water module
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Water ModuleTRANSCRIPT
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Water Quality andQuantity,
Climate Change andPublic Health
Water Quality & QuantityClimate Change Training Module
Minnesota Climate and Health ProgramMinnesota Department of Health
Environmental Impacts Analysis UnitOctober 2!2
"2# $obert %treet &orth
PO 'o( ")*+#%t, Pa-l. M& ##!")/*+#
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Notice
2
MDH developed this presentationbased on scientifc research
published in peerrevie!ed "ournals# $e%erences %orin%ormation can be %ound in therelevant slides andor at the endo% the presentation#
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'earning (b"ectives
Importance of 0ater inMinnesota
Climate changes in Minnesota
P-blic health iss-es related to1!, Increases in 0ater
2, Decreases in 0ater, Increases in 0ater temperat-re
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)
)MP($*+NC (- W+*$ )NM)NN.(*+
Water .ourcesWater .ources
Water CycleWater Cycle Water /sesWater /ses
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nnesota0 + 'and o% Water
%-rface 0ater1!!.3)2 la4es greaterthan ! acres and". miles ofrivers and streams
5&CDC 2". University of Minnesota 6ater$eso-rces Center 2!!7
8ro-nd0ater1several a9-ifersacross the state and
appro(/imately). drin4ing0ater 0ells
5D&$. 2!: MDH. 2!27
%o-rce1 University of Minnesota 6ater $eso-rces#
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nesota0 + 'and o% Water
Has the mostfresh0ater amongthe )3 lo0er states
5University of Minnesota 6ater $eso-rcesCenter. 2!!7
At the head of fo-rcontinental0atersheds and is the
head0aters andorigin of three of the0atersheds
5D&$. 27
%o-rce1 D&$.
1
2
3
4
"
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Water in Minnesota
**; of the 0ater that comes intoMinnesota is in the form of precipitation5University of Minnesota 6ater $eso-rces Center 2!!7
6e control the 9-ality < 9-antity of 0ater0e -se and discard
+
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=hree main airmasses a>ectMinnesota?s
0eather1!, Cold. dry. polar
continental from the north
2, Dry. tropical continental
0esterlies, 6arm. moist tropical
maritime from the 8-lf ofMe(ico
Ma"or air masses converging toMN
32
1
3
Water in Minnesota
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Hydrologic Cycle
*
http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@0atershedtool@hydrology,html
=he hydrologic cycle
describes the contin-o-smovement of 0ater1 Evaporation to the
atmosphere
Precipitation to the land
InBltration to gro-nd0ater
Discharge to s-rface 0ater
Changes in climate can
alter the hydrologic cycle =emperat-re a>ects 0ater
vapor 0hich a>ectsprecipitation
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Water /se
!*; 0ater -se comes from gro-nd 0ater and the
remaining comes from s-rface 0ater*otal !ater use in MN %rom1567 to 2818
!
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innesota Drin9ing Water
+3; of Minnesotansrely on p-blic drin4ing0ater 0hich is largely
from gro-nd0ater5+;7
One million
Minnesotans 522;7 relyon private 0ells. 0hichall -se gro-nd0ater
!2
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ater is :ey
Minnesota is rich in 0ater reso-rces
High 9-ality. ab-ndant 0ater isessential to Minnesota economy.c-lt-re. f-t-re
Understanding the basic properties ofthe 0ater cycle and the atmosphereis f-ndamental to -nderstandingimpacts of climate change on 0ater
!
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C')M+* CH+N;.)N M)NN.(*+
=emperat-re
De0 point
Precipitation
!)
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eather versus Climate
6eather1 conditions ofthe atmosphere over
a short period of time Climate1 conditions of
the atmosphere over
long periods of time5/year standardaveraging period7
!#
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Climate Changes in Minnesota
!"
