verrone, l'immagine ricostruita

7/23/2019 VERRONE, L'IMMAGINE RICOSTRUITA

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/verrone-limmagine-ricostruita 1/188

Y K _ _ B N K

C ‑ A L L D E A N K r a g b w x r { a x d

an gbzkrxand0

Dcokrb eknkdcbeagb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# wkgbcb VYAA

gbcckpabnk zraydxd

YK__BNKc‑alldeank ragbwxr{axd



YK__BNKc‑alldeank ragbwxr{axd

d g{rd ha

Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

wdeea ha0

Erdpadnd Obckneb# Dnhrkd Gdcpbcdra k Zdxrapad Gdngadn# E{ahb EknxackC{awd Gcbxachk Eknxack# Irdngb E{dcdnb# Gdrcb @dwkcca# Dnhrkd Cbnefa

Yaxxbrab Ndxdck# Dnxbnkccd Zkran# Ldrgb X{rbxxa# Ydckrad YdaXbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb



GBLAXDXB WGAKNXAIAGB

Ldrgb X{rbxxaErdpadnd Obckneb# _bokrxb Gdrknpb# Dnnd @dwkcca WacblordXbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

Z_BEKXXB EKNK_DCK


GBB_HANDLKNXB DECA D_GFAYA

Erdpadnd Obckneb

GBB_HANDLKNXB D YK__BNK

Dnnd @dwkcca Wacblord

IBXBE_DIAK

Krndna Brgbrxk

_ KNHK_ANE

Irdngb Edrapab

WAECD_AB# ANHAGA K OAOCABE_DIAD

Zakxrb [wgkccb

Z_BEKXXB KHAXB_ADCK


_ ANE_DPADLKNXA

Ydnnd Oaed ha Gabllb# Wxkidnb hk Ldrxanb# E{ahb EknxackEa{wkzzk Wkrea# Lagdkcd Yaecanb

Wxkidnad Ykrgkccbnk

Cb Wxdii hkc Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk

AWON 66,57?:,4?4,:

¡ Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk &Oakccd!

C‑Drxawxagd Khaxragk , Hayawabnk khaxbradckhk C‑Drxawxagd Wdyaecadnb w.r.c.

Yad Xbranb 415 , 4?:76 Wdyaecadnb &G{nkb!Xkc. - 71 :45?.5?99??Idv - 71 :45?.75;1:8anibJkhdrza.gbl , uuu.khdrza.gbl



;

G bnbwgkrk cd zrbzrad wxbrad waenaiagd ckedrk {nd Gbl{naxê dcck w{k wag{rkrdhaga# da{xdnhb gfa c‑dllanawxrd d x{xkcdrk ac w{b wyac{zzb an ldnakrddrlbnagd# nbn gbn wxrdybcealknxa hd idgack dzzcd{wb# hawxr{xxaya hkcck

xrdhapabna# oknwã gbn c‑alzkenb –hkc o{bn zdhrk ha idlaecad“ xkwb dccd wklza,xkrnd gbnwkrydpabnk ha t{kcck –braeana“ gfk zkr cd Gbl{naxê rdzzrkwknxdnb {nxkwbrb. Zkr idrcb oawbend gbnbwgkrk cd zrbzrad wxbrad gblk cd gbnbwgkydnb ecadllanawxrdxbra hkckedxa hdccd nbwxrd Gbl{naxê dnxagd# a Gbnwbca# kckxxa dh dlla,nawxrdrk nkc rawzkxxb k nkccd g{cx{rd hkcck zrbzrak xrdhapabna.

T{kwxd æ cd rdeabnk ha t{kwxb caorb# ir{xxb hkcc‑ahkd ha rahdrk d gadwg{nb hanba {n zbwxb an {nd wxbrad gfk# wk z{ÿ wklordrk lanbrk# zkr nba hkyk dykrk {nr{bcb alzbrxdnxk zkrgfá æ cd nbwxrd# t{kccd hka nbwxra zdhra k t{kccd gfk xrd,wlkxxkrklb da nbwxra iaeca# anxkerdnhbcd d gblzckxdlknxb ha t{kccd wxbrad lde,eabrk ha g{a æ wxdxd zdrxk.

Ckeeknhb t{kwxk zdeank dzzdrarê kyahknxk gfk dngfk {n zaggbcb Gbl{nkgblk ac nbwxrb# dxxrdykrwb a w{ba zkrwbndeea# fd dy{xb {n zbwxb ha nbn wkgbn,hdrad alzbrxdnpd. Cd zrbibnhd ragkrgd gblza{xd hdc G{rdxbrk k hda w{baGbccdobrdxbra fd ragbwxr{axb k ga fd rkwxax{axb t{kc xkrraxbrab gfk eabrndclknxkykhadlb anxbrnb# ld ha g{a aenbrdydlb c‑alldeank hbg{lknxdck. Dxxrdykrwb{n gblzckwwb anxrkggab k gbnirbnxb ha hdxa wxbraga t{dwa x{xxa ankhaxa# beea c‑al,ldeank ha Ykrrbnk æ ibnhdxd# ldx{rd k rdeabndxd.

Wa z{ÿ wgraykrk cd wxbrad ha {nd Gbl{naxê wbcb gargbwgrayknhbcd dc w{banxkrnb# rawgfadnhb zkrÿ ha xknkrcd i{bra hdccd halknwabnk rkdck hkc w{b xklzb.[nd Gbl{naxê kwawxk zkr idxxbra anhazknhknxa hdccd zrbzrad ybcbnxê k gfkfdnnb cd cbrb rdeabnk dcc‑kwxkrnb ha kwwd. Wbcb zbnknhbcd an {n dloaxb zañydwxb kh kwxkrnb wk nk zbwwbnb gbecakrk a lblknxa k ck anxalk rdeabna# gbnwk,e{knpk ha lbh{cdxbra lacaxdra# wbgadca k rkcaeabwa gfk fdnnb gdrdxxkrappdxb {ndwxbrad zañ erdnhk.

Ykrrbnk æ wxdxd rdggbnxdxd wad hdc w{b anxkrnb# wad zbnknhb ac w{b Gdwxkccb#cd w{d Gfakwd k cd w{d Gdwd Gbl{ndck dc gknxrb ha hanxbrna wzdpadca zañ rklbxa#d cbrb ybcxd xkdxrb ha kyknxa cd g{a ragdh{xd æ wxdxd ac lbxbrk hkcck xrdwibrld,pabna nkccd yaxd k nkccd gbnnbxdpabnk hkc zdkwk.

Wgbrrknhb ac caorb wa fd cd zkrgkpabnk nkxxd ha t{dnxb ck cbxxk zkr c‑keklbnadxkrraxbradck k# zañ an dcxb# zkr ac zbxkrk zbcaxagb gbn ck e{krrk ha gbnwke{knpd#dooadnb dy{xb {nd ydcknpd zknkxrdnxk w{ccd yaxd k w{cc‑dloaknxk hkccd eknxk gb,l{nk# zbnknhb dngfk Ykrrbnk an kybc{pabnk nkc lbxb hkcc‑{naykrwb hkccd wxbrad.

Eca kcklknxa gfk wbnb wgdx{raxa hdccd ragkrgd hayknxdnb d{waca zrkpabwa zkr cdgrkwgaxd gbcckxxayd ha {nd Gbl{naxê gfk lard d zrberkhark ykrwb {n i{x{rb k{rb,zkb ldx{rb# ld gbn {n‑ahknxaxê k {nd gbnwdzkybckppd ha gdllanb zrbzrab.

K nkc hadcbeb gbn t{dnxa d ydrab xaxbcb# z{oocagb b zraydxb# gbngbrrbnb dccdgbnwkrydpabnk# dccd ydcbrappdpabnk hkc xkrraxbrab k dc w{b zrberkhark# t{kwxdDllanawxrdpabnk æ brebecabwd ha zbxkr lkxxkrk d hawzbwapabnk hkccd Gbl{naxêk hkeca wx{habwa {n‑bzkrd gfk xaknk dcxd c‑dxxknpabnk w{c ydcbrk ibnhdlknxdck hkczdwwdxb# wknpd ac t{dck nbn wa z{ÿ wyac{zzdrk {n gayack zrberkwwb.

LD_GB X[_BXXA

Wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk

Zrkwknxdpabnk



5

Z_KWKNXDPABNK zde. ;

WBLLD_AB 5

WAECD_AB K DOO_KYADPABNA 1

CD XB__K# AC GDYDCAK_K# AC GDWXKCCB 44Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

AC GBNXKWXB ZAKLBNXKWK ?4 Dnhrkd Gdcpbcdra k Zdxrapad Gdngadn

G_BNBCBEAD ?5

Ldrgb X{rbxxa

A YADCD_HA 7;Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

A YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK 8;Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

CD HKHAPABNK HKA YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK D GDWD WDYBAD ;4Ydckrad Yda

A YADCD_HA K YK__BNK0[N ZK_GB_WB D_DCHAGB HDC LKHABKYB DCC‑KXÊ GBNXKLZB_DNKD 94

C{awd Gcbxachk Eknxack

AC GDWXKCCBC‑D_GFAXKXX[_D HKC GDWXKCCB NKC ZDKWDEEAB IB_XAIAGDXB W[ODCZANB 91

Dnhrkd Cbnefa

CD HKGB_DPABNK HKCCD GDZZKCCD K HKCCK WDCK 64Yaxxbrab Ndxdck

GBC IK__B. XKWXALBNADNPK HKCCD GBCCKPABNK H‑D_LA 14Gdrcb @dwkcca

CD GFAKWD

C‑D_GFAXKXX[_D HKCCD ZD__BGGFADCK X_D LKHABKYB KH KXÊ LBHK_ND 4:7 Dnxbnkccd Zkran

CD YKX_DXD HKCCD DHB_DPABNK HKA LDEA K ECA DII_KWGFA 444Yaxxbrab Ndxdck

AC ODXXAWXK_B HKA XKLZAD HA LB_XAECAKNEB 441Irdngb E{dcdnb

CD GBL[NAXÊ

DXX_DYK_WB A GDXDWXA DNXAGFA HKC GBL[NK 4?1E{ahb Eknxack

ECA –FBLANKW YK_BNA“ 481Erdpadnd Obckneb

AC XK__AXB_AB# AC OB_EB# CD ZADPPD# CD GDWD GBL[NK# CD GDWGAND 4;1

Erdpadnd ObcknebOAOCABE_DIAD EKNK_DCK 495

ANHAGK HKA NBLA 457

Wblldrab



1

d.d. dnnb dggdhklagbDDrg Drgfayab DrgaykwgbyackDGdz Drgfayab GdzaxbcdrkDGbl Drgfayab Gbl{ndck

DG{Y Drgfayab G{rad Ykwgbyack b DrgaykwgbyackDK_# DEW Drgfaybw Kwzdôbckw kn _kh# Drgfayb

Eknkrdc hk WaldngdwDcc. DcckedxbDZ Drgfayab Zdrrbggfadck

D_LB Dgxd _keandk Lbnxaw Brbzdk

Drx. DrxagbcbDW Drgfayab ha WxdxbDYhWI Drgfayab Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Ib{nhdxabnODY Oaocabxkgd Dzbwxbcagd YdxagdndOG Oaocabxkgd GayagdO_ Oaocabxkgd _kdckOWOW Obcckxxanb Wxbragb,Oaocaberdiagb W{odczanb

OWl Oaocabxkgd Wklandrab lkxrbzbcaxdnbOWWW Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odczandOWWY Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd YkrgkcckwkOWY Obcckxxanb Wxbragb Ykrgkcckwkg. gdrxdgdrh. gdrhandckgdx. gdxkebradgg. gdrxkgir. gbnirbnxdgax. gaxdxd"gaxdxbgc. gcdwwkgl gknxalkxrb"gknxalkxra

gbc."gbcc. gbcbnnd"gbcbnnkhbg."hbgg. hbg{lknxb"hbg{lknxakgg. kggkxkrdkh. khapabnki. ibecabidwg. idwgagbcb"idwgagbcaii. ibecaiae."iaee. iae{rd"iae{rkAEL Awxax{xb Ekberdiagb Lacaxdrkany. anyknxdrab

Cdx. Cdxanb

l lkxrb"lkxra LEF Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxbragd

LFZ Lbn{lknxd Fawxbradk Zdxradk

ll laccalkxrb"laccalkxralbnw. lbnwaenbrk

lw. ldnbwgraxxb

lw. O{cedrb Gdrcb Ea{wkzzk O{cedrb# Gknna eknkdcbeaga w{

idlaecak ykrgkcckwa# oakcckwa k zaklbnxkwa

lw. Xbrkcca Gdrcb Debwxanb Xbrkcca# Dcokra hkcck idlaecak

w{odczank kx an zdrxk gblzacdxa hdcc‑Dodxk Gdrcb

Debwxanb Xbrkcca

n."nn. n{lkrb"n{lkra

NK Nkgrbcbea K{wkoadna

Ö hadlkxrb

z. zdeand

zdrder. zdrderdib

zz. zdeank

zrbx. zrbxbgbccb

r rkgxb

rke. rkeawxrb

rkc. rkcdxbrk"rkcdxragk

rky. rkyawabnk

rawx. rawxdlzd

_X _dggbcxd Xbrrabnk

W. Wdn"Wdnxb"Wdnxd

W. D. _."WD_ W{d Dcxkppd _kdck

W. D. W. W{d Dcxkppd Wkrknawwald

W. L. W{d Ldkwxê

w.h. wknpd hdxd

w.n.z. wknpd n{lkrdpabnk zdeand"zdeank

wkg. wkgbcbWkp. Wkpabnk

we."wee. wke{knxk"wke{knxa

WX Waen{l Xdokccabnaw

Wx. z. Wxbrad zdxrad

xdy."xdyy. xdybcd"xdybck

xrdh. xrdh{pabnk

XYW Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

[GO# FC FL [naykrwaxq bi Gdcaibrnad# Okrmkckq#

F{nxanexbn Caordrq# Fawxbragdc Ldn{wgrazxw

[GC# OFC [naykrwaxá Gdxfbcat{k hk Cb{ydan# Oaocabxfkgd

fdeaberdzfagd cdxandy ykrwb

ybc."ybcc. ybc{lk"ybc{la

WAECD_AB K DOO_KYADPABNA



44

CD NDWGAXD0 AC GDYDCAK_K K CD XB__K

I bcgb Nkrrd h‑Dneaÿ4 or{gaÿ {nd hkcck lbeca# cd gbnxkwwd Kcawdokxxd haYknhølk# zkrgfá anikhkck k _bokrxb ac Zab ? rkenÿ nkcc‑angkwxb# nkcc‑d,h{cxkrab k nkc z{oocagb gbng{oandxb# lknxrk Xbldwb ha Lkrck i{ an xkwxd

deca blagaha# wx{zra k rdzank h{rdnxk cd zrkwd ha Ekr{wdckllk hkc 4:11 7. X{xxak xrk i{rbnb gdydcakra kggkpabndca k erdnha waenbra ik{hdca. Ibcgb i{ ac zañ erdnhknbnbwxdnxk _bokrxb ibwwk ac w{b rk. X{xxa k xrk i{rbnb gr{hkca# ld Xbldwb rdz,

zrkwknxÿ cd gr{hkcxê. Cd wxbrad ca fd xrdldnhdxa gblk zdhra,ibnhdxbra ha erdnhacaendeea gfk wa l{bykydnb an wawxkla rkcdpabndca brappbnxdca k wzkg{cdra# iaeca hazdhra d ybcxk gkrxa# d ybcxk alzrbodoaca# {blana anykwxaedxa wbxxb bena dwzkxxbzbwwaoack0 rkcaeabwb# wkww{dck# eb{rlkx# wbgadck. D ckxxb# an zakha# d gdydccb# angfakwd# bena cbrb ekwxb æ wxdxb gdxdcbedxb k w{hhayawb# gdxkebrak ha gdydcakra#hdlk# lbndga k wbxxb,gdxkebrak ha dwwdwwana k wdnxa.

T{dnhb zaggbca er{zza ha {blana d gdydccb cdwgadrbnb eca dzzdrknxdxa wxd,oacappdxa an {n‑{nagd idlaecad zkr xrdwikrarwa nkcc‑angkrxkppd hkcc‑krrdnxk# cd wzk,g{cdraxê k c‑brappbnxdcaxê hka rdzzbrxa wbgadca wa irdnx{lÿ allkxxknhb nkccdwbgakxê ik{hdck {nd lboacaxê wgbnbwga{xd. W{c xkrraxbrab dzzdrykrb zaggbck xbrraanhazknhknxa# ck g{a anxkrdpabna gbn t{kcck ha Ibcgb# _bokrxb k Xbldwb zbrxd,rbnb {n‑anwxdoacaxê gbcckxxayd gfk wzkppÿ eca kt{acaora hkcck anxkrrkcdpabna ik{hdca.

Cd xbrrk i{ cd gdykrnd zralbrhadck an g{a ac gdydcakrk n{byb lkhaxÿ x{xxbt{kccb gfk ha krbagb k ha t{bxahadnb ha c{a æ wxdxb wx{hadxb. Cd ekwxdpabnk hkccdw{d dpabnk dyyknnk nkccd xbrrk# zaggbcd b erdnhk# zbykrd b raggd# ac g{a r{bcb w{cxkrraxbrab dnxagazÿ t{kccb hkccd gfakwd# dccd t{dck wbcb xdrhaydlknxk xrdwikrãzdrxk hkccd zrbzrad zbcdraxê wbgadck. [blb k xbrrk i{rbnb x{xx‑{nb ianb dccderdnhk xrdwibrldpabnk hkccd lkxê hkc ‑7::# c‑{cxald# t{dnhb ac gdwxkccb hayknnkwklzcagk walobcb ha hblanab k cd lawgfad wzdrã hdc xbrnkb gkhknhb ck zrbzrakdrla ê b{xrdngk 8 d t{kcck ê zcdawdngk ;.

Nkc lbnhb lkhabkydck# hbyk cd ndwgaxd krd ibnhdlknxdck zkr c‑anwkralknxbwbgadck# o{bnd zdrxk hkcc‑{ldnaxê i{ gbngkzaxd an {n zrdxb# wbxxb {nd zadnxd. Acnkbndxb wknpd zdhrk yaykyd i{bra hkccd halknwabnk gbcckxxayd# nbn kwawxkyd. Wbcbwk ragbnbwga{xb wdrkook wxdxb {n fa b hk dceðn# {n iaecab ha t{dcg{nb. Ac caende,eab# t{kccb ykrb# wa gbngkzayd {nagdlknxk xrd ck l{rd gfa{wk hkccd xbrrk# nkc,c‑{nagd gdlkrd hd ckxxb kwawxknxk k ckedck byk ac wark k w{d lbecak hbrlbnbanwaklk9. C‑{nagb dxxb wkww{dck d{xbrappdxb wa gblzayd wbxxb ac gbnxrbccb raeahbhkccd xbrrk# gfk rdzzrkwknxdyd ac ckedlk xrd ac zdhrk,ibnhdxbrk kh a n{bya ndxa.

[n i{x{rb nbn cbnxdnb dyrkook d{lknxdxb a ckxxa d{xbrappdxa k hayawb accaendeeab an gdwdxk# ld {nd xbrrk hayknxdxd gdwxkccb dyrkook wklzrk idxxb hdckydxragk. Dngfk c‑fa`b hk dceðn t{dnhb ndgt{k an {nd zaggbcd xbrrk n{bydhayknnk {n fahdceb nboack ha wdne{k# lklorb ha {nd fahdce{ìd.

X_D IK[HB K DCCBHAB0 AC GDYDCAK_K K CD G_AWA IK[HDCK

Ac wkgbcb V æ ac grbeabcb an g{a wa zrkzdrd ac hawxdggb hdc xklzb hkeca dnxk,ndxa ibnhdxbra# t{kccd Erdnhk Bzkrd gfk æ ac caendeeab. Ld æ dngfk ac wkgbcbhkccd grawa wbgadck gfk ykhk knxrdrk an gbnicaxxb a h{k gdrhana gfk c‑dykydnb

4 Ibcgb AAA Nkrrd &ac Nkrb!# iaecab haEbiirkhb A h‑Dneaÿ# i{ ac ibnhdxbrk hkczbxkrk dneabanb.

? Iaecab ha [eb Gdzkxb# rk ha Irdngadhdc 119.

7 «T{kccd wdne{anbwd halbwxrdpabnk haidndxawlb grawxadnb raw{wgaxÿ ac idndxawlbhkcc‑Awcdl. T{dnhb# an wke{axb# a zañ wdeeacdxana h‑Braknxk wa wibrpdrbnb ha xrbydrk {ndodwk t{dcwadwa w{ccd t{dck grawxadna k l{w,w{cldna zbxkwwkrb gbccdobrdrk# ac ragbrhbhkc ldwwdgrb wa ckyÿ wklzrk w{c cbrb gdl,lanb½ &W. _ [NGFALDN# Wxbrad hkcck Grbgadxk#_bggd Wdn Gdwgadnb 4118 &kh. axdcadnd!#ybc. A"AA# z. ?86!.

8 Ianb dccd lbrxk. ; Zkr haykrxalknxb.9 LEF# Wgrazxbrkw rkr{l Ekrldnagdr{l#

ybc. VVAY.

Cd xbrrk# ac gdydcakrk# ac gdwxkccbXbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb



4? XBLDWB YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB

zrkw{zzbwxd# c‑dcc ,ùh k ac ikbf,ùh# zrkydragdnhbwa c‑{n c‑dcxrb xdnxb an xkrlana haxrdhapabnk gfk ha wxbrad 5. Ac wknwb ha dcc ,ùh # cd xkrrd hka zdhra# krd t{kccb hkccdzrbzrakxê gfk ckedyd anhawxanxdlknxk k brappbnxdclknxk x{xxa a w{ba zbwwkwwbra#hkxkn{xd zkrgfá xkrrd hkeca dya wkzbcxa# ckedlk nbn wbcb t{anha gbn cd w{zkria,gak ld dngfk gbn ac lbnhb wbxxkrrdnkb hkc x{l{c{w# yangbcb anyawaoack k wdgrb.

Haykrwb ac ikbf,ùh# ac g{a waenaiagdxb zdrxkgazdyd dc zralb ahkberdlld hkc i{xfdrm dnxagb 6# cd w{d r{nd zañ wdgrd# t{kccd hkc 4º ŗxx 0 cd idlaecad ha Irkq`d 1.Hayanaxê k hbnb anwaklk# beekxxb wklzrk zrkpabwb w{ g{a wa hazanekyd cd r{ndwdgrd ha Irkq`d# ac ikbf{ rdzzrkwknxdyd ac yangbcb ldeagb k anhawwbc{oack xrdhbndxbrk k hbndxdrab.

