Оқы – №2(62), маусым, 2014

204- 204-Registration number 204-j

2 (62), , 2014 2 (62), , 2014 2 (62), june, 2014

1999 1999 Founded in 1999

4 4 Published 4 times a year

Scientific journal

Regional bulletin of

the east

.

-

.

Ust-KamenogorskPublishing house

of S. Amanzholov EKSU

.,

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..,

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.., , ( ., ); .., ( ., ); .., ( ., ); .., , ( ., ); .., , ( .,

); .., - ,

( ., ); .., , ( ., -

, ); .., , ( ., ); .., , (- .,

); , ,

( ., ); .., - ,

( ., ); .., - , ( .,

); .., ( ., ); .., , ( ., ).

ISSN 1683-1667 .

, 2014

..,

.., ,

..,

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.., , (. , ); .., , (. , ); .., (. , ); .., , (. , ); .., , (. -,

); .., - , (. -

, ); .., , (. , -

, ); .., , (. , ), .., , (. -, ); , , ,

(. , ); .., - , (. ,

); .., - , (. ,

); .., , (. , ); .., , (. , ).

ISSN 1683-1667 -

. , 2014

Editor in chiefKuvandykov A.U., Doctor of Economic Sciences

Deputy Editor in ChiefYerdembekov B.A., Doctor of Philological Sciences, professor

Executive secretaryMyrzagaliyeva A.B., Doctor of Biological Sciences

Editorial boardIgibayeva A.K., Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences, associated professor;Kurmanbayeva Sh.K., Doctor of Philological Sciences, associated professor;Kovalyov S.E., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, associated professor;Abylkassova G.Ye., Candidate of Chemical Sciences, associated professor;Beisembayeva R.S., Candidate of Geographic Sciences, associated professor;Nurbayev S.D., Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor;Amreyeva L.M., Candidate of Medical Sciences, associated professor;Akhmetzhanova K.B., Doctor of Philological Sciences, professor of EKSU;Zhylkubayeva A.Sh., Doctor of Philological Sciences, professor of EKSU;Abdullina L.I., Candidate of Philological Sciences, associated professor;Kapysheva G.K., Candidate of Philological Sciences, associated professor;Kaigorodtsev A.A., Doctor of Economic Sciences, professor;Kveglis L.I., Doctor of Physico-mathematical Sciences, professor;Bazarbekov A.B., Doctor of Physico-mathematical Sciences, associated professor;Sedelev V.A., Doctor of Engineering Science;Igibayev S.K., Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor;Rakhimberdin K.H., Doctor of Juridical Sciences, associated professor.

Klotchko V.E., Doctor of Psychological Sciences, professor (Tomsk, Russia);Kozlov N.S., Doctor of Pedagogic Sciences, professor (Barnaul, Russia);Sokolova G.G., Doctor of Biological Sciences (Barnaul, Russia);Tikunov V.S., Doctor of Geographic Sciences, professor (Moscow, Russia);Mambetkaziyev Ye.A., Doctor of Chemical Sciences, academician of NAS RK (Ust-

Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan);Diachkov B.A., Doctor of Geologo-Mineralogical Sciences, academician of NAS RK

(Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan);Suynova N.H., Doctor of Philological Sciences, professor (Cherkessk, Republic of

Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia);Sydorovych A.V., Doctor of Economic Sciences, professor (Moscow, Russia);Shapiro N.A., Doctor of Economic Sciences, professor (St. Petersburg, Russia);Simon Redfern, Professor of mineral physics, PhD, Head of X-ray diffraction laboratory

(Cambridge, United Kingdom);Starostenkov M.D., Doctor of Physico-mathematical Sciences, professor (Barnaul,

Russia);Skakov M.K., Doctor of Physico-mathematical Sciences, professor (Kurchatov,

Kazakhstan); Amanzholova D.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor (Moscow, Russia);Selivyorstov V.I., Doctor of Juridical Sciences, professor (Moscow, Russia).

ISSN 1683-1667 S. Amanzholov East-Kazakhstan State University, 2014

2 (62), 2014

, - , -

ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

539.534.9

.. 1, .. 2, .. 2

1 , . , 2-

. , . -,

-

675 - -

- - 675. , 675. , - 675 . , - 10-50%, -. , 675 2 .

: , , , , -

675 -

-

675 - . 675 . - 675 .

6

2 (62), 2014 Regional Bulletin of the East

10-50%- . 675 2 .

: , , , , -

THE INFLUENCE oF CoNCENTRATED ENERGy FLowS oN THE STRUCTURAL AND PHASE STATES AND MICRoHARDNESS

oF THE 67CoNi5Nb ALLoyThe article shows the influence of ion implantation of nitrogen and electron-beam pro-

cessing on structural-phase state and microhardness of a dispersion-hardening 67CoNi5Nb alloy. It is established that at the surface treatment of electronic and ion beams is the place to morphological changes, and changes in the elemental composition of the 67CoNi5Nb alloy. It is determined that in the result of treatment by nitrogen ions and electrons on the surface of a dispersion-hardening 67CoNi5Nb alloy formed fine inclusion due to surface segregation of niobium. It is shown that the ion implantation leads to an increase in the microhardness to 10-50%, depending from dose of irradiation. It is determined that the surface microhardness of the 67CoNi5Nb alloy after electron irradiation increases almost to 2 times.

Keywords: structure, microhardness, alloy, ion implantation, electron beam process-ing.

-

, , , , - . - [1]. , - . - , - . , , - - [2]. - - 675 - . [3] - 675 Co-Ni , -

.. , .. , ..

7

2 (62), 2014

. , - - - 675, - . - - . -, - , - , .

, - - - 675.

-

- 675 (67%-Co, 28%-Ni, 5%-Nb), , . , 675 - - . 675 - - - [4]. - - , -, , - , . [5], 675 : 950 (10 ), 90%. - 20200,5 , - : 950 (10 ) 90%. - . 100 , 11017, 21017, 51017 /2 (10-4 ) 2 /2 -99 (. , ). - -4.

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1,3 , 10 /2. 0,281019 -/2. 100. - XPert Pro CuK- . - I JSM-6390LV, - . - -3 20, 50 100 10 .

, -

, , . - - 0,5 , ( 1). - . 1 675.

1 - () 1017/2 (), 2*1017/2 (), 5*1017/2 ()

1 675 ( %)

-

o, % N,%

Mn, %

Fe, %

Co, %

Ni, %

Nb, %

, %

1 0.37 1.64 65.21 28.08 4.69 100.00 2 1.90 0.34 1.58 63.67 27.30 5.22 100.00 3 0.33 1.79 64.78 28.00 5.09 100.00

) )

)

)

.. , .. , ..

9

2 (62), 2014

1 -

o, % N,

%Mn, %

Fe, %

Co, %

Ni, %

Nb, %

, %

1017/2 1 1.42 55.99 27.80 14.80 100.00 2 1.82 64.07 28.44 5.67 100.00 3 1.72 64.66 27.91 5.72 100.00

2*1017/2 1 1.35 1.77 59.64 26.84 10.41 100.00 2 2.65 1.61 62.78 27.58 5.37 100.00 3 0.45 1.74 64.15 27.59 6.08 100.00

5*1017/2 1 7.35 1.56 60.11 25.85 5.13 100.00 2 0.45 1.85 65.19 27.00 5.51 100.00 3 8.14 1.20 55.17 25.32 10.17 100.00

1 , - . , - . ( 5 ), ( 0,5 ), , , - .

2 675 2*1017/2. , . 2 - . , 500 . .

2 - 675 2*1017/2 () ()

, -

) )

10


2 675 2*1017/2 ( %)

o N Fe Co Ni Nb Al Si Ca , %. 1 9.06 1.82 1.35 50.88 22.86 4.78 8.37 0.51 0.37 100.00. 2 4.69 0.00 1.53 58.96 25.73 4.94 3.70 0.44 100.00. 3 4.36 0.00 1.74 59.34 26.08 4.74 3.22 0.52 100.00. 4 3.83 0.00 1.57 59.84 25.86 5.12 3.15 0.34 0.28 100.00

- , - - ( 3). , , . 1,3 0,281019 -/2 675 - 0,1-0,5 . - . 4 - - 675, 1,3 0,281019 -/2. , - . , - .