=here have been three recentsigniBcant observed climate trends inMinnesota1
=he average temperat-re is increasing
=he average n-mber of days 0ith ahigh de0 point may be increasing
=he character of precipitation ischanging
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*emperature Changes
!+
=emperat-re has been rising in Minnesota,
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*emperature Changes
!3
=hree signiBcant observations in thisoverall 0arming1
6inter temperat-res have been rising abo-tt0ice as fast as ann-al average
temperat-res Minim-m or overnight lo0 temperat-res
have been rising faster than the ma(im-mtemperat-re. or daytime high?
%ince the early !*3s. the temperat-re hasrisen slightly over !FG in so-thern Minnesotato a little over 2FG in m-ch of the northernpart of the state
*emperature and )ce
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'a9e.uperior
*emperature and )ceCover
!*
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De! Point Changes
2
De0 point is a meas-re of 0ater vaporin the air
=he higher the de0 point. the moredic-lt it is for peoples s0eat toevaporate. 0hich is ho0 they coolthemselves
=he n-mber of days 0ith high de0point temperat-res 5 + FG7 may beincreasing in Minnesota
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De! Point Changes
2!Source: Dr. Mark Seeley, Climatologist, University of Minnesota
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Precipitation Changes
22
On average. the total precipitation in the state has
increased since the D-st 'o0l era of the !*s,
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Precipitation Changes
2
=he character of precipitation inMinnesota is changing More localiJed. heavy precipitation
events Potential to ca-se both increased
Kooding and dro-ght
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Public health issuesrelated to0
Increases in 0ater
Decreases in 0ater
Increases in 0ater temperat-re
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Precipitation Changes
Glooding H-midity < De0 Point
High0ay !"* bet0een %t, Peter and Le%-e-r
)ncreases in Water
P i it ti
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More 0intertime precipitation falls as rain ratherthan sno0 =his trend may increase ris4s of r-no> and Koods
$ed-ced sno0pac4 may lead to lo0er 0ater levels and
dro-ght in late s-mmer5arl et al, 2*72"
PrecipitationChanges
Changes in .no!%all Contributions toWintertime Precipitation
<1545 to 2887=
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Precipitation Changes
8reatest increase in
very heavy precipitationin the past # yearsocc-rred in the&ortheast and theMid0est
5arl et al, 2*7
=otal precipitation in theMid0est and &ortheastis e(pected to increase
the most 0ith thelargest increases inheavy precipitationevents5arl et al, 2*7
2+
Very heavy precipitation is defned as theheaviest 1 percent o all daily events rom 1958 to
P bli H lth )
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Public Health )ssues Precipitation
23
>tremePrecipitation
Increasedr-no>1
sediment.contaminants.
nitrate. etc,
%e0ageoverKo
0s
Contamination of
s-rface andgro-nd0ate
r
Waterborne disease outbrea9s%rom drin9ing !ater orrecreational contact
<beachgoers=0 ;iardiasis, coli,
Physicalin"uries and
destructiono% property
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looding
2*
Glooding res-lts from a combination of Land -se changes that red-ce inBltration UndersiJed se0er@storm0ater pipes E(treme precipitation and@or rapid
sno0melt
Glood magnit-deand fre9-ency areli4ely to increasein most regions.
and vol-mes oflo0 Ko0s areli4ely to decreasein many regions
5Gield et al. 2+7
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2!2 D-l-th@northeastern Minnesota #/
year Kood event
looding
Photo credits1 $achelAg-r4is 5top7. Dere4Montgomery for MP$5right7
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Potential increasesof1 physical inN-ries
5incl-ding dro0ning7 allergies 5mold7 food and 0ater/borne
illnesses food sec-rity
displacement mental health iss-es interr-ption of
emergency services
56HO. 2!7 !
