia”. kiTxva isaa, ramdenad

SeiZleba veberis argumentis gaziareba imis Sesaxeb, rom kalvinizmi da

puritanizmi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganviTarebis aucilebel wanamZRvars

warmoadgendnen. Tumca Tanamedrove kulturulogiuri azris gavleniT, veberis

wvlili sxvanairad moiazra, da mas ufro zogadi xasiaTi mieca.

insitucionalurad modelirebuli Rirebulebebisa da formaluri

simboluri urTierTobebis sawinaaRmdegod, veberianelebi axlac moiazreben

kulturas, rogorc Sinaganad generirebad simbolur sistemas, romelic

aucilebel metafizikur saWiroebebze reagirebs. religiuri ideebi, xsnis

Teologiuri koncefciebi da sxvadasxva gzebi, romlebic ganisazRvreba

asketuri da mistikuri doqtrinebiT rCeba veberianuli kulturuli Teoriis

yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSnebad. Tumca, Tanamedrove naSromebSi, am ideebis

mniSvneloba da gavlena ganixileba rogorc ufro meti vidre TviTdisciplinisa

da racionaluri kontrolis sakiTxebi.

xsnis sakiTxebi gaigeba ufro zogadi cnebebidan gamomdinare rogoric aris

aqtivizmi, cnobiereba, Temi da individuacia. aseve maTi gavlena socialur

institutebze farTod aris gagebuli, da ar Semoifargleba ekonomikuri

aqtivobiT, an politikuri kontrolis sakiTxebiT, demokratiiT, statusobrivi

da Sida jgufuri urTierTobebiT.

rodesac maikl valceri cdilobs axsnas, Tu rogor Seuwyo xeli kalvinizmma

gamrje da momavalze orientirebuli muSaxelis Camoyalibebas, is am gardamqmnel

Zalas miakuTvnebs ara ekonomikur aqtivobas, aramed politikas. valceris

mixedviT, puritanizmma Seqmna kritikurli aqtivizmi, rac safuZvlad udevs

moqalaqeobis Tanamedrove gagebas. premodernistuli evropis socialuri

amboxebebis periodSi, kalvini moiazrebda adamianebs, rogorc radikalurad

gaucxoebulebs an rogorc rCeulebs, romlebsac unda SeesrulebinaT RmerTis

instrumentebis roli sazogodoebis radikalurad gardaqmna rom momxdariyo.

socialuri gardaqmnis transcedenturi moTxovnis rwmenam aRniSna ideologiis

dasawyisi Tanamedrove gagebiT. am transcedenturi CarCos farglebSi, RmerTi da

ara kacobrioba warmoadgens miwieri qcevis saboloo sanqcias. RvTaebrivi neba

moqmedebs cnobierebis saSualebiT da ara miwieri simdidris an Zalauflebis

ganawilebis gziT. is SeiZleba gamJRavndes adamianTa nebismier jgufSi,

ajanyebulebSic ki.

ingliseli puritanebisTvis, valceris mixedviT, "ofisi" gardaiqmna eko-

nomikuri da politikuri xelmZRvanelobis dagmobisTvis gamiznul saero

forumad. mmarTveli klasis piradi interesi miiCneoda rogorc codviT aRsavse

da garyvnili. puritanebi amoZravebdaT axali ufro abstraqtuli da kritikuli

disciplina; isini gaxdnen revolucionerebi, romlebsac SeeZloT masiuri

socialuri gardaqmnis moxdena. swored ase Caeyara safuZveli revoluciis Tana-

medrove siyvaruls, rac efuZneboda subieqtur interpretaciasa da mniSvne-

lobis farTo gagebas da ara obieqturi aucileblobis mimarT meqanistur pasuxs.

18

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura

edvard soia gvTavazobs "geografiuli da sivrcobrivi" warmosaxvis

ganviTarebas Teoriul naSromebSi. misi azriT, akademikosebi Tanamedrove xanaSi

dros da istorias ufro aniWebdnen privilegirebul pozicias, vidre sivrcesa da

geografias. Tanamedroveoba ganixileboda rogorc tradiciebis damangreveli an

Semcvleli sxva faseulobebiT — maSin, rodesac soias mixedviT, Tanamedroveoba

unda ganixilebodes rogorc droiTi da sivrculi urTierTobebis kompleqsuri

reorganizacia. magaliTad, Tanamedroveobis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa cvli-

lebebis sinqronuli xasiaTi globalur doneze, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnologiur

da ekonomikur sferoebSi.

postmodernistuli socialuri transformaciebi moicaven sivrculi

wesrigis gansxvavebul moazrebas: siswrafe da xelmisawvdomoba distanciis

problemas aqrobs da Sesabamisad xdeba samyaros dapataraveba, rac, Tavis mxriv,

iwvevs periferiebsa da centrebs Soris mkacri SezRudvebis aRmarTvas.

fukos mixedviT, sivrces sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri formisTvis,

iseve rogorc Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisTvis centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs.

fukom Seqmna "heterotopiis" cneba im sivrceebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic

moiazreba garkveuli socialuri sivrceebis nawilad da romelTa funqcia

gansxvavdeba an kidev upirispirdeba sxvebisas.

fuko Tvlis, rom arqiteqtura garda misi zedapiruli gansazRvrebisa, axdens

adamianebis gadanawilebas sivrceSi, maTi cirkulaciis garkveul arxebSi

moTavsebas, iseve rogorc urTierTobebis kodirebas. amitom arqtiteqtura ara

mxolod sivrcis elementia, aramed gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebis

sferoze, rasac konkretuli Sedegebi moaqvs sociumisTvis.

xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi

ra urTierTmimarTeba arsebobs xelovnebasa da urbanul sivrceebs Soris.

sainteresoa gavixiloT is sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba xelovnebas. Tu

rogor SeiZleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moTavsebuli xelovnebis nimuSi

sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblos momtani iyos, xazi gausvas mniSvnelovani

sakiTxebis irgvliv socialuri TviTSegnebis amaRlebas. sazogadoebriv xelov-

nebas aseve SeuZlia sazogadoebisTvis zianis motana, mag., rodesac xlovnebiT

gadacemuli mesiJi miuRebelia sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilisTvis, aman

SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebis gaTiSva. sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam aseve

SeiZleba Seqmnas socialuri konfliqti garkveuli politikuri da socialuri

Rirebulebebis waxalisebiT, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian momxdar socialur

cvlilebebs.

jansaR urbanul sdazogadoebaSi kulturuli identobebi iqmneba rogorc

Zalis, uflebebis mopovebis sawyisi, qalaqis mcxovreblebs SeuZliaT

monawileoba miiRon da kvali daamCnion qalaqis formasa da qalaqis sivrcis

gamoyenebas. amave dros, is artistebi romlebic muSaoben sazogadoebrivi

xelovnebis sferoSi, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben qalaqis ideis gamefebul

koncefciebs da rTaven xalxs adgilobriv politikaSi rom amiT safuZveli

Caeyaros socialur kritikas. urbanuli sivrcis dagegmarebaSi CarTulma

adamianebma da xelovanebma unda Seqmnan iseTi urbanuli dinamika, romelic

asaxavs am sivrceSi macxovrebeli xalxis Rirebulebebs, miswrafebebs.

konfliqtebis gadaWris sakiTxze msjeloba urbanuli sirvrcidan

gamomdinare, imdenad aris aqtualuri ramdenadac 2005 wels msoflio

mosaxleobis naxevarze meti cxovrobs qalaqebSi. sacxovrebeli adgilebi mraval-

nairia — dawyebuli SeZlebuli xalxisTvis gankuTvnili vilebiT, damTavrebuli

barakebiT da kardonis yuTebiT. am mega qalaqebs xSirad ar aqvT centri an

principi, ris garSemoc isini arian organizebulni; isini xSirad dayofilebi

arian simdidrisa da siRaribis zonebad, usafrTxoebisa da Zaladobis — es Zalis

dinamika yovelTvis ar aris TvalsaCino da aSkara saSualo moqalaqisTvis. Cndeba

kiTxva, Tu ra warmoadgens qalaqs da visi keTildReobisTvis iqmneba qalaqi —

71

am kiTxvidan gamomdinareobs urbanuli sivrcis sakiTxebi, urbanuli dizainisa da

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis perspeqtividan sazogadoebrivi sivrcis konst-

ruqcia.

sazogadoebrivi xelovneba SeiZleba iyos socialurad sasargeblo da

Seasrulos konfliqtis gamaneitraleblis roli, Tuki is exmaureba qalaqis

macxovreblebis moTxovnebs — aTavisuflebs maT warmosaxvas, wvlili Seaqvs

qalaqis dizainSi da iwvevs socialur kritikas, romelic xels uwyobs

sazogadoebrivi sivrcis Camoyalibebas. amgvarad: xelovnebis roli urbanuli

sivrcis simyarisTvis ormagia: gamoyenebiTi xelovneba rogorc urbanuli

dizainis ganuyofeli aspeqti, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes rogorc saxaliso,

aseve funqcionaluri aspeqti; da xelovneba rogorc socialuri procesi,

Cagvris sawinaaRmdego, sazogadoebrivi interesebis gamtarebeli,

sazogadoebrivi da saSinao sivrceebis sazRvrebis transcedenturi.

monumentebi

monumentebi iqmneba damkvidrebuli faseulobebis CarCoebis farglebSi da

erovnuli kulturuli identobis SeqmnaSi Seaqvs wvlili. monumentebi da

sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebi — skulpturebi nawilobriv arian fase-

ulobebis konsensusis matareblebi. isini kulturuli obieqtebis kategorias

miekuTvnebian, ganasaxiereben stabilurobas, romelic sazogadoebis Sinagani

winaaRmdegobis dafarvas axdens. sazogadoebrivi xelovneba xandaxan ver uZlebs

istoriul cvililebebs (mag., postsabWoTa qveynebSi bevri komunisturi lideris

qandakeba Camoxsnes)

amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia Tavisuflebis qandakeba (1886), amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebis, Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis simbolo. qandakeba Cans

elisis kunZulidan, sadac milionobiT emigranti eloda amerikaSi Sesvlas

romelic Tavisuflebis miwad iyo aRiarebuli.

monumentebi da skulpturebis ageba xSirad xdeba garkveuli jgufis mier

Zalauflebis demonstraciis mizniT. Zaladoba xSirad monumentis Ziridadi

koncefciaa, ramdenadac bevri memoriali, triumfaluri TaRi, qandakebebi,

warsuli dapyrobebis amRvniSvnel simboloebs warmoadgenen.

monumentis Zalas xSirad iseTi wona aqvs, rom mosaxleobis da samoqalaqo

institutebis umravlesoba iRebs im winaaRmdegobebs, romlebsac monumentebi

warmoaCenen maT sazogadoebaSi da am gziT monumenti xdeba socialuri

kontrolis meqanizmi, rasac ufro faruli xasiaTi aqvs, vidre Zalis aSkara

demonstrirebas.

kulturis gamoyeneba socialuri wesrigis SenarCunebisTvis, burJuaziuli

sazogadoebis zogadi maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, im kuTxiT rom faseulobis

gadatana xdeba esTetikur sivrceSi, xelovnebisa da cxovrebis dualobas xazi

esmeba da Zalauflebisa da fuli ZalaSi eWvis Setana aRar xdeba, an kidev maT

mimarT damokidebuleba naklebad kritikulia. me-19 saukunis monumentebi

imperiisa da patriarqatis mesijs atareben, aseTi tipis mesiJi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSic xSirad Cans. magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac

monumentTan dakavSirebuli normebi irRveva da monumenti "ubralo xalxs"

eZRvneba, an kidev "antimonumentis" kategorias miekuTvneba. magaliTad,

vaSingtonSi agebuli vietnamis omis veteranTa memoriali eZRvneba omis

istorias. gaprialebul, Savi qvis zedapirze wawerilia 58.000 mkvdari an

brZolaSi dakarguli (1959-1975) amerikelis saxeli. xelovanma maia linma

memorials "miwis Wriloba" uwoda, misi azriT momeriali cdilobs im Wrilobis

Sexorcebas, romelic omis winaaRmdeg protestma gamoiwvia. memoriali kiTxvis

niSnis qveS ayenebs Zalauflebis struqturebs sazogadoebaSi, struqturebs

romlebmac gamoiwvies omi, miuxedavad imisa es winaaRmdegobebi gadaWrialia Tu

ara an miviwyebuli. sakamaTo sakiTxia, vietnamis veteranTa memoriali anti

monumentis xasiaTs atarebs Tu ara, ramdenadac aRmarTuli qvis Semyure xalxi

acnobierebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani daiRupa vietnamis omSi, rodesac sakuTar

anareklTan erTad xedavs memorialur dafaze aTasobiT amerikeli moqalaqis

72

semiologiis miRma arsebul urTierTobebs da wers, rom amerikelebisTvis

adamianis sicocxles sakraluri Rirebuleba aqvs da aseve amerikuli

sazogadoebis ekonomikur da rasobriv ierarqiebsac mimoixilavs.

dramaturgiuli midgoma

Tu funqcionalizmi ganixilavs kulturis avtonomias, romelic privilegias

aniWebs socialur sistemas (Tumca ar dayavs kultura socialur sistemaze), da

Tu semiotika kulturul doneze axdens amis moazrebas, maSin dramaturgiuli

midgoma kulturul avtonomiaze saubrisas gansakuTrebul adgils individs

aniWebs. Tanamedrove sociologiaSi irving gofmani aRiarebulia wamyvan

Teoretikosad individTa Soris urTierTobebis mikro samyaros sferoSi.

dramaturgiuli Teoriis adreul versiebSi, gofmani normebs ganixilavda

rogorc strategiuli moTamaSeebis proeqcias. Tumca, ufro gviandel naS-

romebSi man aRiara kulturis damoukidebeli statusi. igi aRniSnavs, rom

socialuri interaqciis namdvil samyaroSi individebi gamudmebiT arian

datvirTulebi stimuliT, garda imisa rac aris mocemuli gansazRvrul kul-

turul CarCoebSi. calkeul moTamaSeebs kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli unari

ganaxorcielon uyuradReboba, da, amave dros, daafiqsiron, magram ignorireba

gauwion an kidev dablokon is stimuli, romelic maT mocemuli moqmedebis

CarCoebidan amogdebiT emuqreba.

rodesac, magaliTad, mayureblebi raime sanaxaobas uyureben, maTi

yuradrebis areSi eqceva aseve Teatraluri fenomenis miRma arsebuli

momentebic, rogoric aris mag., Teatris personalis arseboba da msaxiobebis

garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic maT rolSi ar ewereba.

gofmanis mixedviT, CarCos miRma qmedebis unari vrceldeba uyuradRebobis

farglebs gareTac. centraluri teqstis garSemo arsebobs mimarTulebis mimcemi

elementebi, romlebic moTamaSeebma unda daicvan, radgan maTTvis gasagebi iyos

vin gansazRvravs CarCoSi moqceul qmedebas da rodis. gofmani am elementebs

uwodebs “damakavSireblebs" da rom es damakavSireblebi SeiZleba warmodgenili

iyos rogorc teqstSi mocemuli punqtuaciis niSnebiT, aseve saxis

JestikulaciiT saubris dros.

gofmani aRiarebs gansakuTrebulad individualistur qmedebas kulturuli

teqstis avtonomiis farglebSi, romelsac is winaswar mocemulad aRiarebs.