3 675 - 1,3 0,281019 -/2

5 675 - . - , (220) , . ,

.. , .. , ..

11

2 (62), 2014

( ). - . . - , , .

4 () 675, 1,3 0,281019 -/2 ()

5 675 () () 0,281019 -/2 1,3

675 5000 ( 6). , , 10-50% , - -. 6 - . , (7800 ) 51017 /2 ( 20 .). , -

, -

12


.

6 675

7 ( ) 675, - 1,3 0,281019 -/2. - , , 2 , , - - - .

7 675 - (1,3 , D=0,281019 -/2)

.. , .. , ..

13

2 (62), 2014

, - Co-Ni- 2 . , - .

, - , . -, - . - - 675. , 675 , -, , . , - , , - . - . [6], - , - .

,

: ,

- 675;

, - - 675 ;

, - 1050%, . - 51017 /2. , - ;

, -

14


, 2 . - - - ;

- - Co-Ni- N+ c 100 101751017 /2, - 7800 .

, 675 - . - , - - 675 - -.

1. .. -

, - / .. [ .] : - , 2008. 324 .

2. .. - - - / .. [ .]. .: - , 2005, 640 .

3. .. / .. . .: -, 1990. 216 .

4. .. / .. -: , 1983. 164 .

5. . - - / . , .. , .. // , . 2004. 2 (34). . 18-21.

6. .., .., .., .. - - / .. [ .]. : . 2004. 326 .

REFERENCES1. Kurzina I.., Nanokristallicheskie intermetallidnye i nitridnye struktury, formiruy-

ushhiesya pri ionno-luchevom vozdeystvii, 2008, 324 (in Russ).2. Kadyrzhanov K.K., Ionno-luchevaya i ionno plazmennaya modifikatsiya materialov,

2005, 640 (in Russ).3. Komarov F.F., Ionnaya implantatsiya v metally, F.F. Komarov, Metallurgiya, 1990,

216 (in Russ).4. Sukhovarov V.F., Preryvistoe vydelenie faz v splavakh, V.F. Sukhovarov, 1983, 164

.. , .. , ..

15

2 (62), 2014

(in Russ).5. Erbolatuly D., Vliyanie strukturnykh prevrashhenij na sverkhplasticheskie i prochnos-

tnye svojstva austenitnykh nikel-khromovykh i kobalt-nikelevykh splavov, D. Erbolatuly, D.L. lontseva, M.K. Skakov, Vestnik KarGU, seriya Fizika, 2004, 2(34), 18-21 (in Russ).

6. Didenko .N., SHarkeev yU.P., Kozlov EH.V., Ryabchikov .I., Effekty dalnodejstviya v ionno-implantirovannykh metallicheskikh materialakh, 2004, 326 (in Russ).

51:373

.. 1, .. 2

1. , ., 2 , .,

,

. : , , , ,

.

, - .

: , , , -, .

THEoREMSAt the article shows the way of proving the theorem by contraposition using elements

of mathematical logic.Keywords: the quantifier, the congruent, the method of contraposition, the notion of

implication, the notion of predicate.

1 .

, , , , .

, , - [1]. , . , ()() .

, -

16


, , ()(()()) , () , () . () , () .

, ..., ... . , . , . (): - , (): . -, - , ()(()D()) (1) .

() () - (1) .

:1 () . . -

.

2 . () - .

3 . () .

()(()()) . , (): - (): - . , .

()(()()) . () () . () () - , () () .

, :

.. , ..

17

2 (62), 2014

1 , .

2 , .

, , . . 3- , 3- 3- .

1 , -

. , .. : , 4-

; ,

; ; ;

.2 (): -

; (): ; (): ; (): ; (): ; F(): 45- .

; , , -

.

2 3-

3- , 3- . (N)(()()) . N , (): 3- , (): 3- .

, -

, -

18


. (N)(()()) . : 3- , 3- , .

() () , ()(()()) ()(()()) [2]. .

. .

(): - (): . , , ()(()()) . . : ()(()()). , . . 1- -. , .

1-

()(()()) ()(()()) , ()(()()) - . () () . , . , , 3- 3- . 3- , 3- -

.. , ..

19

2 (62), 2014

.

1 ()(()()) , :

) (): ; (): ;

) (): -; (): ;

) (): 9- ; (): 9- .

2 . ?

3 . . , :

) , ;

) ;) ,

, .

3 - ()(()()) (1)

()( () ()) (2) . (2) (1) - . , N (): (): 5- , (1) , 5- . - , 5- . (1) , - ( 5, 15, 25, ... 5- ). - .

()( () ()) (3) - [3]. , 5- ,

, -

20


5- , -, , 5- .

(1) (3) , , . , ( ) . : ()(()()) (1) , ()( () ()) (3) - , (3) , (1) .

, . (, )((,)(,)) . . (,) , (,) [4].

(,) , . . , . . , . , (, )( (,) (,)) , , , , (, )((,)(,)) .

1 ? -

, - ?) 7- , 7-

;) - 7- , 7-

;) 7- , 7- ;) 7- , - 7-

.2 ( )

:) ,

;

.. , ..

21

2 (62), 2014

) .

, - , , - . , - , .

1. .. / .. [ .]. .: , 1977.

352 .2. .. : . . . . /

.. . .: . , 1999. 424 . 3. .. - / .. [ .].

.: , 1977. 205 .4. .. : / .. . :

, 2001.

REFERENCES1. Vilenkin N.y., Pushkalo A.M., Rozhdestvenskaya V.B., Stoilova L.P., Matematika,

1977, 352 (in Russ).2. Stoilova L.P., Matematika. Uchebnik dlya stud.vush.ped.ucheb.zavedenyi, 1999, 424

(in Russ).3. Vilenkin N.y., Lavrova N.N., Rozhdestvenskaya V.B., Stoilova L.P., Zadachnik-

praktikum po matematike, 1977, 205 (in Russ).4. Chukotayev M.N., Matematika: oku kuraly. ShKMU Baspasu, 2001 (in Kaz).

004.75

. , ..

- . , . -,

-. - . - .

, -

22


- . .

: , -, - , , , .

-

. . - . - . . .

: , -, , , , .

NUMERICAL MoDELING oF THE CURRENT To VISCoUS INCoNDENSABLE LIQUID IN FREE AREA By METHoD

oF THE CoMPLEMENTED AREAS In given work is considered method of the complemented areas for the numerical mod-

eling of the current to viscous incondensable liquid in complex geometric area. At modeling is used discrete given two liason areas with curvilinear border. Spline-interpolation of the curvilinear borders is Conducted. Equations Navie-Stoksa is chose for the numerical model-ing for viscous incondensable liquid. It Is designed monotonous certainly scathing scheme and algorithm to numerical realization. Numerical results are Received under different amount of the nodes of the net.

Keywords: numerical modeling, spline-interpolation, convectional composed, curvi-linear nets, complemented area, currents to incondensable liquid.

- , . - . - , -, - .

- , .., .., .., .., - ., .. ..

. , ..

23

2 (62), 2014

, . - , , . , , - .

- . - , .

- . - [1], .

- .

( ) fupuu

tu

+=++ ; (1)

0= u

. (2)

( )yxuu ,0

= ( ) yx, , 0=t

( )tyxu ,,=

( ) yx, , ( ]Tt ,0 . (3)

yx, - , t - , u

- , p - - , - .

- , :

( ) ( ) ;1,1,, 21

2

22

1

11

===== hjyhixn

lhnlh jih (4)

.,1,,1 21 njni ==

, - , - , .