lic Health )ssues -looding
Oslo. M&. May !). 2*# days after the $ed $iverKooded
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lic Health )ssues -looding
2
Goodborne illnesses 5e,g, Salmonellosis) Increased ris4 from contamination of certain
food crops 0ith feces from nearby livestoc4 or0ild animals follo0ing heavy rain and Kooding
5Ebi et al. 23: CC%P. 237
6aterborne illnesses Ca-sed by pathogens5e,g, Cryptosporidim and!iardia7 0hich may increasefollo0ing do0npo-rs Can also be transmittedin drin4ing 0ater andthro-gh recreational -se5Ebi et al. 23: CC%P. 237
Public Health )ssues
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Public Health )ssues -looding
!,"! M people 0erea>ected: over ). 0@signiBcant symptoms: !people died
Median d-ration of illness0as * days 5range. ! to ##7
Clinical manifestationsincl-ded 0atery diarrhea5*;7. abdominal cramps53);7. fever 5#+;7.
vomiting 5)3;7 !,+ million in total
medical costs and "),"million in total lostprod-ctivity
1553 Mil!au9ee Cryptosporidium
(utbrea9
li H l h ) -l di
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Mental health1 an(iety disorders.depression. psychological e>ects5Ebi et al, 237
)
lic Health )ssues -looding
HumidityDe! Point
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HumidityDe! Point)ncrease
8reater fre9-ency of tropical/li4e atmospheric 0ater vapor
5Mar4 %eeley. 2!27 #
HumidityDe! Point
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-ly !*. 2!!1 highest de0 point
temperat-re recorded ever in Minnesota33FG de0 point in Moorhead 5combined 0ith*FG air temperat-re. it felt li4e !FG7
5%tate Climatology Oce7
"
HumidityDe! Point)ncrease
H t ) d
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Heat )nde>
+5%o-rce1 &6%.
*he Heat )nde> <H)=0 calc-lation that describes
ho0 the air temperat-re and de0 point areperceived the h-man body
P bli H lth ) H idit
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Public Health )ssues ? Humidity& Heat H-man health iss-es1
heat rash. heat e(ha-stion. heatstro4e. death
%tressed livestoc41 red-ced mil4
prod-ction. reprod-ctionproblems. death
Algae blooms
Mold Increased vector and
microorganism pop-lations
3
i W t
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ecrease in Water
Dro-ght
Lo0er 0ater
levels
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Water 'evels0 ;reat 'a9es
Average 8reat La4es levels depends on the balance bet0een
precipitation and evaporation5Hayhoe et al, 2!7
)!
Public Health )ssues ?
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Public Health )ssues ?Drought & 'o!er Water 'evels
$ed-ced soil moist-re reserves.
gro-nd0ater s-pplies. la4e and
0etland levels. and stream Ko0s
Potential concentration of
poll-tants
Decreasing 0ater s-pply for
drin4ing 0ater and agric-lt-re
Agric-lt-re1 adversely a>ects crop progress and soil moist-re
and therefore food s-pply
6ildBre dangers 5e,g,. Pagami Cree4 Gire. 'o-ndary 6aters
Canoe Area 6ilderness Q started A-g-st !3th 2!!: *2."32
acres as of Oct, !th 2!!71 inN-ries. property damage.
an(iety. psychological e>ects)2
)ncrease in Water
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)ncrease in Water*emperature
Changes in Bshpop-lations <
merc-ry
Algal blooms $ed-ced dissolved
o(ygen
Incomplete mi(ing Increased vectors
Invasive species@ northern
e(pansion of organisms
-ish Populations &
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-ish Populations &Mercury
6armer 0aters co-ldharm Bsh pop-lationsand biological activityof cold a9-atic
ecosystems 6armer 0aters and
rainfall intensity maybe contrib-ting to anincrease in merc-ryconcentrations in Bsh
))%o-rce1 Peter acobson.D&$ Gisheries $esearch%-pervisor
Concept-al diagram ofclimate 0arming e>ects on
Minnesota Bsh comm-nities
Harm%ul +lgal @looms &
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Harm%ul +lgal @looms &$educed Dissolved (>ygen
Increased poll-tion and temperat-rescan res-lt in blooms of harmf-l algaeand bacteria and red-ce the amo-nt
of dissolved o(ygen
)#
) l t i i
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)ncomplete mi>ing
%tratiBcation Longer periods of stratiBcation
5s-rface and 0ater bottom don?t mi(7
may ca-se dead Jones 5lo0 o(ygenlevels7 and decrease self/p-riBcationcapabilities of 0ater feat-res
May ca-se Bsh 4ills. poor 0ater
9-ality. increased insect pop-lations.etc,
)"
) d t
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)ncreased vectors
Climate change may contrib-te tothe breeding of insects 5e,g,.mos9-itoes7 and may increase theris4 of vector/borne diseases 5e,g,.