geercs dramaturgiuli perspeqtiva Seaqvs SedarebiT damoukidebeli

kulturuli formis Seqmnis procesSi. rodesac is bolineziuri mamlebis

orTabrZolaze wers, erTi SexedviT gvgonia rom iq semioturi analizia

gamoiyenebuli, ramdenadac geerci xazs usvams im faqts, rom mamlebis

orTabrZolis garSemo Seqmnili melodrama warmoadgens rTuli wesebisa da

teqstebis mTel kompleqss. Tumca geerci aseT kodebs miiCnevs kulturuli

davalebis Sesasruleblad arasakmarisad. is mniSnvelobas miiCnevs rogorc

garedan Tavs moxvelulad da rom qmedeba eyrdnoba ara mxolod garSemo arsebul

wesebs, aramed sxva fenomenebsac.

mamlebis orTabrZola SeiZleba iyos an carieli (trivialuri, mosawyeni) an

Rrma (mniSvnelobiT aRsavse, saintereso, dramatuli). mogebulze fulis dadeba

warmoadgens saSualebas imisaTvis, rom es orTabrZola gaxdes ufro Rrma, rom

gaizardos movlenis mniSvneloba. yovelive es gvaiZulebs mivmarToT siRmiseul

sociologiur analizs da ar davkmayofildeT mxolod semiotikuriT. maRali

Tanxis dadeba mxolod maRali klasis bolinezielebs SeuZliaT, erTi maRali

Tanxa ki meores izidavs. TamaSis mniSvneloba Zlierdeba, radganac didi

reputaciebi dgeba sasworze da Sedegi ki winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli. xolo

rodesac mamlebi ekveTebian erTmaneTs sisxlian brZolaSi, aqve SegviZlia

amovikiTxoT garkveuli informacia bolineziuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.

mamlebis orTabrZola ar warmoadgens arc statusis funqcionalur

ganmtkicebas — xedva romelsac geerci miawers funqcionalizms — da arc

teqstebidan avtomatur deduqcias. es aris aqtiuri, esTetikuri miRweva,

xelovnebis forma, romelic gazviadebulad dramatuli formiT Cveulebriv

17

interesi.

aseTi abstraqcia SesaZlebobas aZlevda mkvlevars moexdina kodis simboluri

struqturis ageba analitikurad damoukidebeli gziT. mxolod aseTi rekon-

struqciis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli drouli procesebis gamovlena, romelic

SeiniSneba mniSvnelobis winaswar dadgenili formebis CarCoebSi.

magaliTad, roland bartis esse WidaobasTan dakavSirebiT ar niSnavs imas,

rom semiotika aqtualuria mxolod egzotikis Sesaswavlad, romelic scildeba

Cveulebrivi socialuri cxovrebis farglebs. barts surs, rom am analizs

socialuri semiotikis paradigmuli saxe mieniWos. bartisTvis “Widaoba ar aris

sporti, aramed sanaxaoba”. is ambobs, rom qmedeba aq kulturis struqturiT aris

ganpirobebuli, Widaobis yureba ar gvainteresebs rogorc mimdinare cvalebadi

konstruqti. rogorc enas aniWeben upiratesobas da ara laparaks, Widaoba unda

ganixilebodes rogorc teqsti. am kuTxiT igi ar warmoadgens motivirebul

qmedebas, aramed aris raRac dawerili, dramatuli nawarmoebi, romelic srul-

deba. is exeba ara SezRudvebs am situaciaSi, aramed mniSvnelobebs, romlebic

miRebul iqna didi xnis winaT, is mocemulobebi, romlebic moWidaveebma unda

aiTvison imisaTvis, rom Semdeg "warmoadginon”.

moTamaSeebi warmoadgenen niSnebs da ara pirovnebebs. Cven unda SeviswavloT

ara maTi urTierToba, aramed maTi auditoria, sxva moTamaSeebi, romlebic

ganisazRvrebian rogorc socialuri teqstis erTad Tavmoyrili mniSvnelobebis

"mkiTxvelebi”. matCis Sedegebi am SemTxvevaSi araaqtualuria, imdenad ram-

denadac Widaoba unda ganixilebodes ara rogorc movlena droSi, aramed

rogorc mniSvnelobis maRal doneze struqturirebuli sistemis warmodgena.

Sedegi winaswar gansazRvrulia, ramdenadac moWidaveebi arian warmodgenis mo-

nawileebi, warmodgenisa, romelic ukve dawerilia. matCi gvevlineba kulturuli

sferos gamoxatulebad da ara socialuri sistemis motivirebul qmedebad.

sahlinis naSromi amerikul sazogadoebaSi saWmlis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT

aCvenebs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba semiotikuri midgoma Cveulebrivi cxov-

rebiseuli aspeqtebis Seswavlisas. analitikuri avtonomia miiRweva konkretuli

qcevisgan abstragirebis gziT kulturul sferoSi. abstragirebis Sedegad

socialuri elementebi, mag., saWmelebi gadaiqceva “simbolur sistemaSi urTi-

erTqmed elementebad” da maTi ganxilva SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc teqsturi

elementebis, ricxvebis socialur sistemaSi. sahlinis mixedviT, saWmlis

“warmoeba aris kulturuli struqturis funqcionaluri momenti”. aseve mis

esseSi vxvdebiT semiotikuri Teoriis ufro sistemur gamoyenebas, romelic

ayalibebs niSnebis aralingvisturi sistemebis maorganizebel bazisur wesebs.

niSnebis sanimuSo sistemebi, iseve rogorc sxva logikuri urTierTobebi

organizebulia analogiur da antionomiur urTierTobebad: mag. cxenis

mimarTeba ZaRlTan, adamianisa - ara adamianTan, Sinaganis - gareganTan, maRlis -

dabalTan, maRali statusis - dabal statusTan. semiotika aRiarebs kulturis

Sinagani struqturis kompleqsur Sida struqturas da gvTavazobs simboluri

kodebis Rirebulebebze Tu ideologiebze dayvanis Tavidan asacileblad

garkveul gzebs. es aris Teoriuli mcdeloba, romelsac rogorc wesi moyveba

kulturuli Rirebulebebis dayvana socialuri sistemebis meqanisturi

Semadgeneli elementebis ganzogadoebamde. Tumca, amave dros, semiotikis Sinagan

da formalur fokus warmoadgens misi ukiduresi kulturalizmi. kulturuli

struqturebi ara mxolod informacias aZleven socialur nimuSebs, aramed

gansazRvraven kidevac maT. sahlini wers, rom “maqsimalizaciis cnobili logika”

- kapitalisturi sazogadoebebis mogebis ZiriTadi principi — “mxolod

gancxadebuli saxea sxva mizezebisa”, raSic igulisxmeba kulturuli faqtorebi.

sahlinis mixedviT, amerikul sazogadoebasa da kulturas Soris produqtiuli

damokidebuleba rogorc erovnul aseve saerTaSoriso doneze “organizebulia

im SefasebebiT Tu ra iWmeva da ra ar iWmeva”.

socialuri sistemebis ekonomikur logikas aseve unda mieniWos analitikuri

avtonomia. moxmareba ar aris mxolod kulturulad determinirebuli, iseve

rogorc Widaobis matCebi araa mxolod simboluri movlena. aSkaraa, rom aseTi

calmxrivi idealizmi rTuli SesanarCunebelia. rodesac, magaliTad, sahlini

saubrobs xorcis mniSvnelobaze amerikul sazogadoebaSi, is eyrdonoba

16

saxels da gvars.

1960 ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, xelovanebi uaryofdnen

nivTebis privilegirebul statuss da xelovnebis elitarulobas, isini sazo-

gadoebis samsaxurSi ewerebodnen, erTvebodnen aqtivizmSi da TanamSromlobdnen

sazogadoebasTan. amis Sedegad moxda sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gadafaseba,

fizikuri adgilis ufro farTod moazreba. sazogadoebisTvis gankuTvnili

skveri Tu parki asaxavs mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturas da TviTcnobierebas.

Sesabamisad, sazogadoebrivi sivrcis dizaini da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis

SerCeva asaxavs sazogdoebis damokidebulebasa da faseulobebs, Tu ramdenad

iTvaliswinebs qalaqi mravalferovnebas da adamianebis keTildReobazea

mimarTuli. mravalferovnebis da gansxvavebulobis gacnobiereba da gaTaviseba

ki mSvidobiani sazogadoebis Senebis ganuyofeli nawilia.

dRevandel dRes, sazogadoebrivi xelovneba msoflios bevr kuTxeSi gascda

cxenze amxedrebuli gmiris aRmarTvas sazogadoebiv sivrceebSi. amis sanacvlod

xdeba sazogadoebis mier ganxilva imisa, Tu vis da ras warmoadgens gmiri

xalxisTvis 21-e saukuneSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT barbara krugeri,

romelic komunikaciis bevr sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTavs, rom moaxdinos

Tavisi ideebis gavrceleba sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. mag., mis xelovnebas aqvs

bilbordebis, maisurebis, asanTebze dabeWdili sloganebis, plakatebis saxe.

plakatebi ikvreba satelefono jixurebze da Senobebze. krugeris namuSevrebi

reklamas ar warmoadgens, ramdenadac is aranair komerciul interess ar

emsaxureba. arc propagandistulia, radganac ar aris nakarnaxevi, xelmZRva-

nelobis mier. krugeri ubralod vizualur strategiebs iyenebs rom miipyros

xalxis yuradReba da daafiqros Tavis namuSevarSi Cadebul mniSvnelobaze.

krugeris namuSevrebi moiTxoven qalsa da mamakacs Soris Tanasworobas, misi

gamosaxulebebi da teqsti xazs usvams qalebisa da mamakacebis stereotipul

rolebs, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes genderTan dakavSirebuli stereotipebis

safuZvlad mdebare dapirispireba. krugeri aseve exeba sityvis Tavisuflebis,

religiuri tolerantobis, omis, momxmarebluri sazogadoebis, ojaxuri

Zaladobis sakiTxebs.

riCard seras proeqti — skulptura "gadaxrili arka" kargi magaliTia imisa,

Tu rogori konfliqti SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadoebrivma xelovnebam da

saerTod sazogadoebrivi sivrcis gamoyenebam. 1980 wels riCard seram, cnobilma

amerikelma modernistma xelovanma, qalaq niurkis xelmZRvanelobis dakveTiT

aago skulptura did sazogadoebriv skverSi, romelsac gars ertya

dawesebulebebis Senobebi. sanam skulpturas aagebdnen, aravis mosvlia azrad

Sexvdrebis mowyoba sazogadoebis wevrebTan, romlebic muSaobdnen am skveris

garSemo da ar ukiTxavT maTTvis Tanaxmani iyvnen isini Tu ara rom aegoT

mocemuli qandakeba. seras spilenZis qandakeba 90 futis simaRle iyo. qandakebis

agebis faqtma gamoiwvia uaryofiTi Sefaseba sazogadoebis mxridan, ramdenadac

am qandakebam Seamcira skveris farTobi da saseirno gza da bevri mas uSnod

miiCnevda. qandakebis irgvliv warmoSobilma konfqliqtma moaxdina sazogadoebis

polarizeba. Sedegad skulptura sxva adgilas gadaitanes.

sainteresoa monumentebis xasiaTi saqarTveloSi. rogorc daiana holi

aRniSnavs, misi dakvirvebiT TbilisSi ZiriTadad mamakacebis skulpturebia

aRmarTuli. qalebi ki mxolod miTiuri arsebebi arian. magaliTad, filar-

moniasTan aRmarTuli muzis qandakeba da qarTlis deda. kiTxva ismis, Tu

ramdenad SemTxveviTia es faqti, Tu SeiZleba aq garkveuli mniSvneloba veZioT :

rom namdvili xalxi, romelic pativiscemas imsaxurebs mamakacebi arian. daiana

holi Tvlis, rom sakiTxis aseTi dasma, feministur midgomas ar gulisxmobs,

ramdenadac xelovnebis istoriaSi qalebic rom iyvnen Seyvanilni es ar

warmoqmnida feministuri xelovnebis istorias. qalebis aryofna xelovnebis

istoriaSi asaxavs patriarqalur sazogadoebas, romelmac warmoqmna es istoria,

iseve rogorc zogadma istoriam daamtkica sidiadis, sikargisa da heroikulobis

maskulinuri konstruqciebi, rac kargad aisaxeba sazogadoebriv xelovnebaSi

rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve evropasa da amerikaSi.

73

arqiteqturuli diskursebi

magali sarfati larsoni ganixilavs arqiteqturas rogorc kulturuli

warmoebis profesiul konteqsts. aq aisaxeba modernistulidan postmoder-

nistul arqiteqturaze gadasvla meoce saukunis bolo meoTxedSi. arqiteqturis

diskursi emyareba im winapirobas, rom mas yovelTvis mtkicebiTi xasiaTi aqvs.

arqiteqturis kritikosebi, istorikosebi da praqtikosebi im Sexedulebidan

gamodian, rom mxolod legitimuri arqiteqtorebis namuSevrebi iTvleba

xelovnebad, rac unda miekuTvnebodes arqiteqturul diskurss. Tumca, am

profesias axasiaTebs winaaRmdegoba. arqiteqturis diskursi avtonomiurad

igeba, im eqspertebis mier, romlebic sxva eqspertebs uweven angariSs. imisaTvis

rom moxdes "axali ideebis SemoTavazeba", disciplinebma unda aCvenon Tu rogor

xdeba SemuSavebuli wesebis kanonebad Camoyalibeba, arqiteqturis kanoni ki

Sedgeba lamazi da inovaciuri samSeneblo formebisgan.