, :

, -

24


( ){ } ;,21: 21 hjyhixu ji ==( ){ } .21,: 21 hjyhix ji ==

{ } .,: 21 hjyhixp ji == ( ) ( ){ } .21,21: 21 hjyhix ji ==

(1), (2)

(1)

(2)

. , ..

qn

jihq

nji

njin

jih

nji

nji fu

hpp

uLuu

+=

++

+

,2/11

,1,,2/1

,2/12/1,2/1

qn

jihq

nji

njin

jih

nji

nji f

hpp

L +=

++

+

2/1,1

1,,2/1,

2/1,2/12/1,

02

12/1,

12/1,

1

1,2/1

1,2/1 =

+

+++

+

++

hhuu n ji

nji

nji

nji

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

+

++

+

+

+=

+++

+

2

,2/11,2/12/1,2/12/1,2/1

2

1,2/,2/12/1,2/12/1,2/1

1

,2/1,2/1,,

1

,2/3,2/1,1,1,2/1

21

21

huu

huu

huu

uuh

uuuuuL

nji

njin

jin

ji

nji

njin

jin

ji

nji

njin

jin

ji

nji

njin

jin

jin

jih

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

+

++

+

+

+=

+

+++

2

2/1,2/1,,,

2

2/3,2/1,1,1,

1

2/1,2/1,12/1,2/12/1,2/1

1

2/1,12/1,2/1,2/12/1,2/12/1,

21

21

hh

huu

huuL

nji

njin

jin

ji

nji

njin

jin

ji

nji

njin

jin

ji

nji

njin

jin

jin

jih

25

2 (62), 2014

-.

. 2

2/1,2/1,,

nji

njin

ji+ +=

.

(1)-(3). - .

( ),uu = :

; (5)

.

(6)

(7)

, -

+

+

=

++

+

2

1,2/1,2/12/1,2/1,

2

,2/11,2/12/1,2/1,

2

1

,2/3,2/1,1,

1

,2/1,2/1,,

1,2/1

1

1

huu

huu

h

huu

huu

hu

nji

nji

jix

nji

nji

jiy

nji

nji

jix

nji

nji

jixn

jihq

+

+

=

+

++

2

2/3,2/1,1,,

2

2/1,2/1,,,

2

1

2/1,12/1,2/1,2/1,

1

2/1,2/1,12/1,2/1,

12/1,

1

1

hhh

hhhn

jin

jijiy

nji

nji

jiy

nji

nji

jix

nji

nji

jixn

jihq

qn

hqn

h

nn

fuuLuu

++=+

21

1

1,1

1,2/1

,2/11

,2/1 hpp

uun

jin

jinji

nji

+

++

+

=

2

11,

1,2/1

2/1,1

2/1, hpp n ji

njin

jin

ji

+

++

+

=

26


(2)

. (8)

- (6) (7). , - . , - [6]

, (9)

. (10)

- :

; (11)

,

.

1+nu (9), (10). (5), (6), (7), (8) (5), (9), (10), (11) . -

(11) , , (11) :

(12)

. , ..

2

2/12/1,

2/12/1,

1

2/1,2/1

2/1,2/1

22

11,

1,

11,

21

1,1

1,

1,1 22

hhuu

hppp

hppp n ji

nji

nji

nji

nji

nji

nji

nji

nji

nji

+

++

+

++

+

+++

+

+++ +

=

++

+

2

12/1,2/1

12/1,2/11

,2/1 hu

nji

njin

ji

+

+++

=

1

12/1,2/1

12/1,2/11

2/1, h

nji

njin

ji

+

+++

=

211 ++ =

nh

nh urot

22

12/3,2/1

12/1,2/1

12/1,2/1

21

12/1,2/3

12/1,2/1

12/1,2/11 22

hh

nji

nji

nji

nji

nji

njin

h

+

+

++

+

+

+++ ++

+=

1

2/12/1,1

2/12/1,

2

2/11,2/1

2/1,2/12

1

hhuu

urotn

jin

jin

jin

jinh

+

+

+

++

=

( ) ,1 ,2/122

12/3,2/1

12/1,2/1

21

12/1,2/3

12/1,2/1

,1

2/1,2/1

jin

h

nji

nji

nji

nji

jin

ji urothh+

++

+= +

+

++

+

+++

27

2 (62), 2014

, 0 - -

. , x 1, :

, , ,

, ,

, , (13)

, ,

2 , :

. (14)

1

, -

=

212/1,2/1

02/1,2/1, ,,1

,0

ji

jiji

0

1

2

1

01 2/1,2/1 =+n j

nju =

+1,2/1 0

12/1,1 =

+

nj

1,2/12

12/1,2/1

12/1,2/1

++

++ +=

nj

nj

nj uh

11,1 2 = nji1

,2/31

,2/1 11+

+ =

njn

njn uu 01 2/1,1 =

+

njn

12/1,2/3

12/1,2/1 11

+

+ =

njn

njn

11, 21 = njni

01 1,2/1 =+niu 0

12/1, =

+ni 0

12/1,2/1 =

+ni 11,1 1 = nij

01 ,2/1 2 =+n

niu 01

2/1, 2=+

nni

11,1

12/1,2/1

12/1,2/1 222

+

+

++ +=

nni

nni

nni h 11, 12 = ninj

)(5.0 1 2/1,2/11

2/1,2/11

2/1,2/1 2+

++

+=n

nnn

ji

28


. . ( 1), - .

( )( ) nixfx ii ,,1,, = ,

- , - .

, - [7]:

(15)

iiii dcba ,,, :

, , (16)

, , (17)

1= iii xxh . - , - . , - . (17) .

5050 100100 . 2 , . 3 -.

, - , .

. , ..

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )3262 i

ii

iiiii xx

dxx

cxxbaxs +++=

( )ii xfa =i

iiii

iii h

aahdhcb 12

62+=

i

iii h

ccd 1=

01 == ncc( )

=+++

+

++++

i

ii

i

iiiiiiiii h

aah

aahcchhhc 1

1

11111 62

29

2 (62), 2014

2

3

1. .

/ . // . . 2002. . 2. 2. . 41-50.

2. .. - / .. . .: , 1991.

, -

30


3. .. - / .. // , 1979 (. . ).

4. .. / .. , .. , .. // . -. 1998. . 3. 4. . 41-64.

5. .. - / .. , .. // . -. 2001. . 6. 6. . 93-107.

6. .. - // RDAMM-2001. . . . 6. . 2. . 554-562.

7. .. / .. , .. . .: , 1989. 432 .

8. .. / .. . .: , 1983. 616 .

REFERENCES 1. Baldybek Zh., Metod dopolnennyh oblastej dlja nelinejnoj kraevoj zadachi okeana.

Almaty. Matematicheskiij zhurnal, 2002, 2, 41-50 (in Russ).2. Vabishhevich P.N., Metody fiktivnyh oblastej v kraevyh zadachah matematicheskoj

fiziki, MGU, 1991 (in Russ).3. Smagulov Sh.S., Metod fiktivnyh oblastej dlja uravnenij Nave-Stoksa, Novosibirsk,

1979 (in Russ).4. Muhametzhanov A.T., otelbaev M.o., Smagulov Sh.S., Ob odnom metode fiktivnyh

oblastej dlja nelinejnyh kraevyh zadach, Vychisl. Tehnologii, 1998, . 3, 4, 41-64 (in Russ).5. Smagulov Sh.S., otelbaev M.o., O novom metode priblizhennyh reshenij nelinejnyh

uravnenij v proizvolnoj oblasti, Vychisl. tehn-ii, 2001, . 6, 6, 93-107 (in Russ).6. Sirochenko V.P., Chislennoe modelirovanie konvektivnyh techenij vjazkoj zhidkosti

v mnogosvjaznyh oblastjah. Trudy Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii RDAMM-2001, T. 6, Ch. 2. Spec. Vypusk, 554-562 (in Russ).

7. Samarskij A.A., Gulin A.V., Chislennye metody. Nauka, 1989, 432 (in Russ).8. Samarskij A.A., Teorija raznostnyh shem. Nauka, 1983, 616 (in Russ).

621.565.942/944

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THE THEoRETICAL BASIS oF THE PLASTIC HEAT EXCHANGERThis article made analysis and calculation for heat exchange processes of heat pump

high power for district heating systems. According to the analysis of the advantages and dis-advantages of these devices.

Keywords: The plate, heat exchanger, turbulization, corrugation, welding.

(-, APV, Funke, ..) .

