Absolute: A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured

WOOD PROCUCTS GLOSSAYhttp://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/glossary.php/Absolute: A measure having as its zero point or base the complete absence of the entity being measured.

Absolute pressure: The pressure above zero absolute, i.e., the sum of atmospheric and gauge pressure. In vacuum related work it is usually expressed in millimeters, or inches, of mercury.

Acceptance sampling: A statistical quality control method that seeks to determine the quality of a product by sampling a small portion of it. It does not assure that 100 percent of the product is acceptable, but reduces the likelihood of acceptance of a defective product.

Accumulator: A container in which fluid (generally nitrogen) is stored under pressure as a source of fluid power.

Acre (a): A unit of area used in English-speaking countries, equal to 4,840 square yards (0.405 hectares).

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Across the grain: The direction at right angles to the length of the fibres and other longitudinal elements of the wood.

Active falling area: The area within two tree-length radius of where a faller or a mechanized falling machine is operating.

Actuator: A device for converting pneumatic or hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. A motor or cylinder.

Adhesive: A substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment. It is a general term and includes cements, mucilage, and paste, as well as glue.

Adult wood: Wood which characteristically has relatively constant cell size, well-developed structural patterns, and stable physical behaviour; also called Mature wood.

Adverse (grade): Ascending grade in the direction of travel.

Aeration: Air in the hydraulic fluid. Excessive aeration causes the fluid to appear milky and components to operate erratically because of the compressibility of the air trapped in the fluid.

Aerial logging: A logging system which fully suspends the logs such as done by helicopters or balloons. Not to be confused with cable systems which use cables and supports.

Age class: Any interval into which the age range of trees, forests, stands or forest types is divided for classification and use. Forest inventories commonly group trees into 20-year age class groups.

Air velocity: The speed of airflow through the stickers, crossouts, and around the lumber expressed in feet per minute (fpm) or metres per second (mps).

Air-dried: Lumber that was dried by exposure to air in a yard or shed, without artificial heat.

Airflow: The pattern of air movement within a dry kiln. This pattern varies with kiln design, loading methods, and level of maintenance and operation.

Allowable annual cut (AAC): The volume of timber that may be harvested annually from a specific timber tenure.

Allowable cut: The amount of wood that can be removed from a landowner's property during a certain time span, without exceeding the net growth during that same time on the property

Along the grain: The direction parallel with the length of the fibres and other longitudinal elements of the wood.

Alternate top bevel: A design for a circular saw blade where teeth are alternately beveled.

American Lumber Standards: Provisions for softwood lumber dealing with recognized classification, nomenclature, basic grades, sizes, descriptions, measurements, tally shipping, provisions, grade marking, and inspection of lumber. The primary purpose of these standards is to serve as a guide in preparing or revising grading rules of the various lumber manufacturers' associations. A purchaser must, however, make use of association rules because the basic standards are not in themselves commercial rules.

Amplifier

A device for amplifying the error signal sufficiently to cause actuation of the stroke control. Several types of servo amplifiers are used at the present time: electronic (DC, AC, phase sensitive, and magnetic) and mechanical.

Amplitude of sound

The loudness of a sound.

Analog

A continuous range of numbers or values.

Anisotropic

Exhibiting different properties when measured along different axes. In general, fibrous materials such as wood are anisotropic.

Annual growth

Layer of wood developed by a tree during a given year; same as annual or seasonal increment.

Annual growth rings

The layer of growth that a tree puts on in one year. The annual growth rings can be seen in the end grain of lumber.

Annular area

A ring shaped area - often refers to the net effective area of the rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area minus the cross-sectional area of the rod.

Anti-sap stain

A wood treatment used to prevent fungus from staining the wood.

Anvil (swage)

The fixed jaw in a swaging device that supports the back of the tooth while the die or roller presses against the front of the tooth.

Appearance grades

High-line regular board and dimension grades that include tighter restrictions on certain appearance characteristics, particularly wane.

Arbor

The shaft on which a circular saw blade or chip head is mounted.

Atmospheric pressure

Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific location. (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)

Autoclave

Cylindrical vessel in which wood is impregnated with a preservative under high pressure. Used to treat lumber, roundwood posts and poles or any other wood based product which must be protected from rot or insect attack.

View: Post/Pole Treatment Autoclave

Axial force

A push (compression) or pull (tension) acting along the length of a member, expressed in kilonewtons (pounds).

Axial stress

The axial force acting at a point along the length of a member divided by the cross-sectional area of a member, expressed in kilopascals (pounds per square inch).

Back clearance

The angle between the back of a tooth and a tangent of the circumference or cutting circle. Same as Clearance angle.

Back connected

A condition where pipe connections are on normally unexposed surfaces of hydraulic equipment. (Gasket mounted units are back connected.)

Back pressure

A pressure in series. Usually refers to pressure existing on the discharge side of a load. It adds to the pressure required to move the load.

Backcut

The final cut in felling a tree by hand, made on the side opposite the intended direction of fall, after the undercut.

Backhaul

A delivery by tractor-trailer originates from where the trailer is loaded, the load is delivered to a destination, then the trucker returns home. If the return is also a paying load to be delivered to the vicinity of the trucker's home, that load is called a backhaul. If the trucker returns home empty, that run is called a "deadhead".

Backing veneer

The layer of veneer used on the reverse side of a piece of plywood from the face or decorative side.

Backrest

A wood bench opposite the tensioner, used to support a circular saw when checking tension.

Baffle

1. A barrier in a dry kiln used to deflect and control airflow through the lumber.

2. A device, usually a plate, installed in a reservoir to separate the pump inlet from return lines.

Baffle, end

A hinged baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap at the end of the lumber next to the doors.

Baffle, floor

A hinged or stationary baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap at the bottom of the lumber unit, preventing air from escaping under the load.

Baffle, overhead

A hinged baffle in a dry kiln that closes the gap between the overhead fan deck and the top of the lumber load.

Baghouse dust collector

An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

View: Baghouse Examples

Band saw

A saw made from steel, butt welded into an endless belt or band with teeth on one or both edges arranged to cut sequentially.

Band sawmill: An evolution in sawmill technology that uses a thinner band saw blade (less kerf therefore less sawdust waste) than a circular saw. A bandsaw can also have teeth on both sides that allows cuts to be made in two directions instead of just one, improving efficiency and productivity.

Bar or blade

That part of the chainsaw upon which the cutting chain moves.

Barberchair

A vertical split in a tree, generally caused by an insufficient undercut or by neglecting to cut the sapwood on both sides of a heavy leaning tree before felling. Results in a stump which looks like a high-backed chair. Very dangerous to the faller.

Bark

The outermost, protective layer, of a tree.

Bark pocket

A small area of bark around which normal wood has grown; an opening between annual growth rings that contains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.

View: Bark Pocket

Barn poles

Roundwood used for highway sign posts.

Barrier wrap

Treated or untreated roundwood encased in a wrap for wood protection. Also keeps wood treatments from leaching into the surroundings.

View: Barrier Wrap Examples

Basal area

Cross sectional area of a tree, in square feet, measured at breast height. Used as a method of measuring the volume of timber in a given stand.

Base of tree

That portion of a natural tree not more than three feet above ground level.

Basis weight

1. The weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to a given standard size for that

particular paper grade.

2. For linerboard and corrugating medium, the weight of the paper per 1,000 sq. ft.

Baud rate

The speed at which data is transmitted and received over serial communication lines. The equipment on both sides of the communications line must be set up to send and receive data at the same rate.

BCTMP

Bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp.

Bearings

A part on which the arbor, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves.

Beehive burner

A wood waste incinerator.

Belt

Part of the conveyor on which pieces of wood are displaced.

Bending strength

A measure of the resistance of wood to an applied bending stress which is a combination of three primary stresses, i.e., compressive, tensile, and shear stresses.

Bevel cut

An angled cut through a board.

Big box stores

Large, warehouse-type lumber and building material stores catering to do-it-yourself (DIY) shoppers. Home Depot and Lowes are examples.

Bight

A work area made hazardous by a line or equipment under tension.

Biodegradable

Something that breaks down to its component parts in the environment.

Biomass

The quantity of biological matter of one or more species present on a unit area. With respect to trees, biomass can be expressed in terms of various components (wood, bark, foliage, roots, etc.) of all trees on a unit area or of a single tree; biomass quantities of trees are commonly expressed on an oven-dry weight basis.

Biomass boiler

Biomass boilers burn bark, sander dust and other wood-related scrap not usable in product production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam and heat for mill use.