Wk c‑dcc,ùh kook h{nt{k ian hdcc‑anapab ac wknwb ha zbwwkwwb hkccd xkrrd gblkoknk hkeca dya# ac ikbf,ùh zbrxÿ an wá ac gbngkxxb ha ckedlk zkrwbndck dxxrdykrwbac hbnb. Wk c‑dcc ,ùh {nã an ldnakrd zdraxkxagd x{xxa gbcbrb gfk yaykydnb w{ccdwxkwwd xkrrd# ac ikbf,ùh {nã an ldnakrd haiikrknpadxd kh drawxbgrdxagd# brednap,pdnhb cd idlaecad an {nd ekrdrgfad alzkrnadxd w{ {n {nagb anhayah{b0 t{kccbgfk dykyd ragky{xb ac hbnb. Ac wknwb ha zrbzrakxê wa awxax{pabndcappÿ anxbrnb dh{n n{gckb zañ b lknb dlzab gfk# nkcck irdnek anikrabra# knxrÿ an gbnicaxxb gbn

ac hkxknxbrk hkcc‑dcc ,ùh 4:

. C‑andcakndoacaxê anapadck hkc hbnb rkwk cd w{ggkwwabnknboack haw{e{dck xrd eca krkha. Cd idlaecad wa ekrdrgfappÿ ykrwb ac hkxknxbrk hkchbnb# ac ik{hb# kcalandnhb yad yad a ckedla gbn eca acckeaxxala# ck iaecak kh a zdrkn,xkw lanbrkw# wxr{xx{rdnhbwa an {n‑{nagd brednappdpabnk cankdrk ldwgfack# accaendeeab# gfk zbxkyd kwawxkrk wbcb gbn ac zbwwkwwb ananxkrrbxxb hkc ik{hb. Gbnac zbwwkwwb ananxkrrbxxb k c‑kwgc{wabnk hkeca kcklknxa idlacadra lknb yagana# accaendeeab wa hayawk an gdwdxk.

Ik{hb k dccbhab w‑angrbgadrbnb k ac wawxkld ik{hdck kook ac wbzrdyyknxbt{dnhb ac wknwb hkc zralb nbn i{ zañ ac hbnb# ld cd rkxrao{pabnk ha {n wkrya,pab. Cd waenbrad hkccd xkrrd wa dccdreÿ dngfk dc zbwwkwwb hkcck zkrwbnk k hkcckgbwk gfk ya kwawxkydnb wbzrd dxxrdykrwb {n gblzckwwb wawxkld ha haraxxb# ac ik{,hdckwalb# gfk kook nkcc‑anykwxax{rd hkc gdydcakrk cd w{d kwzrkwwabnk kwxkrnd zañ

ldrgdxd. Cd xbrrk ha ckenb gfk dykyd dggbcxb# razdrdxb k haikwb cd eknxk caokrdk ck cbrb gbwk# wa gfa{wk k wa gfa{wkrb a yaccdeea k ck xkrrk anxbrnb# idgknhb gdhkrkc‑acc{wabnk ha zbxkrk gbwxr{ark {n eabrnb {nd xbrrk zrbzrad. Cd waenbrad hayknnkandggkwwaoack0 ac waenbrk# gbn zbrxd k gdrhana # cd xaknk gfa{wd# hdc gakcb dccd xkrrd 44.

X_D WDG_B K Z_BIDNB0 AC GDYDCAK_K# AC LBNDGB# CD T[KWXK

Nkcc‑angkrxkppd hkcc‑krrdnpd dcg{na gdydcakra angrbgadrbnb {n lbndgb gbc,ckxxayb kh k{rbzkb# Aw t{a c{ekx 4?# haykreknxk hd t{kccb wbcaxdrab k lkhaxkrrdnkbibreadxb nkc cbrb wxkwwb kxfbw. Ac raw{cxdxb i{ ac zdrbwwawlb hkc wdgrb k hkc wdnxbhkcc‑anykwxax{rd ac g{a rax{dck# gfk rdeea{nwk cd zkrikpabnk an {nd gbhaiagdpabnkxdrhayd hkeca anapa hkc wkgbcb VAA# nbn hkyk xrdrrk an anednnb. A w{ba drgdawla

ybc{xa xrdykwxbnb an rkdcxê ac gdrdxxkrk rkgknxk hkc raxb gfk zkr wdgrdrwa kookoawbenb hkc wknwb drgdagb hkcc‑anxdneaoack.

Ckednhb cd lbrxk krbagd gbn ac hayanb# ac lbndgb allawk nkccd yaxd hkc gdyd,cakrk kcklknxa zrbzra da gbnyknxa# gblk cd gdwxaxê# zkr gbczark {n wawxkld xrdha,pabndck dnxdebnawxd# dwxrdxxb k gblzckwwb xrdldnhdxb hd eknkrdpabnk an eknk,rdpabnk# ha g{a ac gdydcakrk krd c‑{cxalb dnkccb. Dxxrdykrwb cd ekwxabnk hkcc‑ana,padpabnk gdydcckrkwgd# cd Gfakwd ybcck zakedrk t{ka ckedla xrdwlkwwa hd zdhrk aniaecab dxxrdykrwb c‑kcklknxb ikllanack hkc yaccdeeab 47. Wa dggdnã w{cc‑angdrnd,pabnk hkc walobcb angdnxdxb hkccd yaxd gfk Irkq`d# cd hbnnd,ldeagd# rdzzrkwkn,xdyd k w{ g{a nbn dykyd zbxkrk# gbwxraneknhbcd nkccd zdrxk aniald hkc wbgadck#wxkracappdnhb ac w{b rdzzbrxb gbn c‑{blb. Ac ldxralbnab anxkwb gblk zdrxk wkw,w{dck hkccd wbgakxê i{ gbnhdnndxb kh ac zadgkrk xrbyÿ cd w{d gbccbgdpabnk nkc cdxb

bwg{rb hkc zkggdxb 48.Cd Gfakwd# zkr ekwxark c‑{nabnk gdrndck# wdngã c‑boocaeb ha zrbydrk wbxxb ea{,

rdlknxb a erdha ha zdrknxkcd 4;0 nbn zañ a xrk xrdhapabndca hkc haraxxb ekrldnagb#

5 @.,Z. ZBCQ# C‑K{rbzk hk c‑dn lacck# an _.IBWWAK_ &d g{rd ha!# Ck Lbqkn Dek# Zdraw416?# ybc. ?# zz. 41 wee.

6 Wawxkld ha wgraxx{rd ahkberdiagd hd g{awbnb hkraydxk ck cane{k nbrh k{rbzkk.

1 Ac i{xfdrm dnxagb krd drxagbcdxb an ?8 r{nkrdeer{zzdxk an 7 ŗkxxar # b idlaecak# radccdg,

gadxk dh {nd hayanaxê. Irkq`d rdzzrkwknxd {nlaxb breadwxagb zrk,anhbk{rbzkb ckedxb dccdikgbnhaxê hkccd xkrrd# dccd zrbgrkdpabnk k dccdldead. Gir. U. M_D[WK# Hak _{nknanwgfraixknal ècxkrkn i{xfdrm# Fdcck 4175# k @. HK Y_AKW#

Dcxekrldnawgfk _kcaeabnwekwgfagfxk# Okrcan41;9,41;5# ybcc. A k AA.

4: @.,Z. ZBCQ# C‑K{rbzk hk c‑dn lacck# gax.#zz. 48 wee.

44 Y.,Á. LAGFKCKX# Ck wkgrkx hk cd Gfkyd,ckrak# Gbnhá,w{r,Nbarkd{ 416;.

4? Gbc{a gfk zadnek.47 Dzzdrxaknk d t{kwxb zkrabhb c‑anxrb,

h{pabnk an Bggahknxk hkc hbeld ldrabcb,eagb hkccd Ykreank gbngkzaxd wknpd zkggdxb.

Gir. L. KCADHK# Fawxbark hkw grbqdngkw kx hkwahákw rkcaeak{wkw# Wdanx,Dldnh,Lbnxrbnh4167# ybc. AAA.

48 Wbxxb c‑alz{cwb ha E. Wgbxb# gbnhdn,ndxb nkc gbngacab ha Zdraea hkc 4?4: k hdzdzd Bnbirab AAA nkc 4??;. Gir. @. WGBX[W

K_AEKND# Zkrazfawkbn0 Xfk Hayawabn bi Nd,x{rk# xrdh. A. Z. WFKCHBN,UACCADLW# rky. @.B‑LKD_D# H{ocan 4196,415;.

4; Gbngacab ha Fanekcwfkal hkc 186. Ckn{byk rkebck krdnb eaê wxdxk alzbwxdxk nkcgbngacab ha Xrbwcq hkc 1:1.



CD XB__K# AC GDYDCAK_K# AC GDWXKCCB 47

oknwã wkxxk# n{lkrb arrdpabndck# z{rb nbnwknwk wknpd ea{wxaiagdpabnk nkcckWgraxx{rk. Gblk krd zbwwaoack xbrndrk anhakxrb ha wkxxk eknkrdpabna an {n lbnhbdzzknd ndxb# gfk z{r ha nbn zkrhkrk ac wdne{k hkeca dnxkndxa wa wzbwdyd nbr,ldclknxk nkcc‑dloaxb allkhadxdlknxk wbxxb ac xkrpb erdhb2 Gfa nbn wdrkookwxdxb an zkggdxb2 Gfa wdrkook wxdxb c‑droaxrb hka i{x{ra ldxralbna hkc waenbrk2

I{ c‑doobppb ha {nd zrald ragkrgd eknkdcbeagd k zrbodoaclknxk c‑dcod hkcc‑d,rdchagd# idxxbrk {xack zkr cd wxbrad d yknark# ld an {n lblknxb an g{a _bld hkxk,nkyd# wbcd# c‑d{xbraxê hbxxrandck# rdzzrkwknxÿ cd gbnwkend ha {nd zdrxk hkccdwikrd ik{hdck nkcck ldna ha ykwgbya anhazknhknxa.

Ac waenbrk# ac Gdzb hkccd Gdwd# hayknnk zañ gd{xb dh dggbnwknxark ac ldxra,lbnab da ldwgfa w{ g{a dykyd zbxkrk kh {nb wbcb zbxá wzkrdrk ha w{ggkhkreca#dggkxxdnhb cd lbecak wgkcxd zkr c{a {nagdlknxk nkc zrbzrab brhb. Zkr eca dcxrawdrkook wxdxb ac gkcaodxb b ac gbng{oandxb ibrpbwb# idxxbra gfk gbwxranwkrb ac gdyd,cakrk krrdnxk nkc rdxxb k nkcc‑dh{cxkrab. Dll{ggfadxa ha nbxxk wbxxb ck ybcxk odwwkwbiibgdnxa k ekcahk ha {n gdwxkccb# ha eabrnb w{eca wzdcxa# eabrna k nbxxa c{nefkankwbrdoaca wknpd e{krrk yagank# a gdydcakra nbn yaykydnb gfk zkr ck wbrxaxk ha gdg,gad0 dccd hbnnd# dc gkryb# dcc‑{blb. A xbrnka wdrkookrb ykn{xa wbcb zañ xdrha.

Nka gdydcakra grkookrb ck alzdpaknpk ha krkha gfk ykhkydnb nkccd lbrxk hkczdhrk# hka irdxkcca# hkccd ldhrk k hka gbendxa c‑{nagb lbhb zkr dggkhkrk dcik{hb. C‑blagahab w‑anwkrã nkc haraxxb handwxagb k ac rdxxb zkrlawk da zañ ibrx{,ndxa ha wbxxrdrwa dccb wxdxb ha dxxkwd wknpd wobggb# ibnhdnhb {nd idlaecad zrb,zrad. Ac caendeeab gfk yaykyd xrdhapabndclknxk gbn x{xxa a zrbzra lklora ra{naxaanxbrnb deca ahknxaga dya ibnhdxbra# angblangaÿ d gbnyaykrk gbn er{zza wxdggd,xawa hdccd wxkwwd cankd 49# brednappdxa dngbrd nkc ragbrhb ha {n dnxkndxb gbl{nk#ld nbn zañ ahknxagb 45. Wxr{xx{rdclknxk# cd wbgakxê hd brappbnxdck wa xrdwibrlÿan ykrxagdck. Ac lbndwxkrb hayknnk ac hkzbwaxb ha ldwgfa k ikllank an kggk,hknpd# yabcdxbra k yabcdxk hkccd Zdgk zba Xrke{d ha Hab# ykhbyk k iaecak gfk zbxk,ydnb kwwkrk ibnxk ha hayawabna krkhaxdrak nbn ybc{xk. Lbndwxkrb k doodpadi{rbnb ibnxa ha odwxdrha ha bxxalb wdne{k gfk grkookrb hawgknhknpk wknpd

rawgfa zkr c‑anwaklk hkc ik{hb.Cd hawzdraxê gfk cd w{ggkwwabnk nboack grkÿ xrd eca krkha w‑anwkrã nkcc‑kzacbebhkcck anydwabna odrodrk# t{dnhb cd zrkwknpd drldxd nkc zdkwk i{ zañ ldrgdxd kgbkrgaxayd# gbnwke{knpd hkccd nkgkwwaxê ha {nd ldeeabrk haikwd. C‑kldngazd,pabnk an odxxdecad hkccd gdydcckrad# gfk d zdraxê ha {blana wgfakrdxa dykydlbwxrdxb {nd gdzdgaxê h‑{rxb w{zkrabrk k {nd ldeeabrk rdzahaxê ha lbyalknxb#dggrkook ac n{lkrb hka gdydcakra w{c xkrraxbrab. Cd ikrrdx{rd d obrha bnh{cdxagbn gfabha d xkwxd ha yabcanb zkrlawk dc gdydccb ha l{bykrwa w{ t{dcwadwa xkrrknb#lknxrk c‑{wb hkccd wxdiid hakhk dc gdydcakrk t{kcc‑kt{acaorab gfk gbnwknxã cd xrd,wibrldpabnk hkc eadykccbxxb ckeekrb an cdngad zkwdnxk.

Ac gdydcakrk yknnk d rdzzrkwknxdrk ac wbchdxb ha zrbikwwabnk# dllardxb kxkl{xb# ld gbnxklzbrdnkdlknxk idxxbrk h‑anwxdoacaxê wbgadck ykrwb g{a Gfakwd

k lbnhb ik{hdck e{drhdrbnb gbn ant{akx{hank. Ikgk w{ba wbyykrwabnk# rdxxb#wx{zrb# rdzand# rdppad# krbawlb k wdnxaxê. Alzkrwbnÿ c‑kcklknxb zralb hkcc‑br,hdcad k i{ cd gd{wd hkccd hawerkedpabnk hkc lbnhb xrdhapabndck. Ikrbgk# c{ww{,rabwb# anhawgazcandxb w{c gdlzb ha odxxdecad# gbwxrkxxb an dloaxa wgbwxdxa hdccdwbgakxê gfk cb dykyd zrbhbxxb# i{ ac ibnhdxbrk ha {n brhank n{byb# keklbnk kgbnxrdhhaxxbrab. Ac w{b rdzzbrxb gbn c‑fdoaxdx nboack# ha g{a i{ c‑kwzrkwwabnk nbnwklzrk laecabrk# wa rawzkggfaÿ nkccd lboacaxê# cd ragkrgd ha {n ik{hb# gbnxrb cdwxdxagaxê# ac ldnxknalknxb hkc ik{hb. I{ ac hkzbwaxdrab hkccd ibrpd hkraydxd hdcckdrla gbn haraxxb ha yaxd k ha lbrxk# ld kwkrgaxÿ wbzrdxx{xxb {nd ckeek gfkhkw{nwk hdccd zrbzrad caokrxê anxkrabrk# {nd zrkwd ha gbwgaknpd gfk alzcagÿ acw{zkrdlknxb hkc zrbzrab keb k rdzzrkwknxÿ ac rawykecab hkccd w{d gbwgaknpd wza,rax{dck# cd t{kwxk# cd ragkrgd anxkrabrk ndrrdxd hda zrala gagca gdydcckrkwgfa.

49 C‑dendxab.45 Ac ibnhdxbrk hkccd n{byd gdwdxd.



48 XBLDWB YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB

CD G_AWA LACAXD_K0 AC GDYDCAK_K X_D XB__K K GDWXKCCB

Wk cd landggad kwxkrnd dykyd xrdwibrldxb cd yaccd gdrbcanead dngbrd ahknxaia,gdoack deca anapa hkc AV wkgbcb hd wklzcagk wawxkld haiknwayb zrkgdrab gbnrkganxb zdcaiagdxb an {n wawxkld iawwb k lkecab brednappdxb# zañ kiiagdgk gbnxrbck bzkrdpabna lacaxdra hkeca {cxala odrodra# c‑anwxdoacaxê eknkrdck gbnwke{knxk dccdirdnx{ldpabnk hkeca wxdoacappdxbra wbgadca anwaxa nkc wawxkld gdrbcaneab lbhaiagÿhkianaxaydlknxk cd iawabnblad hkc xkrraxbrab. Brd hazanekydnb ac zdkwdeeab dcxahbneabna wbcaxdra gbwxr{axa hd erdnha waenbra zkr haiknhkrk a zrbzra okna hd gdyd,cakra rdzdga k zaggbck xbrra gbwxr{axk hd gdydcakra rdzdga zkr gbnwbcahdrk a lanaladzzkppdlknxa raxdecadxa an xkrraxbra dccbhadca k ik{hdca nbn zañ haiknhaoaca. Krdnbl{xdxa ac lbhb ha gblodxxkrk k cd ekwxabnk hkc xkrraxbrab# ahknxaiagdxb nkawaenbra ha hawgknhknpd rkead k# nkcck zdrxa zañ cbnxdnk# nka gdydcakra anebrha#ir{xxa anhawgazcandxa h‑{nabna lawxk k ha ldxralbna ha {nd nbxxk 46# gdydcakrakwgc{wa# acckeaxxala k obrhkrcankw.

C‑angdwxkccdlknxb k{rbzkb wa wyac{zzÿ hd t{kwxb lblknxb# gbn gbnwk,e{knpk haiikrknxa wkgbnhb c‑drkd ekberdiagd. [wdnhb ahknxaiagdpabna lbhkrnk#

cd Irdngad# wknpd {n zbxkrk gknxrdck ibrxk# i{ zdxrad ha haikwk ha haykrwawwalddlzakppd k iaxxawwalk w{c xkrrknb= cd Ekrldnad# zbcaxagdlknxk zañ gbkwd kdngbrd wdchdlknxk an ldnb dcc‑alzkrdxbrk# i{ zdxrad ha xbrra k gdwxkcca zañ zbw,wknxa# ld lknb irkt{knxa.

Cb widchdlknxb lacaxdrk i{ eknkrdck. Hawerkedxa eca kwkrgaxa# wbzrdyyawwkrbzaggbca gbnxaneknxa ha zbgfa kiikxxaya eknkrdclknxk alzrkzdrdxa# deca brhana hawbyrdna wknpd zañ ragbnbwgalknxa# wbyknxk lanbra xrd a zrbzra ik{hdxdra#gbwxrkxxa dh biirark xkrrk an gdloab ha ikhkcxê. Hbyk wa lbcxazcagdydnb do{wa#hawbrhana k dndrgfad# wknpd zbxkr gbnxdrk w{ dcckdnpk iahk# oawbenbwa iawabcbea,gdlknxk t{dnxb ac cbrb rk ha ikhkcxê k ha gkrxkppk# a erdnha ik{hdxdra dearbnbgblk ac cbrb wbyrdnb hdnhb xkrrk an gdloab ha zrblkwwk. Wa gbnwbcahÿ c‑anha,zknhknpd nbn wbcb dcc‑anxkrnb hkccb wzdpab ik{hdck# ld dngfk dcc‑anxkrnb ha

t{kcck zrkrbedxayk gfk dzzdrxknkydnb ha haraxxb dc rk k gfk wa raikraydnb dc ik{,hdxdrab {nagdlknxk zkr hkcked rkead 41.Dccbnxdndxbwa hdc gknxrb gfk ac rk dykyd rdzzrkwknxdxb# ac waenbrk i{ gb,

wxrkxxb dh {nd haikwd wklzrk zañ wkrrdxd hkccd zrbzrad wikrd ha zbxkrk# xrangk,rdxb nkcck rdzahk k zbgb hawzknhabwk xbrra ha ckenb. Ac w{b odwwb gbwxb# cd w{ddcxd rkzkraoacaxê# cd w{d idgacaxê ha cdybrdpabnk gfk nbn zrkw{zzbnkyd ldnbhb,zkrd wzkgadcappdxd# ikgkrb hkc ckenb ac ldxkradck ahkdck nkccd haikwd iawwd kh ac w{b{xacappb gbnxan{ÿ d gbnyaykrk c{nedlknxk dngfk d iadngb hkcck zralk haikwk anzakxrd. Hdcck xbrra wa lbwwkrb ck rdzzrkwdecak ykrwb gdydcakra k waenbra wzkrea{ragfk# angdcpdxa# gblangadrbnb d ybcekrk cd cbrb dxxknpabnk da okna lknb haikwahkcck doodpak k hka ykwgbydha# wbzrdxx{xxb nka xkrraxbra hbyk c‑d{xbraxê gknxrdcknbn ra{wgayd zañ d rawxdoacark {n brhank wbgadck lanalb.