Senobebi ver iqneba mxolod arqiteqtoris avtonomiuri codnisa da talantis

nayofi. aramed arqiteqtori damokidebulia klientebze da mSeneblobis sxva

specialistebze, iqnebian isini konkurenti eqspertebi Tu Semsruleblebi. am

damokidebulebas heteronomias uwodeben, ramdenadac is upirispirdeba

avtonomiis cnebas, rac ganixileba profesiis ganmsazRvrel atributad.

ramdenadac arqiteqturis diskursi saboloo jamSi efuZneba praqtikas, xolo

praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli momentebi heteronomiasTan aris dakavSirebuli,

diskursisa da praqtikis dialeqtika (avtonomiisa da heteronomiis)

mniSvnelovania arqiteqturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki diskursiuli cvlilebis

analizisas.

meoce saukuneSi, dasavlur arqiteqturaSi orjer moxda mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi rogorc diskursSi, aseve praqtikaSi. istoriografiul CanawerebSi,

stilisturi cvlilebebis nakadma orivejer elituri dizainerebis arqiteq-

turuli koncefciebis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia. miuxedavad arqiteqturisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli investorebze da klientebze damokidebulebisa, arqiteqturis

istoriebi cvlilebis wyarod ganixilaven Tavad diskursSi cvlilebebs,

arqiteqturis ideebsa da TeoriebSi.

pirveli da yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba arqiteqturis diskursSi 1920-iani

wlebis Tanamedrove evropul moZraobaSi moxda. adaptirebuli evropuli

modernizmi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi saerTaSoriso kapitalizmis

arqiteqturuli stili gaxda. meore cvlileba ganapiroba mdare xarisxis

arqiteqturis mimarT protestma, romelic modernizmidan gamomdinareobda. es

moicavda modernizmSi universalur rwmenas romlis mixedviTac postmoder-

nistuli xedva uaryofda formalur da ideologiur erTianobas. erTi mxriv,

postmodernizmi dakavSirebulia arqiteqturul diskursTan: rac mouvida

evropul modernizms, romelic gadaiqca postmodernistuli Setevebis samizned

jer amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da Semdeg danarCen msoflioSi; modernizmi

aseve warmoadgenda antiTezas, rac postmodernizms Tavisebur Sinaarss aniWebda.

meore mxriv ki, cvlilebebi ideebsa da stilSi Seesabameba im struqturul

cvlilebebs, romlebsac ganicdidnen strategiulad ganTavsebuli garkveuli

jgufebi. rTulia winaswar mtkiceba, empiriuli gadamowmebis gareSe, magram

kulturuli cvlileba SeiZleba aseve Seesabamebodes socialur struqturaSi

momxdar farTo cvlilebebs. am hipoTezidan gamomdinare, arqiteqtorebs Soris

esTetikasa da gemovnebaSi cvlilebebi aris ara modurobisa da TviTneburi

survilebis gamoxatuleba, da arc idealisturi orientaciis ganxorcieleba,

aramed arqiteqtorebis mier TavianTi profesiuli rolis xedvis gadafaseba da

maTi praqtikis pirobebis gansxvavebulad danaxva. postmodernistul diskursSi,

evropuli modernizmis modeli dakavSirebulia rogorc arqiteqtoris rolis

praqtikul mosazrebebTan, aseve Tu rogor SeiZleba Semosavlis Zieba da maTi

formaluri warmosaxva.

arqiteqturuli skolebi da konkretuli pedagogiuri mimarTuleba,

profesiuli organizaciebi da Jurnalebi, bazris mier Seqmnili specializaciebi

da asociaciebi, sazogadoebrivi interesi, romelic gamowveulia presis mier —

yovelive es warmoadgens arqiteqturuli ideebis cirkulaciisa da

74

funqcionalizmi

funqcionalisturi midgomis mcdelobaa daukavSiros kulturuli gavlena

socialuri qmedebis analizs.

funqcionaluri Rirebulebebis analizis sisuste SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

Rirebulebebi xSirad daiyvaneba socialur struqturebze, TiTqos maTi

analitikuri avtonomia maTi regulirebis SesaZlebobas iZleodes.

mertonma warmatebulad gansazRvra kulturuli elementebis mniSvnelovani

kompleqsi da socialurma mecnierebma, romlebsac mertonis gavlena hqondaT

detalurad daafiqsires am normatiuli struqturis zemoqmedeba mecnierul

organizaciasa da moqmedebaze. problema isaa, rom, mertonis mixedviT, es

Rirebulebebi SeiZleba warmoiSvan nebismier sferoSi da ara mxolod mecnieruli

praqtikis wiaRSi. Rirebulebebisa da normebis kompleqsze saubris dros,

mertoni mecnierul praqtikas ganixilavs ise TiTqos mecniereba SeiZleba

moviazroT kulturisgan izolirebuli fenomeni da ara rogorc kulturuli

aqtivoba. mertoni mecnierebas miakuTvnebs socialur da ara kulturul

sistemas. is mecnierul Rirebulebebs moiazrebs rogorc realuri qcevisgan

ganzogadebebs da ara rogorc mniSvneladi procesebis warmonaqmns, romlebic

ganapiroben am qcevas.

lifsetis kulturisa da politikis funqcionaluri analizis dros

gamoikveTeba analogiuri Zlieri mxareebi da sisusteebi. parsonma dawera, rom

socialuri Rirebulebis nimuSebi xuT ZiriTad dilemas emyareboda, an kidev

socialuri mocemulobis cvladebs. lifsetma ki gamoiyena parsonsis mosazreba

da aCvena, Tu rogor aris es sxvadasxva tipis instituciuri qceva erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli. lifseti am cvladebs ufro zustad da argumentirebulad

ayalibebs.

universalizmsa da partikularizms Soris kompromisi, gvexmareba gavigoT,

Tu ratom cdiloben garkveuli elitebi qveda safexurze mdgomi jgufebis

gawevrianebas, sxvani ki piriqiT, mokveTas. ramdenadac frangi damqiraveblebi

iyvnen partikularistebi, lifsetis mixedviT, isini profesiuli kavSirebis

warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebs miiCnevdnen moralurad Seuracxmyoflad.

rodesac lifseti safrangeTsa da germaniaSi ekonomikur da politikur

Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis SedarebiT daxasiaTebas axdens, is

aCvenebs, rom Rirebulebis analizma SeiZleba gaaSuqos Sida kompleqsuroba da

winaaRmdegoba.

Tumca lifsetic frTxilad udgeba Rirebulebebis gamovlenas socialur

struqturaSi. Rirebulebebis kompleqts is gamoyofs jgufebis realuri

qmedebidan da ar ganixilavs maT rogorc kulturuli ganviTarebis Sida

dinamikis interpretaciis Sedegs. aqedan gamomdinare, universalizmi danaxuli

iyo iseve, rogorc mas 1789 wlis burJuaziuli revolucia warmogvidgenda da misi

SezRudva gamomdinareobda im faqtidan, rom “revoluciis Zalebi ar iyvnen

sakmarisad Zlieri”. germaniaSi, universalizmis ganviTarebas biZgi misca

“ekonomikuri cvlilebebis mier motanilma zewolam da axali socialuri

dajgufebebis momZlavrebam”, Tumca reaqciulma feodaluri dajfufebebma xeli

SeuSales aseTi Rirebulebebis gavrcelebas.

semiotika — roland barti

meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi struqturalizmi da semiotika

warmoadgenda funqcionalizmis alternativebs mniSvnelobis SeswavlasTan

mimarTebaSi. struqturalistebisa da semiotikosebis Seswavlis sagani gaxda

kulturuli sistema, rogorc aseTi.

sosuris gavleniT, romlisTvisac ena iyo amosavali wertili da ara laparaki,

semiotikosebi saubrobdnen simboluri organizaciis Sinagan integrirebulo-

baze da ambobdnen rom es organizacia unda iswavlebodes garegan procesebTan

mimarTebis gareSe. amgvari midgoma moiTxovda abstraqciebs nebismieri kon-

kretuli SezRudvisgan, iqneboda es individualuri cvalebadoba, Tu jgufuri

15

socialuri institutebis SedarebiT Zalaze. ena rogorc simboluri sistema,

romelic uricxvi socialuri aqtis Tavmoyraa, warmoadgens damoukidebel Zalas.

ena abstraqtuli kodia, romlis struqturac determinirebulia kanonebis mier,

romlebic Sinagania TavisTavad da ara socialuri sistemis zewolis Sedegad

mocemuli.

sityvebi warmoadgenen niSnebs, romlebic iSleba aRmniSvnelad da aRsaniSnad.

sosuri mkveTrad mijnavs aRmniSvnels, bgerasa Tu sityvis materialuri

komponents aRniSnulisgan, cneba romelzec materialuri bgera aris mibmuli. is

Tvlis, rom aRmniSvnelsa da aRniSnuls, materialursa da idealur komponentebs

Soris damokidebuleba aris “TviTneburi”. ar arsebobs obiqturad aucilebeli an

“namdvili” mizezi imisa, Tu ratom aRiniSneba esa Tu is cneba raRac garkveul

bgeraTa SeTanxmebiT; maTi erTmaneTze mibma xdeba Cveulebis gamo.

sosuri ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom sityvis gageba rTulia, rodesac

is namdvil socialur obieqts exeba da masTan xdeba dawyvileba enis saSualebiT.

es urTierTobac aris TviTneburad ganpirobebuli Cveulebis mier. mniSvneloba

gamomdinareobs urTierTobebidan — gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi — romlebic

yalibdeba sityvebs Soris, enobrivi sistemis niSnebs Soris. cvlilebebi am

urTierTobebSi ar aris im socialur obieqtebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsax-

veli, romlebsac isini exebian. niSanTa sistema axlo momavalSi aris ucvleli. is

viTardeba Sinagani kanonebis Sesabamisad. misi Semadgeneli nawilebis axlandeli

ganlagebis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod adreuli tradiciebis ganxilvis

saSualebiT, romelTa wiaRSic isini Camoyalibdnen.

Tu es nebayoflobiTi urTierToba arsebobs sityvebsa da sagnebs Soris enaSi,

sosuris mixedviT, ratom ar unda arsebobdes igive yvela socialur institutSi

da aqtivobaSi? misi azriT, lingvistika aris semiotikis qveganayofi, niSnebis

ufro zogadi mecniereba. TiToeuli socialuri aqtivoba aris areuli niSanTa

sistemasTan, romelic enis analogiurad muSaobs. arc istoriuli ganviTareba da

arc socialuri urTierToba ar gansazRvravs niSanTa sistemis am struqturas.

misi mniSvnelobis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod institucionaluri kulturis

Sinagani kodebis rekonstruqciis safuZvelze.

semiotikur analizs miuxedavad mcdelobebisa, mainc calmxrivi xasiaTi aqvs.

is exeba niSanTa sistemebs da ara sazogadoebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom enaTa

sistemebi socialuri institutebis msgavsia, semiotika gvTavazobs CavataroT

“struqturuli analizi” da Tavi davaneboT interaqcionistuli da situaciuri

SezRudvebis Seswavlas. semiotika amdenad gvabrunebs kulturis Zlieri

avtonomiis gagebasTan, romelsac hermenevtika gvTavazobda. dilTais mixedviT,

socialuri qmedeba mxolod Signidan unda Seswavliliyo. Tumca misTvis

“Signidan” niSnavs subieqturi gmocdilebis mocemulobebisken dabrunebas.

sosurisTvis ki sityvebis Sinagani urTierTobebis Seswavlas.

semiotika formalurad udgeba niSanTa sistemebis struqturebis Seswavlas.

struqtura Sedgeba analogebis da kontrastebis rTuli mocemulobebisgan,

romlebic mkvlevarma unda gamoavlinos monawile individebis subieqturi

gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. es mosazreba rom gagveziarebina, maSin

mniSvnelobis kvlevisTvis Tavi unda dagvenebebina, razec aris dafuZnebuli

kulturuli analizi.

yvela arsebuli Tanamedrove midgoma kulturis mimarT interesdeba

mniSvneladi moqmedebiT da ara instrumentuliT, aseve aRiarebs simboluri

sistemebis avtonomias da mijnavs mas arakulturuli saxis determinaciebisgan.

Tumca kvlav sakamaToa, Tu ras moicavs simboluri sistemebis avtonomia,

ramdenad damoukidebelia kultura, rogor unda damyardes maTi damo-

kidebuleba kulturasTan. aseve uTanxmoeba sufevs kulturis Sinagani

Semadgeneli elementebis irgvliv. romelia kulturis ZiriTadi komponentebi da

rogor arian isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.

14

reproduqciis arxebs, rac iwvevs garkveuli stilisturi tendenciebis

imitaciasa da win wamowevas. magram es ar aris amomwuravi sia. ramdenadac

profesiuli identoba yalibdeba ara mxolod zemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis

safuZvelze, aramed arqiteqturis rogorc xelovnebis ganxilvis Sedegad.

Cveulebrivi arqiteqturuli praqtika orientirebulia servisze da komer-

ciul interesebze, rac TavisTavad heteronomiulia da xSirad eqvemdebareba

gareSe faqtorebs. am daqvemdebarebis sakompensaciod, arqiteqtorebma yurad-

Reba miaqcies TavianTi xelobis SemoqmedebiT mxares.

arqiteqturis diskursiul sferoSi ikveTeba ori saxis dapirispireba. pir-

vels — specializirebuli saxe aqvs da aqtualuria mxolod am sferos

warmomadgenlebisTvis da ara klientebisTvis. Sida dapirispirebas da diskusiebs

eqspertTa Soris moaqvs konkretuli Sedegebi da gavlenas axdens am sferoSi

arsebul Sinagan ierarqiaze, gavlenis qselebze, statusebze — yvela im

strategiul poziciaze, romelTa saSualebiTac frangi sociologi burdies

mixedviT simboluri kapitali yalibdeba da Zalauflebisa da simdidris

resursebi moiTxoveba.

debatebi, romlebic warmoiSoba dizainis elitis sxvadasxva fraqciebs Soris

arqiteqturul diskursSi, qmnian konfliqtur situaciebs, an piriqiT kavSirebs,

koaliciebs. arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli is aris rom klientebs aq

garkveuli rolis TamaSi SeuZliaT.

meore saxis kulturul dapirispirebas gadavyevarT ufro farTo da

bundovan sazRvrebSi; mas Tavisi ena da miznebi gaaCnia da motivaciac garedan

modis. konkretul istoriul pirobebSi, kulturis Tanamedrove politika

TamaSdeba didi socialuri konfliqtebis fonze, saidanac gansazRvruli

sferoebi sesxuloben intensiurobasa da substancias. eseni wamoadgenen

dasavluri xelovnebis avangardis Tavisebur momentebs. erTi mxriv, formaluri

esTetikuri CarCoebi politikur da moralur dapirispirebas asaxavs. meore

mxriv ki, debatebs axasiaTebT ezoTeruli ena da ganixilaven specializirebul

sakiTxebs rac moyveba did moZraobebs: disidentebi, romlebic ar kmayo-

fildebian mxolod arsebul diskursTan dapirispirebiT, cdiloben

Zalauflebis urTierTobebSi cvlilebebi Seitanon, rogorc TeoriaSi, aseve

praqtikaSi da sazRvrebis gadafasebas iTxoven.

me-20 saukunis arqiteqturis modernistuli faza idologiiis dabadebiT

xasiaTdeba da naTlad aCvenebs politikur-esTetikur avangardSi warmoSobil

kamaTs. 1920-ian wlebSi arqiteqturis axalma xedvam gamoiwvia diskursSi arse-

buli Sida dayofebis gadalaxva da praqtikis axali institutebis Seqmna.

arqiteqturis sazogadoebrivma xasiaTma ki arsebul dapirispirebebs metafo-

ruli mniSvneloba mianiWa, gansxvavebiT xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan da zogadad

sxva profesiebisgan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom arqiteqturi novatorebis ideebma

Taviseburi kvali daamCnia Tanamedroveobis sazogadoebriv saxes.

gvian 1960-ian da adreul 1970-ian wlebSi arqiteqturuli diskursis gada-

faseba daemTxva profesiis farglebSi arsebul kamaTs, romelic Seexeboda

arqiteqtoris Zalauflebisadmi daqvemdebarebas. arqiteqtori-aqtivistebis

sxvadasxva jfugebi dogmatur modernizms ganixilavdnen rogorc TavianT

saerTo mters.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, modernizmi - rogorc modernizacia, pirvel

rigSi, Seexeboda farTo maStabis urbanistul ganaxlebas, romelic daiwyo 50-ian

wlebSi. 70 - ian wlebSi ki ekonomikur kriziss moyva uZravi qonebiT spekulaciis

talRa da arqiteqturul revizionizmi daaCqara. klientebi, romelTac ufro

meti statusi hqondaT, vidre kapitali, moiTxovdnen rom maT Senobebi

yofiliyvnen simdidris, TamaSis, da gansxvavebulobis simboloebi. menejerebma

aRmoaCines dizainis Zala da male safuZveli Caeyara "arqiteqtorebis xelweras",

rac gansazRvravda produqtis konkretuli dizainis molodins, garkveuli

imijis Seqmnas da vizualur mravalferovnebas.

arqiteqtorebisTvis SekveTebis micemasa da didebaze, romelic asocir-

deboda profesiasTan, 1980-ian wlebSi gavlena iqonia finansurma deregulaciam

da Semosavlis redistribuciam Raribi da saSualo fenidan mdidrebze. rodesac

arqiteqtorebi da kritikosebi dascinian tradiciul postmodernizms rogorc

75

reiganis xanis “arqiteqturas", isini ZiriTadad gulisxmoben stils; Tumca im

periodis arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSani stils naklebad exeboda,

aramed ZiriTadad aq saubaria uamrav saofise da komerciul sivrceze, feSe-

nebelur sastumroebze, mdidarTa saxlebze da elitisTvis gamiznul kulturul

dawesebulebebze.