Bit

The smallest unit of memory in a computer. A bit is a single digit and can only have the values 0 or 1. Bits are combined into words of memory.

Bite (feed per tooth)

The depth of cut per tooth, inch. In general, the formula is: bite = distance between teeth (in inches) times feed speed (in feet per minute) divided by saw velocity (in feet per minute). More simply it is the distance the log or cant advances into the saw between successive teeth.

View: Bandmill Formula, Gang Edger Formula, Quad Sawbox Formula

Bleaching, pulp

The process of removing residual lignin from pulp to improve the brightness and strength.

Bleed-off

To divert a specific controllable portion of hydraulic pump delivery directly to reservoir.

Blow down

Tree or trees felled by wind. Also known as Windfall.

Blue stain

A bluish or dim-grayish discoloration of the sapwood caused by the growth of certain dark-colored fungi on the surface and in the interior of the wood, made possible by the same conditions that favor the growth of other fungi. Also known as Sap stain or Sapwood stain.

View: Blue Stain

Board: Lumber that is nominally less than two inches thick and two inches or more wide.

Board edger: Machine centre for removing the wane from the sides of flitches.

View: Board Edger Examples

Functional Description:

Board edgers are used to process flitches into nominal sized boards. The flitches are scanned and optimized for the highest value. The flitch os processed through the edger producing boards and tailings (edgings). At the outfeed of the edger the tailings are diverted to a chipper In the case of a chipping edger, the wane is chipped off in the edging process and there are no tailings to handle.

On a transverse board edger the flitch is scanned transversely and the flitch is then positioned to the saws in the infeed with fetchers or board positioners. With a lineal, or linear board edger the flitch is stabilized on a belt or chain and scanned lenealy as it is transported to the edger. The saws position to the cut line and angle and slew as the flitch passes through the sawbox.

Feedrolls and bed chains, along with overhead press rolls, control the flitch through the edger. Saws mounted on the arbor position to edge the flitches. The tailing on a saw edger is done with picker fingers or shifting belts.

English Terminology: board edger, edgers, lineal,linear, transverse, saw, chip, chipping, flitch, flitches, lumber, boards, timber, sawmill, planer mill, plywood plant, oriented strand board, medium density fibre board, wet mill, dry mill

French Terminology: dligneuse, bordures, en ligne directe, linaire, transversale, scie, copeaux, copeaux, dosse, frises, bois, panneaux, bois, scierie, rabotage, usine de contreplaqu, panneaux copeaux orients, panneaux de fibres de moyenne densit, mouture humide, mouture sec

GermanTerminology: Brett Edger, Kantenschneider, direkte, lineare, Quer, Sge-, Chip, Chipping, Flitch, Schwarten, Bauholz, Bretter, Holz, Sgewerk, Hobelwerk, Sperrholz, Pflanze, OSB, mitteldichte Faserplatte, Zerkleinerer, trocken,

Spanish Terminology: canteadora, bordeadoras, lineal, lineal, de corte transversal, sierra, viruta, astillas, costero, adosados, madera aserrada, tableros, madera, aserraderos, fbrica de cepillo, planta de madera contrachapada, tableros de fibra orientada, tablero de fibra de densidad media, beneficio hmedo, beneficio secohttp://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/content_menu.php/16/board_edgers_edger.htmlBoard foot

A unit of measurement of lumber represented by a board 1 foot long, 12 inches wide, and 1 inch thick or its metric equivalent. In practice, the board foot calculation for lumber 1 inch or more in thickness is based on its nominal thickness and width and the actual length. Lumber with a nominal thickness of less than 1 inch is calculated as 1 inch.

View: Board Foot

Boiler

Steam generation equipment.

Bolt

A short section of a tree trunk. In veneer production, a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe.

Bolt circle

A circle scribed around the arbor hole of a circle saw which has one or more holes laid out to receive bolts.

Bond strength

The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, cleavage, or shear, required to break an adhesive assembly, with failure occurring in or near the plane of the bond.

Bone-dry ton (BDT)

Material that weighs 2,000 pounds at zero percent moisture content. Also known as an Ovendry ton or Bone Dry Metric Ton.

Bone-dry unit (BDU)

A quantity of wood residue that would weigh 2,400 pounds at zero percent moisture content.

Boom

A raft of logs or a string of logs chained together, end to end, used to hold floating logs. A means of log storage or transportation.

Boomboat

Any boat used to push or pull logs, boom, bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.

Bound moisture

Moisture which is closely bound to the cell wall constituents of wood.

Bound water

Water that is bound within the cell wall of wood. Water held in wood below the fiber saturation point. Bound water moves by diffusion.

Bow

A lumber defect referring to deviation from a straight line drawn end to end along the wide face of a piece of lumber. See also Warp.

View: Bow

Braze

As in welding, a method of adhering or soldering carbide or other hard metal teeth inserts, or joining pieces of metal.

Breather

A device which permits air to move in and out of a container or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.

British thermal unit (Btu)

The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Broad-leaved trees

Trees which shed their leaves in the autumn. Most broadleaved or deciduous trees are hardwoods and have broad leaves.

Brow log

A log or a suitable substitute placed parallel to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber products, or materials.

Brown rot

Any decay in wood in which the attack is confined to the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than the lignin, producing a light to dark brown friable residue - hence the term "dry rot". An advanced stage of brown rot where the wood splits along rectangular planes, in shrinking, is referred to as "cubical rot".

Buck

To saw felled trees into log lengths. Note: In some two person felling operations, one member may fall the tree and the other may limb and buck it. The second person is often called a "bucker". Usually the two members interchange the duties throughout the work day.

Bucking

Cross-cutting felled trees into logs or bolts.

Buckskin

A log or tree with the bark fallen off.

Building poles

Roundwood that is commonly used vertically as supports for structures.

Bulbs

General term referring to the drybulb and wetbulb sensors within a kiln.

Bulk density

Factor used to convert between solid wood equivalent of processed wood such as chips, pulp, particleboard, and sawdust. The solid wood equivalent volume is considered to have a bulk density factor of one.

Bunk

To place the empty trailer of a logging truck on the tractor unit's bunk for the trip back to the landing.

Bunk support

The horizontal kiln truck supports on which the lumber is placed for drying.

Burl

A swirl or twist in the grain of wood, usually occurring near a knot, but which itself does not contain a knot. Valued as the source of highly-figured burl veneers used for ornamental purposes.

Butt

Bottom of a felled part of a tree; large end of a log.

Butt cut

The first cut above the stump of a tree.

Butt log

First log cut above the stump. Also known as Butt cut.

Butt rot

Decay or rot characteristically confined to the base or lower bole of a tree.

Cable logging

A yarding system employing winches and cables from a fixed position (usually a yarder and tower of some sort).

Cable yarding

The movement of felled trees or logs from the area where they are felled to the landing on a system composed of a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The trees or logs may be either dragged across the ground on the cable or carried while suspended from the cable.

Calender

To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between steel rollers during manufacture.

Calibration

1. Adjusting the control or recording equipment to reflect the actual control or recording

temperatures.

2. Procedures that involve scanning an object of known size. Calibration is used to adjust

scanner readings for greater accuracy.

Calorific value

The potential heat-production value of a wood source. Depends on the cellulose-lignin ratio, the percentage of extractives, and the moisture content.

Cambium

The layer of tissue dividing the bark from the wood, which forms new bark to the outside and new wood to the inside as the tree grows.

Can velocity

The velocity of the gas in the passages between the filter units in the filter house of a gas filter.

Canopy

The forest layer made up of the crowns of the tallest trees.

Cant

Piece of wood produced by a canter that requires further breakdown.

Canter

A machine that converts logs into a square, rectangular or two-sided cant for further processing. Canters may be configured with conical disk heads or drum heads. They may include double length or single length infeeds. Circular or band saw sections can be included to produce side boards.

View: Canter Examples

Functional Description:

Canters are used to process logs, or blocks, into flitches, cants and boards. A canter usually consists of a log turner, double or single length infeed, chipping section and a saw section. The chipping heads can be conical disc or drum head style. The saws can be circular or band saws.