6est &ile vir-s7
)nvasive species &
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)nvasive species &northern e>pansion o%organisms
Invasive species Asian carp
Rebra m-ssels
%ea lamprey D&$ Invasive %pecies
0ebsite1
http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@invasives@inde(,html
E( ansion of disease/ca-sin
Many Jebra m-sselsattached to a native m-ssel,%o-rce1 M& D&$
Public Health .trategies
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Public Health .trategies
8reen infrastr-ct-re
8rey infrastr-ct-re
Emergency Preparedness
Individ-al %trategies
)*
;reen )n%rastructure
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;reen )n%rastructure
#
$ely on nat-ralprocesses1
Evaporation =rees and plant
cover
InBltration$ain gardens
Pervio-s pavers
6etlands
+bove0 *arget Center $oo% inMinneapolis
Conservation.ubdivision
;rey )n%rastructure
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;rey )n%rastructure
#!
Increase capacity of storm0aterpipes. storage tan4s and 0aste0atertreatment facilities to accommodatelarger rain events
;reen & ;rey )n%rastructure
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;reen & ;rey )n%rastructure
#2
!, Protect nat-raldrainage patterns.0atersheds and0ater bodies
2, InBltrate andcollect 0ater
, Plant native.dro-ght/resistant
plants), Conserve 0ater5e,g,. lo0 irrigationagric-lt-re7
#, $e-se 0ater %o-rce1 D&$. 2!!d
Water Management.olutions
mergency Preparedness
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mergency Preparedness
#
mergency preparedness0 Plan for Koods and e(treme 0eather
events Minnesota 6ater@6aste0ater Agency $esponse &et0or4
5Mn6A$&71 http1@@000,mn0arn,org@
Minnesota Poll-tion Control Agency 5MPCA7 0ebsite onpreparing for Koods1http1@@000,pca,state,mn,-s@inde(,php@0aste@0aste/and/clean-p@clean-p/programs/and/topics@clean-p/programs@emergency/response@Koods/minimiJing/poll-tion/and/he
alth/ris4s,html Minnesota Department of Health 5MDH7 0ebsite on
protecting private 0ells from Koods1http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@0ells@0ater9-ality@Kooded,html
)ndividual .trategies
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#)
)ndividual .trategies
Drin4 bottled 0ater d-ring and@or after a Kood oro-tbrea4
8et yo-r 0ell tested http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@0ells@0ater9-ality@inde(,html
=reat contaminated 0ater http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@0ells@0ater9-ality@disinfection,html
%ee4 information on beaches prior to s0imming andavoid visibly contaminated 0aters
'each info1 http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@beaches@inde(,html 'l-e/green algae1 http1@@
000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@haJardo-s@topics@bl-egreenalgae,html
=rac4 Bsh cons-mption advisories http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@eh@Bsh@
Contaminated Water
ummary
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ummary
6ater has al0ays been an important and
ab-ndant reso-rce in Minnesota Minnesota?s climate is predicted to change in the
f-t-re and 0ill impact 0ater 9-ality and 9-antity
=here are serio-s p-blic health iss-es related to1 Increases in 0ater
Decreases in 0ater
Increases in 0ater temperat-re
%trategies to prevent inN-ry and illness incl-de