modernistuli arqiteqturis gadafasebis dros, warmoiSva konfliqti

arqiteqturis "imijsa" da "realobas" Soris. es cnebebi exeba koncefciasa da

koncefciis ganxorcielebas Soris uTanxmoebas, ramdenadac arqiteqtorebi

yovelTvis axdenen imijis dizains, maSin rodesac sxvebi ageben Senobas. swored es

imiji da realoba ikavebda centralur adgils postmodernistul SejibrSi, rac

niSnavda rom raRac icvleboda, nebsiT Tu uneblied arqiteqtoris Zireul

socialur identobaSi.

arqiteqturuli dideba, profesiuli ideologia romelic aRiarebda dizains

dizainis gulisTvis 70-ian wlebSi aRmocenda. Tavdapirvelad, is Seecada

dabruneboda modernizmis avtonomiur TviTgansazRvrebas, magram ukve gvian iyo.

modernizmis mimdevrebs aRar hqondaT profesiuli Zalaufleba aRedginaT

modernizmi nawilobriv ganviTarebuli esTetikuri SesaZlebobis saSualebiT.

ameve dros, garemos "xelis SeSlis winaaRmdeg" ganwyobili Zlieri saSualo

klasis moZraoba iTxovda rom SenarCunebuliyo ukve damaxinjebuli urbanuli

qsovili. Tumca am moZraobamac daigviana. arsebulma modernistulma imitaciebma

gamoiwvies nostalgiuri ltolva SenarCunebuliyo Zveli ubnebi, rac

asorcirdeboda usafrTxoebasTan da normalur cxovrebasTan.

tradiciuli modernizmis uaryofa 80 - iani wlebis meore nawilSi mZlavr

tendenciad iqca arqiteqtorebs Soris. qalaqSi mcxovrebi muSaTa klasi da

Raribebi dazaraldnen ganaxlebisgan ufro metad, vidre restavraciebisgan;

konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, pativiscema labirinTuli struqturis quCebis

mimarT da sacxovrebeli qalaqebis mravalferovani konstruqcia tradiciuli

postmodernizmis yvelaze pozitiur da mniSvnelovan wvlils warmoadgenda.

postmodernizmis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom aRiarebuli iyo ara erTi stili,

aramed mravali ena.

swored postmodernizmis damkvidrebis Sedegad, ufro da ufro metma

arqiteqtorma ipova sxvadasxva gemovnebis klienti, rac xels uwyobda

mravalferovani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. es sxvadasxva klientebi

stilistur siaxles moiTxovdnen an kidev xdeboda maTi darwmuneba rom axali da

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli enebi misaRebi iyo.

Sesabamisad, krizisi arqiteqturaSi gadailaxa da fokusi gasworda —moxda

arqiteqtoris rogorc artistis tradiciuli identobis aRdgena, formalizmi ki

daexmara dizainerebs rom Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT indivudualisturi

proeqtebi.

80-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si socialuri SekveTebi da demokratiulad orien-

tirebuli sazogadoebrivi arqiteqtura gaqra. ideologiuri komforti,

romelsac formalizmi sTavazobda arqiteqtorebs srulyofilebas moiTxvoda;

srulyofilebas srulyofilebis gamo, rac ukve damkvidrebuli ekleqturi

diskursis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. 80-ian wlebSi arqiteqturam dakarga

erTiani xedva da erTiani stili. arc erT jgufs gaaCnda sakmarisi Zalaufleba an

gavlena erTi konkretuli mimarTulebis, an/da saerTo standartebis

dasamkvidreblad sxvadasxva profesiuli praqtikebisTvis.

amrigad, XX saukuneSi, arqiteqturuli modernizmi gadaiqca teqnokratiuli

socialuri inJineriidan korporaciuli Zalauflebis samsaxurSi myofad.

socialuri stimulis dakargviT, esTetikurma xedvam rutinuli xasiaTi miiRo.

diskursis doneze daZabulobebi da gadafasebebi gamravlda da daaCqara

esTetikuri dezintegracia. rodesac aqtivistma Taobam ufro mwvave xasiaTi

misca profesiis farglebSi mimdinare kritikas, praqtikis prioritetulobam

tradiciebis mimdevrebi aiZula arqiteqtorTa praqtikis mravalferovneba

eRiarebinaT. am kuTxidan danaxuli, postmodernistuli pluralizmi 1960 - iani

wlebis antiavtoritatuli politikis memkvidreobas warmoadgens.

76

sazogadoeba ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri an politikuri wesrigi, aramed

“moralur — politikuri bloki”, romelic Sekrulia gabatonebuli ideebisadmi

nebayoflobiTi morCilebis Sedegad. gramSis saxiT gveZleva kulturis

institucionalizebuli Teoria marqsistuli formiT. Tumca, es dominanturi

kultura sabolood kritikis qveS eqceva. revoluciuri kulturuli

ganviTarebis miseuli mosazreba aris iseTive damokidebuli “arsebul, namdvil

realobaze”, rogorc misi gabatonebuli ideebis Teoria.

imdenad, ramdenadac muSaTa klasi arsebobs eqspluatirebul obieqtur da

konkretul viTarebaSi, gramSi Tvlis, rom maTi praqtikuli cnobierebis

Camoyalibeba gardauvalia, da upirispirdeba burJuaziisa da aristokratiis

idealizirebul cnobierebas. Tumca, gramSi acnobierebs rom es latenturi

cnobiereba ver gamovlindeba, Tuki ar iqneba Camoyalibebuli da gamoTqmuli

inteleqtualuri formiT. ubralod, praqtikuli cnobiereba uZluria

gabatonebuli ideebis inteleqtualuri Zalis winaSe. alternatiuli ideologia

jer unda Camoyalibdes, amocana, romelic Sesrulda marqsisa da sxva maRali

socialurad moazrovne inteleqtualebis mier. "organuli" inteleqtualebis

revoluciuri kadrebis formaciis Sedegad — politikuri partiis liderebi da

mimdevrebi — romlebic ufro praqtikulebi arian da naklebad

inteleqtualurebi - es ideebi xdeba ufro SesamCnevi da xelmisawvdomi.

kulturuli marqsizmi scildeba funqcionalur analizs Tavisi normatiuli

datvirTviT. is dainteresebulia ara mxolod kulturis axsniTa Tu

interpretaciiT, aramed “kargi mniSvnelobis” da “cudi mniSvnelobis” Sefaseba-

dapirispirebiT. gramSi upirispirebs “racionalur cnobierebas” yoveldRiur

cnobierebasa da religias. igi ar kmayofildeba kontrhegemonuri kulturis

ganviTarebis axsniT, aramed aseve dainteresebulia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am

kulturam migviyvanos ufro Tavisufal da damoukidebel cxovrebamde.

kulturuli marqsizmi funqcionalur analizTan SedarebiT, ufro metad

aRiarebs kulturis gavlenas socialur cvlilebaze. aseve xazs usvams

kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris kavSiris mniSvnelobas. Tumca kulturis

Sesaxeb rogorc Zalauflebis msaxurze saubari, akninebs kulturuli Rire-

bulebebis rols Zalauflebis garkveuli kontrolis da regulaciis funqciis

Sesrulebis procesSi.

funqcionalistur TeoriaSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis gamijvnam pirvel

adgilze Rirebulebebi daayena da ara simboloebi. kulturul marqsizmSi

“klasobrivi cnobierebis” cneba iseTive rols TamaSobs rogorc Rirebulebebi.

Tumca is ganisazRvreba kulturuli mniSvnelobis farglebSi da Tavad

socialuri sistemis nawilia.

cnobierebis marqsistuli analizis, iseve rogorc Rirebulebebis funq-

cionalisturi analizis dros xSirad xdeba socialuris upiratesobisken

gadaxra da kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis nivelireba. es naTeli magaliTia,

imisa Tu ra rTulia kulturisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuli

kavSiris moazreba.

semiotika — ferdinand sosuri

semiotika Tanamedrove kulturuli analizis erT-erT mniSvnelovani

midgomaa. ferdinand sosuri ambobs, rom socialuri struqturis an qmedebis

gageba SeuZlebelia kulturuli elementebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. rogorc

lingvistvisTvis, misTvis enaa amosavali wertili. igi acnobierebs, rom laparaki

TavisTavad socialuri qmedebaa, romelic fsiqologiurad aris motivirebuli

da konkretul situaciur SezRudvebs eqvemdebareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom

individebi SeiZleba CaiTvalon rogorc pasuxismgebelni TavianT salaparako

aqtebze, maT realurad aranairi kontroli ar gaaCniaT im enaze, riTac isini

axorcieleben mocemul salaparako aqtebs. molaparake individebs ar SeuZliaT

im niSnebis gansazRvra, romlebsac isini mimarTaven laparakis dros. es niSnebi

fiqsirebulia sazogadoebis mier mkacrad Camoyalibebuli CarCoebis farglebSi.

rodesac sosuri saubrobs enis socialur determinaciaze, is ar miuTiTebs

13

Seswavlis sagnad gaixdian Rirebulebebs da ara simbolur sistemebs. Rire-

bulebebi dagvexmareba simbolur-abstraqtuli formiT vimsjeloT centraluri

institucionaluri problemebis Sesaxeb. isini Seexebian iseT sakiTxebs rogorc

aris Tanasworba - uTanasworoba, spontanuroba — disciplina, avtoritetisadmi

morCileba — kritikuli qmedeba, sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba - kerZo sakuTreba.

parsonsis mixedviT, normatiuli warmodgenebi yalibdeba swored aseTi

konkretuli sakiTxebis irgvliv. monawileebma arCevani unda gaakeTon realur

alternativebs Soris. arCevanis gakeTebis Semdgom normatiuli an RirebulebiTi

standartebi ikveTeba. institucionalizacia niSnavs, rom erTi an meore

standarti gadaiqceva monawilis rolis damaxasiaTebel niSnad. individisTvis,

jgufisTvis am institucionalizebuli Rirebulebidan gadaxveva sanqciiT

regulirdeba/isjeba; xolo Rirebulebisadmi damorCilebas moyveba jildo.

RirebulebiTi analizis perspeqtividan institutebis ganxilva bevris

momcemia, Tumca ar unda moxdes kulturuli analizis Canacvleba am midgomiT.

RirebulebiTi analizis dros, interpretacia Semoifargleba mxolod im

mniSvnelobebiT romelTa institucionalizaciac aris SesaZlebeli. Sedegad, is

cnebebi romlebsac RirebulebiTi analizi iyenebs, mniSvnelobis analizis dros

eyrdnoba meqanistur, wmindad socialuri analizisTvis SemuSavebul leqsikas.

antonio gramSi

analogiuri problemebi da miRwevebi gaaCnia marqsizmsac, romelic aseve

warmoadgens idealisturad gagebuli kulturis kritikas. gramSis naSromebis

mixedviT revoluciuri da klasebze orientirebul Teoriis Sesaxeb msjeloba

SeiZleba moxdes marqsis gviandeli naSromebis mecnieruli meTodologiis

farglebs gareTac. gramSi marqsizms uwodebs "praqsisis Teorias". gramSim Tavisi

kritikuli Teoria aago italiel hegelianel kroCestan dialogis procesSi. man

hermenevtikuli tradiciis gavleniT apriori miiCnia, rom yvela moTama-

Se/monawile aris inteleqtuali, da rom mniSvnelobiT daintereseba warmoadgens

rogorc yoveli adamianuri qmedebis ganuyofel ganzomilebas, aseve socialuri

wesrigis yovel istoriuli formas.

rogorc parsonsi, aseve gramSi emijneba idealizms da kulturas ganixilavs

rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuls meqanistur institutebTan da ara rogorc maT

Semcvlels. socialuri sistemis Zalebis analizi gancalkevebuli unda iyos maTi

mniSvnelobis analizisgan. gramSisTvis, iseve rogorc parsonsisTvis, socialuri

sistema kulturis mTavar sayrdens Seadgens. sazogadoebis “namdvili Zalebi”

ewinaaRmdegebian an avseben kulturis mniSvnelad Zalas.

gramSis kulturuli marqsizmi gansxvavdeba funqcionalizmisgan imiT, rom

mas socialuri sistema da Sesabamisad kulturis adgili am sistemaSi

gansxvavebulad aqvs moazrebuli. kulturuli procesebi, gramSis mixedviT,

TvalsaCinoa mkacrad dayofil sazogadoebaSi, klasobrivi batonobis ierarqiaSi,

romlis safuZvelsac politikuri Zala warmoadgens. kultura xdeba klasobrivi

Zalauflebis procesis Semadgeneli nawili.

gramSi Tvlis, rom maRali donis inteleqtualebic ki Tavisi Teoriebis

amosaval wertilad warmoebis dominant models iReben da gamomdinare Tavisi

susti institucionaluri poziciidan, iZulebulebi xdebian Seurigdnen arsebul

Zalebs. maRali donis inteleqtualuri ideebi, romlebic gansazRvraven

TiToeuli epoqis TviTcnobierebas vrceldeba masebamde ufro dabali donis

kvaziinteleqtualebis mier, magaliTad, maswavleblebisa da Jurnalistebis mier,

im moTamaSeebis mier, romlebic ufro “organulad” arian dakavSirebuli

kapitalisturi sazogadoebis institutebTan. gramSis aq mohyavs analogia

kaTolikur eklesiasTan; Teologebi ayalibeben abstraqtul kanonebs, maSin,

rodesac mRvdlebi da moZRvrebi axdenen im doqtrinebis formulirebas,

romelic mimarTulia ubralo adamianebze da maT uxsnis tanjvis fenomens.

inteleqtualebis ideologiur Zalauflebas gramSi "kulturul hegemonias"

uwodebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoeba Zalian ierarqiulia, gabatonebul

klass ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis SenarCuneba mxolod Zalis saSualebiT.