CD G_AWA _KCAEABWD0 AC GDYDCAK_K EA[WXB HA HAB

An t{kwxb wgkndrab xbroahb hbyk ac zrkppb hkccd yaxd wgkwk dc ha wbxxb hat{kccb ha {n gdydccb hd gblodxxalknxb ?:# dcg{na lbndga angblangadrbnb d zrk,hagdrk dcck dh{ndnpk zbzbcdra rdggbcxk anxbrnb d rkcat{ak xd{ldx{reagfk {n‑a,hkd ha rkgazrbgd gbnyayknpd. C‑doodpad dzzknd ragbwxr{axd ha Gc{nq ?4 hayknnkac gknxrb lbxbrk ha t{kwxb iknblknb gfk wa gbhaiagÿ nkc gbngacab ha Z{q hkc118# hbyk eaê wkxxk dnna zrald wa krdnb ekxxdxk ck odwa ha t{kc hkwahkrab ha anxkn,hkrk haykrwdlknxk {n lbnhb wzkrea{rb k yabcknxb. Ykwgbya alzr{hknxa k dodxacbnekya ??# zbxknxa zkr zdrknxkck k raibrldxbra i{bra hd bena ea{rawhapabnk# zrk,hagdrbnb ac n{byb ykrob d lacapak gbnxdhank# gdydcakra w{ dwana# odwxdrha k rkakxxa

gfadldxa d zrbxkeekrk a zrkxa k a wdnxa wgdzzdxa hdcck gfakwk0 nbn zañ wbcb cd rkga,zrbgd gbnyayknpd# ld c‑ahkd ha {nd {e{decadnpd wbgadck. Hdydnxa d h{ooak bwwdwdnxk k zkppa anykrbwalaca hkccd Grbgk# wzank k cdngk wdgrk# lbcxa ea{rdrbnb cd

46 Cd irakhkcird{kn irdngd kh a ldxralbnalbrk hdnagb.

41 Ac Gdzaxbcdrk ha T{akrpq,w{r,Bawk hkc,c‑655 ckedcappÿ t{kwxb wxdxb ha idxxb.

?: [n gdydccb hd gblodxxalknxb gbwxdyd#deca dcobra hkccd gdydcckrad# hd 8 d 6 ybcxk aczrkppb ha {n o{k# lknxrk {nd gbrdppd

ydckyd zañ b lknb gblk {nd gdwgand halkhak halknwabna. Dh {n gdydcakrk# zkr aczrbzrab drldlknxb k ac w{b ldnxknalknxb#bggbrrkydnb gargd 4;: kxxdra ha o{bnd xkrrd.Dh {n waenbrk ik{hdck# zkr drldrk {ner{zzb ha 4: gdydcakra# bggbrrkyd {n xkrra,xbrab ha nbn lknb ha 4; yaccdeea.

?4 C‑doodpad i{ ragbwxr{axd nkc 164.?? Xrd ac 14: k ac 4:81 Gc{nq kook wbcb 9

dodxa# ? hka t{dca rkwwkrb# gadwg{nb# c‑dood,pad zkr bcxrk gant{dnx‑dnna.



CD XB__K# AC GDYDCAK_K# AC GDWXKCCB 4;

Zdgk ha Hab# nbnbwxdnxk ck zrkwk ha zbwapabnk ha {nd zdrxk ldeeabraxdrad haykwgbya. A Zdza nbn dzbwxbcagbw wkh dzbwxdxagbw?7 xdgt{krb# cdwgadnhb gfk {ndirdpabnk lbcxb dwgbcxdxd hkccd Gfakwd# ac lbndgb# hayknxdwwk cd ldhrk ha t{kccdirdxx{rd xrd cd n{byd drawxbgrdpad hka lacaxkw?8# a gdydcakra k cb wxrdxb wbgadclknxkzañ anhaikwb# a zd{zkrkw# ck ykhbyk k ck raz{hadxk.

[nd Gfakwd dwwawxknpadck k ldxkrnd gfk zrknhkyd w{ ha wá ck edrdnpak anwaxknkcck xrk i{npabna drgfkxaza hkccd wxr{xx{rd anhbk{rbzkd &wbyrdnaxê# ibrpd# ikgbn,haxê! wa wbwxax{ã dccb wxdxb zdxradrgdck braeandck. Ac ekwxb ha zbwdrk cd ldnb hkwxrdw{ccd rkcat{ad w{oknxrÿ dc yangbcb zkrwbndck# kwwknpd hkc raxb dnxagb gfk dykydnkc rk c‑droaxrb ndx{rdck. T{kwxb wxrdzzb gbn c‑{naykrwb dngkwxrdck wa krd eaê kya,hknpadxb gbn cd gbnwdgrdpabnk ha Gdrcb Ldenb# t{dnhb cd Gfakwd wa krd zbwxdzkr cd zrald ybcxd gblk lkhadxragk hkc Wdgrb# hawzknwdnhb an nblk ha {n Habdoodwxdnpd n{byb# t{kccb gfk ac Hab hkeca Dnxkndxa anibnhkyd ndx{rdclknxk dark. K zbagfá x{xxa# hdc zañ {lack dc zañ zbxknxk# e{drhdydnb dc rk zkr alaxdrcbk rdwwblaecadreca# i{ ndx{rdck gfk t{dnhb t{kwx‑{cxalb zkrwk ac zbxkrk ha lk,hadrk xrd bgg{cxb k xkrrknb# xrd yayb k lbrxb# cd eknxk e{drhdwwk da n{bya lkhad,xbra hkc Wdgrb. Nbn dccd Gfakwd gblk knxaxê wzarax{dck# ld deca {blana gfk iawa,

gdlknxk cb hawzknwdydnb. Cd i{npabnk rkedck hayknnk kt{aybgd zbagfá ac rk nbni{ zañ ac ykrxagk wbgadck# ld wbcb {n anxkr zdrkw gfk ac zdzd k zkr kwxkwb ac gbrzbkggckwadck# dhbxxdyd b raz{hadyd wkgbnhb ck gargbwxdnpk# kcdreknhbeca b xbecakn,hbeca ac gdrawld.

An {n lbnhb an g{a ac ldeagb angblangadyd i{bra hdccd zbrxd# ac lbndgb wadzzrbzraÿ hkccd i{npabnk gbnndx{rdxd nkcc‑ahkd rkead ha droaxrb xrd yaya k lbrxa#alzkrwbnaiagdnhb cd gkrxkppd ha ragbnea{nekrwa dccd iank hkccd yaxd gbn cd wxarzkhkeca dya# ibrpdnhb k wzaneknhb droaxrdradlknxk a yaya an t{keca anxkrkwwa gfk aclbndgb gbnwahkrÿ ha ybcxd an ybcxd zraldra. Cd gbnwdgrdpabnk hka gbnxrdknxa cdZdgk ha Hab ?; nk i{ c‑kwklzab. Hdccd lkhadpabnk ha {nd zdgk gkrxdlknxk nkgkw,wdrad k gfk nbn ea{hagdyd i{bra hdccd ckeek hayand t{kccd zdrxk anxkerdnxk hkccdyaxd hkc gdydcakrk gfk krd ac gblodxxalknxb# cd Gfakwd anyknxÿ cd e{krrd ha Hab#

zbagfá cd Xrke{d zrkhagdxd k ea{rdxd nbn wklzrk gbrrawzbnhkyd deca anxkrkwwahkc zdzdxb. C‑blagahab gfk cd Xrke{d yakxdyd# hayknnk zkrlkwwb k angaxdxb#klbpabndxb k zrkladnxk0 Xbldwb ha Lkrck rdzzrkwknxÿ oknk ac xkrraiagdnxk gbn,n{oab hkcc‑dwwdwwanb wdnxaiagdxb hdcck zrbzrak cdgralk hdydnxa dc Wdnxb Wkzbcgrb.K zrald ha c{a# nkc 4:97# ac o{bn nbrldnnb E{ecakclb ha Lbnxrk{ac ragkykxxkc‑dwwbc{pabnk dnxagazdxd t{dnhb ldwwdgrÿ Odrodwxrb ?9# zaggbcd gaxxê wzdenbcd halkrgdnxa drdoa gfk dykyd ac erdnhk xbrxb ha kwwkrk zaknd h‑brb k ha okcck hbnnk.

Ac gdydcakrk i{ t{anha gkrxb ha kwwkrk ac ea{wxb ha Hab g{a wzkxxdyd ha haraxxbcd yaxxbrad# zkrgfá Aw t{a c{ekx cb gbnyanwk gfk a h{k iaca hkccd w{d wzdhd rdz,zrkwknxdydnb# wal{cxdnkdlknxk# ac nklagb kwxkrnb k t{kccb anxkrnb# cd zdrxkbwxack gfk yayk an ben{nb gfk wbcb cd lbrxk krbagd dyrkook zbx{xb rkhalkrk. Anrkdcxê {n iacb rdzzrkwknxÿ cd oknkhapabnk zdzdck da ldwwdgra wbxxbwxdnxa ck zrb,zrak dwzardpabna zbcaxagfk# c‑dcxrb cd haikwd hkc w{b zbxkrk wzarax{dck# wklzrkdxxknxd cd Gfakwd dccd wzkg{cdraxê hka h{k iaca. Dxxrdykrwb {n dloae{b diirdngd,lknxb# ac lbndgb rkwk wdgra a zrbzra okna# hdnhb da zrbzra dggbcaxa {nb wxdx{xbha zrayackeab an gbnxrdwxb gbn c‑anwaklk ik{hdck k yknknhb dh dww{lkrk rkwzbn,wdoacaxê zbcaxagfk cbnxdnk hdccd zrbzrad ybgdpabnk. Ha idxxb# w‑awgrawwkrb nkccdwbgakxê d gdydccb hkc 4::: idxxbra wzarax{dca an knbrlk gbnxrdwxb gbn ac gbnxkwxbgbnxklzbrdnkb# idxxbra gfk i{rbnb dcc‑braeank ha xrk dyyknalknxa gfk kookrb#gadwg{nb# gbnwke{knpk hkxkrlandnxa nkccb wyac{zzb hkccd wxbrad haiknwayd0

4. c‑anapab ha {nd zrkwd ha gbwgaknpd hkccd wbgakxê r{rdck# gfk zbrxÿ dcc‑doodn,hbnb hkccd ckeek zkrwbndck d idybrk ha t{kccd odwdxd w{ gbnw{kx{hana cbgdcardggbcxk an {n gbrz{w ea{rahagb# gbn ac gbnwke{knxk wyac{zzb ha {nd cane{d

xkrraxbradck wgraxxd ?5=?. a zrala ikrlknxa krkxaga gfk wibgadrbnb nkcck erdnha krkwak hkc wkgbcb w{g,

gkwwayb=

?7 G. OD_BNAB# Dnndckw Kggckwadwxagdk gdrh. Odrbnaa Bhbyaga _dandcha # C{ggd 4576,45;1#ybc. AA.

?8 T{kwxd irdxx{rd w‑ahknxaiagÿ dngfk gbn{n anwkralknxb haykrwb ha t{kwxd n{bydgcdwwk nkc lbnhb ik{hdck# hdnhb braeank dh{nd haiikrknpadpabnk nkccb wxrdxb nboack0

odrbna k gdydcakra an Irdngad# fkrrkn k rax,xkrn an Ekrldnad# cbrhw k eknxrq an Anefac,xkrrd# erdnhkw k fahdcebw an Wzdend.

?; Zba Xrke{d ha Hab. I{ zrkhagdxd hdGc{nq k xrbyÿ cd w{d gbhaiagdpabnk xrd ac4:75 k ac 4:84 nka gbngaca h‑Drckw.

?9 D. IK__KA_B# Xfk wakek bi Odrodwxrb#4:98,4:9; 0 d rkdwwkwwlknx # an «@b{rndc bi Lkhakydc Fawxbrq½# AV &4167!# n. ?# zz.4?1,488.

?5 C‑bg k c‑bâc .




7. cd gdndcappdpabnk ha t{ka gdydcakra zbgb rawzkxxbwa hkccd Zdgk ha Hab ykrwb an{bya xkrraxbra ha gbnt{awxd gfk ck Grbgadxk dykydnb dzkrxb.

Dllanawxrdnhb ac yayb k ac lbrxb# annkwxdnhb raxa n{bya w{ {nd cax{readdngbrd wklzcagk# t{kcca i{nkora k t{kcca ankrknxa dcc‑anykwxax{rd xrd cd iank hkcwkgbcb V k cd lkxê hkc VAA# cd Gfakwd ra{wgã d lbnbzbcappdrk gbn {n wbxxack

wawxkld ha laerdpabnk hkcck raggfkppk t{dwa x{xxb ac ic{wwb kgbnblagb hka wbcaiknblkna iandnpadra kwawxknxa0 a xrdzdwwa k ck hayawabna krkhaxdrak.

Ankyaxdoaclknxk x{xxb dww{nwk {n zrkppb# lbnkxdrab kh dyyacknxk. X{xxb i{an yknhaxd zkr x{xxa0 zkr ac zañ zbykrb gfk ckedyd dc lbndwxkrb c‑{nagb oknk gfkzbwwkhkyd# cd zrbzrad zkrwbnd= zkr ac zañ raggb gfk ckedyd ac zrbzrab zdxralb,nab# kwxrblkxxknhb an x{xxb bh an zdrxk eca krkha ndx{rdca. Kwgc{wa hdccd xkrrd#t{keca krkha dnhdrbnb dh anerbwwdrk cd wiacdxd hka gdydcakra rdppadxbra# ikrbga nkccbrb rkydnwgawlb wbgadck# rknhknhb angbcldoack cd irdxx{rd xrd dnxagb k n{byb.Lknxrk dcc‑brappbnxk wa zrbiacdydnb ck wgbrrkrak hkcck {cxalk xraoñ odrodrk# x{xxbdzzdrayd nklagb0 waenbrk ik{hdck# gdydcakrk# lbndgb# zbzbcb.

CD XB__K HA ZAKX_D0 CD LDX[_AXÊ HKC GDYDCAK_K

W{ t{kwxb wibnhb wanawxrb wa wxdecaÿ alzrbyyawb an Irdngad# xrd Dneaÿ kX{rknnd# ac xbrrabnk ha Ibcgb Nkrrd# nkgkwwaxê ha haikwd wxdoack an {n lbnhb kiia,lkrb kh kiikrdxb. Ibcgb ac Nkrb i{ c‑kggkccknxk rdzzrkwknxdnxk hkc zdhrk,ibn,hdxbrk diidggadxb dh {n 4::: h{ooabwb ?6. Gbnxk h‑Dneaÿ d 45 dnna# or{xdck#wknpd wgr{zbca# i{ gdydcakrk ha gbrdeeab kggkpabndck# gdzdgk ha erdnha zkggdxa kgdnhaha zknxalknxa. Xrk ybcxk zkcckeranb d Ekr{wdckllk zañ ha gknx‑dnna zraldhkccd ibrldpabnk hkcc‑ahkd ha Grbgadxd# gbwxr{ã gdwxkcca# ibnhÿ gfakwk k gbnyknxagfk hbxÿ l{naiagdlknxk. [eb Gdzkxb# ac rk gfk cb dykyd zrayackeadxb nkccd w{dgbnxan{d e{krrd gbnxrb Bhhbnk ha Ocbaw# krd ldcdxb wknpd wzkrdnpd. Ac iaecab ha[eb# _bokrxb ac Zab# ldggfandyd gbn Bhhbnk k ck gbnwke{knpk hkc gbngacab ha

Z{q dzzknd gbngc{wb krdnb zrkwdeaoaca. Ibcgb anapaÿ ac w{b hbneabnk nkccd zra,ldykrd hkc 118 k eaê nkcc‑d{x{nnb hkc 11; ya zbrxÿ {n zaggbcb gbnxaneknxk ha{blana drldxa. _k [eb lbrã c‑dnnb wke{knxk k rk _bokrxb wzbwÿ Okrxd# ykhbydhkc gbnxk Bhhbnk. A idxxa dykydnb hdxb rdeabnk d Ibcgb.

Gbwxr{axb xrdwykrwdclknxk dcc‑dwwk hkccd gbccand# ac hbneabnk wa wyac{zzd w{{n zadnb ha 45#;v4: lkxra. D{wxkrb kh kwwknpadck# wa caord gblzdxxb hdcckzadnxk gfk nk kwdgkrodnb ck l{rd eraeak iaxxk ha gbnxrdiibrxa w{c ibnhb hka eadr,hana hkc gdwxkccb ha Cdnekdaw. Cd wxr{xx{rd æ d xrk zadna i{bra xkrrd gbn zbnxkckydxbab dc zralb# c‑doaxdpabnk ha Ibcgb# dccb wxkwwb caykccb hkccd ganxd. Ac zadnbxkrrd# zañ anxkrrdxb k wknpd dzkrx{rk# krd dhaoaxb d zraeabnk# g{gand k hkzbwaxa.Ac wkgbnhb zadnb krd hkwxandxb dcck hbnnk k da odloana. Wbzrd# d gbzkrx{rd hkccdgbwxr{pabnk# {n xdybcdxb gbn zdrdzkxxa lkrcdxa. Anxbrnb nkww{n razdrb zkr

{blana k gdydcca. Ac hbneabnk ha Ibcgb æ ac zralb kwklzab gfk hawkend {nd xdzzdibnhdlknxdck nkcc‑kybc{pabnk lacaxdrk0 ac xrdzdwwb hdccd haikwd caenkd dccd ha,lbrd ibrxaiagdxd lkhabkydck gblzbwxd hd dclknb {nd gbwxr{pabnk haiknhaoackkh {nd ganxd l{rdrad. T{kwxd xazbcbead# wklzrk gbn zbgfawwalk dzkrx{rk#zrald t{dhrdxd zba rkxxdnebcdrk# zañ xdrha zbcaebndck# zba rbxbnhd zkr nbn zrk,wknxdrk dnebca lbrxa nbn haiknhaoaca ir{xxb hkcc‑kwzkraknpd lacaxdrk hkcck zralkGrbgadxk k hkccd gblzdrwd hkcck n{byk drla hd e{krrd# raldwk doodwxdnpd walacknkc w{b anwaklk zkr bcxrk t{dxxrb wkgbca.

Nbn gbnbwgadlb ck haikwk gfk Ibcgb zrbekxxÿ zkr ac zrbzrab hbneabnk.Ibrwk xbrragkcck k l{rd caenkk gblk kookrb dclknb ianb dcc‑anapab hkc wkgbcbVAA lbcxa dcxra gdwxkccaibrxk b eaê {nd ganxd lawxd an zakxrd# nbn zkrÿ dngbrd zbw,wknxk gblk t{kccd hkc hbneabnk ha zbgb zañ xdrhb ha Okd{ekngq# nkc xkrraxbrab

hka iaeca ha Bhhbnk. Gbczawgk cd ldngdnpd ha razdra anxbrnb an g{a dyrkookrbxrbydxb rai{eab zañ dydnxa gbnxdhana k {blana drldxa# ld wa wzaked gbn ac n{lkrbha 7; gdydcakra zkwdnxa rdggbcxa w{ccd xbxdcaxê hka w{ba ik{ha gfk Ibcgb krd xkn{xb

?6 [n 4::: gdrb dccd Gfakwd kh d lbcxawxbraga# ld wacknpabwb nkeca wgraxxbra gbkya.Wbcb cd Gfrbnberdzfad ha Waekokrxb ha Ekl,ocb{v# zkrÿ hkc wkgbcb VAA# nk anxrbh{gk c‑d,zbgdcaxxagaxê. Xkwxb lanbrk# ldnazbcdpabnkha wgraxxa k ckeeknhk dnxkrabra# i{ cd ibnxklaxbcbeagd dh anapab ‑9:: ha t{kcc‑dxxkwdalzakxraxd ha zbzbca an g{a hko{xxdrbnb ckanxkrzrkxdpabna rkxrbwzkxxayk hka wkena hkc,c‑dzbgdcawwk hkcc‑dnnb 4:::. Gir.# xrd eca dcxra#E. H[OQ# C‑Dn Lac # Zdraw 4195.




?1 Cd odckwxrd dykyd gblk kcklknxa nked,xaya ac zkwb k cd zbgd rdzahaxê ha xarb# gargd ?irkggk dc lan{xb# ld cd w{d zrkgawabnk kzbxknpd ha zknkxrdpabnk nk ikgkrb c‑drldzrangazdck hkcc‑dwwkhab# ianb d xrdwibrldrwaan {nd ldggfand hd e{krrd d{xbnbld c{nedianb d 1 lkxra. [xacappdxd dngfk nkccd haikwd#i{ drldxd w{cck alzdcgdx{rk hka zbrxdca k hkaraykccana.

7: Ac hbneabnk ha Gb{hrdq b ‱‱Xb{r hkwGfaknw‰‰ gbwxr{axb hd Knragb AA Zcdnxdek,nkxd ac G{rxldnxkc # rk h‑Anefacxkrrd kh krk,hk hkcc‑Dneaÿ &cankd Dneaÿ,Zcdnxdeknkxa!.

74 Ac ‱‱Gdwxr{l Nby{l‰‰ gbwxr{axb hdGdrcb A h‑Dneaÿ# hkxxb ac Ldwgfab Dneabanb#rk ha Ndzbca k Wagacad &cankd Dneaÿ,Gdzk,xanea!. Cd ibrxaiagdpabnk# Gdwxkcn{byb zkrhawxane{krcd hdc zañ dnxagb Gdwxkc hkcc‑Byb#i{ w{oaxb wbzrdnnblandxd hda Ndzbckxdna

Ldwgfab Dneabanb.

d lkxxkrk an cankd dccd gbnybgdpabnk hkcc‑bwx hkc w{b wbyrdnb. [n gbnxaneknxkgfk wklord kwae{b# ld ha rawzkxxb zkr a xklza# yawxb gfk ac gbnxk ha Gfdlzdenkkh ac h{gd ha Obrebend anwaklk# h{k xrd a zañ erdnha waenbra ha Irdngad# nbnw{zkrdydnb a 9: gdydcakra gadwg{nb.

Wk ac rk ha Ekrldnad Bxxbnk AA# xrkhaga dnna zrald hkc hbneabnk ha Cdn,

ekdaw# ra{wgã dh dccankdrk nkccd gdlzdend h‑Axdcad ?4?: gdydcakra zkwdnxa erdpakdcc‑dzzbrxb ldwwaggab hka gbnxaneknxa kggckwadca# ac rk ha Irdngad Iacazzb D{e{wxb#nkdngfk h{kgknxb dnna hbzb# zbxá gbnxdrk wbcb w{ 879 gdydcakra gfk wblldxa dagbnxaneknxa ha dcxra erdnha ik{hdxdra nbn rdeea{nwkrb lda eca 6::. C‑dcxb gbwxb kcd zd{rd ha cdwgadrk we{drnaxa a zrbzra ik{ha i{rbnb cd rdeabnk hkcc‑angdzdgaxê hkark k hkeca alzkrdxbra ha ra{nark {n n{lkrb ha gdydcakra zrbzbrpabndck dcck nkgkw,waxê hkcck e{krrk. Wa rkwk nkgkwwdrad {nd ckydxd wklzrk zañ ldwwaggad hkccd idnxk,rad# c‑{blb d zakha k ac ragbrwb d wbchdxa zrbikwwabnawxa# a lkrgkndra.

C‑KYBC[PABNK LACAXD_K0 C‑DZBEKB HKC GDYDCAK_K

Hbzb Cdnekdaw# ck Grbgadxk rdzzrkwknxdrbnb cd wkgbnhd xdzzd hkcc‑kybc{,

pabnk lacaxdrk gbn n{bya lkppa h‑dxxdggb kh kwkrgaxa zañ drxagbcdxa# wklzrkodwdxa w{ccd gdydcckrad# brd diiadngdxd hd wkreknxa lbnxdxa drldxa zañ ckeekra.