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;Ln , ;d , ;w , /; .

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; - . = 1,2- 1,3 .

, - .

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= , (8)

= 0,3- 0,4 , = 0,35.

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35

2 (62), 2014

(3.6)-(3.8) - ( ) , /:

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- ;v , 2 /.

- , 3 /.

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, .. , .. . .: , 1973. 288 .2. .. -

/ .. , .. . .: , 1981. 320 .3. .. -

/ .. , .. , .. , .. - // . 2004. 7.

4. .. . / .. // - , 2004. - 2. . 47-80.

5. .. / .. // . 2007. 8. . 63-65.

REFERENCES1. Baranovskij N.V., Kovalenko L.M., Jastrebeneckij A.R., Plastinchatye i spiralnyj

teploobmenniki. M., Mashinostroenie, 1973, 288 (in Russ).2. Sokolov E.Ja., Brodjanskij V.M., Jenergeticheskie osnovy transformacii tepla i pro-

cessov ohlazhdenija. Jenergoizdat, 1981, 320 (in Russ).3. Frolov V.P., Shherbakov S.N., Frolov M.V., Shelginskij A.Ja., Jeffektivnost

ispolzovanija teplovyh nasosov v centralizovannyh sistemah teplosnabzhenija Novosti teplosnabzhenija, 2004, 7 (in Russ).

4. Gorshkov V.G., Teplovye nasosy. Analiticheskij obzor. Spravochnik promyshlennogo oborudovanija, 2004, sentjabr, oktjabr 2, 47-80 (in Russ).

5. Vasilev G.P. Jeffektivnost i perspektiva ispolzovanija teplovyh nasosov v gorod-skom hozjajstve Moskvy. Jenergosberezhenie, 2007, 8, 63-65 (in Russ).

621.03

.. 1, .. 2

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2 . ,. ,

- . .

: , , ().

, i iii

.. , ..

37

2 (62), 2014

. . : , , .

MoVEMENT oF THE ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE IN THE NoNCENTRAL GRAVITATIoNAL FIELD

Article is devoted to research of artificial satellites movement of Earth using analytical methods. The main features of research are reflected.

Key words: Earth, orbit, artificial satellites of Earth (ASE).

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, : G , m , r - , Pn - n, Pn(k) n k, R , nk Snk , - . R, Jn, Cnk, Snk , :

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39

2 (62), 2014

, (2) Jno=const , Jnt Jn. , - , .., , - , - , (1.1) , J20, J30, w

(3)

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U=W+R, (6), RT :

(7)

, Jn=( Jno - Jno ) (8) Jno W -

.

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[3].

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, , S, 0, wo, , , d, , v, 1, 2, 2, e, e*, k21, k

22, n0 :

,

,

,

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,

,

(24)

.. , ..

43

2 (62), 2014

,

, ,

(24) S . - .

. - - - .

- - - , , .

1. .. . / .. .

.: , 1975. 799 . 2. ..

. / ... : , 1993. C. 76-90.

3. .. / .. , .. , .. . . . . 40. 2. 1963. 363 c.

4. .. - / .. . .: , 1968. 190 c.

5. .. / .. . .: -, 1972. 57 c.

6. .. / .. . .: , 1949.

, -

44


REFERENCES1. Duboshin G.N., Nebesnaya mehanika. Osnovnyie zadachi i metodyi, M. Nauka, 1975,

799 (in Russ).2. Bekov A.A., O dvizhenii materialnoy tochki v nestatsionarnom netsentralnom pole

tyagoteniya. Problemyi fiziki zvezd i vnegalakticheskoy astronomii, Almatyi, Gyilyim, 1993, 76-90 (in Russ).

3. Aksenov E.P., Grebenikov E.A., Demin V.G., Obobschennaya zadacha dvuh nepod-vizhnyih tsentrov i ee primenenie v teorii dvizheniya iskusstvennyih sputnikov Zemli, Astron. zh. 2, 1963, 363 (in Russ).

4. Demin V.G., Dvizhenie iskusstvennogo sputnika v netsentralnom pole tyagoteniya, M. Nauka, 1968, 190 (in Russ).

5. Beletskiy V.V., Ocherki o dvizhenii kosmicheskih tel, M. Nauka, 1972, 57 (in Russ).6. Subbotin M.F., Kurs nebesnoy mehaniki, Gostehizdat, M. 1949 (in Russ).

53:004

.. 1, .. 2

1. , .,

2.. , .,

- . .

: , , .

. - .

: , , -.

APPLICATIoN oF INFoRMATIoN TECHNoLoGIES IN TEACHING oF THE PHySICS CoURSE

Article is devoted to the general questions of application of information technologies on physics courses. Advantages and disadvantages of some electronic educational programs for physics are shown.

.. , ..

45

2 (62), 2014

Key words: information technology, internet, visual laboratory.

. -, , . , , . - [1].

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; ; ; ; ii i i i

; ;

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, .

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, -

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1: (1 ), - 2.6, ( ), . 7-9 - ( ) .. .

. . - .

: ; ,

( ); .

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, , , , , ) ; ; -.

.

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. - , , , , . , , - .

.. , ..

47

2 (62), 2014

1. ii i 2011-2020 i

i . , 2012.2. .. / .. , .. ,

.. . .: , 2006. . 21-34.

REFERENCES1. Kazakhstan Respublikasynyn bilim beru zhujesin 2011-2020 zhylga dejin damytudyn

Memlekettik bagdarlamasy. Astana, 2012 (in Kaz).2. Zinkovskiy V.I., Patsina M.V., Shabelnikov A.V., O prepodavanii fiziki. M. 2006, 21-

34 (in Russ).

517.5

..

. , .,

- .

: , , , , , , , .

- .

: , , , , , , , .

THE APPLICATIoN oF FEATURING MoNoToNICITy FUNCTIoNS oF SoLVING oLyMPIAD PRoBLEMS

The application of important properties of function monotony in solving school olym-piad problems is discussed in this article.

Keywords: function, the monotony of functions, technique, information tools, lympics, inequality, expression, program.

. ii i ,

, -

48


ii i i . - , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , - . [1, 2, 3].

.

- .

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f(x) D , - :

. , , , .

1-. a, b, c . :

(1963, ).

: S = a+b+c , S > 0.

..

49

2 (62), 2014

, (0;S) ,

,

, x-i a, b, c- , ,

,

. 2-. abc=1 a, b, c-

.

(36 IMo 2-) [2].

: abc=1- :

S=ab+bc+ca . , (0;S) ,

, ,

, -

50


, x- ab, bc, ca-

, ,

1-, 2- , :

3-. a,b,c- 0 < m n ,

: S = am+bm+cm , S > 0. 0 < m n,

, (0;S)

,

.

, x- am, bm, cm - , ,

..

51

2 (62), 2014

,

. ,

. -

. -, , .

1. 24.09.2002 693

. 2. // . 1997.

31. 3. .

// ZHoNGDENGSHUXUE (). 2005. 3 . 5 .4. .. . 10 . 5. . 2004. 23 .

REFERENCES1. R Blm zhane gylym ministrlgnn 693 byirygymen bektlgen KR zhalpy orta

berudn Memlekettk standarty 24.09.2002 (in Kaz).2. Materialy dlj uglublennogo izuchenij matematiki. Zhurnal Matematika, 31, 1997

(in Russ). 3. Denzhichun. Funkcijnyn asietn paidalanyp olimpiadaly esepterd daleldeu.

ZHONGDENGSHUXUE zhurnaly, kytaisha, 2005, 3, 5, (in Kaz).4. Shynybekov A.N., Algebra i matematicheskii analiz. 10 kl. (in Russ). 5. Mezhdunarodnye matematicheskie olimpiady, 2004, 23 (in Russ).

, -

52


004:51

.. , ..

. , ,

: -

, . .

: , , , , , .

: -

. - .

: , , , , , .

ALGoRITHMS oF THE TRIANGULATIoN DELAUNAy: ITERATIVE ALGoRITHMIn work the iterative algorithm to construct the Delaunay triangulation and the proposed

classification and its characteristics. In practice, triangulation is used to solve complex appli-cations.