12

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi

arqiteqturis Seswavla miuTiTebs im faqtze rom cvlilebebs konkretul

kulturul diskursSi lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. aseve specializirebuli dis-

kursebis farglebSi araTanamimdevruli dinebebi yovelTvis ar aris pasuxi ufro

farTo garegan araTanamimdevrulobebze.

meore msoflio omis mier gamowveuli statikurobis, destruqciisa da

rekonstruqciis garemoebebma gamoiwvia is rom modernistuli moZraoba

gardaiqmna mcire jfufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvidan universalur da yovlis

momcvel stilad. Sesabamisad, banaluri da gamofituli modernizmis masobrivma

triumfma, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia arqiteqtorebis reaqcia. monotonuroba da

mosawyeni erTgvarovneba, romelsac "formebis amowurva" ewoda iTxovda esTe-

tikur inovacias da Teoriul gadaxedvas. ara omis katastrofulma Sedegebma,

aramed axalgazrda da ganaTlebulma xalxis aqtiurobam ganapiroba da Semdeg

ganaxorciela warmoqmnili moTxovnebi.

arqiteqtorebis axalgazrda Taoba da ganaTleba gadamwyvet rols ver

Seasrulebdnen rom ara axalgazrda arqiteqtorebis didi raodenoba. swored

arqiteqtorebis didma raodenobam gamoiwvia profesiis SigniT arsebuli

konkurencia. konkurencia ki TavisTavad yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo kul-

turul inovaciasTan iseT mravalferovan viTarebaSi rogoric aris islamuri

religia, me-19 saukunis franguli mxatvroba da meoce saukunis amerikuli

mecniereba.

aSS-s ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ki 50-ian da 60-ian wlebSi moaxdina

arqiteqtorTa mzardi ricxvis dasaqmeba. Tumca 70-iani wlebis krizisis periodSi

prioriteti eniWebodaT da elitarul jgufebad yalibdebodnen is arqiteq-

torebi, romlebic prestiJuli saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi iyvnen.

isinive warmoadgendnen wamyvan eqspertebs gavlenian JurnalebSi, xelovnebis

centrebSi da konkursebis JiuriSi.

amgvarad arqiteqturuli postmodernizmi ganamtkicebs raodenobas,

konkurenciasa da inovacias Soris arsebul urTierTmimarTebas kulturis

mwarmoeblebis viwro rigebSi.

aseve, daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis nawilobrivi Tanxvedra qmnis

specializirebul kulturul sferoebsa da ufro farTo politikur da

socialur moZraobebs Soris konkretul kavSirebs. ukanaskneli, ki STaagonebs

dominanturi inteleqtualuri paradigmebisa da specialistebis rolebis

garSemo arsebuli molodinebis gadafasebas.

postmodernizms ar SeeZlo gaemeorebina 20-iani wlebis artistuli da

politikuri avangardis gamiznuli da mtkice sinTezi, ramdenadac 1918 wlis

revoluciuri viTareba ar arsebobda 60 iani wlebis im qveynebSi, romlebic

imdenad mdidrebi iyvnen, rom arqiteqturiT dainteresebuliyvnen. Tumca

arqiteqturul postmodernizmSi arsebuli dapirispirebuli Sinaarsi swored im

periodSi warmoiSva rogorc aSS-Si, aseve evropaSi, rodesac axali memarcxeneebi

aRzevdnen antiteqnokratiuli sloganiT.

da bolos kulturuli specializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi

Semdegia: urTierqmedeba kulturis mwarmoeblebsa da maT potenciur

auditorias Srois aris yovelTvis gaSualebuli mwarmoeblebis praqtikaSi

arsebuli garemoebebiTa da istoriuli viTarebiT.

postmodernistuli gardamavali periodis dros amerikuli dizainis elitis

praqtikaSi ori momentis gamoyofa SeiZleba. pirveli warmoadgens

arqiteqturuli amocanis kompleqsurobas, rac did wilad ganpirobebulia

arqiteqturis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikur da organizaciul

siZneleebTan. aseve miuxedavad imisa, rom nageboba aRiqmeba stilisturi

konvenciebis gziT, misi socialuri funqcia ufro farTod moiazreba da

masisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre stili an esTetika.

meore momenti warmoadgens kulturul industriebTan arqiteqturuli

saqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis kavSirs.

postmodernizmma aRniSna patara da saSualo firmebis gamravleba diskursis

farglebSi da ara, magaliTad, amerikuli arqiteqturis biznesSi. maTi

77

urTierToba organizaciul klientebTan exmaureba SemoqmedebiT-teqnikuri

produserebis urTierTobas kulturuli industriebis organizaciul da

menejerul nawilTan. musikosebis an televiziis damoukidebeli prodiuserebis

msgavsad arqiteqturul firmebsac kontraqtis damTavrebis mere aRar aqvT

urTierToba TavianT damkveTTan. ramdenadac patara firmebs danaxarji didi ar

aqvT da sargebloben didi kompetenciiT (risTvisac maT qiraoben) maT srul

pasuxismgeblobas aZleven produqciaze.

arqiteqtorebi sTavazoben alternatiul winadadebebs klientebs da rogorc

kulturul industriebSi menejerebi, didi klientebi asponsoreben garkveul

nawils. didi samSeneblo firmebi ki yvelanair xerxs mimarTaven, rom maTi servisi

popularuli gaxdes.

elitaruli dizainerebi TviTon ukeTeben sakuTar Tavs marketings rom

moiZion klientebi, didi komerciuli klientebi ki Tavis mxriv popularizacias

uweven arqiteqtorebs, maT saxelebs, rogorc axali proeqtis komerciuli

paketis organul nawils. arqiteqturaSi “modisa da tendenciebis” gavrceleba

naklebad aris damokidebuli mas mediaze, specializirebul presaze, trening

institutebis sitemaze. dizainis procesi imdenad rTuli da

profesionalizebulia, xolo mSenebloba klientebisTvis da bankebisTvis

imdenad Zviri rom xanmokle modas iSviaTad Tu vinme aitacebs.

es miuTiTebs imaze, rom elitaruli arqiteqtorebi imijis Seqmnas uyureben

rogorc kontrolis dakargvas mSeneblobis procesze. imijebis gamravleba,

romelTa Sorisac klientebs arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, mas

mediis mier arqiteqtorebis "kulturul gmirebad” gamocxadeba iwvevs imas, rom

stilisturi konvenciebi mokle droSi gacveTil tendenciebad iqceva. amitom

arqiteqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad warmoadgenen ara Senobas, aramed imijs.

imiji ki formiT dauaxlovda modasa da kulturis industriebs. am imijebis

mwarmoeblebi miiltvian siaxlisken an imitaciisken, ramdenadac gadamwyveti

faqtori aris is, Tu riTi SeiZleba gaizardos msyidvelobiTi fasi.

rogorc saqme, postmodernistuli arqiteqtura warmoadgens im materialuri

Zalebis gansaxierebas, romlebic Slian gansxvavebas "maRal” da “dabal”

kulturul produqcias Soris. arqiteqtorebs ukveTaven maTi SemoqmedebiTobis

gamo da aZleven Tavisuflebas, rom gamoigonon, Tumca maTi SemoqmedebiToba

klientis arCevaniT SeiZleba SeizRudos. sponsors Tavisi cvlilebebis Setana

SeuZlia; es ki upirispirdeba diskursis avtonomias.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr kulturul sferoSi, mecnierebis eqspansia da

ganaTlebuli auditoriis zrda iZleva diskursis farglebSi inovaciebis

saSualebas. arqiteqtura warmoaCens dialeqtikas, romelic bevri kulturuli

sferosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: diskursis avtonomia teqnikur produserebs

axalisebs, rom gariskon praqtikaSi, maSin rodesac realizaciis xarji xSirad

barieris rols TamaSobs. amitomac arqiteqturas filosofosebi da

Teoretikosebi postmodernizmis xanas alegoriad miiCneven.

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hermenevtika warmoadgens interpretaciul midgomas, romelic gamoavlens

Sinagani da subieqturi struqturebis bunebasa da maT mniSvnelobas. mniSvneloba

mkvlevrebisTvis gasagebi xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini kulturuli struq-

turebis interpretacias moaxdenen da ar Seecdebian, magaliTad, sxva Zalebis

Sedegebis axsnas, rac warmoadgens meqanisturi midgomis meTodologiur

impulss. interpretacia gamomdinareobs gagebidan da ara mxolod dakvirvebidan.

dilTai bunebrivi mecnierebebis mier gamoyenebul meTodebs, dakvirvebas

upirispirebs hermenevtikul meTods. is gvTavazobs kulturuli kvlevebis

pirvel da erT-erT yvelaze filosofiur gamarTlebas, magram amas akeTebs

dualisturi gziT, romelic asaxavs germanuli idealizmis calmxriv

problematikas. dilTais miaCnia, rom socialuri fenomenis Seswavla unda moxdes

mxolod da mxolod kulturuli perspeqtividan gamomdinare. is maTematikur,

fizikur da biologiur mecnierebebs aniWebs gare meqanisturi wesrigis

dakvirvebebis prerogativas. amgvarad, dilTai xazs usvams kulturis

avtonomias, romelic ganxilulia idealisturi kuTxiT.

Tu ramdenad mWidrod unda iyos dakavSirebuli hermenevtikuli midgoma

kulturis cnebasTan dRemde warmoadgens kamaTis sagans.

parsonsi

me-20 saukunis socialuri Teoriis istoriaSi, talkont parsonsma

SemogvTavaza socialuri meqanizmis Sesaswavli yvelaze daxvewili formaluri

midgoma, romelic orTodoqsuli hermenevtikuli tradiciis farglebs scil-

deboda. sazogadoebis mimarT Tavis “funqcionalistur” midgomaSi, parsonsma

konceptualurad moiazra kulturasa da materialur Zalas Soris urTierToba,

rogorc analitikuri safexurebi erTian empiriul samyaroSi da ara rogorc

Sinagani gamocdileba garegani determinaciis sapirispirod.

parsonsis mixedviT, monawileebi iTaviseben mniSvnelad wesrigs (kulturuli

sistema) romelic ufro zogadia, vidre socialur urTierTobaTa kompleqsi

(socialuri sistema) da romelTa nawils isini aseve warmoadgenen. es analitikuri

argumenti, erTi mxriv, niSnavs, rom yoveli socialuri aqti akonkretebs ufro

farTo kulturul mocemulobas. socialuri qmedeba ar unda ganixilebodes

meqanisturad, radganac misi kulturuli aspeqti yovelTvis aqtualuria. meore

mxriv, moqmedeba aseve socialuria da ara mxolod kulturuli sistemis nawili;

aq idealisturi perspeqtiva uariyofa. imdenad, ramdenadac parsonsi aseve

aRiarebs mesame analitikuri sistemis arsebobas, romelsac warmoadgens

pirovneba, is ambobs, rom verc kulturuli kodebi da verc socialuri

determinizmi akninebs fsiqologiuri imperativebis mniSvnelobas.

qmedeba aris simboluri, socialuri da motivaciuri erTsa da imave dros.

sruli empiriuli analizis Casatareblad, mkvlevarma unda Seiswavlos samive

analitikur sistemas Soris konkretuli urTierTmimarTeba. miuxedavad imisa,

rom kulturis es analitikuri avtonomia mniSvnelovania nebismier empiriul

“konkretul” momentSi, is mainc aris instituciuri faqtorebis gavlenis qveS.

parsonsis xedva kulturuli, socialuri da fsiqologiuri sistemebis

analitikuri avtonomiis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs erTgvar gamosavals meqanistur-

subieqtivisturi dixotomiidan. aq kulturas SedarebiT avtonomiuri sfero

eniWeba, magram ara sruli avtonomia.

Tumca problemebi male gamoikveTeba, rodesac aris am sxvadasxva doneebis

erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mcdeloba ara analitikur doneze, aramed realobaSi.

arian Tu ara socialuri fenomenebi organizebuli meqanikurad da eqvem-

debarebian aucileblobis kanonebs Tu mniSvnelobis wesebs? rogor unda moxdes

realurad kulturuli da socialuri doneebis interpretacia?

am dilemis pasuxad parsonsma uaRresad Tanamimdevruli rekomendacia

SemogvTavaza. funqcionaluri analizi unda exebodes kulturis “insti-

tucionalizacias”, Tu rogor xdeba kultura socialuri sistemebis realuri

struqturebis nawili. institucionalizaciaze es fokusi, parsonsis mixedviT,

sagrZnoblad daaviwroebs sociologebis kulturul interess. isini Tavisi

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kulturis cneba aq Semodis imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba

rogorc garkveuli gziT mowesrigebuli fenomeni. kultura warmoadgens

"wesrigs", romelic Seesabameba mniSvnelad qmedebas. subieqturi, antimeqanis-

turi wesrigi moiazreba, rogorc nebayoflobiTi mizezebis safuZvelze

arsebuli da ara aucileblobis ZaliT Camoyalibebuli, rasac meqanisturi,

obieqturi xedva aviTarebda.

marqssa da hegels Soris dapirispireba gvTavazobs meqanistursa da

kulturul formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebulobis pirvel formas,

romelsac xSirad eyrdnobian socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi am

Temebis irgvliv diskusiis dros. gonis fenomenologiaSi hegeli saubrobs

istoriul ganviTarebaze, romelic ganpirobebulia im frustraciebiT,

romlebic SeiniSneboda konkretul istoriul periodSi arsebuli SezRudvebis

gamo. TiToeuli periodi xasiaTdeboda garkveuli sazRvrebiT romelTa

farglebSic xdeboda mniSvnelobis moazreba. hegeli am yovlismomcvel

sazRvrebs uwodebs gaists, anu saukunis gons, cneba romelic germanuli

idealizmis konteqstSi kulturis Tanamedrove gagebis ekvivalenturia.

imdenad, ramdenadac marqsi pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba hegelis Teorias, misi

Sexedulebebi saSualebas iZleva gansxvavebul WrilSi davinaxoT meqanisturi

midgoma. istoriul materialisturi ganviTarebis Teoria, romelic marqsma

SeimuSava Tavis gviandel naSromebSi aRiarebs hegelis Teorias, rom istoriis

wina etapebi Seicavda istoriis Semdgom etapebs. Tumca marqsi ganviTarebis

wyarod miiCnevs ara subieqtur frustraciebs, aramed racionaluri interesis

obieqtur uaryofas. igi saubrobs ekonomikur da politikur wesrigze,

romlebic, marqsis azriT, ar aris subieqturi. marqsi radikalurad gamijnavs

erTmaneTisgan "superstruqturasa" da "baziss" cnobierebasa da socialur

arsebas. kulturuli fenomenebi — samarTlebrivi kodebi, religiuri ritualebi,

xelovneba da inteleqtualuri ideebi miewereba superstruqturas da ganixileba

rogorc bazisis mier determinirebuli. imisaTvis, rom moxdes kulturuli

fenomenis axsna, saWiroa ara maTi Sinagani struqturisa da mniSvnelobis

Seswavla, aramed im materialuri elementebis dakvirveba, romlebsac isini

asaxaven. ramdenadac kultura ganpirobebulia mis gareT arsebuli Zalebis mier,

kulturas kauzaluri gagebiT ar aqvs avtonomia.

marqsis meqanisturi Sexedulebebi ganavrco sxvadasxva socialur mecni-

erulma skolam rogorc meTodologiuri, aseve ideologiuri Sexedulebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. meTodologiurad cdilobdnen moeZiaT socialuri fenome-

nebis winaswar gansazRvris gzebi, gamoeaSkaravebinaT gazomvis "namdvili

obieqtebi"; ideologiurad ki reformis mxardamWeri radikaluri da libe-

raluri suliskveTeba gulisxmobda adamianuri tanjvis "realobis" mtkicebas

meqanisturi perspeqtividan gamomdinare.

meqanisturi moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba ganixileboda rogorc

mniSvnelobiT datvirTuli, xolo kulturas ganmsazRvreli Zala eniWeboda.

marqsma safuZveli Cauyara kulturis avtonomiis Sesaxeb kamaTs, miuxedavad

imisa, rom ver gansazRvra am kamaTis rezultati. sazogadoebis meqanisturi

xedvis oponentebi subieqtur midgomas icaven da Tvlian, rom kulturas ufro

SefardebiTi "avtonomia" gaaCnia materialisturi formebis fonze.

klasikuri perspeqtivebi

dilTaim hegelis religiuri Teoria naturalisturi goniT Caanacvla.

dilTai xazs usvams adamianuri gamocdilebis centralurobas mniSvnelobis

wyaros dadgenaSi, rogorc monawilesTvis, aseve mkvlevrisTvisac. dilTais

azriT, urTierTgagebis saWiroebas mivyavarT individualuri gamocdilebis

farglebs gareT saerTo ideebisken da sabolood kulturuli sistemebis

mastruqturirebel ZalasTan.

dilTai xazs usvams struqturuli sistemis Sinagan da subieqtur

mdebareobas. es gansakuTrebuli mdebareoba specialur "hermenevtikul" meTods

moiTxovs.

10

Mariam Asatiani

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE

Course Summary

Course Description and Objectives The theme of culture and empirical research on culture has grown immensely in

sociology and the other social sciences over the last 25 years. Many disciplines have experienced the so-called ‘cultural turn.’ Beyond just recognizing that culture matters, scholars have developed a variety of theories of just what culture is and how it operates. Cultural processes and practices, and symbolic and classificatory systems, are constitutive elements of social life and important sites of, and vehicles for, political contestation. To speak of culture this way is to speak in terms of shared ways of life, shared repertoires of action, shared orientations to the world, shared widely shared specific attitudes, values, behaviors, and practices, shared ‘operating systems,’ shared webs of significance, and so on.