infrastr-ct-re adaptation and p-blic healthplanning and response
##
9no!ledgements
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9no!ledgements
#"
=his 0or4 0as s-pported bycooperative agreement #UE!EH+3from the Centers for Disease Controland Prevention%pecial than4s to the follo0ing people for their
contrib-tions to the creation of this trainingmod-le1
Anita Anderson. MDHPatti Craddoc4. %hort Elliott Hendric4son Inc,
5%EH7Chris Elvr-m. MDH =annie Eshena-r. MDHAnn Pierce. D&$Angela Preimesberger. MPCA
Lih/in $eJania. MDHAndre0 %-llivan. Eden Prairie
*han9 you
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*han9 you
#+
Contact the Minnesota Climate and Health
Program0
"#!/2!/)3*health,climatechangeSstate,mn,-s
http1@@000,health,state,mn,-s@divs@climatechange@
QuestionsA
October !. 2!2
$e%erences
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$e%erences
#3
Associate Press, arno0s4i. %, 2!2, %-mmers heat ta4ing toll on Bsh in Minnesota. 6isconsin. Da4otas, +@!2@2!2, $eprinted by Pioneer Press1http1@@000,t0incities,com@localne0s@ci2!"2+)@heat/0ave/ta4es/toll/minnesotas/Bsh
A-stin A. and Colman %M, 2+, La4e %-perior s-mmer 0ater temperat-res are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperat-res1 A positive ice/albedofeedbac4. 8eophys, $es, Lett,. "#. L""). doi1!,!2*@2"8L2*2!, Available online1 000,ag-,org@p-bs@crossref@2+@2"8L2*2!,shtml
A-stin A. and Colman %M, 23, A cent-ry of temperat-re variability in La4e %-perior, Limnol, Oceanogr. #. 2+2)Q2+, Available online1
000,aslo,org@lo@pdf@vol#@iss-e"@2+2),pdf Climate Change %cience Program 5CC%P7, 23, Analyses of the e>ects of global change on h-man health and 0elfare and h-man systems, A $eport by theU,%, Climate Change %cience Program and the %-bcommittee on 8lobal Change $esearch, T8amble L 5ed,7. Ebi L. %-ssman G8. 6ilban4s =. 5A-thors7, U,%,
Environmental Protection Agency. 6ashington. DC. U%A,
Climate Instit-te, 2!, H-man Health, Available online1 http1@@000,climate,org@topics@health,html
Confalonieri U. Menne '. A4htar $. Ebi L. Ha-eng-e M. ovats $%. $evich ' and 6ood0ard A, 2+, H-man health, Climate Change 2007$ %mpacts& 'daptation and (lneraility , Contrib-tion of 6or4ing 8ro-p II to the Go-rth Assessment $eport of the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. U. *!/)!,
Con0ay = and =ans P, 2!!, &OAA@E%$L, Available online1 000,esrl,noaa,gov@gmd@ccgg@trends@
C-rriero GC. PatJ A. $ose '. Lele %, 2!, =he association bet0een e(treme precipitation and 0aterborne disease o-tbrea4s in the United %tates. !*)3/!**),American o-rnal of P-blic Health. *!5371 !!*)/!!**,
Davis P. MD, 2!, Case %t-dy1 Lessons from the Massive 6aterborne O-tbrea4 of Cryptosporidim Infections. Mil0a-4ee. 6isconsin. !**, '-rea- ofComm-nicable Disease and Emergency $esponse. 6isconsin Division of P-blic Health, Available online1http1@@fri,0isc,ed-@docs@pdf@DavisG$I6ater&ov2!,pdf
D-4es % and Mooney HA, !***, Does global change increase the s-ccess of biological invadersW?, *rends in +cology , +voltion 5)7 !#/!*
8overnor Dayton. M, 2!2, Individ-al Assistance re9-est to President 'ara4 Obama, -ly !*. 2!2,
Department of &at-ral $eso-rces 5D&$7, 2, Minnesota?s 6ater %-pply1 &at-ral Conditions and H-man Impacts, Available online1http1@@Bles,dnr,state,mn,-s@p-blications@0aters@mn0aters-pply,pdf