C‑kwzkraknpd gbwxr{xxayd ha Xkrrdwdnxd xrdwibrlÿ c‑alzadnxb haiknwayb k{rb,zkb hkccd zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAA. Ac gdwxkccb wa brednappÿ w{cck n{byk ldg,gfank hd e{krrd gbn l{rd gfk gbnxbrndrbnb ac xbrrabnk# d ybcxk lkrcdxk gbnwdkxxakrk# ikraxbak drgakrk k gbn cd lbhkrnd ikraxbad odckwxrakrd# ir{xxb hkccd zrb,lbpabnk hkcc‑drgb nkcc‑drld xazagd hkcc‑dwwkhab# cd odckwxrd ?1# lagahadck kh dc{neb gbnxrdwxdxd hdccd Gfakwd# odnhaxd anapadclknxk nkcck odxxdecak xrd grawxadna.Ac zbnxk h‑anerkwwb hayknnk ckydxbab k w{oaxb dcck w{k wzdcck# zkr lkecab haikn,hkrk c‑anxkrnb hkccd ibrxaiagdpabnk# w‑anndcpÿ {nd erdnhk wdrdgankwgd. Hakxrb cklkrcdx{rk gbn zablodxba zkr raykrwdrk nkccd haikwd ykrxagdck dgt{d obccknxk#zkgk# gdxrdlk kh bcab# gbrwk ac gdllanb ha rbnhd# deca anapa an ckenb zkr {n zañ

rdzahb wldnxkccdlknxb an gdwb ha gdh{xd hkcck l{rd wbxxb c‑{rxb nklagb# ldidgack hd angknhadrk k zkragbcbwb zkr cb wxkwwb hbneabnk.

Cd gbwxr{pabnk w‑anerdnhã k cd haikwd zrkwk t{kccd iawabnblad hkianaxayd hardggbcxd zkr {blana# lkwxakra k ibrpk lacaxdra# gknxrb dnaldxb k idwxbwb# ea{nxdianb da eabrna nbwxra dxxrdykrwb cd ckxxkrdx{rd gbrxkwk. Nkccd rkdcxê ac gdwxkccb waragbnbook zbgb an t{kc ydwxb wangrkxawlb zbkxagb gfk zrkwk lbyknpd hdccd iankhkc wkgbcb V k wa wyac{zzÿ# ananxkrrbxxb# ianb dc wkgbcb VY. A gbcbra# a idwxa# ecadrrbykcca gfk i{rbnb hkc xrb{odhb{r k hkccd xrbodaraxp doaxdrbnb wbcb c‑{naykrwbhkc gdwxkccb hkc erdnhk waenbrk. Ac w{b knxb{rdek xrdwlawk dcck gcdwwa ik{hd,ca lknb zrkzdrdxk {n‑kwzkraknpd klbxayd gfk# cbnxdnb hdcc‑ahkd dwwbgadxayddlbrk,gbrdeeab,lbrxk hkc ekaw gkcxagb# wa wgckrbxappÿ an rkebck xrbzzb wxr{xx{rdxkzkr {nd wbgakxê an g{a ac lackw gblodxxkyd gbnxrb ac nklagb zkeeabrk0 ac t{bxa,

hadnb. Ac gdwxkccbibrxk raldwk t{kcc‑deerkedxb bwg{rb# rbppb# d ldcdzknd acc{la,ndxb hdcck wxrkxxawwalk drgakrk# irkhhb k {lahb# lbcxb cbnxdnb hdccb wzcknhbrkhkcck hdlk k hka gdydcakra gbrxkwa. Nka lkwa anykrndca# c{nefawwala# dngfk cklanalk dzkrx{rk krdnb gfa{wk gbn zkppa ha g{bab k gbrnb kh a gdlana i{lbwanbn ra{wgaydnb d rawgdchdrk eca dloaknxa dcxa k n{ha# d ybcxk gbn xrdggk ha gbcbrk.Odwxd ragbrhdrk c‑kwzrkwwabnk lacaxdrk hkc wkgbcb VAA# ac gdwxkccb ha Gfanbn nkccdw{d zdrxk dnxagd 7: k eca kwklza zañ kyahknxa hkc wkgbcb w{ggkwwayb# ac gdwxkccb haDnekrw k ac Gdwxkcn{byb ha Ndzbca 74.

Wk gfakwd rbldnagd k gdwxkccb l{x{drbnb {blana kh kwzkraknpk# wdchdnhbxkgnagfk# ybc{la k ibrlk wklzrk zañ gblzckwwk# cd gbwxr{pabnk haiknwayd nbnw{oã c‑anic{knpd hkcck n{byk gdzdgaxê drgfaxkxx{rdca gfk wa wyac{zzdrbnb deca anapahkc wkgbcb VAAA gbn ck erdnha gdxxkhrdca ebxagfk. Cd ibrxaiagdpabnk nbn zbxá idrk

zrbzrad cd g{cx{rd hkcc‑beayd# gfk dcckeekrayd a erdnha l{ra rbldnaga# zbagfá cdnkgkwwaxê hkccd haikwd nbn zbxkyd gbnhayahkrk {nd lbhdcaxê gbwã hadidnd ha nkr,ydx{rk alldxkradclknxk an kt{acaorab ird cbrb.




An {n okc cdxanb cdagb dxxknxb dcc‑kybc{pabnk ckxxkrdrad gbrxkwk# ac zrkxkCdlokrxb rdggbnxd ac ldxralbnab xrd a waenbra ha E{ankw k ha Drhrkw 7?. Æ {nbwzdggdxb ikhkck yawxb hdcc‑anxkrnb hkccd yaxd ik{hdck ha h{k idlaecak# zrklanknxkt{kccd ha E{ankw# eknxk gbcxd k yadeeadxd d gdzb ha {nb wxrdxkeagb anwaklk haik{ha d rahbwwb hkccd Iadnhrd kh an gbnxdxxb wxrkxxb gbn ac lbnhb lacaxdrk hkcck

Grbgadxk. Ac gdwxkccb ha Drhrkw æ ac xkdxrb hkc ldxralbnab k Cdlokrxb cb gbnb,wgk oknk# zbagfá nk æ ac gdzzkccdnb ikcagklknxk wzbwdxb gbn dclknb h{k iaecadngfk cbrb zrkxa# nbnbwxdnxk {n wkgbcb ha raibrld erkebradnd.

Ibnhdxb anxbrnb dc 447:# gknxbxrknxdgant{k dnna hbzb ac hbneabnk an zak,xrd ha Ibcgb h‑Dneaÿ# t{dnhb Cdlokrxb wgrayk deca anapa hkc ‑?:: cd gbwxr{pabnkæ dngbrd an ckenb. Kzz{rk cd gbnwahkrd {nd lkrdyaecad ha lbhkrnaxê# {n cdoa,ranxb ankwxragdoack. Dcc‑anxkrnb c‑brednappdpabnk æ all{xdxd w{ xrk zadna gbwxr{axazkr {n‑{nagd gbzzad hd g{a hazknhk x{xxb# {blana hbnnk gbwk0 ac hkxknxbrk hkcik{hb. Dc zralb zadnb {n {nagb ydwxb dloaknxk xrdlkppdxb zkr gbnwknxark dcw{b anxkrnb c‑anxalaxê zkr cd gbnxan{dpabnk hkc caendeeab# cd wbcd gdlkrd hd ckxxbha x{xxb ac gdwxkccb byk ac wark k w{d lbecak hbrlbnb anwaklk. Nkccb wzdpab rk,wxdnxk dhhbwwdxb da xrdlkppa yaybnb eca {cxala ndxa gbn ck cbrb odcak# lknxrk

dcc‑{cxalb zadnb gbnyaybnb zrblawg{dlknxk gbn ck e{drhak a wbzrdyyaww{xa hkccdlbrxdcaxê anidnxack# a i{x{ra gbnxan{dxbra hkccd wxarzk. Zkr a ldwgfa zañ erdnha nbng‑æ zbwxb. Cd cbrb yaxd dzzdrxaknk dcck e{krrk zañ b lknb wdnxk kh da xbrnka nkccdwzkrdnpd ha {nd lbecak gbn gdwd zrbzrad b nkcc‑dxxkwd hkccd lbrxk hkc zdhrk. Ckikllank# e{drhdxk d yawxd ianb dc zbwwaoack ldxralbnab# wbnb wxazdxk nkc gbn,yknxb zraydxb yaganb. X{xxb c‑anwaklk ha zkrwbnk gfk fd cd w{d i{npabnk yaxdcknkc gdwxkccb hbrlk i{bra# nkeca dnebca hkcck l{rd b# wk wzbwdxd gblk ac zrkxkCdlokrxb# an {nd gdzdnnd nkccd cappd# cb wzdpab hkwxandxb d gdydcca kh drla.

Ac gdwxkccb ha t{kwxb zkrabhb wa drxagbcd an eknkrk w{ {nd zdcappdxd kwxkrnd#d ybcxk h{k# gbn c‑{cxald d rahbwwb hka ibwwdxa# ac hbneabnk zrbxkxxb hd {nd gkr,gfad ha l{rd xbrrdxk gbn gdhaxbak. Cd lkhad ha {blana drldxa# dzzrbwwaldxaydzkrgfá ckedxd dcc‑alzbrxdnpd hkc waenbrk# æ gbwxax{axd hd {n gbnxaneknxk ha 7:,

8; kiikxxaya# 7 zkr xbrrk# 4: w{eca wzdcxa# ac rkwxb d haikwd hkc hbneabnk cd g{a zbwa,pabnk nkccd ekberdiad hkccd haikwd raldnk lbcxb ydradoack. Ck l{rd wbnb dzzkndwt{dhrdxk# wknpd brndlknxa# kwwknpadca. A lbxaya k ck hkgbrdpabna gdrk dc ebxagbgblzdrykrb wxdoaclknxk wbcb an {n xdrhb wgbrgab hkc wkgbcb VAY# t{dnhb acgdwxkccbibrxk angblangaÿ d lbh{cdrwa dxxrdykrwb idxxbra lbnhdna gbn c‑dzzdra,pabnk ha {n gbrzb doaxdxayb wkzdrdxb hdc hbneabnk hkwxandxb dc waenbrk. Wk cdIrdngad anapaÿ an t{kwxb zkrabhb c‑dllbhkrndlknxb k cd gbwxr{pabnk hka gd,wxkcca gfk kookrb gblk g{brk cd ydcck hkccd Cbard# an t{ka xkrraxbra gfk nbn dyk,ydnb dngbrd xrbydxb ac zrbzrab kt{acaorab zbcaxagb ac ykggfab gdwxkccbibrxk gbn,xan{ÿ cd w{d i{npabnk dnxagd gbn zbgfk dcxkrdpabna. Wa rkwxranwkrb ck pbnk haikn,wayk k dcg{na wzdpa i{rbnb zrblbwwa nkcc‑dpabnk ha wodrrdlknxb dc xarb rdhknxk#dngbrd gbrxb# hkc gdnnbnk. Cd t{bxahadnaxê gbnxan{ÿ all{xdxd# cbnxdnb hd

t{kc lbnhb ha zdwwabna k ha gdydcakra# lbnhb ha krba k dnbnala obrhkrcankgbwxrkxxa dh dxxa zrkwxaeabwa zkr klkrekrk hd {nd wxbrad wxrkxxawwald.Deca anapa hkc ‑;:: [cragf ybn F{xxkn# gdydcakrk# lbndgb k zbkxd xkhkwgb#

rdggbnxd cd yaxd nkc zrbzrab gdwxkccb 77 gbn zdrbck g{zk# rkdcxê hkccd ldeeabrdnpdhka wawxkla haiknwaya cbnxdna hda erdnha gknxra. Dlldwwdxa {nb w{cc‑dcxrb# x{xxb wal{byk an zbgfawwalk gdlkrk drrkhdxk wblldradlknxk# dyybcxk nkc ldcbhbrkdgrk hkc i{lb k hkcck wxdcck# a xdybca dzkrxa wbcdlknxk t{dnhb nkgkwwdrab# x{xxa aeabrna nkcc‑dnwad ha {n dnnb gdxxayb gfk dyrkook zbrxdxb lawkrad# ldcdxxak k c{xxa.

CB WGBNX_B IANDCK0 AC X_DLBNXB HKC GDYDCAK_K

C‑dyyknxb hkcc‑drxaecakrad gbanybcwk wbcb ck erdnha zadppk lacaxdra# lknxrk an

t{kcck lknb alzbrxdnxa c‑alzcagdpabnk i{ lanbrk# xdnxb zkr c‑dcxb gbwxb hkcckn{byk ld dngbrd angkrxk wbc{pabna haiknwayk# t{dnxb k wbzrdxx{xxb zkr cdhaykrwd g{cx{rd wxrdxkeagd gfk zrkw{zzbnkydnb. An gdlzdend dzkrxd c‑kwkrgaxb

7? Gir. nbxd 9.77 Wxkgmkcokre# yaganb I{chd. Dlagb ha

_dokcdaw# Krdwlb k Zdrdgkcwb# ybn F{xxkngdzkeeaÿ nkc 4;?? cd idccaxd raybcxd hka gdyd,cakra wykya k rkndna gbnxrb cd Gfakwd ha _bldgfk dwzardyd d ragbnt{awxdrk cd zbwapabnkwbgadck hkc gdydcakrk gblzrblkwwd hdccd gbr,

r{pabnk hka zrangaza k hka ykwgbya. Zkr {ndoaberdiad gblzckxd# gir. H. I. WX_D[WW# [cragfybn F{xxkn# Obnn 461;# k F. FBCOB_N#[cragf ybn F{xxkn dnh xfk Ekrldn _kibr,ldxabn# xrdh. _. F. ODANXBN# Nku Qbrm419;.




nbn dykyd l{xdxb ac zrbzrab wgfkld k wk c‑drxk hkccd ibrxaiagdpabnk k hkcc‑drld,lknxb rdeea{nwkrb caykcca wxrdbrhandra# cd e{krrd# nkc w{b anwaklk# wbzrdyyawwkrbppd k gbn zbgfk xdxxagfk annbydxraga. Zkrldwkrb ck ibrldpabna gdrdxxkrawxagfkhkccd gdydcckrad# ck odnhakrk78# gblzbwxk hd t{dxxrb d wka gdydcakra gbn a zrbzrawkreknxa lbnxdxa ra{naxk an odxxdecak dc gbldnhb ha {n erdnhk waenbrk# gbn {n

n{lkrb ha kiikxxaya lbcxb ydradoack# hd gant{dnxd d gknxb gdydcakra. Zkrldwk cdrdggbcxd hkcck odxxdecak nkcc‑awxragk brednappdxb hdccd idnxkrad k cd gdragd d wakzkw{ xrk iack# ld hd Gb{rxrdq 7; an zba cd gdydcckrad gbnbook ck w{k zralk wgbniaxxk.Dzzkwdnxaxb nkcc‑drldlknxb# ac gdydcakrk kook oawbenb ha gdydcca wklzrk zañrbo{wxa# anikrabra gblk ykcbgaxê# gfk cb gbwxranwkrb d wzbwxdlknxa lknb rdzahak gbn {n‑kwzbwapabnk zañ c{ned dc xarb nklagb. Halan{ã ac xklzb h‑anwkccdxd kwa dggbrgaÿ cd gdragd. _axbrnÿ cd lawgfad dzzakhdxd ld wknpd zañ c‑kwzkraknpd hkazrala gdydcakra.

_alzaggabcaxb k zba zkrwb cb wg{hb zkr laecabrdrk c‑dwwkxxb d gdydccb# ac ‑7::yahk rbyandrk ck erdnha gdragfk ha gdydcckrad hdydnxa dcck cankk iaxxk ha drgakra kodckwxrakra 79 rdggbcxa wbxxb {n erdnhk wg{hb boc{neb gbcbrdxb# ac zdcykwk75# gfkxrdwibrldyd cd ibrldpabnk an {nd xkwx{eeank haiiagaclknxk wgfa{haoack. Cd wakzk

hka zaggfakra wyappkra ikgk ac rkwxb# cd edlod wanawxrd gbn ac eanbggfab zakedxb andydnxa# cd zaggd alz{endxd gbn cd ldnb wanawxrd zbwapabndxd dcc‑dcxkppd hkceanbggfab# ac xdccbnk hkcc‑drld dzzbeeadxb gbnxrb ac zakhk hkwxrb# wzdhd anldnb. Ha idxxb# ac haydrab xrd lkppa an gdlzb k ydcbrk ha wanebca gdydcakra gbn,xan{ÿ dh kwwkrk wklzrk dlzcawwalb. Ac hkgcanb hkc gdydcakrk gbrwk zdrdcckcb dcgbanybcealknxb hkcck zadppk lacaxdrk lanbra gfk eca dwwkwxdlknxa xkrraxbradcadwwbroarbnb an {n wawxkld zbcaxagb hkianaxayb. C‑drld hd i{bgb wzadnÿ ac gdwxkc,cbibrxk k c‑brebecab hkc gdydcakrk. Dc cbrb zbwxb wbrwk cd erdnhk ibrxkppd cd g{adiikrldpabnk i{ c{nedlknxk angkrxd# gbnyayknhb gdwxkccb dnxagb k odwxabndx{rdlbhkrnd an {n kt{acaorab zrkgdrab dccd ragkrgd ha irbnxkeeadrk {n‑drld an kyb,c{pabnk0 ac gdnnbnk.

78 Gbnrba ha ?:,?8 {blana hawzbwxa w{ ?,7 iack= gadwg{n gbnrba krd zdrxk ha {n‑k,wgfakcck# d zrbzrad ybcxd zdrxk ha {nd odxdac,ck# gbnxaneknxk dggbwxdoack dccb wt{dhrbnkh‑beea.

7; 44 c{ecab 47:?# e{krrd ha Iadnhrd. Zkrcd zrald ybcxd hbzb Ckendnb {n kwkrgaxb ha

idnxkrad hawxr{wwk {n kwkrgaxb ha gdydcckradrkz{xdxb anyangaoack. Cd odxxdecad# zdwwdxddccd wxbrad gbn ac nblk ha odxxdecad hkeca wzk,rbna h‑brb# i{ yanxd hda Gbl{ndca iadllan,efa gbnxrb ac zdxrapadxb gaxxdhanb kh a wa,enbra ha Irdngad. A Iadllanefa# drldxa wbcbhkccd ebhknhdg # {nd zaggd c{ned# yanwkrbwknpd c‑{wb h‑drgakra k odckwxrakra# wbzrdx,x{xxb zkr dykrk dy{xb cd gdzdgaxê ha hdrkodxxdecad w{ {n xkrrknb andhdxxb dccd gdydc,ckrad. Ibrpk an gdlzb0 Irdngkwa 4;::,?:::gdydcakra k 4;::,?::: odckwxrakra# Iadllan,efa 9,5::: zaggfakra k 9: gdydcakra. Irbnxkhkccd odxxdecad0 6:: lkxra.

79 Cd odckwxrd nbn wbwxax{ã c‑drgb0 an An,efacxkrrd# ac cbne obu ha ? lkxra gbn irkggadha 4 lkxrb# zkr ac w{b xarb {xack ha ?:: lkxra#

cd w{d ckeekrkppd k rdzahaxê &gargd 4? irkggkzkr lan{xb!# cd zknkxrdpabnk w{zkrabrk dgkrxk odckwxrk# nk zrbxrdwwk c‑{wb. Drgfa c{n,efa k odckwxrk raldwkrb an {wb dclknb ianbdc 4985# hbyk# wklzrk an Anefacxkrrd# krddngbrd lknpabndxb {n rkzdrxb ha odck,wxrakra.

75 Hkxxb dngfk zdykwk zkr c‑azbxkwa hkccdw{d braeank an Zdyad.



?4

N ka zrala wkgbca hbzb ac Lacck ac xkrlank Zaklbnxk anhagdyd# an lbhb dz,zrbwwaldxayb# wbcb {nd zaggbcd zdrxk hkcc‑drkd ekberdiagd beea gbwãhknblandxd0 bwwad ac xkrraxbrab gblzrkwb xrd ck Dcza Gbpak# ac Xdndrb# ac

Wdnebnk k {nd cankd alldeandrad gfk# hdccd gbnic{knpd hkc Wdnebnk gbn ac Zb#wgknhk ykrwb w{h,bykwx wanb dc Xdndrb. C‑drkd gbwã hkianaxd wa dlzcaÿ nkc zkrabhbhkcck d{xbnblak gaxxdhank# kwxknhknhbwa wklzrk zañ# wanb d angc{hkrk {n xkrra,xbrab gblzrkwb xrd ck Dcza Ldraxxalk# ck Dcza Gbpak k ac ia{lk Wkwad 4.

Lknxrk cknxdlknxk wa diikrldyd t{kwxd nbpabnk gbcckxxayd hkccd rkeabnk# hdc

z{nxb ha yawxd zbcaxagb ianb dccd lkxê hkc wkgbcb V {nd erdnhk ldrgd# ebykrndxdzkr angdragb rkeab hd kwzbnknxa hkccd idlaecad irdngd hkeca Dnwgdraga# gbbrha,ndyd erdn zdrxk hkccd rkeabnk w{odczand dxx{dck. Ac gdzbwxazaxk hkccd idlaecad#Dnwgdrab# zrbyknaknxk hdccd Obrebend# rkeabnk an g{a zdrk dykwwk kwkrgaxdxbzbxkra gblaxdca# ea{nwk an Axdcad dc wke{axb ha E{ahb ha Wzbckxb nkcc‑666#wkgbnhb cd ndrrdpabnk hka Ekwxd Okrknedraa ?. Xrd c‑614 k c‑61? Dnwgdrab æ lkn,pabndxb an xrk hazcbla kldndxa hd rk E{ahb k ac w{b nblk æ wke{axb hdc xaxbcbha ldrgfab. Dnwgdrab kook anapadca i{npabna lacaxdra dcc‑anxkrnb ha {nd wzkgak hagbrxk axankrdnxk ld# an xklza orkya# dzzcagÿ t{kcck i{npabna d {n xkrraxbrab hkia,naxb# k hbykxxk dgt{awark zbxkra w{ {n‑drkd lbcxb ydwxd# hda gbnxbrna angkrxa# acg{a gknxrb krd wag{rdlknxk Ayrkd k w{ccd g{a kwxknwabnk ga hê anibrldpabna zañkwzcagaxk k dlzak cd hbg{lknxdpabnk rkcdxayd da w{ba w{ggkwwbra# Dhdcokrxb k

Dnwgdrab AA# wklzrk hkckedxa hdc rkenb 7.Nkcc‑drkd an g{a wa anwkrã Dnwgdrab krd wxdxd zrkwknxk# hdccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkcwkgbcb AV# cd idlaecad hka W{zzbnaha# dxxkwxdxd cdredlknxk d caykccb zbcaxagbnkcc‑Axdcad wkxxknxrabndck. Ac gbnxk W{zzbnk æ hbg{lknxdxb gblk zbwwahknxk nkcZdrlknwk0 xrk hka w{ba iaeca i{rbnb ikhkca hkcc‑alzkrdxbrk Okrknedrab A k h{ki{rbnb dngfk xaxbcdra hkc gblaxdxb ha Zadgknpd. C‑dwgkwd dnwgdragd# z{r nbnanxdggdnhb {nd ykrd ldrgd w{zzbnahk# wa rkdcappÿ dcc‑anxkrnb ha {n gbnxkwxb wbe,ekxxb d zrbgkwwa ha deerkedpabnk xkrraxbradck0 zrblbwwa an zdrxagbcdrk hdccd hand,wxad hka W{zzbnaha# gfk zrbodoaclknxk dyrkook dlzcadxb ac w{b zbxkrk wkOkrknedrab A# gbn g{a dykyd lbcxkzcaga ckedla# dykwwk ldnxkn{xb ac w{b zrkhb,lanab wknpd gbnxrdwxa. I{ zrbzrab c‑kwawxknpd ha t{kwxa gbnxrdwxa d gbnwknxark#nkcc‑{cxalb hkgknnab hkc wkgbcb V# cd gblzdrwd nkccd pbnd ha Ayrkd# nbn cbn,

xdnd hda gblaxdxa zrkgkhknxklknxk ebykrndxa hdc gbnxk W{zzbnk# hkc n{bybldrgfkwk Dnwgdrab A# zrbxdebnawxd ha {nd wybcxd ybc{xd hd E{ahb ha Wzbckxb#hkgawayd zkr ck rkeabna nbrh,bggahknxdca hkcc‑Axdcad# gfk gblangadrbnb d kwwkrkbrednappdxk an lbhb zañ hkianaxayb k wxdoack zkr eca dwzkxxa awxax{pabndca k xkrra,xbradca 8.