We will discuss our relationship to the culture(s) in which we live, and the relationship between culture and power. We will consider how culture operates in micro-interactional settings on the basis of widely shared cultural beliefs, and how it can exist in more clearly delimited settings (for example, organizational cultures). Finally, we will examine how certain cultural industries, or venues for experiencing culture, such as film, popular music, books, high art, and fashion are organized and how they have changed over time in response to both larger social forces and to each other.

Introduction to the Sociology of Culture and the Place (Problem) of Culture in Modern Civilization

The idea of culture is notoriously difficult to define and the concept seems all encompassing and ambiguous. However, most of the social scientists agreed to treat culture as the processes of meaning making. Cultural sociology, combining interdisciplinary influences with sociological presuppositions, examines meaning making processes, along three specific dimensions: meaning making in everyday action, the shared mental frameworks which are the tools of meaning making and the institutional production of meaning.

Ruth Benedict presents some widely shared and important ideas about culture: the ideas that human societies cannot be explained simply by nature, that cultural possibilities are innumerable, that cultures are diverse, that different elements within a culture are interconnected, and that elements of culture must be understood by placing them in their context.

In his essay, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretative Theory of Culture”, Clifford Geertz challenges reductionist social explanation which ignores the symbolic dimensions of social life, but also criticizes reified cultural analysis of abstract codes, preferring instead ethnography’s close examination of grounded, concrete sequences of action and their contexts. Geertz emphasizes that culture is public and collective, not simply an attribute of individuals; he also makes the important methodological point that cultural analysis should not be treated as idiosyncratic but rather that it should be assessed on criteria appropriate to the subject.

One of the fundamental tools for analyzing culture is the concept of cognitive categories. As Zerubavel demonstrates, cognitive categories create meaning from a potentially undifferentiated flux of experience. Further, they vary according to time, place, and social context, and frequently generate dissent and debate. While categorical distinction is essential, people may classify in either rigid, fuzzy or flexible ways, creating or blurring gaps between mental entities to different degrees.

Pierre Bourdieu argues that social explanation must take into account the subjective categories in which people understand their worlds, the pre-conscious practices in which those categories are articulated, the power exercised in social categorization, and the

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politics of categorical distinctions. Cultural categorization and the power of authoritative categorization are important stakes in social struggles and central to understanding of inequality and social change. Moreover, intellectuals and social scientists are not only analysts but also important participants in symbolic politics, and their work demands an ethic of reflexivity.

Using the illustration of life in the modern city, George Simmel suggests here some distinctive features of culture in modern, complex societies (in contrast with the smaller, pre-modern societies, which anthropologists like Ruth Benedict mostly studied). In large and highly differentiated modern societies, the multiple social circles, the money economy, and the specialized division of labor lead to increasing rationalization and objectification in culture. Simmel also suggests that while the possibilities of individuality and individualism grow, individual experience becomes more shallow, and that objective cultural products multiply and come to dominate subjective meanings and values.

Given the intuition that "shreds and patches" drawn from various places can be so organized into particular patterns that appear "unique" and "different" to an observer, the problem remains: how is this intuition to be grounded? Is it in fact more than an intuition to be dismissed on the basis of further analysis? Is it an "illusion" as gestalt experiments are often said to reveal? Or are we confronted here with essential aspects of all reality: mutually organized parts make new "wholes" for those who stand in particular relations to the parts.

In fact, there is powerful evidence that the intuition of cultural integration that drove Benedict's work is not an illusion to be deconstructed but rather something to confront directly.

Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (Language) For many reasons, this should take us to a discussion of the importance of language in

relation to culture. When we talk about culture, we refer to “shared meanings”. As for the language, it is the privileged medium in which we ‘make sense’ of things, in which meaning is produced and exchanged. Meanings can only be shared through our common access to language. So language is central to meaning and culture and has always been regarded as the key repository of cultural values and meanings. Language is also an ultimate metaphor for humanity ("In the beginning was the Word"); one the most obvious instance of human cultural activity to analyse for what it might teach us about humanity together. But how language construct meanings and how does it sustain the dialogue between participants which enables them to build up a culture of shared understandings and so interpret the world in roughly the same ways? Language is able to do this because it operates as a representational system. In language we use signs and symbols – whether they are sounds, written words, electronically produced images, musical notes, even objects – to stand for or represent to other people our concepts, ideas and feelings. Representation through language is therefore central to the processes by which meaning is produced.

Language provides one general model of how culture and representation work, especially in what has come to be known as the semiotic approach – semiotics being the study or ‘science of signs’ and their general role as vehicles of meaning in culture. In more recent years, the preoccupation with meaning has taken a different turn, being more concerned, not with the detail of how ‘language’ works, but with the broader role of discourse in culture. Discourses are the way of referring to or constructing knowledge about a particular topic of practice: a cluster (or formation) of ideas, images and practices, which provide ways of talking about, forms of knowledge and conduct associated with, a particular topic, social activity or institutional site in society.

These discursive formations, as they are known, define what is and is not appropriate in our formulation of, and our practices in relation to a particular subject or site of social activity; what knowledge is considered useful, relevant and ‘true’ in that context; and what sorts of persons or subjects embody its characteristics.

We examine also, how representation is working in television soap opera. These are enormously popular sources of fictional narrative in modern life, circulating meanings throughout popular culture – and increasingly worldwide – which have been traditionally defined as ‘feminine’ in their appeal, reference, and mode of operation. Christine Gledhill, in Representation, Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, unveils the way this gendered identification of a TV genre has been constructed. She considers how and why

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kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma

kulturis sociologiaSi empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebis dros Tu Teoriuli

ganazrebebisas, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi aspeqtebi:

1. miuxedavad imisa, xdeba Tu ara konkretuli kulturuli diskursis

miReba/gaziareba (mag, rogoric aris "kulturuli omebi", "individualizmi"),

aseTi diskursebis farTo aRiareba da gavrceleba Tavad qmnis mniSvnelovan

socialur faqtebs;

2. gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes, farTo masStabiani kulturuli inovaciisa

da socialuri cvlilebebis Teoriebi;

3. gaerTiandes ori potenciurad urTierTsawinaaRmdego kvlevis xazi

kulturis sociologiaSi, romelic saTaves socialur fsiqologiaSi iRebs;

pirveli kognicias exeba, meore ki emociebs;

4. gafarTovdes mizez-Sedegobriobis cneba, romelic mniSvnelobis

ganmsazRvrel procesebs ganixilavs, rogorc mizez-Sedegobriv meqanizms.

5. gaTvaliswinebul iqnes kvlevebis Sedegebi kulturis politikis

gatarebis dros

zemoT CamoTvlils monaxazis xasiaTi aqvs. yvela es sakiTxi — diskursis

socialuri Sedegebi, kulturuli difuzia socialur cvlilebaSi, kognicia da

emocia mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebSi, kauzaluri meqanizmebi, inter-

pretaciuli kvlevebis Sefaseba da mniSvnelobis-Seqmna sociologiur praqtikaSi

— xels Seuwyobs zogadi sociologiuri gagebis ganviTarebas da mianiSnebs im

aspeqtebze, romlebic ufro Rrma empiriul da Teoriul Seswavlas moiTxovs.

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb

am TavSi visaubrebT kulturis mimarT arsebuli ZiriTadi midgomebis Sesaxeb.

erTi mxriv, es iqneba SedarebiTi mimoxilva, meore mxriv ki, mas gaaCnia sistemuri

mxare, romelic moicavs warmoSobili argumentebis erTobliobas.

Tavdapirveli dixotomia

mas Semdeg, rac safuZveli Caeyara sazogadoebebis mecnierul ganxilvas, ori

Teoriuli ukiduresoba dominirebda moqmedebisa da wesrigis cnebebis analizis

dros. moqmedebis meqanisturi xedva adamianis qcevas manqanas amsgavsebda,

romelic prognozirebadia da reagirebs garemos mier SemoTavazebul sti-

mulebze avtomaturad da obieqturad. wesrigi, romelic ukavSirdeba meqanikur

qmedebas, Sesabamisad aris iZulebiTi da gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze misi

zemoqmedebis Zalidan gamomdinare.

zemoT xsenebuli xedvis sapirispirod Camoyalibda moqmedebisa da wesrigis

subieqturi gageba. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, moqmedeba motivirebulia im

raRaciT rac adamianSive Tavidanve arsebobs, magaliTad, grZnobiT, aRqmiT,

gancdebiT. wesrigi, romelic aseT qmedebas emyareba ideuri xasiaTis aris, anu is

warmoadgens iseT rames, rac adamianebis TavSia mocemuli. aq saqme gvaqvs

subieqtur wesrigTan da ara mxolod subieqtur moqmedebasTan, ramdenadac

subieturoba ganixileba rogorc sazRvrebi da ara ganzraxva, idea romelic

zogadia da ara individualuri survilis Sesabamisi.

mocemuli sazRvrebi ki ganixileba rogorc mravali interpretaciuli aqtis

mizezi an Sedegi. gamocdilebasa da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas gadamwyveti

xasiaTi aqvs am midgomisTvis.

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ganvixilavT, Tu rogori urTierTobebi gansazRvravs da Seadgens mniSvnelobebs

da Semdeg individebi rogor operireben am mniSvnelobebiT. esa Tu is mniSvneloba

SeiZleba ar iyos gaziarebuli an logikuri mocemuli jgufis Tu mTlianad

sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. saerTo normebi, Rirebulebebi, kognituri

CarCoebi da moqmedebis aRiarebuli gzebi ar SeiZleba iyos yvelasTvis

gamWvirvale da sworxazovani. aramed, gamomdinare konteqstidan individebi da

socialuri jgufebi eyrdnobian mocemuli mniSvnelobebis simbolur reper-

tuarebs. Tumca, erTi da igive adamiani sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba gansxavebul

qmedebebs irCevdes an kidev sxvadasxva xalxi erTsa da imave konteqstSi ar

daeyrdnos analogiur simboloebs.

meore xazi Seiswavlis mniSvnelobis gansazRvris procesebs, romlebic

gvxvdeba instituciur sferoebSi an kulturuli prodiuserebis qselebSi. es

midgoma kulturas ganixilavs rogorc socialur produqts da xazs usvams

specifikur konteqstebs, sadac vxvdebiT kulturul warmoebasa da inovacias. aq

ganixileba, Tu rogor iqmneba konkretul organizaciul konteqstSi xelovneba

an kidev, Tu rogor xdeba musikis garkveuli stilis gavrceleba, an mecnierebis

praqtikaSi danergva. yovelive es mniSvnelovan zegavlenas SeiZleba axdens

kulturuli produqtis Seqmnaze. magaliTad, mogvianebiT saubari gveqneba

postmodernistuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebaze, warmoadgens Tu ara is

konkretuli profesiuli garemos produqts, Tu ufro farTo masStabis

msoflio istoriuli cvlilebebiT aris ganpirobebuli. musikis sferos rac

Seexeba, petersonis mixedviT, rok musikis warmoSoba miewereba industriaSi

momxdar cvlilebebs da ara demografiul afeTqebas.

mesame midgoma kulturis sociologiaSi gamoiZiebs mniSvnelobis ganm-

sazRvrel procesebs ”teqstSi”, eyrdnoba teqstualur analizs, rac ufro axloa

humanitaruli mecnierebebTan, vidre kulturis sociologiasTan. kulturuli

repertuarebi, obieqtebi da teqstebi analitikurad emijneba socialur kon-

teqsts da ganixileba rogorc Seswavlis damoukidebeli obieqti. Tu kulturas

enas SevadarebT, maSin masac aqvs Tavisi Sinagani struqtura; rac Seexeba

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnas am Sinagan struqturas Tanamimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs.

kulturis sociologiebi mimarTaven sxva disciplinebis analitikur

saSualebebs, raTa ukeT da siRrmiseulad iqnes gagebuli kulturis esa Tu is

struqtura; magaliTad, cnebebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba Semdegia:

simboluri kodebi, niSnebis sistemebi, Janrebi, narativebi. diskursiuli

analizisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebs

ikvlevs, sociologebi, romlebic analogiur meTodebs mimarTaven, paralelebs

avleben mocemul teqstualur niSan-Tvisebebsa da im gzebs Soris romelTa

saSualebiTac individebi gavlenas axdenen am niSan-Tvisebebze da, piriqiT,

eqcevian maTi gavlenis qveS.

mniSvnelobis Seqmnis procesis Seswavla "safuZvelSi", "institucionalur

sferoSi" , da "teqstSi" ar gamoricxavs erTmaneTs da analizi SeiZleba gakeTdes

samive meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tuki mniSvnelobis warmoebas ganvixilavT rogorc

samive doneze erTdroulad mimdinare process, maSin aseTi midgoma dagvexmareba

gadavlaxoT kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, kultura Tanxmobas emyareba, Tu kultura-

ideologia asaxavs Zalauflebis urTierTobebs.

pirvel rigSi, "safuZvlis" meTodis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs

ganvixiloT repertuarebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc socialur jgufebSi da

jgufebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba da konfliqti. Tumca, aseTi tipis analizi

ewinaaRmdegeba im Sexedulebebs kulturis Sesaxeb, romlebic miiCneven, rom

kultura aris ideologia — radganac kulturuli repertuarebi, individi,

istoriuli cvalebadoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom kulturuli Zalaufleba ar aris

adamianebis manipulireba maTi interesebis Seqmnis gziT. (anu marqsis mixedviT

cru cnobierebis Seqmna). meore mniSvnelobis Seqmna “instituciur sferoSi da

teqstSi” gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT variaciebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaroebi, rac

Tavidan agvacilebs Semdeg visaubroT kulturis konsensusisa da ideologiuri

dominaciis Sesaxeb.

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such a ‘space of representation’ should have opened up within popular culture; what genre and gender elements interact in the narrative structures and representational forms; and how these popular forms have been ideologically shaped and inflected.

Marxism and Culture: Hegemony and Domination

Addressing the matter of the maintenance of arbitrariness across the generations and

when this arbitrariness is hard on large groups of individuals within a population opens question of power within social fields, societies, zones of interaction, etc.

In one way of another, the classical versions of the models of sociability left aside the issue of differentiation within the body politic and inequalities in resources or power. More recent versions have tried to deal with it in a variety of fashions. This is Williams's concern. First we must understand the nature of the power. We can then explore one of the ways of doing this. According to Marx: the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas i.e. the class, which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class, which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production, so that thereby, generally speaking, the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are subject to it. (The German Ideology (1970: 64))

This is an analysis intended to move people to action (education). It is also an analysis that does not point at the principles guiding its moral choices. Underlying this statement is a classical puzzle in Euro-American political philosophy: how is one to understand political rule (outside of pure relationships of brute force) and how is one to constitute new forms of political rule that are both grounded in the nature of humanity and in the moral choices in favour of individual freedom and self-actualisation that "we" have made?

What happens when you start doubting that there are in fact no condition under which "consent" can be considered as given by all the governed? And, in particular, what happens in complex societies when it can be shown that people occupying different positions have different interests that must somehow conflict with each other if in fact these positions are mutually constituted through the division of labour (or even simple coexistence within the same geographical area)? What are the processes through which ruling classes (genders, ethnic or racial groups, etc.) impose their "ideas" to the ruled classes?

Is it enough to hold political power in order to impose ideas? What are ideas anyway, and what role might they play in the reproduction of class (gender...) positions?