With a single pass machine the log turner, infeed, chipping heads, saw section and gang edger are all in one main machine. The log or block is optimized once and that position / sawing solution is used for all axis of log turning, positioning, chipping and sawing. Flitches and boards are produced.Double and single length infeed canter systems typically scan the log for optimum rotation and rescan in the infeed after rotation. After turning and rescanning, the log is skewed and / or tilted then slewed in the infeed as it is being fed to the chipping section. These canters can be two sided canters or four sided canters and can be cant only or produce side boards (flitches). With a four sided canter a bottom spline is produced on the bottom of the cant to guide piece through the canter. At the canter outfeed the spline is removed with a spline remover head.Sharp chain log reducers consist of a pipe log turner and sharp chain infeed. The log is rotated and impaled onto the sharp chain. The sharp chain transports the log through the chipping heads and saws.English Terminology: canter, canters, sharp chain, single pass, log turner, double length infeed, single length infeeds, chipping section, conical disc head, drum heads, saw section, separator outfeed, optimization, optimizer, optimizers, optimal, log, logs, block, blocks, board, boards, lumber, flitches, cants, sawmill, wet mill

French Terminology: galop, galop, la chane affte, un seul passage, tourne-billes, entre double longueur, infeeds seule longueur, la section caillage, la tte du disque conique, peaux de tambour, vu l'article, le sparateur de sortie, l'optimisation, l'optimiseur, optimisation, optimale, journal, journaux, bloc , blocs, conseil, conseils, bois, frises, cabane, une scierie, moulin tanche

GermanTerminology: Galopp, Galopp, scharfe Kette, Single-Pass, Stammwender, doppelter Lnge Einlauf, einzelne Lnge Einspeisungen, Chipping-Sektion Kegelscheibensatz Kopf, Felle, sah Sektion Separator Auslauf, Optimierung, Optimierer, Optimierer, optimale, log, Protokolle, Block , Blcke, Brett, Bretter, Schnittholz, Schwarten, Schmierstoffe, Sgewerk, Namhle

SpanishTerminology: galope, galopes, cadena afilada, una sola pasada, tornero de registro, de doble longitud alimentaciones de entrada, sola longitud, seccin de astillado, la cabeza del disco cnico, cabezas de tambor, vio seccin, separador de salida, optimizacin, optimizador, optimizadores, registro ptimo, troncos, bloques , bloques, tablero, tableros, madera, adosados, solicitantes, molino de aserradero, mojado

http://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/content_menu.php/46/canter_canters.htmlCapillary action

The combination of solid-liquid adhesion and surface tension by which liquid moves through a cellular structure.

Capping head

Equipment used to form a cap (chamfer) on the end of roundwood posts. Consists of a rotating cutterhead. Also called doming/domer.

View: Capping Head Examples

Carbide

Tungsten carbide used for tooth inserts that are attached to the tooth face tip to provide a hard wear surface.

Cardboard

A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc. Corrugated containers are not made of cardboard.

Carriage

A frame on which are mounted the headblocks, setworks, and other mechanisms for holding a log while it is being sawed, and also for advancing the log toward the saw line after a cut has been made. The carriage frame is mounted on trucks which travel on tracks, the carriage being actuated by a hydraulic piston, or motor and cable.

Cartridge

1. The replaceable element of a fluid filter.

2. The pumping unit from a vane pump, composed of the rotor, ring, vanes and one or both side

plates.

Casehardening

A condition of stress-and-set in dry wood in which the outer fibers are under compressive stress and the inner fibers under tensile stress. The stresses persist after the lumber is dry and cause warp if the wood is remachined after drying. See Reverse casehardening.

Cat

Often short for Caterpillar tractor, or any other brand of bulldozer-type tractor. May refer to a skidding tractor or a earthmoving bulldozer.

Cat face

Deformed tree trunk surface usually caused by fire, disease or rot.

Cat skinner

The person who operates a cat.

Cavitation

A localized gaseous condition within a liquid stream which occurs where the pressure is reduced to the vapor pressure.

CCA

Copper Chrome Arsenate, a wood preservative.

Cell

General term for the minute units of wood structure including wood fibres, vessel segments and other elements.

Cellulose

The carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood and forms the framework of the wood cells.

Celsius (C)

The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 under normal atmospheric conditions. C = (F - 32) 1.8.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Centimetre (cm)

A metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre. 2.54 cm is equal to one inch.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Centrifugal force

The force which impels a thing, or parts of a thing, outward from a center of rotation.

Chainsaw firewood processor

Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a chainsaw (often hydraulic powered) to buck the logs into blocks.

Channel

A fluid passage, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Charge (supercharge)

1. To replenish a hydraulic system above atmospheric pressure.

2. To fill an accumulator with fluid under pressure. (See Precharge pressure)

Charge pressure

The pressure at which replenishing fluid is forced into the hydraulic system (above atmospheric pressure).

Check

A splitting of the wood fibers within or on a log or lumber. Checks result from uneven wood shrinkage.

View: Checks

Check valve

A valve which permits flow of fluid in one direction only.

Chemical pulp

The product of the reduction of wood or other fiber into component parts during cooking with various chemical liquors in processes such as sulfate, sulfite, and soda pulping.

Chemically protected lumber

Lumber treated with anti-stain chemicals to protect it in transit.

Chemimechanical pulp (CMP)

A product made by pretreating chips with chemicals at a temperature usually below 100C, followed by atmospheric refining.

Chip

1. (n.) Small piece of wood used as fibre for the pulp process; the product of canter chipper

heads and chippers. Chips are larger and coarser than sawdust.

2. (v.) To mechanically reduce logs or whole trees to small pieces for fuel, pulp, or chipboard

manufacture.

Chip load

The quantity of wood removed by an individual knife as it cuts on each pass.

Chipboard

A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.

Chipper

Device used to transform pieces of wood to chips.

View: Chipper ExamplesFunctional Description:

Chippers are used to process trees, stems, logs or blocks into wood chips for making pulp and paper.

A chipper consists of a housing containing a rotating disc. Chipping knives, counter knives and clamps are mounted to the chipper disc. As fibre is fed into the chipper it is chipped to the length determined by the setting of the distance of the chipper knife to the chipper disc face plate.

There are several types of chippers. Disc chipper, slant disc chipper and drum chippers are the most common type. Drum chippers are primarily used for trim blocks while disc chippers are used for whole log chipping and chipping of longer materials including whole log chipping and edger tailings. Chippers can be horizontal feed or drop feed.

English Terminology: disc chippers, drum chipper, chipping knives, knife, stems, logs, blocks, flitches, edger tailings, wood chips, sawmill, planer mill, plywood plant, oriented strand board, medium density fibre board, pulp, paper, wet mill, dry mill

FrenchTerminology: dchiqueteuses disque, dchiqueteuse tambour, l'effritement des couteaux, des couteaux, des tiges, journaux, blocs, frises, des rsidus de dlignage, copeaux de bois, scierie, rabotage, usine de contreplaqu, panneaux copeaux orients, panneaux de fibres de densit moyenne, de ptes, papiers, mouture humide, sec moulinGermanTerminology: Scheibenhacker, Trommelhacker, Hackmesser, Messer, Stengel, Stmme, Blcke, Schwarten, edger Bergematerial, Holzspne, Sgewerk, Hobelwerk, Sperrholz Pflanze, OSB, mitteldichte Faserplatte, Zellstoff, Papier, Zerkleinerer, trocken MhleSpanishTerminology: trituradoras de disco, tambor de la astilladora, picar cuchillos, un cuchillo, tallos, troncos, bloques, adosados, relaves bordeadora, astillas de madera, aserraderos, fbrica de cepillo, planta de madera contrachapada, tableros de fibra orientada, tablero de fibra de densidad media, pulpa, papel, beneficio hmedo y seco molinohttp://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/content_menu.php/92/chipper_chippers.html

Chipper canter: A headrig machine that reduces debarked logs directly to chips and cants without producing sawdust.

Choke

A restriction, the length of which is large with respect to its cross-sectional dimension.

Choker

Short length of wire rope that forms a noose around the end of a log for hauling.

Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)

The most commonly used chemical for pressure treating lumber.

Circuit

An arrangement of components interconnected to perform a specific function within a system.

Circular headsaw

A circular plate having cutting teeth on the circumference and used to ripsaw logs.

Circular saw

A circular metal plate with teeth on the circumference that rotates on an arbor.

Circular saw firewood processor

Equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Uses a circular saw to buck the logs into blocks.

Circular sawmill

The traditional sawmill uses a circular saw. Circular saws are thicker (larger kerf) than band saws and produce more sawdust. Logs can be cut moving on the carriage in only one direction, then the carriage returns and turns the log for the next cut.

Clear

Lumber or logs that are free or practically free of defects. First quality lumber or log.

Clear-cut

An area in which all of the trees have been or will be felled, bucked and skidded in one operation. When all trees in a given area are felled.

Clearance angle

The angle between a tangent to the cutting circle of a tooth and a line along the top of the tooth intersecting this tangent.