Ac erdnhk grbnawxd Ca{xzrdnhb ga gbnwknxk ha anhayah{drk an Ayrkd ac gknxrbhkccd n{byd ldrgd dnwgdragd ;. Hdcck ibnxa hbg{lknxdrak# ird ac 1:? k ac 14:#dzzrknhadlb ha anxkryknxa {iiagadca ‗ harkxxa k anharkxxa ‗ hkc iaecab ha DnwgdrabA# ac ldrgfkwk Dhdcokrxb# nkcck pbnk ha Nbydrd# Ykrgkcca# Dwxa# Xbranb# k nkccdydc h‑Bwwbcd 9. K ck zrkwknpk hka iaeca ha Dhdcokrxb# Okrknedrab &ac i{x{rb rkOkrknedrab AA! k Dnwgdrab AA gbnikrldnb c‑anxkrkwwk &hd {iiagadca z{oocaga# lddngfk hd handwxa alzkendxa nkc zdxralbnab! wad zkr ac Zaklbnxk gknxrdck wad zkr

ck drkk nbrh,braknxdca hkccd rkeabnk w{odczand. Nk raw{cxd {nd ldrgd ha Ayrkdgfk wklord angc{hkrk# nkcc‑drgb ha xklzb gblzrkwb ird Dhdcokrxb k DnwgdrabAA# x{xxb ac Zaklbnxk gknxrb,wkxxknxrabndck hdcc‑Bwwbcd d Xbranb k Dwxa# k raw{cxd

4 D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Lkhabkyb anZaklbnxk# Xbranb 4169# z. 7.

? Z. UANXK_IKCH &d g{rd ha!# Ekwxd Okrkn, edraa alzkrdxbraw# an LEF# ybc. AY"4#Zbkxdk Cdxana dkya Gdrbcana # Okrcanb 4661#z. 74?.

7 E. WK_EA# A gbniana hkc zbxkrk. Ldrgfk kwaenbrak ird h{k rkena lkhakydca # Xbranb411;# z. 9?.

8 Aoahkl# gax.# zz. 97 wee.

; CA[XZ_DNHB# Dnxdzbhbwaw# an CA[XZ_DN,HB# Bzkrd blnad# an @. OKGMK_ &d g{rd ha!#

Wgrazxbrkw rkr{l Ekrldnagdr{l an {w{lwgfbcdr{l# an LEF# Fdnnbykr,Cazwad 414;#ybc. VCA# zz. ?9 wee.

9 E. WK_EA# A gbniana hkc zbxkrk. Ldrgfk kwaenbrak ird h{k rkena lkhakydca # gax.# zz. 99,55 k nbxk 84,89.

Ac gbnxkwxb zaklbnxkwkDnhrkd Gdcpbcdra k Zdxrapad Gdngadn



?? XK_KWD LDNEABNK



@bfdnnkw Hk Orbkn# Zkhklbnxa{l# w{ hawkenbha Eabydnna Xblldwb Obrebnab# ,gbcckpabnk zraydxd



?8 DNH_KD GDCPBCD_A K ZDX_APAD GDNGADN

dngfk wa zbwwd w{eekrark {nd zrbyyawbrad kwxknwabnk hkcck gdzdgaxê dnwgdragfkha ebykrnb dngfk bcxrk ac Xaganb# hbyk# nbn d gdwb# Okrknedrab æ hbg{lknxdxbgblk ldrgfab kx gblkw Lkhabcdnknwa gblaxdxb 5.

D lkxê hkc wkgbcb V# x{xxdyad# nbn wa z{ÿ dngbrd anxkrzrkxdrk cd wxbrad xkr,raxbradck hkc Zaklbnxk an gfadyk ha krkhaxdrakxê k ha w{ggkwwabna handwxagfk# gbl,

lkxxknhb {n krrbrk z{rxrbzzb dngbrd irkt{knxk0 anidxxa anxbrnb dc 179 ac rk axd,cagb [eb xrdwikrã Dnwgdrab AA hd Ayrkd dc ebykrnb hkccd ldrgd Wzbckxb ‗ hbykt{dxxrb dnna hbzb zrbzrab ck xr{zzk rkeak cb {ggawkrb an odxxdecad ‗ k# lbrxbDnwgdrab AA# Okrknedrab i{eeã k razdrÿ an Ekrldnad zrkwwb ac rk xk{xbnagbBxxbnk A 6. Cd erdnhk ldrgd ha Ayrkd h{rdnxk c‑{cxalb t{ant{knnab hkc rkenbha [eb raw{cxdyd ha idxxb wlklordxd k dccd lkxê hkc wkgbcb V c‑dxx{dck Zaklbnxkkrd w{hhayawb an t{dxxrb n{bya hawxrkxxa0 cd ldrgd ha Ayrkd# gfk {nayd dc Zak,lbnxk nbrh,braknxdck a gblaxdxa ha O{cedrad &drkd ha Lbrxdrd!# ha Wxdppbnd&gbwxd braknxdck hkc Cdeb Ldeeabrk! k ibrwk ha Cblkccb= cd ldrgd hkecaBokrxknefa# gblzrknhknxk a xkrraxbra hkcck habgkwa ha Xbrxbnd# Eknbyd k C{na=cd ldrgd hkeca Dckrdlaga gfk kwkrgaxdyd keklbnad zbcaxagb,lacaxdrk w{cck habgkwaha Dgt{a k Wdybnd= k aniank cd ldrgd hkeca Drh{anaga ha Xbranb# gfk gbbrhandyd

ac Zaklbnxk gknxrb,lkrahabndck k a gblaxdxa ha Yknxalaecad k Dcokned1

.Zkr gbccbgdrk ac Ykrgkcckwk an {n gbnxkwxb gfadrb bggbrrk h{nt{k xknkrgbnxb gfk# hd t{kc lblknxb# krd anwkraxb an {nd ldrgd ha Ayrkd ha kwxknwabnkrahbxxd# dngbrd diiahdxd d lklora hkccd handwxad dnwgdragd# zrbyyawbradlknxkxkn{xd dc zbxkrk hdcc‑dwgkwd dc rkenb ha {nb ha cbrb# Okrknedrab AA# raknxrdxb anAxdcad ykrwb ac 1;:0 ldrgfkwa i{rbnb h{k w{ba iaeca# E{ahb k zba GbrrdhbGbnbnk. Hkccd ldrgd ha Ayrkd gbnxan{dyd d idr zdrxk ac gblaxdx{w Ykrgkccknwaw#dllanawxrdxb harkxxdlknxk hda ldrgfkwa ha Ayrkd ‗ t{kwxa ldrgfkwa krdnb wkl,zrk dngfk gbnxa an zrald zkrwbnd hka gblaxdxa d cbrb diiahdxa ‗ kh kwxkwb ykrwbnbrh wanb d angc{hkrk c‑drkd oakcckwk. Zkr x{xxb ac wkgbcb V ck dxxkwxdpabna hbg{,lknxdrak anh{gbnb d raxknkrk gfk erdn zdrxk hkc Oakcckwk gbnxan{dwwk d kwwkrkanwkraxb nkc gblaxdxb ykrgkcckwk# k t{kwxd diikrknpd nbn yknnk lknb t{dnhb#

hbzb ac raxbrnb an Obrebend hkccd handwxad dnwgdragd# c‑{iiagab ha ldrgfkwkh‑Ayrkd i{ diiahdxb dh Drh{anb gfk# gblk wx{ha rkgknxa fdnnb halbwxrdxb# nbnkrd zdrknxk hka zrkgkhknxa ldrgfkwa dnwgdraga k nkzz{rk ‗ d hawzkxxb hkc nblk‗ hka ldrgfkwa drh{anaga ha Xbranb 4:.

Anxdnxb nkeca {cxala dnna dnwgdraga ac zbxkrk ldrgfabndck kzbrkhakwk dykydangblangadxb d kwwkrk anxdggdxb hd {n ykwgbyb h‑Ayrkd an ibrxk dwgkwd 44 k# dngbrzañ# hd zbxkra ykwgbyaca nbydrkwa k ykrgkcckwa an gbnxan{b rdiibrpdlknxb dngfkzbcaxagb. Hdc 19? cd gbrbnd axdcagd ‗ k t{kccd alzkradck gfk ya krd gbnnkwwd ‗ krdwxdxd idxxd zrbzrad hdccd handwxad wdwwbnk hkeca Bxxbna. Cd wax{dpabnk# za{xxbwxbgraxagd zkr ac zbxkrk z{oocagb# anh{wwk c‑alzkrdxbrk Bxxbnk AAA dh diiahdrk cdldrgd ha Ayrkd dh Drh{anb# ac g{a zdhrk dykyd {n zdwwdxb ha angdragfa gblaxdcadc gbniank ird Zaklbnxk k Cblodrhad. Drh{anb# ha irbnxk dc zbxknpadlknxb hka

zbxkra zbcaxaga ykwgbyaca anxkrna dccd w{d ldrgd# wa alzkenÿ dh kwkrgaxdrk ac zrb,zrab {iiagab gbn kwxrkld knkread# nbn xknknhb gbnxb hkc idxxb gfk c‑alzkrdxbrkgfk c‑dykyd nblandxb zkrwke{ayd {n zrbekxxb ha –wawxkld kggckwadwxagb"alzk,radck“ ybcxb# wk nbn d idybrark# dclknb d xbcckrdrk k d ant{dhrdrk a zbxkra xkl,zbrdca hka ykwgbya. Ibrxk nbn wbcb hkc w{b o{bn haraxxb ld dngfk ha {n gkrxbgbnwknwb wbgadck# Drh{anb kook gbnxrdwxa h{ra k yabcknxa gbn a ykwgbya ha Ayrkd#Ykrgkcca k Nbydrd gbn ac raw{cxdxb# hbzb gfk ac zdzd Wacykwxrb AA cb gbnhdnnÿhagfadrdnhbcb nklagb z{oocagb 4?# ha zkrhkrk nkc 111 ac ebykrnb hkccd ldrgdkzbrkhakwk.

A ykwgbya nk dzzrbiaxxdrbnb zkr rayknhagdrk cd hawxragxab &gabæ c‑all{naxêdrraggfaxd ha haraxxa ea{rawhapabndca! w{a gblaxdxa raknxrdnxa nkcck cbrb habgkwa0Ykrgkcca k Wdnxfaê# zkr t{kccb ykrgkcckwk= Zbload k Bwwbcd zkr t{kccb nbydrkwk.

Ac ragfadlb dccd xrdhapabnk gargbwgrapabndck z{oocagd gbwxax{ayd zkr t{kwxazbxknxa ykwgbya# dcckdxa cbgdca hkcc‑alzkrb# ac lkppb zkr gbnwbcahdrk k ykhkrkragbnbwga{xd cd cbrb i{npabnk zbcaxagd ha gbbrhandlknxb w{ dlzad zdrxk hkccd

5 Aoahkl# zz. 95 wee.6 Aoahkl# z. 485.1 Aoahkl# zz. ;9 wee. An lbhb zañ wgfk,

ldxagb gir. E. WK_EA# Cd ekberdiad hkc zbxkrknkc Zaklbnxk rbldnagb# an E. _ BLDNB &dg{rd ha!# Zaklbnxk rbldnagb# Xbranb 4118.

4: E. EDNHANB# Zkr {nd ckxx{rd hkc lk,habkyb oakcckwk# an E. _ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!#

Oakccd k ac w{b xkrraxbrab# Oakccd 416?# z. 54.44 Wa xrdxxd hkc ykwgbyb Ydrlbnhb &D.

IDCBZZD# Hdc ykwgbyb dc gbl{nk# an Ayrkdyknx{n wkgbca ha wxbrad# Zdybnk Gdndykwk?::4# zz. 4?; wee.!.

4? E. WK_EA# Drh{anb ldrgfkwk k rk rayb,c{pabndrab# an Drh{anb lacck dnna hbzb. [nrk xrd laxb k wxbrad# Xbranb ?::?# zz. 4?wee.



AC GBNXKWXB ZAKLBNXKWK ?;

hawwbcxd ldrgd ha Ayrkd. Ac gbnwke{alknxb ha t{kwxa haraxxa nbn alzcagdyd cd xrd,wibrldpabnk ha t{kwxa ykwgbya an {iiagadca z{oocaga. Nbn krdnb –gbnxa“ zkrgfánbn krdnb xkn{xa d rawzbnhkrk dc wbyrdnb hkc cbrb bzkrdxb# ná hbykydnb ykr,wdreca a zrbyknxa hkcck kwdpabna0 ld nbn g‑æ h{ooab gfk# hbzb t{dcgfk bwgaccd,pabnk# c‑alzkrdxbrk dykyd wgkcxb ha zrknhkrk dxxb hka zbxkra gayaca hka ykwgbya k

ha idybrarca# zkr edrdnxarwa dcckdxa wag{ra k zkr hdrk wxdoacaxê dccd rkeabnk47

.Nka zrala hkgknna hkc wkgbcb VA wa dwwawxk t{anha dcc‑anhkobcalknxb eknk,rdck k dccb werkxbcdrwa hkcck ldrgfk &wbcb nkc Zaklbnxk gknxrb lkrahabndck cdldrgd ha Xbranb rkwawxkxxk ianb dccd lbrxk ha Dhkcdahk# nkc 4:14! gfk eknkrd,rbnb dcxra n{gcka ha zbxkrk w{ odwk zdxralbnadck k xkrraxbradck# haykrwk rawzkxxbdcck zrkgkhknxa gargbwgrapabna z{oocagfk k rawzkxxb d kwwk lbcxb zañ zaggbck. Ck–gbnxkk“ hkc Zaklbnxk nbrh,braknxdck krdnb brlda waenbrak r{rdca gblk ck dcxrk=a cbrb xaxbcdra wa hawxane{kydnb hda nbrldca waenbra wbcb zkr ac idxxb ha gfadldrwa–gbnxa“ zkr xrdhapabnk idlacadrk k zkr cd gbnwke{knxk doax{hank ha dzzcagdrk dcckcbrb waenbrak cd xkrlanbcbead gblaxdck0 {n‑kxagfkxxd dnxagd zkr hkianark {nd rkdcxêha zbxkrk wbwxdnpadclknxk n{byd æ t{kccd gfk xdcbrd dzzdrayd nkc gblzckwwb kdzzdrknxklknxk hawbrhandxb anxrkggadrwa ha keklbnak ha zbxknxa cdaga k rkcaeabwa

zrkwknxa nkccb wxkwwb xkrraxbrab k nkc lkhkwalb xklzb48

.Ac Zaklbnxk h{nt{k nkc gbrwb hkc wkgbcb VAA dykyd {n‑brednappdpabnk walackd t{kccd zrkydcknxk an x{xxd c‑K{rbzd bggahknxdck0 a gbnxdhana# dccbhakra &zrb,zrakxdra! b gbcxaydxbra ha xkrrd waenbrack krdnb x{xxa wbeekxxa dccd zrbxkpabnk ha {nzbxkrk xkrraxbradck# gfk zbxkyd kwwkrk rdzzrkwknxdxb hd {n waenbrk cdagb# {nerdnhk lbndwxkrb# {n gdzaxbcb gdxxkhrdck k# an zdrxagbcdrk nkcck pbnk t{a ankwdlk# hd ykwgbya 4;. Wk z{r gbn xklza ha diikrldpabnk nbn wklzrk gbangahknxak gbn haykrwd angawayaxê# wa krdnb diikrldxa anxbrnb dcck gaxxê ‗ gbn ragbnbwgalknxadngfk ibrldca hd zdrxk hkc zbxkrk rkeab ‗ a ykwgbya ha Xbranb# ha Dwxa# Ayrkd#Nbydrd k Ykrgkcca 49. Nkc ldx{rb wkgbcb VAA dngfk an drkd w{odczand wa diikrld,rbnb# anwkrknhbwa wzkwwb nkccd xrdhapabnk hkc zbxkrk ykwgbyack# a gbl{na. Gbnt{dcgfk haiikrknpd rawzkxxb dcc‑anwaklk hkcc‑Axdcad gknxrb,wkxxknxrabndck# zkrgfá

wa rkdcappÿ {n z{cc{cdrk# ibrwk hawbrednagb# ha wbc{pabna dngfk wzrkea{hagdxk# kzkr n{ccd ldreandca k zkraikragfk rawzkxxb dcck dcxrk kwzkraknpk gbl{ndca axdcadnk#ld ibrwk zañ raggfk ha anapadxayk braeandca hdc z{nxb ha yawxd awxax{pabndck 45. Ckgbl{naxê gaxxdhank# hdzzrald wbeekxxk dcc‑d{xbraxê hka cbrb ykwgbya# wa brednap,pdydnb an caokrb gbl{nk# dyyadnhb {n zrbgkwwb ha wbxxblawwabnk hkc xkrraxbrabgargbwxdnxk an t{dcwadwa lbhb# wbwxax{knhbwa hkc x{xxb b dclknb wbyrdzzbnkn,hbwa an lbhb gbbrhandxb dcck waenbrak cbgdca0 Dwxa# Xbrxbnd# Dgt{a# Xbranb#wbzrdxx{xxb Ykrgkcca k Nbydrd krdnb eaê d{xbnblk dcc‑dyyknxb ha IkhkragbOdrodrbwwd dccd lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAA k zrbnxk dccd cbxxd gbnxrb c‑alzkrdxbrk 46.

X{xxdyad t{kwxb lbyalknxb an Zaklbnxk hbykyd gbkwawxkrk gbn c‑dwwkwxd,lknxb ha ibrldpabna zbcaxagfk# hkianaxk zrangazdxa xkrraxbradca # nbrldca an Ekr,ldnad k Irdngad ld dwwknxa b zrbyyawbrak nkc rkwxb hkcc‑Axdcad gknxrb,wkxxknxrab,

ndck wanb dc Xrkgknxb k dc T{dxxrbgknxb. Zrbxdebnawxa hka zrangazdxa zaklbnxkwai{rbnb a ldrgfkwa ha Wdc{ppb# a ldrgfkwa ha Lbnikrrdxb k a gbnxa ha Wdybad habraeank xrdnwdczand0 t{kwxa krdnb zbxkra w{zkrabra gfk ragbnbwgkydnb# dc zrbzrabanxkrnb# ck d{xbnblak waenbraca k gfk# dcc‑anapab# gbniandydnb gbn eca dloaxa hazbxkrk gbl{ndck# zkr zba erdh{dclknxk dwwbeekxxdrca. [n o{bn kwklzab hat{kwxd erdh{dcaxê wa fd nkc Xbrankwk0 a Wdybad krdnb eaê an ydcck ha W{wd dccd iankhkc wkgbcb VA# ld wbcxdnxb nkc 4?6: ea{nwkrb d Xbranb 41.

Kwzdnhknhbwa hd nbrh dxxrdykrwb cd ydcck h‑Dbwxd k hd kwx dxxrdykrwb cd ydcckha W{wd# a Wdybad nkc gbrwb hkc Xrkgknxb dlzcadrbnb wklzrk zañ cd cbrb an,ic{knpd k a cbrb zrangazdca dnxdebnawxa i{rbnb a Yawgbnxa ha Lacdnb# gfk ra{wga,rbnb d wbxxblkxxkrk an xklza doodwxdnpd orkya Nbydrd# Ykrgkcca# Dckwwdnhrad kDwxa# ld pbnd ha ibrxk dxxraxb# ha rkgazrbgd anxkrikrknpd k ha zkrh{rdnxk angkr,

xkppd i{# an t{kwxa dnna gr{gadca# c‑drkd oakcckwk ?:. K i{ wbcxdnxb gbn ac h{gdDlkhkb YAAA# hbzb ac 4846# gfk cd wklzrk alzbrxdnxk gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca i{# gbnac w{b gbnxdhb# wbxxrdxxd da Yawgbnxa ?4.

47 Aoahkl# z. 48= E. WK_EA# Zbxkra xklzb,rdca hkc ykwgbyb0 ac zrbockld wxbraberdiagb# anYkwgbyb k gaxxê nkcc‑dcxb lkhabkyb0 t{dhra

eknkrdca k rkdcxê xbwgdnk# Dxxa hkc Gbnykenbanxkrndpabndck ha Zawxbad 49,45 ldeeab4116# Zawxbad ?::4# zz. 4,49.

48 E. EDNHANB# Zkr {nd ckxx{rd hkc lk,

habkyb oakcckwk# gax.# zz. 54 wee.4; C. Z_BYK_B# Handlagd wbgadck k gbn,xrbccb waenbrack nkc rkenb h‑Axdcad &wkgbca AV,

VAA!# an «Wkôbrkw# wakrybw# ydwdccbw kn cd dcxdkhdh lkhad½. VVYAAA Wkldnd hk Kwx{habw

Lkhakydckw. Kwxkccd# 49 d ?: hk `{cab hk?::4# Zdlzcbnd ?::?# zz. 871,8;5.