Keywords: triangulation, iterative algorithm, Delaunay, algorithm remove and create, tape algorithm, two pass algorithm.

. , .

1- . - , 10 000 5 iii 10000 i i . - . - .

- . . .

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53

2 (62), 2014

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(N2) o(N3/2) 5,8 **** (N2) o(N3/2) 8,42 **R- (N2) o(N log N) 9,23 ***k-D- (N2) o(N log N) 7,61 *** (N2) o(N log N) 7,14 *** (N2) o(N9/8) 1,68 **** (N2) o(N) 1,49 **** (N2) o(N) 1,93 ****Z- (N

2) o(N) 5,31 ****

o(N log N) o(N log N) 3,14 *** o(N log N) o(N log N) 4,57 **

(N2) (N) 2,79 *** (N2) (N) 2,54 ***

(N2) (N2) - **k-D- (N2) o(N log N) - ** (N2) (N) - **

o(N log N) o(N log N) 2,79 **** (N2) (N) 2,6 (N2) (N2)

, -

54


N-- .

1-. .2-. 3-5 n .3-. N .

, . , . , .

4-. , . , . , .

5-. . .

, , , .

. , . , n-3 . 3* n- , N- .

, . . (1-c).

) i - i (1-, );

) i (1-, );

) ( ) ; i (1-, );

) i -

.. , ..

55

2 (62), 2014

( ) (1-, );) (1-, ).

1- : ; ; ; ;

-, . . .

-

. - .

, I (I+1)- . . o(N).

:

- ;

;

, . , .

, -

56


- .

, , .

. -

- (2-). - . (2-c, ).

2- : , ,

. , .

- .

-

- .

, -

R- . R- , .

R- . R- - .

.. , ..

57

2 (62), 2014

R- o(N)- o(logN)- . 1- N- . , o(N2)- , o(N log N)- .

k-D-

k-D- (k=2 ) - k-D- . k-D- .

k-D- . .

. , .

k-D- o(N)-, o( log N)- . , o(N2)- , o( N log N)- .

1. .. -

/ .. . ., 2005. 252 . 2. .. / .. -

// . 2002. 3. . 14-39.3. .. : . /

.. . : - -, 2002. 128 .4. Jonathan Richard Shewchuk, Delaunay Refinement Algorithms for Triangular Mesh

Generation, Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications, 2002, no. 22(1-3), pp. 21-74.

REFERENCES1. Borisov Ch.F., Chislennoe modelirovanie deformatsionnyih dinamicheskih protsess-

ov v sredah so slozhnoy strukturoy, Moscow, 2005, 252 (in Russ).2. Skvortsov A.V., Obzor algoritmov postroeniya triangulyatsii Delone, Vyichislitelnyie

metodyi i programmirovanie, 2002, 3, 14-39 (in Russ).3. Skvortsov A.V., Triangulyatsiya Delone i ee primenenie: ucheb. posobie, Tomsk, Izd-

vo Tomskogo univ-ta, 2002, 128 (in Russ).4. Jonathan Richard Shewchuk, Delaunay Refinement Algorithms for Triangular Mesh

Generation, Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications, 2002, no. 22(1-3), 21-74 (in Eng).

, -


NATURAL SCIENCES AND MEDICINE

913 (332.14)

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-

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: , , , , , .

-

. , ; , .

- 7 . , - . - .

59

2 (62), 2014

( ), , ( ), .

: , , , , , -.

CALCULATIoN oF THE INDEX oF SUSTAINABLE DEVELoPMENT oF RUSSIAS REGIoNS

The article proposes a method of calculating the index of sustainable development for the regions of Russia. In this case, the traditional division of indicators on social, economic and ecological is irrational; one of the risks of long-term development of the society are so-cial conflicts, the potential likelihood of which also needs to be evaluated. 7 components, characterizing sustainable development of each of the subjects of the Russian Federation, are calculated. Neither one of the regions is steadily developing, however, the scope to their in-herent problems for the development of radically different. By the nature of the problematic aspects, regions can be divided into two main groups traditionalist (in the terminology of the author with the dominance of representatives of traditional morality), where the main problem is the low level of economic development and high potential of social conflicts, and modernist (with the dominance of representatives of contemporary morality), where the main problem is the total depopulation and demographic instability.

Keywords: sustainable development, regions, Russia, index, integral indicator, geog-raphy.

. 1990- . , - , , -.

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2 (62), 2014

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2 (62), 2014

. , , , - .

-, , - . - . 83 3- (, ). 79 , 99% . , , , - . , , : , - . , - - : - ( ). () 1,5-1,95 , , (2,1-2,3 ). , . , 37 83 ( 80 ), 13 (70-80 ). , , , - .

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, , - , , - (. 1). - - (+ 36 ), (+17),

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(+16) (+10). - . -, , - . -, , - ( , , ) - ( , , ).

1 - ()

. - . - , - , .

..

69

2 (62), 2014

1. . / . // . 2010.

7(135). 24 .2. - [-

] // fedstat.ru. ., 2013. URL: http://www.fedstat.ru/indicators/start.do3. (- ) /

. .. , .. . .: , 2001. 220 .4. 2010 .: // memo.

ru - -, . ., 2011. URL: http://www.memo.ru/2011/02/17/1702111.html

5. : / . . -: - , 2000. 359 .

6. . - , 2011: .. / -. ., 2011.

7. .. - -: : . . - . / .. . ., 2008.

8. .. / .. // : --: . . . ., 2006. . 1. . 127-144.

REFERENCES1. Burtin Sh., Vajnahskaja vendetta. Russkij reporter, 24 fevralja 2010, 7, 135 (in

Russ).2. Edinaja mezhvedomstvennaja informacionno-statisticheskaja sistema. Jelektronnyj

resurs. fedstat.ru 2013, URL http www. fedstat.ru/indicators.start.do (in Russ).3. Indikatory ustojchivogo razvitija Rossii jekologo jekonomicheskie aspekty. Pod red.

S.N. Bobyleva, P.A. Makeenko, CPRP, 2001, 220 (in Russ).4. Itogi 2010 g. statistika poter silovikov na Severnom Kavkaze. memo.ru internet-

resurs, PC Memorial, 2011, URL: http://www.memo.ru/2011/02/17/1702111.html (in Russ).5. Pokazateli ustojchivogo razvitija: struktura i metodologija. Per. s angl. Tjumen Izd-

vo IPOS SO RAN, 2000, 359 (in Russ).6. Regiony Rossii. Socialno jekonomicheskie pokazateli, 2011. Stat. sb. Rosstat, 2011

(in Russ).7. Samrailova E.K., Lokalizacija i razreshenie socialno-politicheskih konfliktov metod-

ologija i prakticheskie algoritmy. Avtoref. dis. d-ra polit. nauk, M., 2008 (in Russ).8. Tarasova N.P., Indeksy i indikatory ustojchivogo razvitija. Ustojchivoe razvitie priroda

obshhestvo chelovek materialy mezhdunarodnoj konferencii, 2006, T. 1., 127-144(in Russ).

70


UDC 339.5:91

CUI WEI-HONG1 , JIANG YANG-MING1 , YU.N. GOLUBCHIKOV2, K.K. RAKHIMOV3, A.D. SOBYANIN4, V.S. TIKUNOV2

WANG YUN1, YANG XIAN-KUN1

1Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

3Central Eurasia Trade&Logistic L.P., Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan4Association for Trans-Border Cooperation, Moscow, Russia

GEoGRAPHICAL SUBSTANTIATIoN oF THE PACIFIC-ATLANTIC AND INDo-ARCTIC TRANSPoRT NET

The interests of China and Russia, as the world states, must be geared toward the west, East, North and also toward the South. The transport capabilities of Trans-Sib (Trans-Siberian Railway) and Economic belt along the Silk Road will be enhanced dramatically once it is con-nected with the Indian ocean via a network of meridional railways. In particular, this would provide an entry for grain exports into countries of Central and South Asia. Some elements of the Indo-Siberian arterial railway are traceable even in the existing network of the former So-viet railways in Central Asia. It is suggested that the project be started from the ChuiFergana Trans-Kyrgyz Railway.