Raymond Williams in his essay on Base and Superstructure challenges on of the most widespread assumptions about culture, the idea that meanings and values are determined by some more objective material reality (a model most well known from the Marxist theories of ideology Williams discusses but also implicit in many other theories of society). The book develops a more supple model of cultural determination which recognizes cultural elements in material production, material and structural elements of meaning and value, and a relationship of “limits and pressures” rather than strict causal determination between them.

Williams regards culture as "active experiences and practices” leading to "studies of different types of institution and formation in cultural production and distribution, and in the linking of these within whole social material processes.

The problem may have to do, in Gramsci's writing with the appearance that the working classes do not "understand" their conditions. Given the theories of language, it should be clear that the appearance of non-understanding is mostly produced by the absence of a particular type of analytic language that is in fact only found among certain intellectual classes. The import of this critique is that it establishes that one cannot differentiate culture from society (motivation from action; personality psychology from the social sciences) (as this was done by Parsons). One is moving beyond the distinction between "what people say" and ‘What people do”

The concepts of hegemony and the related concept of habitus were partially developed in specific reaction against social theories that focused on the division of labour in society,

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and its implication for the development of classes and other such groupings within complex societies. These theories appeared: "static" in that they did not explicitly consider the possibility that classes arise historically through processes of struggle; classes are not in continuing struggle requiring specific work to maintain them. Unconcerned with the possibility of productive activity by the people involved; that is class position might be used as a variable explaining variation in behaviour, thereby preventing the analyst to consider that people in their local circumstances might be, or become aware of their limitations, and act on them. If this is thought possible then research can be conducted that makes of the people's awareness an independent variable.

Such points had been made repeatedly but those who made them still had to deal with the historical fact that few among the classes or groups easily identifiable as "oppressed" seemed to act on the basis of the agency that they were granted.

It would seem that something was preventing them from acting, and the concepts of hegemony or habitus might appear to do the trick by proposing that individuals came to accept the legitimacy of their position through the pedagogic activity of institutions such as the school (or the media).

What Difference Gender? Men used to be the subject of the human sciences on the unexamined idea that what

was discovered studying male human beings also had to apply to female human beings. Researchers moved to studies of women. Gender was “discovered” as a theoretical term: sex + cultural elaboration = gender. In linguistics, it was always accepted that gender is a convention, an artificial social construction, and that the relationship between a person or object and a gender is arbitrary in the Saussurian sense.

The evidence that placing women in particular position (homemakers, nurses, teachers) was the result not only of undirected cultural evolution but also of specific political acts repeated over the years both at the local levels (girls and boys being tracked in families and schools) and at the national level (limitations on voting, etc.).

The growing acceptance at the national political level (whether because of ideological shifts or because of economic transformations) that most forms of "gendering" was illegitimate (which is a different thing than arbitrary).

The self is considered as constructed implicitly through interaction (G.H. Mead) and also multiple (Derrida and desconstruction) and also explicitly affirmed through political affirmation (that is self-naming and associational patterns): one is not made "Chicana" through early enculturation but through specific public activities.

Illustration of the objective conditions women face as they construct their public selves (Salzinger and Central American immigrant "maids" in the information age), a focus on the political work produced by all actors ("dominant" males and "resisting" females) to reproduce and transform their positions in an agonistic rather than cooperative feedback process.

The reconstitution of sex as difference that makes a difference (either through biology or very early enculturation): The radical deconstruction of all sciences by the demonstration that they are all social (cultural) and that human reasoning cannot free itself from its grounding in particular genders (races, historical conditions, etc.)

In the development of gender studies in anthropology and related disciplines, it may be the last possibility that has been most determinedly explored, eventually producing radical critiques of the possibility of knowledge (and thereby ethnography). This aligned feminist studies with post-modern deconstruction, until it became clear that the implicit relativism (nihilism) in these trends was fundamentally inimical to the political (moral, ethical) agenda that had first triggered feminist scholarship.

One way to clarify the evolution of the relationship between cultural positioning and knowledge is in terms of Plato's metaphor of the cave where human beings are locked, unable to see the objects except as shadows on the wall. I also imagine that the light plays through one, or many, lenses. The scientific task, in this perspective, is to reconstruct a model of the object by triangulating the play of the shadow, the direction of the light, etc. Given this analogy several problems can arise: while every human beings can potentially

82

warmodgenasTan, romelic gamoikveTa masiuri socialuri cvelilebebis asaxvis

mizniT. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi evropul sazogadoebaSi Tanamedrove eko-

nomikuri da politikuri institutebis dabadebis procesSi moxda (maSin rodesac

sxva, ufro naklebad diferencirebul sazogadoebebSi kultura ar ganixileboda

rogorc cxovrebis calkeuli sfero).

magaliTad, xSirad msjeloben garkveul kulturul praqtikasa da sagnebze

(opera, qandakeba) — rogorc “maRali kulturaze”. aseTi msjeloba exmaureba me-

19 saukuneSi Camoyalibebul warmodgenebs, romlebic gamoyofda praqtikisa da

kulturuli sagnebis garkveul sferos da mas mijnavda yoveldRiuri

ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebisgan.

rodesac akritikeben maskulturas, maskulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

komerciulobidan gamomdinare, amiT xazi esmeva kulturis, rogorc cxovrebis

gancalkevebul da wminda sferos. aseve, SeiZleba es arapirdapir mianiSnebdes

imisken, rom ”maRali” kultura warmoadgens mxolod SeniRbul pretenzias maRal

socialur statusze da amiT xazs usvams imas, rom popularuli an xalxuri

kulturis nimuSebs ufro mdabio statusi gaaCniaT.

kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra

kulturis farTod gavrcelebuli mniSvneloba kargad asaxavs am cnebis

istorias. erTi mxriv, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi termini SeiZleba exebodes

adamianebis saqmianobis im sferosa da specialur nimuSebs, romlebic

gansxvavdeba praqtikuli socialuri cxovrebis yoveldRiuri samyarosgan an

kidev exebodes jgufis, an mTeli xalxis cxovrebis wess. kulturis es arsebuli

gansazRvrebebi am cnebas mTeli misi istoriis manZilze bundovanebas sZenda.

rogorc sxva disciplinebi, kulturis sociologia Camoyalibda am tipis

gansxvavebulobebis fonze da xeli Seuwyo kulturis cnebis gansazRvras.

mecnierebi xazs usvamen kulturis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs, rogoric aris

mniSvneloba, faseuloba, nimuSebi, ricxvebi, Cveulebebi, ritualebi, simboloebi,

kodebi, ideebi, diskursi, msoflmxedveloba, ideologia Tu principebi; es

CamonaTvali ar aris amomwuravi. kulturuli “sagnebis” nebismieri CamonaTvali

yovelTvis iqneba arasruli, imdenad ramdenadac mniSvneloba da interpretacia

aris aqtiuri da cvalebadi procesi. ufro metic, aseTi CamonaTvali Tavis TavSi

moicavs mniSvnelovan Teoriul dapirispirebebs im mkvlevrebs Soris, romlebic

xazs usvamen diskursebisa da kulturuli praqtikis mniSvnelobas, kognitur

kategoriebs, faseulobebs, vinc aanalizebs konkretul produqtebs da Rma

teqstualur nimuSebs, rom ar CavTvaloT amaTi SesaZlo kombinaciebi.

magram bevri es winaaRmdegoba da kamaTi moixsneba, Tu Cven kulturas

SevxedavT rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis erTobliobas,

romlebic sxvadasxva tipis socialur garemoSi mimdinareobs (specialur

sferoebSi, Tu ufro zogadad) da asaxvas povebs gansxvavebul socialur

praqtikasa, Tu socialur produqtebSi. dRes kulturis mkvlevarebis ZiriTad

mizans warmoadgens mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gageba, sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobebisa da maTi socialur cxovrebaze gavlenis Seswavla.

aqedan gamomdinare, kulturis sociologebma SeiZleba gamoikvlion kul-

tura, rogorc sazogadoebis calke sfero an kidev kultura, rogorc cxovrebis

wesi - qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi exeba orive aspeqts — isini cdiloben

mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebis gagebas.

Tanamedrove kulturis sociologia xSirad eyrdnoba anTropologias,

istorias, feministur, media, kulturulogiur kvlevebs, literatur kritikas,

politikur mecnierebas da socialur fsiqologias. kulturis sociologiaSi

muSaoba gulisxmobsinterdisciplinaruli midgomebis gamoyenebas, rac

saSualebas gvaZlevs SemoqmedebiTad movekidoT Cveni Seswavlis sagans.

Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi gamoikveTa sami mimarTuleba.

TiToeuli maTganis Seswavlis sagania mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi

sxvadasxva analitikur doneze.

Cven SevexebiT rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvras ”safuZvelSi”, aseve

7

miRebuli samyaros Semecnebis gzebi da qmedeba gansxvavdeba maTgan. am kuTxiT

danaxuli kultura SeiZleba warmoadgendes mTel jgufs an sazogadoebas da

amrigad Cven ganvasxvavebT erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva xalxis kulturebs.

kulturis aseTi gageba gamoikveTa me-19 saukunis evropaSi. am periodSi

evropelebis mier wamowyebulma kvleviTma mogzaurobebma Tu dapyrobebma

ganapiroba evropelebis dafiqreba kulturuli gansxvavebulobebis Sesaxeb,

ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo SedarebiTi azris ganviTarebas gansxvavebul

sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi.

SemdgomSi es tendencia Tanamedrove epoqaSi damkvidrda da gadamwyveti

roli iTamaSa anTropologiis, rogorc disciplinis CamoyalibebaSi. kulturis

anTropologiuri gagebiT, adamianebis cxovrebis wesi ganisazRvreba da

gamoixateba maTi kulturiT. kultura vlindeba yvelaferSi, dawyebuli samuSao

iaraRebidan, damTavrebuli religiiT.

me —19 saukunis evropaSi kulturebi ganixileboda socialuri progresis

Sesaxeb evropuli warmodgenebidan gamomdinare da Sesabamisad evropuli

kulturebi msoflio ierarqiis yvelaze maRal safexurze Tavsdeboda. me-20

saukuneSi evropuli kulturis upiratesobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaiSviaTda. es

ki ganapiroba kolonialurma da postkolonialurma socialurma urTierTo-

bebma, dominantur da maT daqvemdebarebul jfufebs Soris urTierT-

damokidebulebam. kulturuli ierarqiis cnebis uaryofiT, kultura gagebul

iqna rogorc pluraluri da SedarebiTi fenomeni, gansxvavebul ”kulturebs”

mieniWaT Tanabari mniSvneloba/faseuloba.

kultura, rogorc adamianuri

gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro

arsebobs kulturis gansxvavebuli gagebac. am SemTxvevaSi Cven kulturuls

vuwodebT garkveul RonisZiebebs an materialur nivTebs. mag. opera, Teatri,

xalxuri simRerebi, novelebi, xelovneba Tu Senobebis stili. kulturis cnebis

aseTi gamoyenebis dros ”kulturisa”da socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebi

erTmaneTs emijneba, miuxedavad imisa, Cven vadarebT Tu ara erTmaneTs

gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs.

gansakuTrebuli kulturuli praqtikisa da sagnebis saSualebiT garkveuli

informacia gadaecemaT sxva adamianebs Cvens Sesaxeb, anu Tu ra warmoadgens

CvenTvis Rirebuls da gamoxatavs Cveni, rogorc jgufis identobas.

kulturis anTropoligiuri gageba ukavSirdeba danarCen msoflioSi evro-

pul eqspansias, kulturis meore mniSvneloba ki Seexeba mniSvnelovan socialur

cvlilebebs. kulturas uwodebdnen kulturuli institutebis mier warmoebuli

produqtebis garkveul sferos inglisSi, industriuli revoluciis dros.

Tanamedrove socialur organizaciaze gadasvlam socialuri diferenciacia

da dapirispirebebi gamoiwvia. movlenebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad gamijna

erTmaneTisgan yoveldRiuri, pragmatuli, konfliqtebiT aRsavse ekonimikisa da

politikis (kapitalizmis axali samyaro, industria, demokratia da revolucia)

da xelovnebisa da moralis idealisturi wminda sferoebi. xelovnebisa da

moralis sferoebi gamoxatavdnen ufro maRal adamianur SesaZleblobebsa da

Rirebulebebs gansxvavebiT imisagan, rasac Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da

politikuri cxovreba sTavazobda adamianebs.

zogisTvis, kulturis es calke sferoebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis kritikis

safuZvelia; isini sazogadoebisTvis destruqciuli da zedapiruli aspeqtebis

gverdidan danaxvis da kritikis saSualebas iZleodnen. sxvebisTvis kultura

warmoadgenda epifenomens da politikisa da ekonomikis materialurad xel-

Sesaxebi sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT hqonda ufro feminuri xasiaTi. amgvarad,

kulturis pirveli gageba asocirdeboda anTropologiasTan, xolo meore gageba,

exeboda humanitaruli mecnierebebebis ramdenime sferos — literaturas,

xelovnebasa da musikas.

rodesac saubari xelovnebas, popularul kulturas, xalxur kulturas, an

Tundac maskulturas exeba, Cven saqme gvaqvs kulturis Sesaxeb im

6

see equally well (they all see through the same lense), or badly, certain positions prevent easier access . Men have been handicapped by various matters, women scholars can now correct some improper generalizations.

Not all human beings can see equally well, or they see equally well, but through different lenses, thus the knowledge each attain will remain incommensurate: they will never be able to agree on what it is that they are seeing; men and women are fundamentally different, they have different ways of knowing, and this produce different sciences.

The lenses are really mirrors reflecting what is happening in the cave and all knowledge is grounded in the social relationships among those who look.

There is fundamentally no way to produce a science that is not the product of gender (though how this would work is itself unknowable)

There are no mirrors or lenses, no cave, no light, and no objects, it is all a personal (individual, "in the head") construction. This can easily be transformed into an idealist or nihilistic approach that is radically inimical to any kind of systematic conversation.

By implication gender itself is not an analytic category but rather a political ploy, and thus an illusion: feminism has thereby radically deconstructed itself.

Social systems or cultures, however constraining, are also relatively open to exploitation by all persons, particularly around the areas of contradiction within the system (i.e. each culture has particular places where it is more vulnerable to cooptation, and possibly change)

Social fields, to the extent that they place human beings in different positions, thereby gives them different interests, as well as different tools (weapons, etc.) in their struggle against those placed in other positions.

Given a theory of internalization, this negates the principle of the "psychic unity of mankind." People in different positions, with different experiences, would be different. Taken seriously, this requires renewed interest in "objective" analyses of the structures of the fields.

Systematic discussion must come back to the basic intuition, that is that sex, everywhere is culturally constructed in ways that are not directly predictable from the biological nature of sexuality, but does not ignore it either (see the initial discussion in this class of Lévi-Strauss's contribution to the theory of culture). Thus human sex, everywhere is "gender" constructed contrastively among the possibilities that cultural elaboration has built historically. Thus "gender" can never be explained by reference to a substance ("women as different by men because they are women, biologically") but always in reference to what others make of them in a particular field, that is--paradoxically perhaps, and controversially certainly--men (just like men are made in reference to women, and all other possible genders).

Media and Cultural Consumption Stuart Hall argues that the media appear to reflect reality whilst in fact they construct it. His work Policing the Crisis, reflects an analysis of the signifying practices of the mass

media from the perspective of Marxist culturalist theory inflected through Gramsci's theory of hegemony, and 'an Althusserian conception of the media as an ideological state apparatus largely concerned with the reproduction of dominant ideologies', claiming relative autonomy for the mass media (Woollacott 1982: 110). For Hall et al. the mass media do tend to reproduce interpretations which serve the interests of the ruling class, but they are also 'a field of ideological struggle'. The media signification system is seen as relatively autonomous. 'The news' performs a crucial role in defining events, although this is seen as secondary to the primary definers: accredited sources in government and other institutions. The media also serve 'to reinforce a consensual viewpoint by using public idioms and by claiming to voice public opinion' (Woollacott 1982: 109).