Climb cut

The circular saw blade rotates in the same direction as the material is fed during the cutting process.

Climb sawing

See Climb cut.

Clipper loss

During the manufacture of veneer, the ribbon of veneer is cut to specific sizes by a device called a clipper. Losses during this step occur because of unacceptable defects (knots, rot, etc.) in the veneer, splits and breakage, or sizing.

Closed canopy

The description given to a stand when the crowns of the main level of trees forming the canopy are touching and intermingled, and form a barrier to light penetrating the forest floor from above.

Closed center circuit

One in which flow through the system is blocked in neutral and pressure is maintained at the maximum pressure control setting.

Closed center valve

One in which all ports are blocked in the center or neutral position.

Closed loop

A system in which the output of one or more elements is compared to some other signal to provide an actuating signal to control the output of the loop.

Co-gen operation

Refers to the production of usable steam and electricity using a particular kind of fuel (for example, woodchips, oil, coal, hydro).

Cogeneration

The process of burning fuel to produce electricity and usable steam.

Coils

The radiant heating surface within steam or oil-heated kilns. The coils contain the steam or oil and transfer its heat through the coil wall to heat the kiln air, producing condensate in the process.

Coils, center

The steam or oil coils that are positioned between the kiln tracks. Also called Booster coils.

Coils, overhead

The steam or oil coils positioned overhead at or on the fan deck.

Cold deck

A stack of logs left for later transportation (in the woods), or a deck of logs at the mill for winter use.

Collapse

The flattening of single cells or rows of cells during the drying or pressure treatment of wood. Often characterized by a caved-in or corrugated ("washboarded") appearance of the wood surface.

Collar

A flange mounted on the saw arbor to support the blade on one or both sides. If the collar is fixed to the arbor, it is called the fixed collar. If not, it is a loose collar.

Collarless saws

The saw floats on the arbor being keyed directly to the arbor itself.

Column

A free standing axially loaded compression member, usually vertical.

Combustion

Consumption by oxidation, evolving heat, and, generally, also flame and incandescence.

Command signal (or input signal)

An external signal to which the servo must respond.

Commercial thinning

A silviculture treatment that "thins" out an overstocked stand by removing trees that are large enough to be sold as products such as poles or fence posts. It is carried out to improve the health and growth rate of the remaining crop trees. As compared to "juvenile spacing".

Compaction

Close packing of chips in a given volume of space in order to minimize the voids between the individual chips.

Compensator control

A displacement control for variable pumps and motors which alters displacement in response to pressure changes in the system as related to its adjusted pressure setting.

Composites

Built-up, bonded products consisting wholly of natural wood, or in combination with metals, plastics, etc.

Compressibility

The change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure.

Compression failure

Deformation of the wood fibres resulting from excessive compression along the grain either in direct end compression or in bending. In surfaced lumber, compression failures may appear as fine wrinkles across the face of the piece.

Compression wood

Abnormal wood formed on the lower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees. Compression wood is identified by its relatively wide annual rings (usually eccentric when viewed on cross section of branch or trunk), relatively large amount of summerwood, sometimes more than 50% of the width of the annual rings in which it occurs, and its lack of demarcation between earlywood and latewood in the same annual rings. Compression wood shrinks excessively lengthwise, as compared with normal wood.

View: Compression Wood

Computer simulations

Computer software that models actions or occurrences in the real world.

Condensate

Water formed by removing heat from steam within the kiln heating coils.

Conditioning

A process for relieving the stresses present in wood at the end of drying.

Conditioning treatment

A treatment applied to equilibrate the moisture content of wood to a particular value.

Conifer

Tree that is a gymnosperm, usually Evergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves, producing wood known commercially as softwood.

Coniferous

A type of tree which is cone-bearing and has needles or scale-like leaves, such as Pine and Spruce.

Containerboard

The components (linerboard, corrugating medium and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard.

Control

A device used to regulate the function of a unit (See Hydraulic control, Manual control, Mechanical control, and Compensator control).

Control console

Fabricated metal cabinet housing buttons and switches for the control of a machine center.

Control valve

A device that controls the flow of liquids or gases.

Conventional cut

The circular saw rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed. Also called Counter sawing.

Conveyor

Wood transport system (logs, lumbers, chips, etc.).

Cord

Stacks of wood 4' high by 4' wide by 8' long. One cord is the equivalent of 128 cubic feet, 4.7 cubic yards. The weight of a cord varies if it is green (freshly cut), seasoned (partially air dried), or dry (KD or kiln-dried). Commonly used for smaller timber utilized for firewood or pulping.

Cord

A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark.

Core

The innermost portion of plywood usually composed of veneer. Also referred to as a "center." A core may also be made of fiberboard, particleboard or lumber.

Core stock

A solid or discontinuous center ply used in panel-type glued structures such as furniture panels and solid hollowcore doors.

Corral rails

Rails used for animal enclosures. Often consisting of roundwood use horizontally on a fence.

Corrugated containers

Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.

Corrugating medium

The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated box which cushions the product from shock during shipment (see flute). This layer can contain up to 100% post-consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to protect the product.

Counter cutting

The circular saw blade rotates in a direction counter or opposite to the direction of the feed.

Counterbalance valve

A pressure control valve which maintains back pressure to prevent a load from falling.

Cracking pressure

The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to pass fluid.

Cripple

A cut in an unseasoned joist, bearer or stud designed to reduce movement in a floor or wall as the structural timber seasons.

Crook

A deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn end to end of a piece of lumber. See also Warp.

View: Crook

Cross laminated timber

Cross laminated timber is an engineered building product manufactured by gluing layers of edge glued lumber panels in a cross pattern. This produces a peanel that is purther processed into specific sizes of cross laminated timber to be used for building framing.

Crosscut

Cutting across the grain, e.g., a crosscut saw.

Crossouts

Horizontal spacers between units of lumber. They align over the sticks and serve to separate the units for forklift handling.

Crown

1. The live branches and foliage of a tree.

2. The upper part of a tree.

Cubic recovery ratio (CRR)

In a material balance diagram, the ratio of wood product recovered divided by the wood raw material used, both measured in cubic volume. The fraction of wood raw material converted to the intended product.

Cunit

A measurement equal to 100 cubic feet of solid wood.

Cup

Deviation in the face of a piece of lumber from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece of lumber. See also Warp.

View: Cup

Cure

To change the properties of an adhesive by chemical reaction (which may be condensation, polymerization, or vulcanization) and thereby develop maximum strength. Usually accomplished by the action of heat or a catalyst with or without pressure.

Curve Sawing

Sawing a log or cant following the arc or curvature of the log or cant. Also referred to as sweep sawing or shape sawing. Some systems follow an arc and other systems can follow a coumpound curve.

View: Curve Sawing Examples

Cushion

A device sometimes built into the ends of a hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder which restricts the flow of fluid at the outlet port, thereby arresting the motion of the piston rod.

Cut sheets

Fine paper cut to letter or legal size for use in printers, copiers and fax machines.

Cut-to-length harvester (CTL)

A self-propelled tracked or wheeled harvesting machine, designed to fell, limb, and buck a tree into logs, usually 20 feet or less in length. Most commonly the harvesting head is mounted to an articulating arm. Not to be confused with a full-tree length harvester or feller-buncher. Most commonly CTL harvesters work with forwarders which transport the bunched log piles to the landing.

Cutting circle

The circle described by the outer rim or extremity of the teeth of a circular saw.

Cylinder

A device which converts fluid power or air into linear mechanical force and motion. It usually consists of a movable element such as a piston and piston rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating within a cylindrical bore.

Dado

A groove cut into one piece to accommodate another piece. A dado is three-sided and cut into a board, usually across the grain, as opposed to a rabbet, which has two sides and is at the edge of the board.

Dangling head

A type of harvesting head, usually used on a CTL harvester, with a wrist-like action and attachment to the harvester boom. Also called a "single-grip harvesting head" and can rotate in all three axes.

DBH

See Diameter at breast height.

De-superheater

A device for removing the excess heat in steam as its pressure is reduced.

De-vent

To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve permitting the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.

Deadband

The region or band of no response where an error signal will not cause a corresponding actuation of the controlled variable.

Deadpile

Stack lumber in units without stickers.

Debark

To remove bark from trees or logs.

Debarker

Machine which removes bark from a log.

View: Debarker Examples

Functional Description:

Debarkers are utilized to remove the bark from logs or stems (trees) prior to sawing or chipping. There are basically four types of log debarkers: ring debarker, drum debarker, Rosser head debarker and flail debarker.