Keywords: Trans-Sib, Silk Road, Central Asia, Indo-Siberian continental railway, mul-timodal transport corridor, cargo transportation.

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CUI WEI-HONG , JIANG YANG-MING , YU.N. GOLUBCHIKOV, K.K. RAKHIMOV, A.D. SOBYANIN, V.S. TIKUNOV

WANG YUN, YANG XIAN-KUN

71

2 (62), 2014

. - . , - .

: , , , - - , , .

BackgroundThe international division of labor leads to a rapid growth of goods exchange

between Europe and Asia. It accounts for half of cargo transportation on the world. Economic belts along the Silk Road and Trans-Siberian Railway have very important signifi cance on bringing prosperity and development to both economies. However, because of the expensiveness of railway transportation, the main planetary cargo fl ow is transported through the Indian ocean to date. Transportation by sea is by a factor of 45 cheaper than by Trans-Sib. Even Russia receives 90% of the imported fl ow from China not by Trans-Sib, as might be expected. Cargoes are delivered from Shanghai and the other ports of China to deep-water ports of Europe container hubs of Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Kiel, Felixstowe, and Bremerhafen. From there they arrive at the container terminals in the Baltic Region. And after that, cargoes are transported to Russia by the Moscow-Riga and oktyabrskaya Railways.

The map of Economic belt along the Silk Road


72


However, the transit capabilities of the Indian ocean are not boundless. The voyage duration from Japan to Europe with the passage through the Suez Canal is as long as 35 days. Reliability and promptitude of cargo delivery depends on the traffic capacity of the Strait of Malacca and the Suez Canal, on storms and hurricanes, pirate assaults in the Gulf of Aden, and on stability in the Persian Gulf.

The increase in size of long-distance container ships has also reached its limits. Larger ships require a substantial increase in fuel consumption and deep-water marine terminals. The Vice-President of the Eurasian Transport Union yu. Shcherbanin [1] pointed out that an increase in velocity of a contemporary container ship from 24 to 26.5 knots will also involve an increase in fuel consumption by 30%. Consumption of expensive fuels, however, makes super-large ships unprofitable and uncompetitive.

All this leads to a revival of the idea about the overland multimodal (rail-automobile) Europe-South Asia transport corridor. Early or late, a New Rotterdam will have to be created on the Indian ocean coast. The route from it to Europe through the countries of Central Asia will be shorter by a factor of three than transportation by vessels passing through the Suez Canal. Furthermore, all attractive routes for cargo owners will pass through Russia thereby, of course, intensifying the operation of Trans-Sib.

Since the issues relating to the road to the Indian ocean are primarily in the in-terests of Russia, in the event of a unified network with the track gauge of 1520 mm Russia will obtain a transport artery with appreciable gains in delivery speed and with no problems in case of relocation from the broad- to the narrow-gauge track. The rail-ways with a broad-gauge track exist, in addition to CIV countries, in the Baltic Region, Georgia, Bulgaria, Finland, Mongolia and Slovakia, and on some port territories in East Germany (formerly Mukran, currently Sassnitz) to a number of border transship-ment stations in China. According to the standards adopted in the post-Soviet space, Uzbekistan constructed the railway in Afghanistan from Termez to Mazari Sharif.

Investors of China insist on constructing narrow-gauge railways (with the track gauge of 1435 mm). In 2010, China announced the project envisaging the extension of its railways from the China-Kazakhstan border crossings to Heart (Afghanistan) and the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas Port). In 2011, China started the construction of the railway and a parallel motor road from Kashgar to Badakhshan in Tajikistan and further out along the Karakorum highway to Gwadar port in Pakistan that was con-structed and infrastructured by the Chinese. with the implementation of the project, Tajikistan will leave the bottle-neck zone to become a transit region, with the exit to the ports of the Indian ocean.

one further narrow-gauge possibility of reaching Uzbekistan from China through Kyrgyzstan has been discussed since the mid-1990s. The project received the name the



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Chinese-Kyrgyz-Uzbek Railway (CKURw), Its route from Kashgar through osh to Tashkent accurately patterns after the section of the Great Trans-Asian Railway as described by Jules Verne in his novel Clodius Bombarnac.

The challenges of China must stir up the aspirations of Russia to join the in-frastructure projects of Central Asia. China focuses on the construction of latitudinal railways adhering to the archetypes of the Great Silk Road. Russia, however, is likely to follow its direct meridional way to enable it to realize a journey beyond the three seas to India. In this case, the Chinese and Russian ways are not rivals at all; instead, they are mutually complementary. Their mutually perpendicular network shifts Central Asia to the heart of the world transport space. The region would become the center of transcontinental railways.

The track gauge shall not serve as a stumbling-block. The Russian meridional routes can be with a broad gauge, whereas the Chinese latitudinal routes with a narrow gauge. This would not cause any serious problems. on Sakhalin the arrow-gauge railway was constructed by the Japanese, and it is still in operation alongside the Russian standard track. A broad-gauge track is in operation in Finland, as in Russia, whereas in Sweden, which is bordered by Finland, the European narrow-gauge track is functioning. However, there are no problems whatsoever between these countries. Trains are rapidly relocated from one platform to the other.

It is of utmost current importance for Russia to adopt the strategy for the con-struction of meridional railways to the Indian ocean, perpendicular to the routes as planned by Beijing. The entry via them from Trans-Sib to the rapidly growing market of the countries of the Indian ocean will diversify Russias main railway.

The sustainable development of Economic belt along the Silk Road includes two parts: regional economy and ecological environment impacted by Silk Road construction and the constraints on Silk Road development influenced by ecological environment changes. Unlike any other large space, Central and South Asia are experiencing aridization and desertification. Glaciers in the mountains are thawing and retreating. The waters of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya are almost entirely diverted for irrigation purposes. The Aral Sea has dried up. And there is no water to irrigate free lands suitable for agricultural purposes in the former republics of Middle Asia.

China, Russian, Kazakhstan and other countries of Central Asia are natural disaster-prone countries. Earthquakes, geological hazards, floods, avalanches, drought, and biological hazards .etc may cause significant damage to ecological environment in economic belt along the Silk Road, which directly affecting the sustainable development of Silk Road.

For the last 150 years the population of Tajikistan has increased by a factor of 11.5, with a factor of 7 corresponding to Middle Asia as a whole. To date the popula-tion of the states in Middle Asia and of Azerbaijan doubles at an escalating rate every


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23-25 years and is half of Russias population. Should these tendencies continue, how-ever, the population size of the Islamic countries of the former USSR will be twice as large as in Russia by the year 2050. Nowadays, a growth of the Islamic world in the post-Soviet space is being deterred by europeanized thinking that manifested itself in the overcoming of the centuries-old tradition of polygamy. yet a universal return to this tradition is possible in the near future. And this process is at work already in Kazakhstan, for example which may well speed up the rate of increase in population of the former Soviet republic in Middle Asia by a factor of two as a minimum.

on the other hand, the huge areas of deserts and high mountains in Middle Asia are nearly or entirely devoid of permanent population, whereas some areas, oases and intermontane valleys are populated extremely densely. In places, the population den-sity exceeds 300 or even 400 persons/km2. Even in the mountains, such a density is not uncommon in some depression, valleys and gorges. If the population density is calculated not for the entire barren area of the deserts and mountains but only for the agricultural area, then in Central Asia it will turn out to be one of the highest in the world.

In Tajikistan, for example, 93% of its area is occupied by the mountains. Since world war II, the sown area per capita has reduced from 0.6 to 0.17 ha, whereas in the USSR it averaged 0.79 ha. Even in Soviet times, the Tajik Republic, with most of its inhabitants employed in agriculture, was unable to meet its own food requirements [2]. To date the food situation has aggravated still further. And all this is going on in paral-lel with a rapid urbanization of Central Asian countries. Thus, according to estimates as of 2011, the population size of Kabul is 6 mln. against 15 mln. of Afghanistan.