Stuart Hall has also addressed theoretically the issue of how people make sense of media texts. In a key paper, 'Encoding/Decoding', Stuart Hall (1980), argued that the dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the 'preferred reading' in a media text, but that this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances. 'Dominant' readings are produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated'

83

readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social position; and 'oppositional' readings are produced by those whose social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading. Hall insists that there remain limits to interpretation: meaning cannot be simply 'private' and 'individual' (Hall 1980: 135). Hall's emphasis on ideology has been criticized for being at the expense of the importance of ownership and control (Stevenson 1995: 35).

In their famous 1944 essay, “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment As Mass Deception”, Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno examine the rationalized, capitalist organization of cultural production in modern societies. Their analysis of mass culture and content, and its psychological and political consequences was among the most wide –ranging of scholars’ attempts to come to grips with the impact of movies and radio, and continues to offer insights into later forms of mass culture like television. For Horkheimer and Adorno, when art and entertainment are commodified for the mass market in concentrated, rationalized businesses, culture becomes formulaic, commercialized, imaginatively limited, and critically stunted; and audiences become passive, conformist, and uncritical. True individuality is absorbed, true human needs are repressed, and even intimacy is reified.

Whereas many observers of modern culture have feared that current processes where leading to homogenization and mass production, Paul Dimaggio argues that such fears are exaggerated, because culture industries take a variety of organizational forms, and the extent to which diversity and innovation are encouraged varies according to organizational form and industry structure. Thus, homogenized mass culture is only one of several possible outcomes of culture industries.

Most sociologists of culture agree that some forms of cultural consumption serve as markers of social status. For instance, knowledge of fine arts, literature, and upper class etiquette signals wealth and prestige. Such knowledge may also serve as pass key for entrance into elite social life. Bourdieu calls this passkey cultural capital because it is cultural knowledge that can be translated into real economic gains, for example by allowing access to elite social networks and clubs hire business deals often are made. By restricting access to resources, social status can be translated into market position and political status. This process can be seen as the results of two interrelated levels of exclusion. First, social exclusion is a process of social selection that is based on a previously determined set of cultural criteria and is exercised by people with high levels of income, education and occupational prestige. Social exclusion occurs at the level of social relations and is the sort of “social closure” that Weber addresses as the monopolization of resources and inclusion in social intercourse.

Subculture In sociology, a subculture is a culture or set of people with distinct behavior and

beliefs within a larger culture. The essence of a subculture, that distinguishes it from other social groupings, is awareness of style and differences in style, in clothing, music or other interests. Dick Hebdige, in his classic 1979 book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, used style as a subculture's fashions, mannerisms, activities, music, and interests. Subcultural styles are distinguished from mainstream styles by being intentionally "fabricated", their constructedness, as different from conventional. That was the world of “subcultures” more visible in Britain than anywhere else: teds, skinheads, punks, Bowie-ites, hippies, dreads. For Hebdige two Gramscian terms are especially useful in analyzing subcultures: conjuncture and specificity. Subcultures form in communal and symbolic engagements with the larger system of late industrial culture; they’re organized around, but not wholly determined by age and class, and are expressed in teh creation of styles. These styles are produced within specific historical and cultural “conjunctures”, they are not to be read as simply rsisting hegemony or as magical resoultions to social tensions – as earlier thoerists had supposed. Ratehr subcultures hybridize styles out of the images and material culture available to them in the effort to construct identities which will confer on them “relative autonomy” within a social order fractures by class, generational differences, work.

In his later work, Hebdige was to rework his method, admitting that he had underestimated the power of commercial culture to appropriate, and indeed, to produce,

84

kulturis sociologia Seexeba adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvne-

lobis warmoebas. kulturis sociologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor xdeba mniS-

vnelobis warmoeba, ratom gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan is mniSvnelobebi rac ama

Tu im qmedebis ukan igulisxmeba da ra gavlenas axdenen isini adamianebis qcevaze.

sociologiis mocemuli sfero, aseve ganixilavs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs

kulturuli simboloebi socialuri erTobis, dominaciisa da dapirispirebis

procesebSi.

masala, romelic aq aris Tavmoyrili bevr sxvadasxva Temas moicavs; aq

ganxiluli iqneba kulturasa da Zalauflebas Soris damokidebuleba, kulturis

funqcionireba mikro konteqstSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba farTod aRiarebul

kulturul faseulobebs.

aseve ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba kulturis sferoebis (mag. kino, musika,

literatura, xelovneba, moda) konkretuli kulturuli industriis an insti-

tutis mier organizireba; rogor icvlebian kulturis es sferoebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi ufro did socialur ZalebTan Tu erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis

Sedegad — yovelive es xels gviwyobs gavarkvioT, ratom da rogor warmoiqmneba

da mimdinareobs mniSvneladi, simboluri procesebi.

moyvanili masala, agreTve, asaxavs Tanamedrove kulturis sociologiaSi

mniSvnelovan perspeqtivebsa da Ziridad Temebs.

kultura

rodesac vsaubrobT an vfiqrobT adamianTa jgufebze, rogorc wesi, cneba

kultura xSirad figurirebs da am cnebis gareSe operireba SeuZleblad mig-

vaCnia. magram ras warmoadgens konkretulad kultura? Cveulebrivi gamoyenebis

dros, am cnebas xSirad bundovani da winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs. imdenad,

ramdenadac kulturis cneba Zalian farTo da mravalplastiania, socialuri da

humanitaruli mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi kulturas Tavisi gamokvlevebis

sagnad iyeneben sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, kulturis cnebis

sifarTovisa da gaurkvevlobis mizeziT, zogierTma mecnierma kulturis cnebis,

rogorc samuSao midgomis, gamoyenebaze saerTod uari ganacxada.

kulturis sociologebma gadawyvites zemoT xsenebuli problemuri sakiT-

xebi garkveulwilad mainc gadaelaxaT. aq CamovTvliT im aspeqtebs, rac

sazogadod igulisxmeba, rodesac kulturaze vsaubrobT da SevecdebiT avxsnaT,

Tu ratom arsebobs bundovaneba da winaaRmdegobebi kulturis cnebis

gansazRvrebis dros.

imisaTvis, rom gadaeWraT kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sawyisi gaugebroba,

Tanamedrove humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis mkvlevrebi SeTan-

xmdnen, rom kultura ganixilon rogorc mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli procesebi.

kulturis sociologia iTvaliswinebs interdisciplinarul midgomebisa da

sociologiuri safuZvlebis sinTezs da, aqedan gamomdinare ikvlevs mniS-

vnelobis ganmsazRvrel procesebs sami mimarTulebiT:

mniSvnelobis gansazRvra yoveldRiur qmedebaSi, mniSvnelobis institu-

cionaluri warmoeba da saerTo mentaluri CarCoebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

iqmneba mniSvneloba.

kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da

sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi

kultura xSirad moiazreba rogorc iseTi ram, rac gvakavSirebs Cveni jgufis

sxva wevrebTan da am gansxvavebis safuZvelze Cven vemijnebiT sxva jgufis

wevrebs. Tu Cven viziarebT garkveuli adamianebis msoflmxedvelobas,

damokidebulebas ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi, cxovrebis wess, qcevas, Cven Tavs

mivakuTvnebT imave kulturasa Tu subkulturas.

aseve SegviZlia visaubroT ”kulturul sxvaobaze”, rodesac axal situaciaSi

CavvardebiT an axal jgufTan gviwevs urTerToba da vxedavT, rom CvenTvis

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stili, rogorc mizanmimarTuli komunikacia................................................................................. 54

stili, rogorc brikolaJi ........................................................................................................................... 55

stili, rogorc ajanyebis gamomsaxveli: pankebi .......................................................................... 56

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba: istoriuli konteqsti...................................................................... 58

ra iyo ganmanaTlebloba? ............................................................................................................................ 58

manqana ...................................................................................................................................................................... 60

qalaqi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 60

erovnuli saxelmwifo .................................................................................................................................... 61

sazogadoeba rogorc moraluri Zala? ............................................................................................... 62

postmodernistuli sazogadoeba: postmodernuli xana: postmodernizmi .................. 63

istoriuli konteqsti: postindustrializmi................................................................................. 64

istoriuli konteqsti : momxmarebloba (konzumerizmi) .......................................................... 65

sazogadoeba da individi............................................................................................................................. 66

gviandeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba an meore/Semdgomi Tanamedroveoba ................ 67

generaciuli politika .................................................................................................................................. 69

dro, sivrce da arqiteqtura ..................................................................................................................... 71

xelovneba da urbanuli sivrceebi - dena l. hovsi......................................................................... 71

monumentebi .......................................................................................................................................................... 72

arqiteqturuli diskursebi ...................................................................................................................... 75

arqiteqtura da kulturuli cvlilebebi .......................................................................................... 77

SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE...................................................................................................................................... 79

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counter-hegemonic styles. Punk, in particular, was a unique mixture of an avant-garde cultural strategy, marketing savvy adn working class transtreasion in the face of a section of British youth’s restricted access to consumer markets. The line between subculture as resisteance and commercial culture as both provider of pleasures and an instrument of hegemony is in fact very hard to draw – especially when youth markets are in question.

Cultural Production Given a concern with unavoidable diversity in the ways human beings appear to each

other, and a concern not to reduce this diversity to universality prematurely, then it makes sense to wonder about where diversity comes from (causes and history, evolution, chance, necessity) the products of diversity (culture as product and objects - "cultures"), the activities that diversify human groups (culture as process -"Culture") the impact of group diversity on participating persons (enculturation and the construction of the self)

Cultural anthropologists have above all been interested in the causes of human diversity (fighting racism, mechanism to emphasize the multiplicity of solutions human beings have given to similar conditions), and many have also been interested in the impact of "cultural" diversity on persons.

With some exceptions (Levi-Strauss arguably being one, and Marx and some Marxists depending on where the emphasis is put in their work), it is only relatively recently that much work has been done emphasizing the processes that makes differences given an apparently homogeneous and coherent starting point. An early figure with a profound influence is that of the Russian Mikhail Bakhtin. Many of those have established the importance of "popular" culture in understanding how human beings make up their world.

In many ways, the concern with "popular" culture (by contrast to "high" culture) is a paradoxical return to the universalistic concerns of the early philosophers of culture: to be concerned with popular culture is to be concerned with the productive aspect of humanity. It is to be concerned by all that human beings do, whatever it may be and whereever it may take place.

Alternatively, to be concerned with humanity is to be concerned: individual human beings, their constitution and characteristics (the "pragmatist" orientation); what human beings have done and how it now constrains if not determine them (a "sociological" orientation with both Marxist and Durkheimian versions); what human beings are doing with each other and with what other human beings did in the past (the orientation to "resistance" and "popular" culture);

This might also be presented as an evolution in the conversations about culture from: a concern with consensus (learning); a concern with social structure (and determination); a concern with continuing productivity (resistance); or from a concern with culture as history imposing itself on individuals; to culture as the activity of individuals in history;

The latter summarizes Fiske's argument in Understanding popular culture. It concerns a confrontation with the "freedom" or at least ultimate indeterminacy of practical human action in historical conditions. Fiske makes his argument through a set of oppositions between popular culture vs. hegemonic culture; producerly text vs. writerly text; jouissance (carnival) vs. pleasure (discipline); Progressive politics vs. conservative politics.

The central focus here is on the continuing production of every day life and on the relative freedom of people in the conduct of their everyday life to interpret that which they encounter or consume. The central concept is that of "appropriation" for particular purposes often not envisioned by the original "writers" of the texts.

Producing art is a collective enterprise depending on an extensive division of labor and on shared conventions challenges the commonsense emphasis on individual artistic creativity and absolute aesthetic criteria. According to Becker, in his book on Art Worlds, art worlds enable and constrain artistic production – mobilizing resources, distributing products, assigning critical assessments, and influencing editing processes and artistic reputations – as well on the ways the state may influence art worlds, how different artistic roles are defined in relation to art worlds, and how art worlds change. Becker demonstrates that the “production of culture” perspective is not limited to understanding the outcomes of culture industries involving mass production for the market but also helps understand other sorts of social organization of artistic production.

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Here, we also examine architecture as a professional context for cultural production to account for the change from modernist to postmodernist architecture at the beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. Questions of discourse and practice, aesthetics, organization, and economic context are interweaved. The profession combines aspects of both “art world” and “culture industry”.

Explanations of changes in popular music styles usually focus on changes in the audience, affecting demand, or on changes among creators and performers themselves. Peterson challenges such explanations of musical change from a “production-of-culture” perspective in this carefully focused analysis of how and why rock music attained it sudden popularity in the 1950s. Important but unrecognized “supply-side” factors like regulations, technology, industry structure, organization structure, and (not included here) types of occupational careers prompted the emergence of rock and roll as the basis of pop music.

Finally, we look at how is social change possible when social structures pattern and constrain human action? Here, we refer among others to William Sewell who includes a cultural dimension- schemas in his concept of social structure, and by giving important theoretical weight to the cultural point that meanings for the same thing may vary. He redefines the idea of social structure as combining cultural schemas and resources, developing a theory of human agency as inherent in structures and articulating how social structures differ in depth and range. Of particular interest here is the way qualities of culture help make social structures changeable.

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s a r C e v i

kultura ................................................................................................................................................................... 5

kultura, rogorc jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis maxasiaTebeli elementi.................. 5

kultura, rogorc adamianuri gamoxatulebis gancalkevebuli samyaro ........................ 6

kultura, rogorc mniSvnelobis gansazRvra ..................................................................................... 7

kulturis sociologia, rogorc samuSao midgoma.......................................................................... 9

kulturis SedarebiTi avtonomiis Sesaxeb......................................................................................... 9

Tavdapirveli dixotomia .............................................................................................................................. 9

klasikuri perspeqtivebi............................................................................................................................. 10

parsonsi .................................................................................................................................................................. 11

antonio gramSi ................................................................................................................................................... 12

semiotika — ferdinand sosuri ................................................................................................................. 13

funqcionalizmi ................................................................................................................................................ 15

semiotika — roland barti ........................................................................................................................... 15

dramaturgiuli midgoma............................................................................................................................... 17

veberianizmi ........................................................................................................................................................ 18

durkhemi.................................................................................................................................................................. 19

marqsizmi da kultura.................................................................................................................................... 21

postruqturalizmi da kultura — fuko, pier burdie ................................................................ 23

daskvnis saxiT..................................................................................................................................................... 24

ena da reprezentacia ..................................................................................................................................... 25

mniSvnelobebis warmoqmna........................................................................................................................... 26

kulturisa da enis saSualebiT mniSvnelobis warmoeba da cirkulacia ....................... 27

reprezentacia da mniSvneloba ................................................................................................................ 28

Zalauflebis axali koncefciebi............................................................................................................ 35

televizualuri mesijebis warmoeba da gavrceleba .................................................................. 37

reprezentaciebi da media - fiqcia ....................................................................................................... 38

qalebis kultura da kacebis kultura................................................................................................. 38

qalebisa da "namdvili qalebis" gamosaxulebebi ......................................................................... 39

maskulinobis xatis warmoqmna.................................................................................................................. 42

fsiqoanalizi da subieqti .......................................................................................................................... 46

mayureblad yofnis fenomeni..................................................................................................................... 47

roland barti: miTebi da niSnebi ............................................................................................................ 48

ideologia ............................................................................................................................................................. 49

subkultura/stili........................................................................................................................................... 52

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