, 2!, 6ater Availability Assessment $eport, Available online1 http1@@Bles,dnr,state,mn,-s@abo-tdnr@reports@legislative@2!0ateravailablity,pdf
, 2!!a, Dro-ght, Available online1 http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@climate@dro-ght@inde(,html
, 2!!b, Glooding in Minnesota, Available online1 http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@climate@Koods@inde(,html
, 2!!c, La4e Level Minnesota, Available online1 http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@climate@0aterlevels@la4es@ inde(,html
, 2!!d, 6atershed Assessment =ool Q 8eomorphology Concepts, Available online1http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@0atershedtool@geomorphconcepts,html
Desai. A,$,. ,A, A-stin. X, 'ennington. and 8,A, Mcinley, 2*, %tronger 0inds over a large la4e in response to 0ea4ening air/to/la4e temperat-re gradient,-atre !eosci, 21 3##Q3#3, Available online1 000,nat-re,com@ngeo@No-rnal@v2@n!2@abs@ngeo"*,html
Ebi L. 'alb-s . inney PL. Lipp E. Mills D. O?&eill M%. and 6ilson M, 23, E>ects of global change on h-man health, In1 'nalyses o the +ects o !loal
Change on /man /ealth and elare and /man Systems T8amble L 5ed,7. Ebi L. %-ssman G8. and 6ilban4s = 5a-thors7, %ynthesis and AssessmentProd-ct ),", U,%, Environmental Protection Agency. 6ashington. DC. pp, */3+,
$e%erences <cont =
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$e%erences <cont#=
#*
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Photo Credits
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Photo Credits
%lide )1 Photograph by Cha^na 'api4ee %lide +1 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide !21 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide !#1 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide !*1 Images from Microsoft Clip Art %lide 2#1 EYC =elevision %lide 2"1 Photograph by %am Choo. available at http1@@
minnesota,p-blicradio,org@collections@special@col-mns@-pdraft@archive@2!!@+@another)3ho-rs ofrelentless,shtml
%lide 2*1 Photograph by Patsy Lynch@GEMA. A-g-st 2. 2+ %toc4ton %lide 1 Left image from $achel Ag-r4is. $ight image from Dere4 Montgomery for MP$ %lide !1 Photograph by Ed Edahl@GEMA. May !). 2* Oslo
%lide 21 Image of salmonella from 6i4ipedia. available at http1@@en,0i4ipedia,org@0i4i@%almonella %lide 1 Photograph credit / athy 'lair < e>rey P, Davis. MD 6isconsin Division of P-blic Health %lide )1 Photograph by 8ettyimages %lide #1 Image by =ildology. available at http1@@tildology,com@2!!@+@!*@misery/inde(/0eather/
0ise@ %lide "1 =he 6eather Channel 2!! %lide 31 =op image from AGP@8etty Images 5provided by Peter %ynder. UM&7 %lide *1 Left photograph D&$. right photograph by Cha^na 'api4ee %lide )21 Photograph by ate Ho-ston %lide )1 Image from Microsoft Clip Art %lide )#1 Photograph of bl-e/green algae. %o-rce1 MPCA %lide )+1 Image of mos9-ito from 6i4ipedia. available at http1@@en,0i4ipedia,org@0i4i@Mos9-ito %lide )31 Image of Jebra m-ssels from M& D&$. available at
http1@@000,dnr,state,mn,-s@invasives@a9-aticanimals@Jebram-ssel@inde(,html %lide #1 =op image from Pam 'li(t. City of Minneapolis: bottom image from Microsoft Clip Art %lide #!1 Image of c-lvert from 6i4ipedia. available at http1@@en,0i4ipedia,org@0i4i@C-lvert