A population increase in Central and South Asia is favorable to the export pos-sibilities of the grain-producing areas of Siberia. Grain production in the regions of the Siberian Federal District (SFD) in 2009 amounted to about 20 mil. t, or substantially higher than the domestic demand about 12 mln. t, i.e. the export deliveries may well reach 8 mln. t already today [3]. Siberia is faced with outstanding possibilities of returning to the world market of agricultural produce as the leading exporter of food-stuffs. This time not to Europe which was the importer of Siberian grain before the Revolution. with the construction of the railway to the Indian ocean, Siberia will en-ter their markets to deliver not only grain but also any perishable agricultural produce (such as meat and milk).

Siberia has almost no rivals on the food market of Asia. A swift economic expansion in China is attended and per capita. A shortage of agricultural lands is due primarily to ecological factors. In the years of the Cultural Revolution, millions of hectares of pastures were plowed up in the steppes of North-west China and Inner Mongolia; they are now desertified lands. Deforestation of huge areas caused desiccation of soils. Currently these desertified territories are experiencing water and wind erosion. As a



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result, the groundwater table is lowering, and the rivers are becoming shallow. At the same time, food importation is escalating at a great pace, while China leads the world in overall harvesting of wheat (twice as large as in the USA), rice, and total production of meat (also twice as large as in the USA).

The pattern of production and consumption in Siberia and South Asia can be mutually complementary. Siberia can offer the southern countries metals, timber, coal, liquefied gas, and products of the engineering industry. The consumption rates of hy-drocarbons in the Central Asian region are estimated at double figures and hold promise for rapid recoupment of this railway with a further increase in fuel requirements. Popu-lation development necessarily involves an increase in the volumes of construction and demand for building materials, including for rural construction (housing, roads, and industrial agricultural production and agricultural produce processing facilities). For Indian ocean countries Russia, in turn, will become a good sales market of tex-tiles, furniture, inexpensive Indian automobiles, such as Tata Nano, and household equipment.

From India to Pakistan the railway network of Siberia and Central Asia is parti-tioned off with massive mountain chains of the Pamir Mountains and the Hindu Kush, and also with the Karakorum to the east. However, the state-of-the-art construction practices that have been successfully tested in the Andes and Tibet will help to cope with these difficulties. It is in the high mountains where it will be possible to build maximally straightened overland rail tracks consisting of modules manufactured under plant conditions and transported to the site by airships, or dirigibles the most energy efficient transportation mode. The assembly process through the use of dirigibles hov-ering over the place of installation of a section does not require any preparatory work on the track. Such tracks do not disturb traditional migration routes of animals and natural water courses; nor they need tremendous earth work [4].

The southern section of the North-South corridor will consist of the transport networks of India, Pakistan and Iran, and of the access sea routes from Indonesia, and from other states of the Asia-Pacific Region. The Northern section of the corridor corresponds to the network of Russian railways and water routes of the Arctic ocean, which would involve modernization of the operating national Arctic ports and the con-struction of new ones.

Research method The research of Silk Road sustainable development is on the basis of previous

work. we use modern technologies and integrate new methods to analysis ecological environment and disaster inducement factors. The method is scientifically and practicality, and also can predict major disaster events.

Landscape analysis is focused on landscape pattern definition and landscape


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function classification. Scientists in Russia and Kazakhstan make an important progress in this field, such as Maccay V.B. Sochava. The main feature of landscape ecological analysis is to reveal the feature of natural elements and artificial effects, so as to reflect the relevance and relationship between landscape factors. Landscape analysis is focused on landscape function and diagnoses the landscape situation. Landscape analysis is an important qualitative analysis. It can reveal the distribution, structure and function of landscape in a region. But it does not give quantitative results, such as development level, damage level and driving factors of landscape.

European and American scientists, such as Carl Troll (German), A.G. Tansley (German), T.T. Richard Forman (U.S.) and M. Godron (France) and so on, are focused on measure landscape characteristics by quantitative indexes. Landscape index analysis is focused on quantitative and positioning research on landscape pattern. It involves a large number of spatial data acquisition, RS and GIS work.

Based on the above analyses, we can fully understand landscape pattern and function by combining landscape analysis with landscape index analysis. That is using landscape analysis to research landscape pattern distribution and landscape index analysis to do quantitative analysis on landscape pattern change process. This is necessary for Silk Road ecological disaster analysis. But there is no unified landscape index in the world yet. we choose six main indexes as the base of landscape index analysis to research ecological disaster.

1. Patch density index: PDPatch density index is the ratio of plaques number in Silk Road and the total Silk

Road area.

PD: Patch density index; ni: Total number of all landscape plaques or number of a certain type of landscape plaque in the research area; A: The total area of the research area or total area of one certain type of landscape plaque.

2. Fragmentation index: FN

FN: Fragmentation index; NP: Total number of all landscape plaques; Nc: The ratio of total area and smallest plaque area. FN (0,1), 0: Landscape is completely untouched; 1: Landscape is completely destroyed.

Fragmentation reflects the fragmentation level of landscape. It also reflects the complexity of landscape spatial structure, the total number of landscape patches, and the ratio of total area and smallest plaque area. Fragmentation has great influence on ecological disaster. The increase of landscape fragmentation is a main reason of disaster.

3. Separation index: N



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Ni: Separation index of landscape type i; Di: Distance index of landscape type i; Si: Area index of landscape type i.

A: Total area of the research area; n: The total number of landscape plaque which type is i.

A: The total area of the research area; Ai: The total area of landscape plaque which type is i.

Separation index reflects the dispersion of different patches in a landscape. The greater the separation, the farther the distance between different patches in landscape, and the number of patches is relatively fewer. It plays certain restriction role in ecological disaster events.

4. Diversity index: H

H: Diversity index; Pi= Ni /N; m: Number of landscape types; Landscape diversity indicator reflects the number and the proportion of landscape

elements. Landscape diversity index and landscape damage index are positively correlated.

5. Dominance index: D

Hmax=log2 (m): Maximum of diversity index; D: Dominance index of the landscape.

Dominance index reflects one or a few indexes that dominate the landscape. That is the importance of the index in landscape. Large dominance index reflects landscape is dominated by one or a few indexes. Small dominance index reflects the difference between indexes is small and the dominance of different indexes is almost the same.

6. Evenness index: E

E: Evenness index; H: Shannon diversity index; Hmax= Maximum of Shannon diversity index.

Evenness index reflects evenness degree of different landscape types in the region. Evenness index and dominance index are negatively correlated. If evenness is low and landscape is prone to disasters, then major disaster is likely to happen.

The six indexes above provide important quantitative data for ecological hazard analysis and scientific basis for disaster perdition in corridor region.

Resources Satellite in monitoring ecological change process of Silk Road


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Sate

llite

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m (n

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0.78

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80


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82


Disaster monitoring and prediction in Silk Road.Based on RS and GIS technologies, we create an index system to determine

disaster risk level and create a disaster model to predict disasters through landscape analysis and landscape index analysis.

Disaster prediction process in Silk Road According to landscape analysis and landscape index analysis mentioned above,

we obtained landscape map (Figure 1), altitude map (Figure 2), slope map (Figure 3), topographic landscape map (Figure 4), fault distribution map (Figure 5), fault density map (Figure 6) rock hardness map (Figure 7) of the experimental area.

Landscape map (Figure 1)



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Elevation map (Figure 2)

Gradient map (Figure 3)

Topographic landscape map (Figure 4)


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Fault distribution map (Figure 5)

Fault density map (Figure 6)

Rock hardness map (Figure 7)



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Landscape index table

Patch density Index:

PD

Fragmentation index:

FN

Diversity index:

H

Dominance index:

D

Evenness index:

ELandscape 0.19 0.086 3.458 0.457 0.764Terrain Landscape 0.14 0.075 2.879 0.413 0.325Fault Landscape 0.004 0.0073 1.435 0.547 0.852Rock landscapes 0.6 0.054 1.612 0.986 0.687New Construction Landscape

0.09 0.011 1.231 0.853 0.648

Disasters level map

Conclusion Environmental monitoring and early-warning of economic belt along the Silk

Road is strategic and urgency. This project requires the joint efforts and multidisciplinary research by scientists in few countries. we suggest the government add the project to two governments cooperation program. our research is preliminary and focused on disaster analysis and prediction in corridor region. This can be a reference for future research of Silk Road sustainable development.