49 _. OB_HBNK# «Gayaxdw nboacaw kx dnxa,t{d½. Zkr {nd wxbrad hkcck braeana hkc lbya,lknxb gbl{ndck an Zaklbnxk# an Zaklbnxklkhakydck# Xbranb 4169# zz. 77 wee.= _. OB_ ,HBNK# @. @D_N[X &d g{rd ha!# C‑kybc{pabnkhkcck gaxxê axdcadnk nkcc‑VA wkgbcb# Obcbend4166.

45 K. D_XAIBNA# Cd «gbna{ngxab kx {naxdw½#dwxaeadnb,dcokwk hkc 4??7,4??8. [n kwzkra,

lknxb zbcaxagb k cd w{d kiiagdgad nkccd gargb,cdpabnk hka lbhkcca awxax{pabndca # an «OWOW½#CVVYAAA &416:!# zz. 4:;,4?9= gir. an zdr,xagbcdrk# zkr cd pbnd an beekxxb# C. ODAKXXB#Ykwgbya k gbl{na0 c‑anic{knpd hkccd zbcaxagd

zbnxaiagad nkccd zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAAA d Ayrkd k Ykrgkcca # an «OWOW½# G &?::?!# zz.8;1,;89.

46 D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Lkhabkyb anZaklbnxk# gax.# zz. 7: wee.= _. OB_HBNK#

C‑dllanawxrdpabnk hkc rkenb h‑Axdcad# an«O{cckxxanb hkcc‑Awxax{xb Wxbragb Axdcadnb zkrac Lkhab Kyb k Drgfayab L{rdxbradnb½# 19&411:!# zz. 477,4;9= L. YDCCK_DNA# A rdz,

zbrxa anxkrgaxxdhana nkccd rkeabnk cblodrhdxrd VAA k VAAA wkgbcb# an E. _ BWWKXXA &d g{rdha!# Ckeawcdpabnk k zrdwwa awxax{pabndck nkc,c‑K{rbzd lkhakydck. Xrdhapabna nbrldxayk#brhandlknxa# gargbcdpabnk lkrgdnxack &wkgbca

VA,VY!# Ndzbca ?::4# zz. ??4,?1:.41 E. WK_EA# H{k wkgbca ha Zaklbnxk zrk,

wdod{hb ird a rkena h‑Axdcad k ha Obrebend# an«Zaklbnxk yayb½# 4166# n. 4# z. ;8.

?: D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Lkhabkyb anZaklbnxk# gax.# zz. 97 wee.

?4 E. WK_EA# Ck zbcdraxê xkrraxbradca zak,lbnxkwa hdcc‑dcxb lkhabkyb dc Xrkgknxb# an C.LK_GDNHB# K. LAGFKCKXXB &d g{rd ha!# Dr,gfkbcbead an Zaklbnxk. Ac lkhabkyb# Xbranb4116# z. 75.



?9 DNH_KD GDCPBCD_A K ZDX_APAD GDNGADN

Irdxxdnxb krd wxdxb nkc Xrkgknxb# nbnbwxdnxk ck gblzckwwk drxagbcdpabna zbca,xagfk# gfk ac Zaklbnxk dykyd angblangadxb d kwwkrk anhayah{dxb gblk knxaxê ekb,erdiagd# k {n xkwxb zrkpabwb# ac Haxxdlbnhb ha Idpab hkeca [okrxa# cb dzzcagÿdccbrd nbn wbcb dc xkrraxbrab gblzrkwb ird ck Dcza# ac Wdnebnk k ac Zb# ld zañdlzadlknxk d {nd rkeabnk zdrdebndoack d t{kccd bhakrnd# gbn ac zrangazdxb hka

Wdybad,Dgdad# ac Lbnikrrdxb# ac ldrgfkwdxb ha Wdc{ppb# ac Gdndykwk# ck pbnk haDcod# Dwxa# Dgt{a# Lbrxdrd# Nbydrd# Ykrgkcca ??.

?? D. EB_AD# Zkhklbnxa{l0 nbxk zkr cdwxbrad ha {n gbngkxxb ekberdiagb# an «OWOW½#C &41;?!# zz. ;,?8.



?5

687 L{brk d Cklokkm an Okceab# an bhbrk ha wdnxaxê# Ykrbn{w wk{ Ykyrbn{w hk Cklokgdk# hawgknhknxkha Gdrcb Ldenb.

4::8 _anyknalknxb hka rkwxa lbrxdca ha wdn Ykrbn{w wk{ Ykyrbn{w hk Cklokgdk. Ac w{b g{cxb wakwxknhk hdccd Iadnhrd ianb da gbniana gbn cd Ekrldnad k nkc gknxrb,nbrh hkccd Irdngad.

6 ldeeab 44?:"447: L{brk d Ykrgkcca Zc{wokccd# ldhrk ha Uahdcdrhb# gdzbwxazaxk hka Yadcdrha ha Zaklbnxk.

448: Zralb hbg{lknxb gfk gaxd a hk Ykrbnb.

wkg. VAA Ibnhdpabnk hkccd Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb wkgbnhb ck cdzaha dcc‑anxkrnb hkccd Zdrrbggfadckwxkwwd.

4: bxxbork 4?55 Zralb hbg{lknxb gfk dxxkwxd ac ckedlk xrd a hk Ykrbnb k a Yadcdrha.

4?6? Zralb hbg{lknxb gfk dxxkwxd ac gdwxkccb.

4?16,4?11 Zralb hbg{lknxb gfk dxxkwxd cd Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb k cd gdzzkccd ha Wdn Walbnk k Ea{hdan gdwxrb.

49 hagklork 474: Dccd zdgk an Ykrgkcca ird Efaokccana k E{kcia# zkr a Efaokccana wbnb zrkwknxa _bcdnhb k ObnaidgabYadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk. Nbn wbnb zrkwknxa a Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Wdnhaecadnb k a Yadcdrhahkc gdwxkccb ha Qwknedrhd.

debwxb 478? Eadgblb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ nblandxb rkxxbrk# zbhkwxê k wanhdgb ha Ykrgkcca an Zaykrbnk k nkcxkrraxbrab ha Zdcdppb.

7 ikoordab 4787 Eadgblb ]Yadcdrha\ ha Ykrrbnk æ kckxxb# gbn dcxra Yadcdrha# dccd Grkhknpd ha Ykrgkcca.

49 ldrpb 4785 A iaeca hkc i{ Irdnganb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk dccd zrkwknpd hkc cbrb x{xbrk _bcdnhanb ]Yadcdrha\ haYkrrbnk yknhbnb dc Gbl{nk ha Lbwwb cd lkxê hkc lbnxk ha Lbwwb hbyk krd gbwxr{axb ac gdwxkccb.Wbnb zrkwknxa Eabydnna Yadcdrha k [okrxanb Yadcdrha# iaeca ha Ldnirkhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#zdrknxa zdxkrna hka irdxkcca.

48 nbyklork 4785 Eadgblb ]Yadcdrha\ ha Ykrrbnk æ kckxxb# gbn dcxra Yadcdrha# dccd Grkhknpd ha Ykrgkcca.

47 nbyklork 47;4 Eadgblb ]Yadcdrha\ ha Ykrrbnk# an hawdggbrhb gbn cd zbcaxagd iacb,wdod{hd hkc iaecab _bcdnhanb# yaykdh Bchknagb gbn eca dcxra iaeca. T{kwxb rdlb wa kwxane{k nkc 4761.

41 ikoordab 4757 Walbnk# iaecab ha _bcdnhanb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# wxaz{cd rkgazrbga zdxxa gbngkrnknxa ck ea{rawhapabnaw{c gdwxkccb k ik{hb ha Ykrrbnk gbn Dlkhkb YA ha Wdybad. Ykrrbnk zdwwd wbxxb c‑anic{knpd wdod{hd.

7 ldrpb 4751 «_kgbenaxab fblan{l hk Ykrbnb½ dh Dlkhkb YA ha Wdybad. A nboaca ha Ykrrbnk wbnb rdzzrkwkn,xdxa hd Walbnk Yadcdrha k cd Gbl{naxê hd Zkxr{w hk Dnhd k Dnxbna{w _bkr.

4769 Æ gbnwbck Okrxbchb Ikrrdrab.

44 nbyklork 4716 Dccd lbrxk ha Walbnk i{ _bcdnhb &_bcdnhanb! ha Ykrrbnk wa zrbgkhk dccd hayawabnk an t{dxxrb zdrxaha ‱‱xbxb hblaenbnb kx hk xbxb i{nhb hagxk x{rraw hagxa gdwxra‰‰ ianb dh dccbrd anhayawa. Hd t{kwxdhayawabnk fdnnb braeank a t{dxxrb gbcbnnkccdxa hkxxa hka _bcdnhana # hka hk Z{xfkb b hk Lbwwb# hkccdGdwd Erdnhk k hkccd Zbrxd.

4871 [n rdlb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk doaxdnxk d Wdc{wwbcd æ anykwxaxb hkcck bnbrdnpk ha Wdc{wwbcd kZ{cadgb# grkdnhb ac rdlb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Wdc{wwbcd# zba Yadcdrha ha Wdc{wwbcd.

48;4 [n rdlb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk doaxd nkc gdwxkccb ha Ykxxaená grkdnhb ac rdlb hka Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk k Ykxxaená# zba Yadcdrha ha Ykxxaená.

9 ikoordab 485: Ldnirkhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Wdc{wwbcd æ xkwxk d gdragb hdydnxa d Irdngkwgb hka Yadcdrha haYkrgkcca# nbxdab hkcc‑Ant{awapabnk# nkc «Zrbgkww{w gbnxrd kx dhykrw{w @bfdnndl {vbrkl Dnxbnabxahk Lbnh{rb hk Wdc{wbcad dcadw hk Ladcadnb½.

4857 Wbnb gbnwbca Eabreab hk Bpad k Dnxbnab hk Ed`d.485; Zakxrb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ dlodwgadxbrk ha Irdngkwgb ha Er{qærk# waenbrk ha Brbn k ldrkwgadccb

hkc h{gd ha Wdybad.

GrbnbcbeadLdrgb X{rbxxa



?6 LD_GB X[_BXXA

486? Dnxbnab Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ zrabrk ha _b{eklbnx nkc gblaxdxb ha Er{qærk# an Wyappkrd.

4867 Okrndrhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ Wkerkxdrab ha Wxdxb.

4819 Okrndrhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ zrbikwwbrk ha Haraxxb dcc‑[naykrwaxê ha Xbranb.

4815 Eadgblb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ gdwxkccdnb ha _b{eklbnx.

4;:? Wbnb gbnwbca Dnxbnab Gd{hd k Okrndrhb Ikrrkrb.46 debwxb 4;:7 Gbnwdgrdpabnk hkccd Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb.

48 ldeeab 4;4? Ldrxanb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk awxax{awgk zkr xkwxdlknxb cd gdzzkccd ha Wdnxd Ldrad dcc‑anxkrnb hkccdZdrrbggfadck.

4;46 Wbnb gbnwbca Eadgblb hk Cbgad k Xdlkb hk Ldrxankxxb. Æ zbhkwxê k ea{whagknxk Gblanb Wgdrkccdhkxxb Odrokraa ha Gdnhkcb.

? bxxbork 4;?; A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k cd Gbl{naxê# zkr idr irbnxk da grkhaxbra# gkhbnb da zdhra ha Wdn Zakxrb haOakccd gknxb lbhad ha odrdeead zkr ac zrkppb ha ;:: wg{ha h‑brb hkc wbck.

49 ldeeab 4;74 _bcdnhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk yknhk d Iacaokrxb Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa {nd gdwd gbn zdrgb# xbrrk k gbrxack#gdnxank# wdcd# g{gand k dcxrk gdlkrk waxk nkc gdwxkccb. Yknhk anbcxrk cd w{d zbrpabnk hkccd xbrrk ldendk hkccd xbrrk hkc hbneabnk hkxxd Gbnxaendr{l kwawxknxk dc cdxb wanawxrb nkcc‑anerkwwb hkc gdwxkccb.

44 debwxb 4;74 Zakxrb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk yknhk d Iacaokrxb Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa cd t{drxd zdrxk ha ea{rawhapabnk# ik{hbk gdwxkccb# hkxxd t{drxd zdrxk hkc gbcbnnkccdxb hka _bcdnhana . Yknhk anbcxrk {nd gdlkrd nkccd xbrrkerdnhk gbn bena w{b haraxxb w{ccd xbrrk erdnhk k w{c hbneabnk dxxae{b k w{ {n‑dcxrd xbrrk hbyk waxknkydnb ck wg{bck hakxrb cd gfakwd ha Wdn Walbnk.

?4 dzrack 4;;: Hblknagb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ d{xbrk ha {n blagahab an g{a æ gbanybcxb dngfk {n lklorb ha GdwdWdybad. Æ gbnhdnndxb d wxdrk cbnxdnb {n laecab hd Ykrrbnk k eca æ zrbaoaxb gblzdrark dccd «h{gdczrkwknpd½.

47 debwxb 4;;: Gdrcb AAA ha Wdybad dggkxxd cd w{zzcagd ha Hblknagb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk an gbnwahkrdpabnk hkcc‑«acc.nazbxk nbwxrb ha Wdybad½ k zkr a wkryaea rkwa hdeca dnxkndxa ha Hblknagb# ld wbzrdxx{xxb zkr a 7::wg{ha ykrwdxa hdccd lbecak ha Hblknagb# Yknkpad Dybedhrb ha Gdwdnbyd. Zkrldnk cd zrbaoapabnk harawakhkrk d Xbranb b an dcxra c{befa hbyk ac h{gd Gdrcb zbxrê rawakhkrk.

4;94 Æ zbhkwxê Zakxrb# iaecab hkc i{ Eabydnna Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk. Wbnb gbnwbca [okrxanb hk

H{rdnhb k Hblknagb hk Zranb.4;64 Wbnb gbnwbca Dnxbnab Ldrxankxxb kh K{wkoab Lbwgbnb.

?8 ldeeab 4;1; _bcdnhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ da{xdnxk ha gdlkrd hkc Zrangazk Krkhaxdrab zkr a wkryapa rkwa nkccke{krrk ha Wdybad# Zrbyknpd k Zaklbnxk.

4º hagklork 4;15 H{rdnxk {nd Yawaxd Zdwxbrdck æ brhandxd cd gbwxr{pabnk hkc zrbxarb hkccd Zdrrbggfadck. C‑brhank ækwke{axb deca anapa hkc ‑9::.

; bxxbork 49:8 Edwzdrk Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ gdwxkccdnb ha Wdc{wwbcd.

49:1 Wbnb gbnwbca Hblknagb Ldrxankxxa k [okrxanb Lbwgbnk.

4944 Wbnb gbnwbca Zakxrb Lanbxxb k Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# iaecab ndx{rdck hkc i{ Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk k Dnxbnad Zdrxkwdnd# n{oack.

4948 Æ gbnwbck Eabydnna Okrxd.4941 Æ zbhkwxê _bcdnhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk. Wbnb gbnwbca Eabydnna i{ Dnxbnab Gfabranb k Dnxbnab i{

Walbnk Ldrxankxxb.

49?: Æ gbnwbck Eabydnna Cbrknpanb.

49?8 Wbnb gbnwbca Walbnk hkc i{ Dnxbnab Gfabranb k Zakxrb hkc i{ Cbrknpb Wgbxxbnb.

49?; Wbnb gbnwbca Eabydnna i{ Dnxbnab Gfabranb k Eabydnna Cbrknpanb.

497: Ykrrbnk w{oawgk ac gbnxdeab hkccd zkwxk.

497? Nbn ya wbnb gbnwbca ná gbnwaecakra zkrgfá cd Gbl{naxê nbn id zañ gbrzb.

4975 Fbnbrdxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ nblandxd Gdzb hkccd Gdwd ha Ldhdld _kdck Grawxand ha Irdngad.

499; Nbn ya wbnb gbnwbca ná gbnwaecakra zkrgfá cd Gbl{naxê nbn id zañ gbrzb.

4954 Æ gbnwbck Eabydnna Bcadrb.

495? Æ gbnwbck Walbnk Okrxd.



G_BNBCBEAD ?1

4957 Æ gbnwbck Eabydnna Cbrknpanb.

495; Æ gbnwbck Walbnk hkc i{ Odxxawxd Lbwgbnk.

4959 Æ gbnwbck Hblknagb Xdooad.

4951 Æ gbnwbck Eabydnna Cbrknpanb.

496: Yaknk ibrldxb ac «Caorb b orbecadwwb hkccd nbyd k eknkrdc law{rd½ hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk.4964 Æ gbnwbck Eadgblb i{ Wkodwxadnb Zkydrdrb.

4965 Æ gbnwbck Eadgblb Lbwgd.

4966 Æ gbnwbck Dnxbnab Zbppb.

4961 Æ gbnwbck Dnxbnab Edrappb.

6 dzrack 4918 Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk cdwgad {n ckedxb ha cark 4:: zkr cd gbwxr{pabnk ha {n ibnxk odx,xkwaldck nkccd Zdrrbggfadck k awxax{awgk ac Oknkiagab hka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd gblzrknhknxk cd gdz,zkccd k 87 eabrndxk ha xkrrkna.

491; Æ gbnwbck Dnxbnab Lkrgdnhack.

4919 Æ gbnwbck Dnxbnab Edrappb.

4915 Æ gbnwbck Edwzdrk Gkgahdnb.

4916 Æ gbnwbck Debwxanb Gkgahdnb.

45 ldeeab 4916 Æ awxax{axd cd Gdzzkccdnad ha Wdnxb Wzaraxb hkraydxd hdccd Gbnirdxkrnaxd ha Wdnxb Wzaraxb# zba BzkrdZad Wdnxb Wzaraxb.

4911 Æ gbnwbck Zakxrb Dnxbnab Edad.

45:: Æ gbnwbck Eabydnna Okcxrdllb.

?; ikoordab 45:: L{brk Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk. Cdwgad cd gdwgand Xrkgdnack W{zkrabrk dc wdnx{drab haBrbzd# cd gdwgand Xrkgdnack Anikrabrk dc wdnx{drab ha Erdecad k ac Gdwwanbnk gbnea{nxdlknxk da h{kwdnx{dra.

45:8 Æ gbnwbck Wkodwxadnb Zkykrdrb.

ea{enb 4544 Æ gbnwbck Edwzdrk Wt{anxbnk.

ldeeab 454? Æ gbnwbck Zakxrb Dnxbnab Eda`d.

ea{enb 4547 Æ gbnwbck Edwzdrk Gkgahdnb.

4548 Æ rakhaiagdxd hdccd Gbl{naxê cd gdzzkccd ha Wdn _bggb.

c{ecab 45?: Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Dnxbnab Eda`d.

eknndab 45?4 Æ zbhkwxê Irdngkwgb Ldrad Cdnpd ha Wdnhaecadnb. Æ wanhdgb Irdngkwgb Okcxrdlb.

eknndab 45?? Æ wanhdgb Hblknagb Pbcd.

?4 dzrack 45?? Cd Gbl{naxê# gbn ac gbnwknwb hkc zdrrbgb hbn Zbppb# gbwxax{awgk a okna hkccd Gdzzkccdnãd ha WdnxbWzaraxb an zdxralbnab kggckwadwxagb d idybrk hkc gfakragb Zakxrb Dnxbnab T{drkend# gbn ac yangbcbha idrk wg{bcd.

eknndab 45?7 Æ wanhdgb Edwzdrk Wt{anxbnk.

eknndab 45?8 Æ wanhdgb Irdngkwgb Okcxrdlb.

47 hagklork 45?8 L{brk Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk gfk rkwxd{rÿ k dhbrnÿ cd gdzzkccd ha Wdnxd Ldraddcc‑anxkrnb hkccd Zdrrbggfadck.

45?; Ea{wkzzk Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk ibnhd cd gdzzkccd hkccd Ldhbnnd hkcck Erdpak an {n xdr,hayb ranerdpadlknxb hkccd yaxxbrad ha Xbranb w{a Irdngkwa hd zdrxk ha K{eknab ha Wdybad,Wbawwbnw ac5 wkxxklork 45:9# cdwgadnhb anxdxxb c‑dnxagb zacbnk ybxayb.

45?1 Æ ibrldxb ac gdxdwxb eknkrdck hkccd Gbl{naxê.

eknndab 457: Æ wanhdgb Eadgblb Edrapab.

hagklork 457: Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Okcxrdllb.

wkxxklork 4574 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Zkrranb.

hagklork 457? Æ wanhdgb Eadgblb Edrapab.



7: LD_GB X[_BXXA

c{ecab 4578 Æ wanhdgb Walbnk Lbwgbnk.

bxxbork 457; Æ wanhdgb Eadgblb Zkykrdrb.

nbyklork 4579 Æ wanhdgb Irdngkwgb Okcxrdlb.

nbyklork 4575 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Lbwgd.

hagklork 4575 Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Zkxxkndxa.c{ecab 4571 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Irdngkwgb Edradppb.

4º debwxb 4571 Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# waenbrk ha Lbnx`bykx k «ldenb zbxkwxdxk Lbnxawerdnha½æ anykwxaxb hkc xaxbcb gblaxdck hd Gdrcb Kldn{kck AAA. Gbn c{a anapad ac rdlb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkk Lbnerdnhb.

c{ecab 458: Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Obggd.

ea{enb 4584 Æ wanhdgb Eadgblb Edrapab.

ldeeab 4587 Æ wanhdgb Walbnk Lbwgbnk.

c{ecab 4587 Æ wanhdgb Irdngkwgb Lbwgd.

c{ecab 4588 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Edradppb.

?7 ldrpb 4586 L{brk Dnxbnab Ldrad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# krklaxd «dz{h kggckwadl gdlzkwxrkl w{o xax{cb OkdxdkYareanaw Ldxraw Erdxadr{l½.

nbyklork 45;1 Æ wanhdgb Irdngkwgb Lbwgd.

c{ecab 459: Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Okcxrdlb.

c{ecab 4594 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Zbppb.

c{ecab 459? Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Cbrknpb Erbnhd.

wkxxklork 459? Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Edradppb.

? dzrack 4598 Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk hbnd {n brbcbeab zkr ac gdlzdnack hkccd Zdrrbggfadck.

wkxxklork 4598 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Obggd.

wkxxklork 459; Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Lkrgdnhack.debwxb 4599 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Obggd.

c{ecab 4595 Æ wanhdgb Cbrknpb Lbwgd.

c{ecab 4591 Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Okcxrdlb.

hagklork 455: Æ wanhdgb Cbrknpb _bwwb.

debwxb 4554 Æ wanhdgb Eabdgfanb Idccd.

ldeeab 4557 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Ibwwdxa.

debwxb 4557 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Obggd.