On a ring debarker logs or stems are singulated and fed linearly into the debarking system. There usually is a centering infeed in front of the debarkers. This infeed centers the log to the center of the ring.

The debarker has infeed rolls to guide and feed the log or stem into the rotor. These rolls can be spike rolls or herringbone rolls. Typically there will be one or two sets of these rolls. The ring, or rotor, rotates around the log as it is fed through the debarker. There are tool arms on the ring that are pressurized, typically with air bags. This pressure squeezes the tool tips against the bark and pulls the bark away at the cambium layer. Debarkers can have a single ring or dual rings. There are outfeed rolls, the same as the infeed rolls, to pull the log or stem out of the debarker. Ring debarkers are primarily used in high speed softwood sawmill applications.

Logs or stems are batch fed linearly into a drum debarker. The drum rotates and tumbles the logs and the bark is removed by rubbing against the drum walls and other fibre in the drum. A variation to the drum debarker is the Fuji King and Brunette Industries reclaimer debarkers. These are bin type debarkers utilizing longitudinal rolls, or rotors, with attachments using a combination of mechanical and log-to-log contact to remove the bark. Drum debarkers are primarily used in larger whole log chipping applications.

With Rosser Head Debarkers singulated logs are rotated in a cradle with driven rollers while a spinning cutter head passes over the log and moves along its length. The Rosser head debarker works similar to a lathe in the method it removes bark. Rosser head debarkers are primarily used in slower speed operations, in hardwood mills or on larger crooked logs.

Flail Debarkers consist of chains or other flexible materials mounted on a rotating shaft that are flung and whipped against the logs. This hammering action loosens and removes the bark from the logs. Flail debarkers are primarily used in bush chipping operations.

English Terminology: Debarker, debarkers, ring, drum, rosser head, flail, sawmill, planer mill, plywood plant, oriented strand board, OSB, medium density fibre board, MDF, pulp, paper, wet mill, dry mill

French Terminology: Fendeuse, corceuses, anneau, tambour, rosser tte, flau, scierie, rabotage, usine de contreplaqu, panneaux copeaux orients, panneaux OSB, panneaux de fibres de moyenne densit, MDF, de ptes, papiers, mouture humide, mouture sec

German Terminology: Entrindung, Entrinder, Ring, Trommel, Rosser Kopf, Dreschflegel, Sgewerk, Mhle Planung, Sperrholz Pflanze, OSB, OSB, mitteldichte Faserplatte, MDF-, Zellstoff-, Papier, Zerkleinerer, trocken Mhle

Spanish Terminology: Descortezadora, descortezadoras, anillo, tambor, Rosser cabeza, volante, aserradero, fbrica de cepillo, planta de madera contrachapada, tableros de fibra orientada, OSB, tablero de fibra de densidad media, MDF, celulosa, papel, beneficio hmedo, beneficio seco

http://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/content_menu.php/3/debarkers_log_ring_drum.htmlDecay

The decomposition of wood substance caused by the action of wood- destroying fungi, resulting in softening, loss of strength, weight, and often in change of texture and color.

View: Decay

Decay, brown rot

Wood decay in which the attack concentrates on the cellulose and associated carbohydrates rather than on the lignin, producing a light to dark brown pliable residue. Sometimes referred to as "Dry rot".

Decay, heart rot

Any rot characteristically confined to the heartwood originating in the living tree.

Decay, incipient

The early stage of decay that has not proceeded far enough to soften or otherwise apparently impair the hardness of the wood. It is usually accompanied by a slight discoloration or bleaching of wood.

Decay, white-rot

Decay attacking both the cellulose and the lignin, producing a generally whitish residue that may be spongy or stringy.

Deciduous

A type of tree with broad leaves that usually are shed annually, such as aspen. Commonly referred to as Hardwood.

Deck

A stack of trees or logs.

Decompression

The slow release of confined fluid to gradually reduce pressure on the fluid.

Defect

A characteristic of a tree, log, lumber, or other product that makes it either less desirable or completely unsuitable for the intended purpose. Examples are knots, decay, insect holes, and diagonal grain.

View: Knot Defects, Manufacturing Defects, Natural Defects, Seasoning Defects

Degrade

Drop in lumber grade due to manufacturing or drying practices.

Dehumidifier kiln

A kiln working on the heat pump principle. Moisture evaporated from the timber by a flow of warm air is condensed on the evaporator coils of a refrigeration unit and drained away. The refrigerant is compressed and passed through condenser coils, re-heating the air stream.

Delamination

The separation of the layers of laminated wood or plywood at the glueline, usually caused by moisture, mismanufacture, or defective glue.

Delimber

Landing-based piece of equipment used to limb trees brought in unlimbed, usually cut with full tree length harvesters. May be of the stroke delimber type or pull-through delimber model.

Delivery

The volume of fluid discharged by a pump in a given time, usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm).

Delta

The amount of change in a number, size or position.

Dense

A reference to the specific gravity of wood. Lumber classified as "dense" has six or more annual rings per inch, plus one-third or more summerwood, measured at either end. Pieces averaging less than six rings per inch also qualify if the rings average one-half or more summerwood.

Density

As usually applied to wood of normal cellular form, density is the mass of wood substance enclosed within the boundary surfaces of a wood-plus-voids complex having unit volume. It is variously expressed as pounds per cubic foot, kilograms per cubic metre, or grams per cubic centimetre at a specified moisture content.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Diameter at breast height (dbh)

Breast height of a tree is considered to be four and one-half feet above ground level.

Diameter inside bark (dib)

A measurement used in log scaling.

Die (swage)

One of a pair of shaping tools, which, when moved toward each other, produce a certain desired form in an object. In a swage tool the die is the movable part of the shaper, the anvil the fixed part.

Differential current

The algebraic summation of the current in the torque motor; measured in MA (milliamperes).

Differential cylinder

Any cylinder in which the two opposed piston areas are not equal.

Diffusion

Movement of moisture from areas of high to low concentration or temperature.

Dimension lumber

Lumber that is sold in a nominal dimension. For example, a 2x4 is dimension lumber with an actual finished size of 1.5 thick by 3.5 wide.

Dimensional lumber

Refers to the wood used in constructing the wall, floor and roof framing of a platform frame (2x4) house. Dimensional lumber is manufactured in a variety of sizes for use in wall framing, flooring systems, and roof trusses, as well as for exterior applications.

Directional valve

A valve which selectively directs or prevents fluid flow to desired channels.

Dish

Used to describe the shape of a "dished" or open saw one that does not stand up straight, because it has been stretched too much in the inner area for the speed at which it is run. Hence, it assumes a dish shape.

Displacement

The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor or cylinder in a single revolution or stroke.

Dissolving pulp

A special grade of chemical pulp, usually made from wood or cotton linters, for use in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose (viscose rayon and cellophane) or cellulose derivatives such as acetate, nitrate, and others.

Dither

A low amplitude, relatively high frequency periodic electrical signal, sometimes superimposed on the servo valve input to improve system resolution. Dither is expressed by the dither frequency (Hz) and the peak-to-peak dither current amplitude (ma).

Doming head

Equipment used to form a dome (chamfer) on the end of roundwood posts. Consists of a rotating cutterhead. Also called capping.

View: Doming Head / Domer Examples

Door carrier

A device that lifts dry kiln doors and moves them away from the kiln opening along an overhead track.

Doors, access

Small doors, usually located at ground level, which permit operator access to and escape from the dry kiln interior.

Doors, kiln

Large openings through which lumber passes when loading a kiln.

Double acting cylinder

A cylinder in which fluid force can be applied to the movable element in either direction.

Double sheave

A pulley block with two grooved wheels.

Dowel mill

Equipment used to process roundwood to an exact diameter the entire length. Also called a rounding machine.

View: Dowel Mill Examples

Doweled products

Roundwood with a tenon on the end to fit in a hole. Equipment used to create the tenon is called a tenoner.

View: Tenoner Examples

Doweled rail fencing

A fencing system using rails with tenons on the ends of the rails which fit into a corresponding hole in a fence post.

View: Drill and Tenoner Examples

Doweled wood

Roundwood turned to an exact diameter the entire length. Equipment used for this process are often called rounding machines or dowelers.

View: Dowel Mill Examples

Doyle Log Rule

The Doyle Log Rule, developed around 1825, is based on a mathematical formula and is widely used throughout the southern United States. This rule allows for a saw kerf of 5/16 inch and a slabbing allowance of 4 inches, which is about twice the normal amount. Because of this, the Doyle Rule is somewhat inconsistent; it underestimates small logs and overestimates large logs. As a seller of timber, you must be aware that for smaller logs the Doyle Rule will underestimate the actual volume of wood that you have in your trees. (Also see Scribner and International Rule.)