The Project of the Indo-Siberian Continental Railway (ISCR) can include sev-eral roads from the emerging Eurasian Union to India, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The vectors of the Eurasian railway routes of the 21st century terminate at the follow-ing points in three countries: Chabahar Port in Iran (on the border between Iran and Pakistan in the Arabian Sea), and Bandar-Abbas Port (in the Persian Gulf).

For Pakistan the railway vector from the Eurasian Union and China terminates


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at Gwadar Port (in the Arabian Sea) that is being constructed with the participation of China. For India, the vectors are different: the railway vector from Russia includes the central areas of India, and the capital city of New-Delhi; the sea and multimodal vector includes the ports of Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Visakhapatnam, and Jawaharlal Nehru Port. These ports are envisioned as the terminals for the International Transcontinental North-South Corridor (North-South ITC) from the Baltic Region to India. It can start directly from Trans- Sib and from its branches toward the north, and from the ports in the white and Barents Seas.

The Indo-Siberian Road is the endeavor of the first decades of the 21st century, but it seems likely that this project must start with one railway and with one concrete motor road. It is the Chui-Fergana road which will connect via a single route the Si-berian regions of Russia and Kazakhstan with the Kyrgyz, Tajik and Uzbek railways. The road will connect the Chui and Fergana valleys to become an organic continuation of the railways of Kazakhstan. It will reach the railway network of Uzbekistan thereby ensuring the construction of the Central Asian railway ring. This will contribute to easing the strained transport situation existing between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, be-cause the Fergana Valley can then be accessed by alternative railway. The construc-tion of the Chui-Fergana railway and its further ramification to the major deposits of mineral resources and to large hydroelectric power stations will enhance dramatically their investment attractiveness. Exploitation of mineral resources can then be accessed by Russia and Kazakhstan. The connection of the north and south of Kyrgyzstan will be an important stride forward in strengthening the regions geopolitical security.

The tentative cost of the railway will vary from 1.5 to 5 billion US dollars, de-pending on the selected route. The startup project must be initiated by Russia and Ka-zakhstan, with direct participation of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. only after starting the construction of the meridional road can the question be raised concerning the attrac-tion of major states, such as China, Pakistan and Iran as well as the European Union, Japan and the USA which, within the framework of the International Commission of UN ESCATo, support all such transcontinental transport and infrastructure projects.

when considering the long-range strategy of development of Central Asia, it is necessary already now to proceed from the emergence of the Indo-Siberian will remain on paper only. However, the interests of Russia as the Eurasian power, are geared not only toward the west, East and North but also, of course, toward the South. In this context, the significance of the Central Asian region is enhanced for Russia. In order to attract appreciable investment in this region, it is necessary to have a fundamentally different investment project with a different scope of activity.

The task of constructing the railway from Russia to India was formulated as early as the 1880s. The route was planned through the Fergana Valley, todays Kyrgyz osh, and the Pamir mountains which are in Tajikistan and in Afghanistan at present,



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and through todays disputable area in Pakistan. The idea of the great railway route which would connect Europe with India, is as old as the history of railway construction itself in general, remarks the orientalist M.L. Pavlovich [5] and makes a reference to a brochure written by Pereira in 1830, containing the project of construction of the railway to India.

The year 1874 saw the publication of the plan construct the Indo-Volga Railway from Saratov to India. The originator of the project Stepan Baranovskii wrote: The Indo-Volga Railway will have a tremendous influence upon the whole of Russia, by exalting and ennobling its trade significance. For our trade relations with the East Indies, we have been using the mediation of England and Holland; then, on the contrary, Great Britain and the Netherlands, with their possessions washed by the Indian ocean, will be trading through the mediation of Russia using the straightest, nearest, speediest and safest route by railway through Saratov on the Volga and Attoka on the Indus [6].

The first thing done by the Russian Empire in Middle Asia was to build the railway to the Fergana Valley. The second thing done by Soviet Power thereafter was to complete the Turkestan-Siberian Railway (commonly abbreviated as the Turk-Sib). And these routes were indeed heading for the Indian ocean. At that period, however, the state border of the USSR running along the Amu Darya actually blocked the transcontinental meridional projects and the ancient trade routes.

To date, because of high speeds and destruction of boundaries, the map of Central Asia has become more compact. Everything on it came closer together. Much nearer is now the Indian ocean. It became closer to Central Asia than the Baltic Sea, albeit quite the reverse has been true over the last 150 years. The populated part of the Pacific Rim became so close that the countries of East Asia declared themselves as a land bridge between the main economic poles of the planet Earth EEC (European Economic Community) and APR (Asia- Pacific Region). Siberia must take advantage of its favorable geostrategic location.

ACKNowLEDGMENTS

This work was done with financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects 12-06-00310, 13-05-12011 and 14-07-00920).

REFERENCES 1. Shcherbanin yu.A., The Foundations of Logistics, Moscow; Unity-Dana, 2007 (in

Russ). 2. Shustov A.V., There Will Be More Blood in Central Asia Than in Egypt, Postsovet,

Blog Central Asia, 2011, http&//www.postsovet.ru/blog/asia/67890.html (in Russ).3. Korolev S.V., We Will Feed Asia, Chestnoe slovo, November 11, 2009 (in Russ).4. Goncharenko S.S., The Strategy of Russia 21st Century: Transport, Economy,

Integration, Security, Proc. Intern. Scient. Pract. Conf. on Eurasian Space: Priorities of


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Socioeconomic Development, May 12, 2011, Moscow, Moscow: Izd. tsentr EAOI, 2011, vol. 1, 200-209 (in Russ).

5. Pavlovich M.P., Imperialism and Struggle for Great Future Railway and Sea Routes, Concerning the Question of the Reasons Behind the World War, 4th Edition, Leningrad: Gos. izd-vo, 1925 (in Russ).

6. Baranovskii St., Indo-Volga Railroad, Niva, no. 34, 536-539http:zerrspiegel.orientphil.uni-halle.de/i53.htmlhttp://www.ruzgd.ru/indiya_volga (in Russ).

616.99. 576.895.121.56. 599.73

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. (62,96%) . 42,65%, , - 77,65%. -: 40,6% 66,67%. 66,67% 88,24%, 77,65%.

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. () - (62,96%). 42,65%, (77,65%) . - : 40,6%- , 66,67%- . 66,67% - 88,24%- , 77,65%- .

: , , , , .

PARABRoNEMA ToSISoF CAMELSIN IRAKThe occurrence and prevalence dynamics of Parabronematosis in the camels organism

in different provinces of Iraq is identified. A high invasiveness (62.96%) of camels by this nematode in Iraq is determined. In the province of Diwaniyah infestation level was 42,65%, in the province of Najaf a higher infestation level of camels is detected, which is equal 77,65%. Dynamics of Parabronematosis occurrence in provinces is different: from September to No-vember in Diwaniyah it held up within 40,6% and in December it rose to 66,67%. In Najaf

.. -

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from September to November it held from 66.67% to 88,24%, averaging 77,65%.Keywords: parabronematosis, camel, Irak, dynamic, prevalence.

Parabronemaskrjabini Rassowska, 1924, Spirurida Chitwood, 1933, Spirurata Railliet, 1914, Parabronematinae Skrjabin, 1941, Parabronema Baylis, 1921 . [9], - [7], [10]. .. [1] P. skrjabini , - , , . [6], [5], [4]. . , - [10], , .

. 162 -. (68 94 -). 2012-2013 . [3]. .., 1928 [2].

. - 62,96%. - , 55,56% 79,31% ( 1, 1). ( 1). - (42,65%) (77,65%).

P. Skrjabini - , 34,78% 66,67%. - (66,67%) , , 88,24%.

Parabronema Baylis, 1921. - . P.skrjabini -, Lyperosiatitillans, L. ir-ritans, Pareglealatavensis [3]. , ,

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Оқы – №2(62), маусым, 2014

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