4558 Ac ykwgbyb Yadngana brhand cd rah{pabnk hkeca dcxdra hkccd Zdrrbggfadck hd gant{k d xrk# cd gbwxr{,

pabnk ha {n n{byb galaxkrb k t{kccd ha {nd n{byd wdgrkwxad.bxxbork 455; Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Okcxrdlb.

ikoordab 4559 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Zakxrb Zkykrdrb.

?7 ikoordab 4559 Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck# yawxa eca krrbra gbnxkn{xa nkc gdxdwxb an {wb# hkcaokrd {nd n{byd law{rd eknk,rdck.

ldrpb 4555 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Obggd.

eknndab 4556 Æ wanhdgb Eabdgfanb Idccd.

eknndab 4551 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Dnxbnab Ibwwdxa.

?9 ldrpb 4551 Ibrldpabnk ha caorb iae{rdxb hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk.

eknndab 456: Æ wanhdgb Cbrknpb _bwwb.

1 ea{enb 456: Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck hagfadrd andeaoack ac ykggfab gdlzdnack gfk wbrek w{c cdxb bzzbwxb dcc‑dxx{dck.

456:,46:: Æ krkxxb ac n{byb gdlzdnack w{c waxb bzzbwxb dc zrkgkhknxk# an gbnxae{axê gbn cd ykggfad wderkwxad.



G_BNBCBEAD 74

eknndab 4564 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Okcxrdlb.

?8 c{ecab 4564 Ac zdrrbgb hbn Eabydn Odxxawxd Odrack oknkhagk ac n{byb galaxkrb gbwxr{axb w{c cdxb nbrh hkccd Zdr,rbggfadck.

eknndab 456? Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Obggd.

eknndab 4567 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Obggd.

dzrack 4568 Æ wanhdgb Eabdgfanb Idccd.

dzrack 456; Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Dnxbnab Ibwwdxa.

ldrpb 4569 Æ wanhdgb Odrxbcblkb Wt{anxbnk.

ikoordab 4565 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Zkykrdrb.

ikoordab 4566 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Dnxbnab Ibwwdxa.

eknndab 4561 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Obggd.

ea{enb 4518 Æ wanhdgb Dnhrkd Zkykrdrb.

?5,?6 c{ecab 4518 Ac gdzaxdnb Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk hkc 4º odxxdecabnk hkcck E{drhak æ «ck ecbrak{vháiknwk{r hk cd Galk hkc Obwgb½ gbnxrb a Irdngkwa.

ldrpb 451; Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Odyd.

4519 Æ {cxaldxd cd n{byd wdgrkwxad hkccd Zdrrbggfadck gbwxr{axd w{c waxb hkc ykggfab gdlzdnack.

ikoordab 4519 Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Dnxbnab Zbppb.

ldrpb 4515 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab _bwwb.

ikoordab 4511 Æ zrkwahknxk Ea{wkzzk Zbppb.

ldrpb 4511 Æ zrkwahknxk Irdngkwgb Ibwwdxa.

ldeeab 4511 Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Edradppb.

ldrpb 46:: Æ wanhdgb Cbrknpb Zbppb.

ldeeab 46:4 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab T{drkend.

46:?,464: Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Wkrdianb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

464: Kldn{kck Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ ebykrndxbrk eknkrdck ha Bnkecad.

ea{enb 4648 Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Wkrdianb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

debwxb 4648 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Edradppb.

eknndab 464; Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Dnxbnab Edradppb.

ldrpb 464; Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Obggd.

ldeeab 4649 Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Odyd.

ea{enb 4649 Æ wanhdgb Irdngkwgb Ibwwdxa.

eknndab 46?4 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Zbppb.

?8 ikoordab 46?8 _an{ngad ha Ea{wkzzk Wkrdianb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk dc zdxrbndxb ha Wdn Cbrknpb.

ldrpb 46?5 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Edradppb.

49 bxxbork 46?5 Ac ldeeabr eknkrdck Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ ebykrndxbrk ha Iknkwxrkcck.

ea{enb 4674 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Zbppb.

467? Dnxbnab Ld{rapab P{ldecana wzbwd Grawxand Dcbawad Bcalzad G{roaw ha Wdn Lagfkck# ykhbyd haIkcagk Ldrdnhbnb# hd g{a dykyd dy{xb t{dxxrb iaeca0 C{aea# Dhkcdahk# Dneabcand k Ea{wkzzand. Hdcldxralbnab gbn Dnxbnab Ld{rapab ndwgbnb Gdcawxb k Gbrannd P{ldecana.

eknndab 467; Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab _bwwb.

5 hagklork 467; A irdxkcca Dlkhkb k D{e{wxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk yknhbnb d ]Dnxbnab\ Ld{rapab k Grawxand ]Dcbawad\Bcalzad P{ldecana ac gdwxkccb kh a zbwwkhalknxa dnnkwwa.

ikoordab 4675 Æ wanhdgb Ikcagk Zbppb.

ldrpb 4671 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab T{drkend.



7? LD_GB X[_BXXA

? ldeeab 468: Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck zrbyykhk dccd gcdwwaiagdpabnk hkcck wxrdhk gbl{ndca0

‱‱Cd wxrdhd hkcc‑Dreknxd# gfk zrangazad hdccd gdwgand hkxxd hkccd Zbrxd k xkrland dccd gdwgand hkxxdhkcc‑Dreknxd# xknhk ianb d Wdnhaecadnb# fd {nd c{nefkppd ha lkxra 4.6:: k {nd cdrefkppd ha 8 lkxrak lkppb.

Cd wxrdhd hkccd Odrdppd# gfk zrangazad hdccd gdwgand hkxxd Cd Idybraxd k xkrland w{ccd Odrdppd# fd

{nd c{nefkppd ha lkxra ?.::: kh {nd cdrefkppd ha 8 lkxra k lkppb.Cd wxrdhd hkc Xbggfkxxb gfk xknhk dc Gbl{nk ha Ldwwdppd# gfk zrangazad hdccd gdwd hkxxd CdIdybraxd# gfk xkrland dcc‑angbnxrb hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ldwwdppd# ha {nd c{nefkppd ha ?.8:: lkxra k {ndcdrefkppd ha 8 lkxra.

Cd wxrdhd hkccd Odppkccd gfk xknhk dc Gbl{nk ha Oknnd# zrangazadnxk hdccd gfakwd zdrrbggfadck# wanbdccd rkeabnk Odppkccd ha c{nefkppd lkxra ;98 k cdrefkppd lkxra 8.

Cd wxrdhd zkr Oakccd gfk zrangazad hdc zbnxk hkc Zdxxd ianb dccd Odrdppd ha Edecadnagb# ha c{nefkppdzdra d lkxra 4.;:7 k cdrefkppd ha 8 k lkppb.

Cd wxrdhd hkc _bcka gfk zrangazad hdccd rkeabnk Ebrefk wanb dccd rkeabnk Zdxxd ha cdrefkppd lkxra 8k lkppb k c{nefkppd lkxra 4.:::.

Cd wxrdhd hkc Ydccbnk gfk zrangazad hdccd Zrd Erdnhk ianb dc gbl{nk ha Edecadnagb ha lkxra 8 k

lkppb ha cdrefkppd k c{nefkppd lkxra 4.6::‰‰.dzrack 468? Æ wanhdgb Ikcagk Zbppb.

?7 ldeeab 4687 [nd rbyanbwd erdnhandxd gbczawgk ac zdkwk. A hdnna w{oaxa hdeca deragbcxbra wbnb wxaldxa ancark ?8.948.

ldeeab 468; Æ wanhdgb Eabdnna _bwwb.

1 debwxb 468; Æ {cxaldxb c‑brednb hkccd Zdrrbggfadck.

4: nbyklork 4686 Dnxbnab Ld{rapab P{ldecana xkrland ha wgraykrk cd Icbrd Zkhklbnxdnd w{ccd gcdwwaiagdpabnk hkcckwzkgak ykekxdca ha Zaklbnxk k Cae{rad# wgraxxd an erdn zdrxk nkc gdwxkccb.

4681 Dnxbnab Ld{rapab P{ldecana z{oocagd ac zralb ybc{lk hkccd Icbrd Zkhklbnxdnd.

ldrpb 4681 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab Ld{rapab P{ldecana.

ldrpb 46;4 Æ wanhdgb Cbrknpb Idccd.?1 bxxbork 46;? Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck zrkwakh{xb hd ]Dnxbnab\ Ld{rapab P{ldecana# gbn dxxb wbxxbwgraxxb hd x{xxa

a gbnwaecakra# gfakhk dc Ebykrnb ha wgabecakrk ac Gbnwaecab wxkwwb an t{dnxb ac wanhdgb Idccd nbn zrk,wknxd ck halawwabna razkx{xdlknxk ragfakwxk.

?6 nbyklork 46;? _keab Hkgrkxb gbn g{a Yaxxbrab Kldn{kck AA wgabecak ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck k nbland Gbllawwdrabwxrdbrhandrab Gdrcb Idccd Gara.

46;7 Æ awxax{axd cd Gbnerkedpabnk ha Gdraxê.

eknndab 46;7 Æ wanhdgb Ikcagk Zbppb.

?7 eknndab 46;7 Æ nblandxb Gbldnhdnxk hkccd Zadppd hkccd Gaxxdhkccd ha Xbranb ac gbcbnnkccb D{e{wxb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk.

ldeeab 46;7 Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Yaecadna.4º wkxxklork 46;8 Ac zdrrbgb hbn Ea{wkzzk Gdwdggad zrkwknxd ragbrwb dc Gbnwaecab Eknkrdck zkr bxxknkrk cd xrdwcd,

pabnk hkc galaxkrb an {n waxb zañ zkraikragb. Cd rawzbwxd hkc Gbnwaecab æ nkedxayd# xrd c‑dcxrb# zkrgfácd yagandnpd hkccd gfakwd zrbxkeekyd ac zdkwk hdcck ‱‱anic{knpk ldckiagfk‰‰ hkc galaxkrb.

ldrpb 46;5 Æ wanhdgb Dnxbnab T{drkend.

8 c{ecab 46;5 Ibrx{ndxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ nblandxb Gdydcakrk hkccd Ckeabn h‑Bnbrk# ldwwald hkgbrdpabnkhkccd _kz{oocagd Irdngkwk.

; nbyklork 46;6 Nkccd wkh{xd hkc Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck ]Dnxbnab\ Ld{rapab P{ldecana zrbzbnk c‑dzkrx{rd ha {ndwxrdhd gfk hdccd Gdwgand Okredland d w{h hkc gdwxkccb xknhd d Wdc{wwbcd zdwwdnhb zkr Yaekccab# anlbhb hd gbcckedrk harkxxdlknxk ac Gbl{nk dccd wxdpabnk ikrrbyadrad.

46;1 Æ nblandxb Wkerkxdrab eknkrdck hkccd E{krrd D{e{wxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

469: D{e{wxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ nblandxb Gbllknhdxbrk hkcc‑Brhank Lacaxdrk ha Wdybad gbn _keabHkgrkxb n. 87# ldwwald hkgbrdpabnk hkc _kenb h‑Axdcad.

ldrpb 469: Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Odxxawxd Eabrpd.



G_BNBCBEAD 77

7 debwxb 469? Gbn ckeek 5;7 hkc _kenb h‑Axdcad cd Gbnerkedpabnk ha Gdraxê fd cd idgbcxê ckedck ha dllanawxrdrkc‑Bzkrd Zad Wdnxb Wzaraxb.

ldrpb 4697 Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Yaecadna.

4698 Dnxbnab Ld{rapab P{ldecana z{oocagd ac wkgbnhb ybc{lk hkccd Icbrd Zkhklbnxdnd.

469; Æ gbwxr{axd cd o{wwbcd caenkd dcc‑anerkwwb hkccd gfakwd zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb.

ldrpb 4699 Æ wanhdgb Klacab Hkxbldxa.

45 wkxxklork 4695 Ibrx{ndxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk æ nblandxb Gbldnhdnxk Lacaxdrk hkccd Zrbyangad ha Wdwwdra.

eknndab 4654 Æ wanhdgb Gdcawxb P{ldecana.

ldeeab 4655 Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb T{drkend.

?? nbyklork 466? C‑Bzkrd Zad Wdnxb Wzaraxb hkcaokrd ha gbnwbrpadrwa gbn ac Gbl{nk zkr cd rawxr{xx{rdpabnk hkcZdcdppb Gbl{ndck dgt{awxdxb hdcc‑Dllanawxrdpabnk. Cd lkxê d eabrnb hkccb wxdoack æ gbngkwwd an{wb dcc‑Bzkrd Zad zkr bwzaxdrk cd wg{bcd ldwgfack k cd halbrd hkc ldkwxrb wkgbcdrk b hkc gdzzkc,cdnb.

ldeeab 4668 Æ wanhdgb Eabydnna Obggd.

ldrpb 461: Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb T{drkend.4: ea{enb 4615 L{brk C{aea Ldrdnhbnb. Anxkrzrkxk hkccd ybcbnxê hkccd ldhrk# cdwgad dccd Gbnerkedpabnk ha Gdraxê

a okna zkrykn{xaeca an krkhaxê ldxkrnd gbnwawxknxa an {n zdcdppb dcc‑anxkrnb hkc gdwxkccb w{c cdxb nbrh,kwx# cd gdwgand Ydckxxd b Okredland k dcxra okna.

eknndab 4616 Æ wanhdgb Gdrcb Obggd.

41:: Ibnhdpabnk hkcc‑dwacb anidnxack anxaxbcdxb d C{aea Ldrdnhbnb gbwxr{axb gbn ac zdrpadck ragdydxb hkccdyknhaxd hkc w{b ckedxb. Cd gbwxr{pabnk æ idxxd w{ {nd zbrpabnk hkc gdwxkccb w{c cdxb nbrh,kwx# zdrxkhkc ckedxb wxkwwb.

4147 C‑Dllanawxrdpabnk Gbl{ndck# gblk zrbyykhalknxb gbnxrb cd waggaxê# id gbwxr{ark {n zbppb drxk,wadnb w{ccd Zadppd hkc Zbnxk# zba Zadppd hkc Cdydxbab.

hagklork 41?: Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Odrhbnk.

; ikoordab 41?4 Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck hkcaokrd {nd gbnyknpabnk gbn a Gbl{na ha Oknnd k Ldwwdppd zkr c‑awxax{,pabnk ha {n gbnwbrpab lkhagb ird a xrk zdkwa.

wkxxklork 41?? Æ gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab _bokrxb _dlkccd.

dzrack 41?7 Æ gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab Zakxrb Lkrgdnhanb.

4: debwxb 41?8 Æ zbrxdxd zkr cd zrald ybcxd an zrbgkwwabnk ybxayd cd n{byd wxdx{d hkc wdnxb zdxrbnb Cbrknpb.

? nbyklork 41?8 Wbnb and{e{rdxa ac Lbn{lknxb k cd Gdlzdnd da Gdh{xa zkr cd Zdxrad.

41?; Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Lkrgdnhanb.

6 nbyklork 41?; Æ and{e{rdxb gbn {n gbngkrxb hkcc‑brednawxd hbn Nkcwbn Wkccd ac rkwxd{rdxb brednb zdrrbggfadck.

wkxxklork 41?9 Æ zbhkwxê Gdrcb Zdcgb.

41?6 Æ gbwxr{axb ac cdydxbab z{oocagb w{ccd Zadppd hkc Zbnxk.debwxb 4174 Æ gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab Debwxanb Zbrxd.

ikoordab 417? Æ zbhkwxê Debwxanb Zbrxd.

eknndab 417; Æ zbhkwxê Wkykranb Obggd.

?9 ldeeab 4179 C‑Dllanawxrdpabnk Gbl{ndck dgt{awxd k wawxkld ac Zkwb Z{oocagb an zadppd Ldrdnhbnb.

4175 Æ {cxaldxb ac zralb cbxxb hkc n{byb galaxkrb gbwxr{axb w{ccd wxrdhd zkr Oknnd.

ikoordab 4175 Æ gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab Dnxbnab Yadgdyd.

ea{enb 4175 Æ gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab Zakranb Xraya.

hagklork 4175 Æ zbhkwxê Zakranb Xraya.

418: L{brk gkcaok d Nbydrd ac eknkrdck ha gdydcckrad Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# {cxalb gbnxkha Ykrrbnk.

4184 Ykrrbnk æ zrbyyawxb ha gbcckedlknxb xkckibnagb.



78 LD_GB X[_BXXA

bxxbork 418? Æ zbhkwxê Ldrgkccanb Ldgabxxd.

418;,41;4 Æ wanhdgb Zakxrb Odrhbnk.

41;4,41;9 Æ wanhdgb Gdrcb Zdcgb.

8 ldeeab 41;7 Ac Zrkwahknxk hkccd _kz{oocagd gbngkhk dc Gbl{nk cb wxklld k ac Ebnidcbnk.

46 ldeeab 41;; Æ and{e{rdxb ac Ebnidcbnk gbl{ndck gbn ac n{byb wxklld.41;9,415: Æ wanhdgb Gdrcb Obggdhkcca.

41;1 Æ xkrlandxd cd wxrdhd Xrbwwa gfk gbccked harkxxdlknxk Ykrrbnk d Oakccd k Ykrgkcca0 æ c‑anapab hkccd xrd,wibrldpabnk hkc zdkwk hd deragbcb d anh{wxradck k gbllkrgadck.

ea{enb 415: Æ wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Erbwwb.

74 eknndab 416? Æ and{e{rdxb c‑brdxbrab hbn Obwgb gbwxr{axb zkr ybcbnxê hkc zdrrbgb hbn Irdngkwgb Ldrankcca w{c,c‑drkd hkcc‑dnxagb galaxkrb.

46 ldrpb 4117 Wa halkxxk ac wanhdgb Ea{wkzzk Erbwwb.

4117,411; Æ wanhdgb Zab I{ldedcca.

?; eknndab 411; Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck hagfadrd gkwwdxd c‑Bzkrd Zad Wdnxb Wzaraxb.

411;,4111 Æ wanhdgb Wacyad N{ggab.4111,?::; Æ wanhdgb Ldrgb X{rbxxa.



7;

C‑B_AEANK

A c gbnwbcahdlknxb hkcck wxr{xx{rk xkrraxbradca kh {rodnk nkccd zadn{rd zdhdndnkccd zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb V hakhk braeank dh {nd ekberdiad irdllknxdxdha {naxê cbgdcappdxk zañ b lknb dlzak# hkxkn{xk hd ykwgbya k hd er{zza

idlaecadra gfk ibnhdydnb ac zrbzrab zbxkrk w{ t{ka rdzzbrxa gblzckwwa ha ikhkcxêzkrwbndck# boocaefa lacaxdra k ekrdrgfak wbgadca gfk dykydnb gdrdxxkrappdxb acrkealk gdrbcaneab. T{kwxa rdzzbrxa i{rbnb dccd odwk hkc razrawxanb ha rkcdpabnawxdoaca xrd ck gaxxê ndwgknxa k cd gdlzdend# dxxrdykrwb nbha gbllkrgadca gfk wadiikrldrbnb gblk wxr{lknxa ha hrkndeeab kgbnblagb k ha gbnxrbccb lacaxdrkhkc xkrraxbrab. Ck n{byk ea{rawhapabna gfk wa alzbwkrb nbn kookrb oawbenb ha{nd gknxrdcaxê ekwxabndck hkc zbxkrk# alzkradck b waenbrack# ld wa lbwwkrb k wawyac{zzdrbnb dxxrdykrwb anapadxayk zkrwbndca k cbgdca# {rodnk# rkcaeabwk# kgbnb,lagfk k hklberdiagfk.

Ac rdiibrpdlknxb hkc zbxkrk nkcck ldna ha {nd nboacaxdw kwxkrnd dcc‑brhbhaenaxdxaw4# gfk nbn hkxknkyd zañ c‑d{xbraxê zkr gbngkwwabnk rkead b ha {n zran,gkzw ydwwdccb# i{ ac ir{xxb hkcc‑dcckdnpd xrd ac i{npabndradxb ha braeank lbndrgfagdxrdwlawwaoack kh {nd ácaxk {rodnd raggd# gbcxd k iawgdclknxk rackydnxk. T{kwxdnboacaxdw n{byd kh alzrbzrad# ld gbn {nd gdzdgaxê nbxkybck ha droaxrdeeab xrda ydra zbxkra an dxxb w{c xkrraxbrab# erdyaxÿ da w{ba anapa dzzdrknxdxd deca klanknxahka zdrknxkw lanbrkw ha idlaecak gfk hkraydydnb ac zrbzrab r{bcb ea{rawhapabndckhdccd hawgknhknpd harkxxd hd {n zdhrk,ibnhdxbrk dngbrd nkcc‑dloaxb hkccdikhkcxê ydwwdccdxagd# idxxb gfk xrdwibrlÿ cd idlacad an {n ldeld wklbyknxk hdagbniana zdrknxdca angkrxa haiiagaclknxk anhdedoaca. Ck blbnalak bnbldwxagfkgbwxranwkrb c‑anxrbh{pabnk ha {n wbzrdnnblk hawxanxayb# zba gbenblappdxb# gfkzkr a n{bya dzzdrknxdxa hkrayÿ an eknkrk hdc c{beb an g{a ldeeabrk krd cd cbrbkeklbnad# lknxrk zkr a lklora hkccd cankd zrangazdck hkrayÿ hdc nblk hkczdhrk,ibnhdxbrk. Dcc‑angrbgab xrd cd n{byd nboacaxdw k t{kccd dnxagd ha ydwwdc,cdeeab# t{dnhb ndgt{k c‑dndrgfad ik{hdck gfk wdrê gbn haykrwk lbh{cdpabna wxb,ragfk cd ldxragk hkeca Wxdxa wbrxa xrd a wkgbca VAY k VYA# yd gkrgdxd c‑braeank hkcckidlaecak ha zbxkrk klkrwk xrd a wkgbca AV k VA ?.

Nkcc‑6?9 Oakccd i{ beekxxb ha {nd nbn gfadrd zkrl{xd xrd eca alzkrdxbrairdngfa C{hbyagb ac Zab 7 k w{b iaecab Cbxdrab hd {nd zdrxk kh ac «iahkca nbwxrb

gblaxa½ Obwbnk hdcc‑dcxrd 8. Ac gbnxk wgdloaÿ ck w{k xkrrk ha Okgm ; gbn Oakccd#gfk i{ wkzdrdxd hdc «gblaxdx{l Ykrgkccknwkl½. Obwbnk lbrã zbgb hbzb cd zkr,l{xd wknpd hawgknhknpd ldwgfack zkrgfá ná c{a ná w{ba krkha drraydrbnb ldanka n{bya hblana# idxxb gfk wzaked ac wacknpab hka hazcbla w{ggkwwaya k zkrgfánkcc‑66? c‑alzkrdxbrk Gdrcb AAA ac Erbwwb zbxá hbndrk Oakccd dccd Gfakwd ykrgkc,ckwk.