Drain

A passage in, or a line from, a hydraulic component which returns leakage fluid independently to reservoir or to a vented manifold.

Dressed lumber

Lumber that has been trimmed and planed at the sawmill.

Dressed size

The dimensions of lumber after being surfaced with a planing machine. A 2- by 4-inch stud, for example, actually measures about 1-1/2 by 3-1/2 inches.

Drive pulley

The first of a train of wheels, giving motion to the rest.

Dry

Seasoned, usually to a moisture content of less than 19%.

Dry kiln

A chamber in which lumber is dried by controlling the moisture, temperature and air circulation.

View: Dry Kiln Examples

Dry lumber

As applied to softwoods, lumber sold as "dry" or "kiln dried" is at 19% or lower moisture content, as specified by the American Softwood Lumber Standards. Hardwoods are generally considered dry when at 10% or lower moisture content, although there is no definitive standard as with softwood species.

Dry rot

A term loosely applied to any dry, crumbly rot but especially to that which, when in advanced stage, permits the wood to be crushed easily to dry powder.

Dry weight

The oven-dry weight, or simply dry weight, is the weight of wood after drying to a constant weight at a temperature slightly above the boiling point of water (215 to 220F).

Drybulb

A sensing device (thermometer) that measures the temperature of the air.

Drying defect

A feature developing during drying which may decrease the value of a piece of timber.

Drying schedule

A sequence of kiln conditions which result in a gradual decrease in moisture content of the wood.

Earlywood

The portion of the annual growth ring that is formed during the early part of the growing season. It is usually less dense and weaker mechanically than latewood.

Edger

A machine used to square-edge wany lumber and also to rip lumber. It consists of a frame supporting an arbor on which is mounted one to several saws and transmission gear.

View: Board Edger Examples

Functional Description:

Board edgers are used to process flitches into nominal sized boards. The flitches are scanned and optimized for the highest value. The flitch os processed through the edger producing boards and tailings (edgings). At the outfeed of the edger the tailings are diverted to a chipper In the case of a chipping edger, the wane is chipped off in the edging process and there are no tailings to handle.

On a transverse board edger the flitch is scanned transversely and the flitch is then positioned to the saws in the infeed with fetchers or board positioners. With a lineal, or linear board edger the flitch is stabilized on a belt or chain and scanned lenealy as it is transported to the edger. The saws position to the cut line and angle and slew as the flitch passes through the sawbox.

Feedrolls and bed chains, along with overhead press rolls, control the flitch through the edger. Saws mounted on the arbor position to edge the flitches. The tailing on a saw edger is done with picker fingers or shifting belts.

English Terminology: board edger, edgers, lineal,linear, transverse, saw, chip, chipping, flitch, flitches, lumber, boards, timber, sawmill, planer mill, plywood plant, oriented strand board, medium density fibre board, wet mill, dry mill

French Terminology: dligneuse, bordures, en ligne directe, linaire, transversale, scie, copeaux, copeaux, dosse, frises, bois, panneaux, bois, scierie, rabotage, usine de contreplaqu, panneaux copeaux orients, panneaux de fibres de moyenne densit, mouture humide, mouture sec

GermanTerminology: Brett Edger, Kantenschneider, direkte, lineare, Quer, Sge-, Chip, Chipping, Flitch, Schwarten, Bauholz, Bretter, Holz, Sgewerk, Hobelwerk, Sperrholz, Pflanze, OSB, mitteldichte Faserplatte, Zerkleinerer, trocken,

Spanish Terminology: canteadora, bordeadoras, lineal, lineal, de corte transversal, sierra, viruta, astillas, costero, adosados, madera aserrada, tableros, madera, aserraderos, fbrica de cepillo, planta de madera contrachapada, tableros de fibra orientada, tablero de fibra de densidad media, beneficio hmedo, beneficio seco

http://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/content_menu.php/16/board_edgers_edger.htmlEdging

Trimming the width of a board of defects.

Efficiency

The ratio of output to input. Volumetric efficiency of a pump is the actual output in gpm divided by the theoretical or design output. The overall efficiency of a hydraulic system is the output power divided by the input power. Efficiency is usually expressed as a percent.

Electro-hydraulic servo valve

A directional type valve which receives a variable or controlled electrical signal and which controls or meters hydraulic flow.

Encoder

Device attached to a moving chain that produces an electrical signal each time the chain moves a fixed distance. The encoder is attached to the chain and used to track the movement of the pieces through a scanner.

Energy

The ability or capacity to do work. Measured in units of work.

Engineered wood products

A composite wood product using glued fiber, lumber and/or veneer to meet specific design criteria. Such products include laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), and structural I-beams. Products under development include various molded, extruded, and other structural and non-structural composites. Although engineered wood products have a number of advantages over solid lumber (including the ability to make large-sized members from small diameter trees), engineered wood products are more costly to produce than lumber and require the use of more energy to manufacture.

Entering air control

Sensing and controlling drybulb temperatures of heated kiln air as it enters the lumber load.

Environment

The aggregate of physical, chemical and biological factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival.

Equalization

The process of narrowing the moisture distribution between boards at the end of a drying charge.

Equilibrium moisture content (EMC)

The moisture content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture when surrounded by air at a given relative humidity and temperature.

Error (signal)

The signal which is the albraic summation of an input signal and a feedback signal.

Evaporate

Changing water from a liquid to a vapor form.

Excess air

Refers to the quantity of air supplied that exceeds the minimum necessary to support the combustion chemistry.

Exiting air control

Sensing and controlling drybulb temperatures of heated dry kiln air as it leaves the lumber load.

Expansion factor

With respect to chips, bark, sawdust, and shavings, the ratio of volume occupied in one of these forms to the volume of solid wood before conversion.

Extractive

Substances in wood, not an integral part of the cellular structure, that can be removed by solution in hot or cold water, ether, benzene, or other solvents that do not react chemically with wood components.

Eye

The hole in the center of a circular saw blade so it can be fitted on the arbor.

Face bevel

Saw tooth faces may be straight or angled (beveled) in one of several ways with respect to each other. The bevel is the angle to which the saw is filed with respect to the saw body. Teeth filed at 90 to the saw body are said to be straight. If they deviate from this, they are "beveled".

Face veneer

1. High quality veneer that is used for the exposed surfaces on plywood.

2. The decorative veneer on the face of the panel; the exposed side, be it wall paneling,

furniture, cabinet or other.

Factory lumber

Lumber intended to be remanufactured after it leaves the sawmill.

Fahrenheit (F)

The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees F and boils at 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric conditions. F = (C x 1.8) + 32.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Fan deck

The overhead area in a dry kiln where the fans are mounted.

Fan pitch

The angle of the fan blades measured one-third of the fan radius in from the tip.

Fan system

The air moving equipment within a dry kiln.

Fans, cross-shaft

Multiple fans mounted on a single shaft, which extends the length of a dry kiln.

Fans, variable-speed

Fans whose motors turn at infinitely variable speeds by varying the line frequency of the power source.

Fascia

A vertical board nailed to the lower ends of rafters.

Fast saw

A circular saw that wobbles, weaves, or snakes because the rim is too long for the speed at which it runs.

FBM

Feet, board, measure.

View: FBM Formula, FBM / Volume Calculator

Feed speed

The speed of a machine centre (canter, planer, etc.) usually expressed in feet per minute.

Feedback (or feedback signal)

The output signal from a feedback element.

Feedback loop

Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward elements and one or more feedback elements.

Feller-buncher

A machine with a fixed-grip harvesting head which can grasp, cut, lift, swing and bunch trees for yarding. Usually this machine does not limb or buck to log lengths as a "cut-to-length" harvester can do.

Fence (straightedge)

A straightedge or linebar mounted parallel to the saw blade for guiding the lumber, cant, or flitch as it passes through the saw.

Fence posts (roundwood)

Roundwood 10 feet or shorter in length designed to be placed in or on the ground for attachment of horizontal members or wire. These can be pointed and capped or blunt; butt treated, full-length treated or untreated.

View: Fence Post Production Overview

Fence rails (roundwood)

Roundwood rails used horizontally on a fence. These can be full round or half round, split rails, peeled, doweled or unpeeled.

Fiber saturation point (fsp)

The moisture content at which moisture is saturated within the cell walls of wood and the cell cavities are free of water. This averages around 20 percent MC. Below FSP water is held in wood as bound water within the cell cavities or lumen.

Fiberboard

A broad generic term inclusive of sheet materials of widely varying densities manufactured or refined or partly refined wood or other vegetable fibers. Bonding agents and other materials may be added to increase strength, resistance to moisture, fire, or decay, or to improve some other property. See also Medium density fiberboard.

Fibre

A long narrow, tapering wood cell closed at both ends.

Filter

A device whose primary function is the retention by a porous media of insoluble contaminants from a fluid.

Fine paper

Paper used in making copy paper, computer forms, tablets, envelopes, printing paper, etc.

Fines

A term referring to material passing through a chip screening process that is smaller than the acceptable minimum size.

Finger joint

An end joint in which wedge shaped projections in one piece of timber fit matching recesses on the other piece and are bonded together by an adhesive.

Finpipe

Pipe with circular steel coils on the outer surface to aid heat transfer in a steam or hot oil dry kiln.

Firewood processor

High production equipment used to produce firewood as a business. Different types use similar principles but differ in configuration and how logs are bucked (chainsaw, circular saw or shear).

Firewood splitter

Usually refers to a low production splitter for home owner use. Can consist of manual splitting mauls, axes, wedges or semi-automatic hydraulic/mechanical splitters. Also called a log splitter.

Firmwood

Solid wood free of decay and voids; a term used in log scaling.

Fixed collar

A collar firmly attached to the saw arbor; distinguished from a loose collar, which is held to the arbor with a nut.

Flakeboard

A particle panel product composed of flakes.

Flat top grind

Used to describe a tooth filed square on top. The teeth may also be ground with various combinations of beveled tops. For example, alternate top bevels are often used for crosscutting saws. Tops may also be pointed or chamfered and alternated with flat tops on very hard, dense woods. This breaks the chip up to reduce tooth load.

Flitch

A piece of lumber with wane on one or both edges.

Flooded

A condition where the pump inlet is charged by placing the reservoir oil level above the pump inlet port.

Flow control valve

A valve which controls the rate of oil flow.

Flow rate

The volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor per unit of time.

Fluid

1. A liquid or gas.

2. A liquid that is specially compounded for use as a power-transmitting medium in a hydraulic

system.

Flute

One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. These are categorized by the size of the wave.

Follow valve

A control valve which ports oil to an actuator so the resulting output motion is proportional to the input motion to the valve.

Foot (ft)

A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard (0.3048 m).

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

FOPS

Falling object protective structure.

Force

Any push or pull measured in units of weight. In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product P (force per unit area) and the area of the surface on which the pressure acts. F = P x A.

Forest license

A license granted by the Ministry of Forests of British Columbia which entitles the holder to cut a specified volume of timber on specified lands.

Forest Management Agreement (FMA)

An agreement granted by the Alberta government which entitles the holder to establish, grow and harvest timber on specified lands.

Forest management unit

An area of forest land designated by the Minister of Environmental Protection of Alberta as a management unit.

Forklift units

Lumber bundled or stacked into packages that can be lifted by a forklift.

Formaldehyde

A component of resin used to manufacture plywood and panel products, and a naturally occurring component of wood.

Forwarder

A special vehicle with a cradle or bunk or trailer used to forward logs. Usually it is equipped with its own log loader device and may be tracked or wheeled. Most commonly works with a CTL harvester.

Four-way valve

A directional valve having four flow paths.

FPM

Feet per minute.

Framing

Lumber used for structural members in a house or other building. The skeleton to which roofs, floors, and sides are attached.

Free moisture

Moisture which is present in the cell cavities of wood.

Free of heart center (FOHC)

Lumber sawn to exclude the pith or heart center, as opposed to box heart.

Free on board (FOB)

Refers to the point to which the seller will deliver goods without charge to the buyer; additional freight or other charges connected with transporting or handling the product become the responsibility of the buyer.

Free sheet paper

Paper made from cooked wood fibers mixed with chemicals and washed free of impurities. As compared to groundwood paper.

Free water

Water held within the cell cavities of wood. Its movement is primarily by capillary action.

Frequency

1. The number of cycles per second of alternating current (example: 60 cycles per second or 60

hertz per second).

2. The number of times an action occurs in a unit of time. Frequency is the basis of all sound.

A pump or motor's basic frequency is equal to its speed in revolutions per second multiplied

by the number of pumping chambers.

Front connected

A condition wherein piping connections are on normally exposed surfaces of hydraulic components.

Front end loader

A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or materials.

Full flow

In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element or medium.

Full sawn

Lumber cut, in the rough, to its full nominal size.

Full taper

Boards are sawn parallel to the sides of a log.

Full-tree length harvester

A machine with a fixed-grip harvesting head which can grasp, cut, lift, swing and bunch trees for yarding. Usually this machine does not limb or buck to log lengths as a "cut-to-length" harvester can do.

Gallon (gal)

A unit of volume. A US gallon is equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches (approximately 3.79 liters). A British imperial gallon is equal to four quarts or 4.55 liters.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Gang drill (roundwood)

Equipment with multiple drill heads for boring multiple holes simultaneously in roundwood fence posts. For use with doweled fence railing systems.

View: Gang Drills / Drill Examples

Gang edger

A machine having a battery of circular saws, all of which are fitted to the same arbor. The saws may be over arbor, under arbor, or double arbor. There are straight sawing gangs and curve sawing gangs.

View: Gang Edger Examples

http://www.woodproductsonlineexpo.com/content_menu.php/6/gang_edgers_gang_edger.htmlGang sawing

This term has several meanings, one being the use of multiple fixed saws on a common arbor. The term is also used in reference to "sash" gang sawing or "rotary" gang sawing, or sawing through and through with all saw lines parallel at the headrig.

View: Gang Edger Examples

Gantry tower

The short tower on a modern swing yarder, located just to the rear of the leaning yarder tower, used to accommodate the walking guy lines and lines to raise and lower the boom of a yarding crane.

Gauge

The thickness of the saw blade, best expressed in decimals of an inch or millimetres.

Gauge pressure

A pressure scale which ignores atmospheric pressure. Its zero point is 14.7 psi absolute.

Glue

Originally, a hard gelatin obtained from hides, tendons, cartilage, bones, etc., of animals. Also, an adhesive prepared from this substance by heating with water. Through general use the term is now synonymous with the term "Adhesive".

Glue laminated beams

Beams made of lumber glued together. Replacements for solid wood timbers and steel beams.

Glue laminating

Production of structural or non-structural wood members by bonding two or more layers of wood together with adhesive.

Glueline

The layer of adhesive that attaches two adherends. Also called a Bondline.

Glulam (glue laminated)

Structural wood product made by bonding together laminations of dimension lumber.

Grade

The designation of the quality of a manufactured piece of wood or of logs.

Grade stamp

An inked marking put on lumber to show its important characteristics and mill information.

View: Grade Stamp Examples

Grademark

A stamp or symbol applied to a piece of lumber, by the grader at a planermill, to designate grade.

Grain

The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood or lumber. To have a specific meaning the term must be qualified.

Grain, close

Narrow, inconspicuous annual rings. The term is sometimes used to designate wood having small and closely spaced pores, but in this sense the term "fine-textured" is more often used.

Grain, coarse

Wide, conspicuous annual rings in which there is considerable difference between springwood and summerwood. The term is sometimes used to designate wood with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut, but in this sense the term "coarse-textured" is more often used.

Grain, cross

Fibers that deviate from a line parallel to the sides of the piece; may be either diagonal or spiral grain or a combination of the two.

Grain, curly

Fibers that are distorted so that they have a curled appearance, as in "birdseye" wood. The areas showing curly grain may vary up to several inches in diameter.

Grain, diagonal

Has annual rings that are at an angle with the axis of a piece as a result of sawing at an angle with the bark of the tree or log. A form of cross grain.

Grain, edge

Sawed so that the wide surfaces extend approximately at right angles to the annual growth rings. Lumber is considered edge-grained when the rings form an angle of 45 to 90 degrees with the wide surface of the piece.

Grain, end

The grain as seen on a cut made at a right angle to the direction of the fibers (e.g., on a cross section of a tree).

Grain, flat

Sawed parallel to the pith and approximately tangentially to the growth rings. Lumber is considered flat-grained when the annual growth rings make an angle of less than 45 degrees with the surface of the piece.

Grain, interlocked

Fibers that for several years slope in a right-handed direction, and then for a number of years slope to a left-handed direction, and so on. Such wood is exceedingly difficult to split radially, though tangentially it may split fairly easily.

Grain, open

The common classification for woods with large pores, such as oak, ash, chestnut, and walnut. Also known as "coarse-textured".

Grain, spiral

Fibers that take a spiral course around the trunk of a tree instead of the normal vertical course. The spiral may extend in a right-handed or left-handed direction around the tree trunk. Causes slope of grain in lumber. Spiral grain is a form of cross grain.

Grain, straight

Fibers that run parallel to the axis of a piece.

Grain, vertical

Another term for edge-grained lumber.

Grain, wavy

Fibers that collectively take the form of waves or undulations.

Gram (g)

A metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram; one ounce is approximately 28 grams.

Grapple

A hinged set of jaws capable of being opened and closed, used to grip logs during yarding or loading. Can also be attached to swing or non-swinging grapple skidder.

Grapple skidder

A skidder equipped with a grapple to handle logs; used in place of chokers.

Grapple yarding

Cable yarding with grapples instead of chokers.

Gravity packed unit (GPU)

A unit (normally a 200 cubic foot space) filled with chips or other residue material and allowed to settle under the action of gravity.

Green lumber

Freshly sawed or undried wood.

Green target sizes

The size that lumber must be cut in the green form to allow for sawing deviation, shrinkage in drying and allowance for fibre removed in the finishing process.

View: Target Size

Green weight

The term green weight specifically refers to the weight of freshly harvested wood that has the same moisture content (MC) as the standing tree. MC is defined as the weight of water in the wood expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven-dry wood (wood from which all moisture has been removed). Also see "Dry weight".

Green wood

Freshly sawed or undried wood which still contains the moisture that was present in the standing tree.

Greenhouse gases

Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth's atmosphere, potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour.

Gross scale

The volume of a log obtained from original geometric measurements without adjustments for potential processing losses associated with crookedness, decayed regions, and so forth.

Groundwood paper

Newsprint and other inexpensive paper made from pulp created when wood chips are ground mechanically rather than refined chemically.

Groundwood pulp

A mechanical wood pulp produced by pressing a debarked log against a revolving pulpstone and reducing the wood to a mass of fibers.

Growth ring

One years growth increment of a tree composed of one band of springwood (earlywood) and one band of summerwood (latewood). Also called an Annual ring.

Guide blocks

The arms of the saw-guide mechanism which hold the guide pins on a bandsaw.

Guide or saw guide

A supporting device above and/or below the cut to restrain the saw from deviating off line. It generally uses metal holders with babbit faces precision machined for accurate tolerances.

Guide rail

A rail that guides the movement of the sawmill carriage.

Gullet

The area of the saw tooth in which the sawdust is carried.

Gullet area factor

The factor (% usage) applied to the calculation using tooth pitch and gullet depth (essentially the area of a rectangle) to convert to the actual size of the gullet.

Gullet fill %

The percentage of the gullet that is filled based on a specific feed speed, gullet size, etc. The feed speed calculations should not allow the gullet fill to exceed 100%.

View: Bandmill Formula, Gang Edger Formula, Quad Sawbox Formula

Gum spots

Accumulation of resinous material often found on panel surfaces. May be removed by sanding.

Gumming

The process of cutting out the gullets of a saw.

Half taper

Boards are sawn parallel to the centre of a log.

Hammer bench

A wood bench as an extension of the anvil opposite the tensioner's position and supporting the rim of the saw when testing for tension; it contains a peg on a sliding panel for centering the saw while being hammered.

Hammering

Straightening, tensioning, or flattening a saw blade manually with a hammer.

Hand (of mill)

The hand side on which the log passes the sawyer as he faces the saw, right or left.

Hand-peeled (roundwood)

Roundwood with the bark removed by hand. Usually done using a draw knife.

Hardboard

A generic term for a panel manufactured primarily from interfelted lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood), consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density of 31 pounds per cubic foot or greater, and to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties.

Hardwoods

Generally one of the botanical groups of trees that have broad leaves in contrast to the conifers or softwoods. The term has no reference to the actual hardness of wood. Also called Angiosperms or Deciduous.

Hayrack

A type of log hauling trailer with multiple stakes to contain many small trees in the load.

Head

The height of a column or body of fluid above a given point expressed in linear units. Head is often used to indicate gage pressure. Pressure is equal to the height times the density of the fluid.

Headblock

That portion of a sawmill carriage on which the log rests. Each headblock consists of a base, a knee, a taper set, dogs, and a rack-and-pinion gear or some similar device for advancing the knees toward or withdrawing them from the saw line.

Headrig

Sawing equipment used in the primary breakdown of logs.

Headsaw

In a sawmill, the large band saw or circular saw used to saw the log into lumber.

Heartwood

The wood extending from the pith to the sapwood, the cells of which no longer participate in the life processes of the tree. Heartwood may contain phenolic compounds, gums, resins, and other materials that usually make it darker and more decay resistant than sapwood. Heartwood is very pronounced in southern pine.

Heat

The form of energy that has the capacity to create warmth or to increase the temperature of a substance. Any energy that is wasted or used to overcome friction is converted to heat. Heat is measured in calories or British thermal units (Btu's). One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

Heat exchanger

A device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from one fluid to another.

Hectare (ha)

A metric unit of area, 100 metres by 100 metres (10,000 square metres); equivalent to 2.471 acres.

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Heel boom

A loader with a grapple or tongs at the end of a boom or arm which forces one end of the log being loaded against the underside of the boom to steady it and raise the front end of the log.

Helical

Spiral-shaped: in the shape of a helix or spiral.

Hemicellulose

A celluloselike material (in wood) that is easily decomposable as by dilute acid, yielding several different simple sugars.

Hertz (Hz)

Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second (cps).

High-performance linerboard

Papers with the same strength as regular paper grades but produced at a lower weight. This process gives more compression strength per pound of fiber than conventional liner, thus reducing total fiber use.

Hog fuel

Waste wood that is used for generation of heat and process energy; made by reducing bark to a usable size.

Hollow grind

Grinding the saw plate on both sides so that the blade is thinner toward the eye than at the rim but leaving a hub in the center the same thickness as the rim.

Holocellulose

The total carbohydrate fraction of wood that is, cellulose plus hemicellulose.

Honeycomb

A cellular separation in the interior of a wood piece, usually along the wood grain, a result of internal stress. It normally occurs during kiln drying, particularly in White or Red Oak, when too much heat is applied too rapidly.

Honeycombing

A drying defect which occurs when tensile stresses in the core (usually a result of collapse) result in the formation of internal cavities.

Hook

The angle at which the face of the tooth contacts the material to be cut.

Horizontally laminated timbers

Laminated timbers designed to resist bending loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations.

Horsepower (hp)

The power required to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second or 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. A horsepower is equal to 746 watts or to 42.2 British thermal units per minute.

Hot deck

A pile of logs from which logs are hauled as soon as they are yarded.

Husk

A term used for the parts of the sawing system supporting the arbor, saw, saw guide, and splitter, usually on a circular saw headrig; more simply, the arbor support frame.

Hydraulic

To move or convey by fluid.

Hydraulic balance

A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on a part in a hydraulic component.

Hydraulic control

A control which is actuated by hydraulically induced forces.

Hydraulics

Engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.

Hydrodynamics

Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow and pressure.

Hydrostatics

Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.

Hygrometer

An instrument for measuring the humidity of air.

Hygroscopic

Changes its moisture content to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere.

I-joists

Wooden members made of two pieces of LVL held together with a web of OSB. Substituted for wide dimensional lumber as a support for a ceiling or floor.

Implosion

The sudden collapse of dry kiln wall panels due to unequal air pressure between the inside of the kiln. This usually occurs on startup as hot, expanded air suddenly cools and contracts as it passes through green lumber. The vents must open on startup to prevent this.

Inch (in)

A unit of length equal to one-twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).

View: Metric / Imperial Conversion

Infeed

The direction a workpiece is fed into a blade or cutter.

Infeed Rolls

Rolls placed ahead of certain types of saws or chip heads to force the material through the machine.

Inserted point (inserted tooth)

The tooth used in an inserted-tooth saw.

Insulating board

A generic term for a homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) characterized by an integral bond produced by interfelting of the fibers, to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties, but which has not been consolidated under heat and pressure as a separate stage in manufacture, said board having a density of less than 31 pcf (specific gravity 0.50) but having a density of more than 10 pcf (specific gravity 0.16).

International 1/4-Inch Log Rule

This rule was developed in 1906 and is based on a reasonably accurate mathematical formula. The rule allows for a 1/4-inch saw kerf and a fixed taper allo