Æ zrbodoack gfk Obwbnk wa wad idxxb zrkgkhkrk hd {blana iaha# dcg{na hkat{dca# zkrwa gbn cd w{d lbrxk a yangbca ik{hdca gbn Okgm# wa ikrldrbnb nkccd «yaccdt{k hagax{r O{ekccdl½# zbrxdnhb w{c xkrraxbrab {nd ekrldnappdpabnk zañ ldr,gdxd xdnxb nkeca {wa t{dnxb nkcck agbnberdiak hkc Wdgrb. T{dnhb Oakccd raxbrnÿwbxxb Ykrgkcca# ac zbcb zbcaxagb wa wzbwxÿ ykrwb ac gknxrb ldeeabrk hbyk zkrld,nkyd {nd zrkwknpd ekrldnagd hkraydxd hd {n xdrhayb h{gdxb cbnebodrhb 9# nbn

gblzckxdlknxk dwwalacdxd nkccd lkhabgraxê irdngd. Anbcxrk# nkc 1?8 krd haykn,xdxb ykwgbyb Dxxbnk# zbxknxk drgagdngkccakrk hkc rkenb kh drgahadgbnb haLacdnb. Ha idlaecad cbnebodrhd gbnwdne{ankd ha rk Hkwahkrab# ac n{byb ykwgbyb

4 Cd ekrdrgfad hka rdnefa.? Zkr {n dzzrbibnhalknxb hkc zkrabhb#

gir. M. I. UK_NK_ # Ndawwdngk hk cd nbockwwk. C‑kwwbr hkw ácaxkw zbcaxat{kw kn K{rbzk# Zdra,ea 4116# k E. WK_EA# A gbniana hkc zbxkrk.

Ldrgfk k waenbrak ird h{k rkena lkhakydca #Xbranb 411;.

7 Iaecab ha Gdrcb Ldenb.8

C. OB_KCCB# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑DrgfayabGbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# OWWW#GVVVYA &4177!# ybc. AY# hbg. A# z. 4.T{kwxd zkrl{xd æ gblzrknwaoack wbcb wkant{dhrdxd nkccd rabrednappdpabnk d nbrh khd w{h hkeca wzdpa alzkradca gdrbcanea hkcck

zrkwxdnxabrkw K{rbzdk wzkgakw# ck xrk zdrxazrkhblandnxa c‑K{rbzd gfk hdrdnnb braeankdcc‑Axdcad# dccd Ekrldnad kh dccd Irdngad.

; Beea Okkm yaganb Na`lkekn an Bcdnhd#cd rbldnd Bzzah{l Odxdybr{l wkhk hkccdckeab V Ekland hdc 54 dc 4:7.

9 Dcg{na wxbraga zrbzknhbnb zkr {nh{gdxb cbnebodrhb ykrgkcckwk. Z. HADGBNB

nkccd w{d Fawxbrad Cbnebodrhbr{l# Lacdnb416;# nk gbnikrld an Axdcad 79 ld gaxdn,

hbnk zbgfa. Xrd t{kwxa nbn æ gaxdxd Ykrgkcca#gblk nbn cb æ nkeca kckngfa khaxa hd Udaxp&E. UDAXP# Wgrazxbrkw rkr{l Cdnebodrha,gdr{l kx Axdcagdr{l wdkg{ca YA,AV # an LEF#

Wgrazxbrkw# Fdnnbykr 4656!# an t{kcca ha @dr,n{x &@. @D_N[X# Zrbwbzberdzfawgfk {nh wb,padcekwgfagfxcagfk Wx{hakn p{l Cdnebodr,hknrkagf an Axdcakn# Obnn 415?! kh an t{kccaha Edwzdrra &W. EDWZD__A# A h{gfa cbneb,odrha # _bld 4156!. Wag{rdlknxk nbn cb i{ianb dccd odxxdecad ha Nbydrd hkc ‑5:: gfkgbanybcwk a h{gfa ha Xbranb k Okredlb. Æzrbodoack anykgk gfk Ykrgkcca wad hayknxdxdh{gdxb hbzb cd lbrxk ha Ca{xzrdnhb k c‑a,zbxkwa æ w{iirdedxd hdc raxrbydlknxb nkc41:8 d Acdnp# an Wyappkrd# ha {n xrklawwkd{rkb ha Hkwahkrab gbnadxb nkccd pkggd ha

YA_GKCCA# t{a nkccd ibrld nbn cdxand.Ahknxagb raxrbydlknxb i{ idxxb nkc 4148 dLkppblkragb yaganb Nbydrd. Anbcxrk# anYkrgkcca# anxbrnb d Wdnxd Ldrad kwawxkyd {nkwxkwb zdxralbnab gfk lbcxa hbg{lknxahkianawgbnb Gbrxk _kead# ibrwk zrbzrab cdg{rxaw h{gaw wkhk hkc h{gdxb. Gir. _. B_HD,NB# Wxbrad ha Ykrgkcca # Ykrgkcca 416?# z. ;?.

A YadcdrhaXbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb




zbeeaÿ ac w{b zbxkrk w{a n{gcka idlaecadra zañ yagana dc zrbzrab er{zzb zdrkn,xdck# g{a diiadngÿ {blana hkcc‑dloaxb alzkradck k lacdnkwk an erdhb ha gbnxk,nkrk ck kiikrykwgknpk hka wkg{nha lacaxkw ykrgkcckwa. Gbn Ckbnk# dcxrb ykwgbybxkhkwgb yaww{xb dccd gbrxk hkccd lardoacad l{nha Bxxbnk AAA ha g{a i{ cbebxfkxd 5#ck idlaecak ekrldnagfk zrbwke{arbnb cd cbrb diikrldpabnk dngfk nkcck n{byk

cankk hkraydxk.Ck rkcdpabna xrd a hawgknhknxa hkeca {blana ha Okgm k ck n{byk idlaecak drra,ydxk gbn Dxxbnk k Ckbnk angrbgadrbnb dccbha k ik{ha oakcckwa gbn dcxra nkcYkrgkcckwk k nkc Gdwdckwk# wzakednhb an t{kwxb lbhb zkrgfá a Yadcdrha# drraydxazrbodoaclknxk d Ykrgkcca gbn Dxxbnk# ian hdc cbrb dzzdrark an t{kwxd zdrxk hkcZaklbnxk kookrb okna alzbrxdnxa an x{xxd c‑drkd. A rdzzbrxa gbn ac er{zzb idla,ecadrk cblodrhb gbnxan{drbnb ianb d Uah,dcc,fdrx# gdzbwxazaxk hkc rdlb ykrgkc,ckwk hka Yadcdrha kh {cxalb zdwwdeeab hd {nd nboacaxdw ekrldnagd dh {n n{gckbidlaecadrk wxdoacappdxb an {nd hawgknhknpd xkrraxbradck n{byd.

UAH,DCC,FD_X

Ndxb an xklza ant{akxa anxbrnb dc 4:1:# Uah 6 yawwk nkc lblknxb hkc gbn,wbcahdlknxb hkc xrazbcdrawlb ik{hdck# t{dnhb ac gdwxkccb# ac yaccdeeab k cd gfakwdhayknnkrb cd –gkcc{cd“ hkcc‑brednappdpabnk hkc wawxkld waenbrack 1. Cd w{ddwzrkppd kh ac w{b gbrdeeab wa rdhagdrbnb nkc nblk# g{a i{ dwwbgadxb gbkydlknxkac hawxanxayb dcc fdrx 4: k Uah hayknnk Uah,dcc,fdrx 44# cdxanappdxb an Uahdcdrhb.[n‑ahknxagd xrdwcdpabnk cane{awxagd wa rawgbnxrd nkc nblk hkccd ldhrk# zc{w okccd#cdxanappdpabnk ha {n wbzrdnnblk hayknxdxb h‑{wb 4? d wgdzaxb ha {n nblk dcxb,xkhkwgb zkrh{xb nkcck dyyawdecak ha {nd gfakwd an zrberkwwabnk. Ac w{b zrkwxaeabbii{wgÿ ac nblk hkc zdhrk# xdnxb gfk a nkgrbcbea hkccd ldhrk k t{kcca ha h{k hkaxrk irdxkcca fdnnb c{a gblk raikralknxb. Ldnirkhb 47# Cdnxkclb 48 k Zc{wokccd 4;

lbrarbnb nkc Ykrgkcckwk# cd cbrb lbrxk æ razbrxdxd nka Nkgrbcbea K{wkoadna#lknxrk nbn cb æ t{kccd hkc zdhrk k hkc xkrpb irdxkccb [okrxb# dyykn{xd t{anhai{bra hdc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrgkcca.

Ac zralb hbg{lknxb cbgdck an g{a gblzdrk Uahdcdrhb æ {n dxxb hkc 4446 49#hbyk æ xrd a gbnwaecakra cdaga hkc ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca Dnwkclb. Zbagfá c‑dxxbrae{drhd cd gkwwabnk ha {nd zdrxk hkccd g{rxaw ha Xbrgkccb kh dcxra okna anxbrnbGdwdck# Uahdcdrhb hkyk dykrk dy{xb dlza anxkrkwwa nkccd pbnd hblandxd hdcc‑k,xkrbeknkb k x{robcknxb er{zzb hka Waenbra ha Xbrgkccb# wk dngbrd beea x{xxd cdgbccand w{ g{a æ Xbrgkccb zbrxd ac nblk ha Yadcdrhd 45. Eca drgfaya xdggabnb ianbdc 448?# dnnb an g{a i{ n{bydlknxk d Ykrgkcca zkr iarldrk xrd a xkwxa c‑dxxb gbng{a ac ykwgbyb Eaw{cib gbnikrldyd da gdnbnaga ha Wdnxd Ldrad x{xxk ck hkgalkhkccd g{rad 46. Uahdcdrhb# gblk halbwxrdnb a hbg{lknxa w{ggkwwaya# krd ac lde,eabrk zrbzrakxdrab cdagb anxbrnb d Wdnxd Ldrad# c‑{nagb gfk zbxkyd gbnikrldrk

haraxxa k zrbzrakxê.Ck xrdwibrldpabna wbgadca an dxxb# gbnwke{knpd ha {nd knidxappdpabnk hkcc‑a,hkdck gdydcckrkwgb rkw{wgaxdxb hdcck wzkhapabna h‑Braknxk# gbngrkxappdxbwa nkc,c‑drraggfalknxb hkccd gcdwwk obrefkwk {rodnd k nkccb wgbnxrb zkrwbndck k harkxxbxrd id{xbra hkcc‑alzkrb k id{xbra hkc zdzd# w{eekrarbnb d Uahdcdrhb {n razbwa,pabndlknxb hkcck drkk xkrraxbradca h‑anic{knpd idlaecadrk zkr zrkyknark k wgb,rdeeadrk t{ka er{zza klkreknxa an g{a zañ cdxknxa krdnb ck dloapabna ha diikr,ldpabnk. Oawbendyd t{anha rawbcykrk ck gbnxrbykrwak gfk zbxkydnb bwxdgbcdrk aczrbekxxb# gblk ac gbnxknpabwb gfk dykyd bzzbwxb a Yadcdrha dc zbxknxk Gdzaxbcbha Wdnxb Wxkidnb ha Oakccd. Cd hawz{xd rae{drhdyd cd zrbzrakxê hkccd gfakwd haWdnx‑K{wkoab41 k hkcck w{k zkrxanknpk# hakga yaenk kh {n zrdxb ?:# zdrxa wzdrwk ha{nb ha t{keca anwakla ha brdxbra zraydxa k ldnwa hazknhknxa ndxa hdccd xrdwibrld,

pabnk hkccd g{rxaw hblanagd w{cck xrdggk ha {n‑khagbcd rbldnd# zba gdzzkccd gra,wxadnb,dradnd k t{anha gdzzkccd zraydxd ha {nd g{rxaw ?4. Cd hawz{xd hbykyd kwwkrkwxdxd c{ned k nbn ha zbgb gbnxb. A Yadcdrha wbwxknkydnb gfk cd gfakwd gbn ck w{k

5 Wbllb Gbnwaecakrk.6 E{ahb.1 Dc gdwxkccb gblk i{cgrb hkccd rabrednap,

pdpabnk xkrraxbradck &angdwxkccdlknxb!# _b,okrx Ibwwakr fd zrbzbwxb cd –gkcc{cd“# {nwbeekxxb zañ drxagbcdxb kh anxkrdeknxk gfkgblzrknhk ac gdwxkccb# ac yaccdeeab k cd gfakwd

&angkcc{cdlknxb!.4: Ac gr{hkck# ac ibrxk &dcc < x{xxb!.44 T{kwxd wxr{xx{rd bnbldwxagd dnxagb,

xkhkwgd nbn æ xrd ck zañ gbl{na. Gir. K.IÙ_WXKLDNN# Dcxhk{xwgfkw ndlkno{gf# ybc.A# Zkrwbnknndlkn# gbc. 4;5?# Obnn 41::.C‑{nagd blbnalad anhayah{dxd zkr ac zkrab,hb 447:,4464 nka gdrxdra axdcadna kwdlandxawa rawgbnxrd nkc Zdhbydnb# d Yagbhdrpkrk k_bwdrd &D. ECB_AD &d g{rd ha!# Gbhagk hazcb,ldxagb zdhbydnb hdcc‑dnnb 44:4 dccd zdgk ha Gbwxdnpd# Yknkpad 4651# ybc. A# k Yknkpad4664# ybc. AA!. Gir. ybc. A# hbg. ?:9# z. 498#k hbg. ;64# z. 841= ybc. AA# hbg. 44?8# z.?67# hbg. 477?# z. 71;# hbg. 471;# z. 878#k hbg. 48?9# z. 881.

4? Xrdwlkwwb da nazbxa# ac grbgadxb Eb,nkccb &Obnkcc{w! k Z{cgrbnk &Zc{wz{cgr{w!.

47 NK 4;9# «boaax Ldanirkh{w irdxkrE{adcdrha t{a rkcat{ax xkrrdl wkzxaldnd,raaw½# 44?;,447:. Zkr cd hdxd# gir. DYhWI#Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# gbrrawzbn,hknpd E. Ikrrdraw.

48 NK 7:5# «boaax cdnxkcl{w irdxkr E{a,hdcdrha t{a zrb dnalk w{k rklkhab rkcat{axgdlz{l {n{l t{a adgkx dh cbg{l t{a haga,x{r obwd rkcat{ax½# 44?7,447:. Zkr cd hdxd#gir. aoahkl.

4; NK CVAA# i. 414# c# g# «boaax hbnndzc{w okccd ldxkr Uahdcdrha½# 6 ldeeab44?;,447:. Zkr cd hdxd# aoahkl. Ac idxxb gfk

cd w{d lbrxk wad dyykn{xd nkc Ykrgkcckwk nkzrkw{lk cd ykhbydnpd.49 I. EDOBXXB# [. IAWWB# Ck gdrxk hkccb

Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Gdwdck Lbnikrrdxb ianb dc 4747# OWWW# VC &41:5!# ybc. A# hbg.AV# zz. 4?,48# an zdrxagbcdrk z. 47. An X.YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha. C‑bra,

eank0 kcklknxa zrkcalandra zkr {nd ragkrgd# an«Drgfaya k Wxbrad½# 4 &4161!# zz. 1,?;# acYadcdrha hkcc‑dxxb krd wxdxb raxkn{xb zdhrk haUahdcdrhb# ld beea wa zrkikrawgk {nd haykr,wd rkhdpabnk hkccb wxkwwb nblk.

45 AEL# Ykrgkcca# i. ;5. Zkr a gdwxkcca gbc,candra hkccd Yadccdrhd k hkccd Wlkrdchd# gir.G. HABNAWBXXA# Acc{wxrdpabna wxbragfk k gbrb,

erdiagfk hkccd _keabnk W{odczand# Xbranb4616# z. 4;9.

46 H. D_NBCHA# E. G. IDGGAB# I. EDOBX,XB# E. _ BGGFA# Ck gdrxk hkccb Drgfayab Gdza,xbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca # OWWW# CVV &414?!# ybc. A#hbg. CVY# z. 6:. Ac hbg{lknxb æ hdxdxb44:?# ld eca wxbraga zrbzbnebnb 448?.

41 Cd gfakwd krd w{cc‑dcx{rd hbyk beea æ cdyad blbnald an Oakccd. Ac raxrbydlknxb nkcckyagandnpk ha {nd wxkck k ha {n gazzb wkzbc,grdck hdxdoaca xrd a wkgbca AA k AAA cd azbxappdyagand {n deecblkrdxb {rodnb k nbn nkccdzbwapabnk awbcdxd acc{wxrdxd nkccd gdrxd hkcObrebnab hkc 4996.

?: Wkxxk yaenk k ac zrdxb krdnb an Yahkwxrk#w{cck zknhaga hkc Zadppb# hbyk a Yadcdrhagbnxan{drbnb dh dykrk okna# lknxrk ck dcxrk

yaenk krdnb an Wdnndhkb# lda ahknxaiagdxb.?4 Ac Y wkgbcb ykhk wxdoacarwa xrd a erdnhazrbzrakxdra xkrrakra cd gbnw{kx{hank hkczbwwkwwb ha {nd gdzzkccd zraydxd# gbhaiagdxd



A YADCD_HA 75

zkrxanknpk krd wbxxb cd cbrb ea{rawhapabnk ik{hdck kh ac Gdzaxbcb nbn krd ra{wgaxbd zrbydrk ac gbnxrdrab# idxxb gfk w{eekrawgk gfk a Yadcdrha krdnb nkc ea{wxb.

Uahdcdrhb biirã {nd xrdnwdpabnk k cd zr{hknpd w{eekrã dc hkgdnb gdzaxbcdrkha Wdnxb Wxkidnb ha dggkxxdrk# z{rgfá a Yadcdrha gkwwdwwkrb bena ykwwdpabnk ??.C‑dxxb i{ iarldxb ac 8 hagklork 4485 ?7# bnkrbwb zkr ac Gdzaxbcb gfk# wbcb zkr cd

zdrxk beekxxb hkc gbnxknpabwb k ikrld rkwxdnhb d Uahdcdrhb cd zrbzrakxê hkcckdcxrk zdrxa# gkhkxxk xrk zkppk ha xkrrd kh {nd yaend an Gdnhkcb ?8# wa ragbnbookhkoaxbrk hkc iaxxb kh dggkxxÿ ac erdydlk w{cck xkrrk hkc ibhrb rkedck k hkcc‑dc,okredrad ?; zkr t{dxxrb gdydcakra gbn a cbrb wg{hakra ?9. T{kwxa bnkra wklzrkragbnh{gaoaca dcc‑alzkrdxbrk hbykydnb rawdcark da xklza ha C{hbyagb k Cbxdrab.Wdnx‑K{wkoab krd t{anha zdrxk hkc hblanab wgdloadxb gbn Obwbnk# drraydxb daYadcdrha dxxrdykrwb {nabna ldxralbnadca gbn a hawgknhknxa hka ydwwdcca ha Okgm kxrdwlkwwb zrb anhayawb ?5.

D wbxxbcankdrk c‑bwwkt{ab ykrwb ac zrbzrab waenbrk ik{hdck# cd xrdnwdpabnk‱‱zkr caen{l kx gdrxdl‰‰ i{ idxxd ‱‱an g{rxk Y{ahdcdrha‰‰ ankt{aybgdoaclknxknbxd da gbnxklzbrdnka# ld wacknxk nka hbg{lknxa gbkya k# idxxb wanebcdrk# ldagaxdxd xrd ck zrbzrakxê hka hawgknhknxa. A wka xkwxa cdaga ha Uahdcdrhb# x{xxa ha

Nbydrd k ha Lacdnb# gbnikrldnb c‑dloaxb kwxkrnb d Ykrgkcca hkccd g{rxaw# zrb,odoaclknxk an drkd cblodrhd.Uahdcdrhb nbn xbrnÿ zañ nkc Ykrgkcckwk# eca dxxa w{ggkwwaya fdnnb gblk

dxxbra wbcb ac iaecab kh a nazbxa. Lbrã ?6 an t{kccd g{rxaw hbyk krd anapadxd cd wxb,rad dnxagd hka Yadcdrha# {nd ekibcewgfdix ydwwdccdxagd ekrldnagd nbn dngbrdxrdwibrldxd hdcck dcxkrdpabna wbgadca gfk wzaked cd wgkcxd ha {nd ikhkcxê angbn,hapabndxd dccd gd{wd efaokccand ha g{a a w{ba hawgknhknxa i{rbnb xrd a id{xbraklanknxa.

CK Z_BZ_AKXÊ AN YK_GKCCA

A hbg{lknxa w{ggkwwaya dc 4485 gbnxan{dnb dh kyahknpadrk gbnwahkrkybca

zrbzrakxê nkc Ykrgkcckwk# Oakcckwk k Gdwdckwk# idxxk ha gdwxkcca# xbrra# gdwk# ldnwa#lbcana k xkrrk w{ g{a wbrwkrb dcxra gdwxkcca. Ha nkww{nd ha t{kwxk zrbzrakxê æ zkr,ykn{xb c‑dxxb ha dgt{awxb b ha anik{hdpabnk# wk nbn zkr a okna zañ xdrhaya. Ckhawzkrwabna hbg{lknxdca nbn ea{wxaiagdnb ac wacknpab. Ck zrbzrakxê krdnb kwxkwkw{ ha {n‑drkd ekberdiagdlknxk ydwxd k t{dcgfk xrdggad hbg{lknxdck# dngfkzbwxkrabrk# wdrkook gbl{nt{k hby{xd klkrekrk. Ac cbrb zbwwkwwb hkyk t{anhakwwkrk hkraydxb hd {n zbxkrk kwxkrnb deca dloaxa cbgdca# razbrxdnhb a Yadcdrha an{n gbnxkwxb wxbragb dnxkrabrk dc wkgbcb V. A okna ldeeabra an Ykrgkcca wklordnbkwwkrwa gbnwbcahdxa dc xklzb ha Dxxbnk# ld nbn nkc zkrabhb hka gant{k ykwgbyaalzkradca# nblandxa ld nbn gbnwdgrdxa# zkrgfá haiiagaclknxk Uahdcdrhb wdrkookwxdxb xrd a gbnwaecakra cdaga ha Dnwkclb# zralb ykwgbyb gbnwdgrdxb hbzb ac c{nebzkrabhb ha anxr{wa.

Ac ydwxb gblzckwwb ha zrbzrakxê# xrd g{a a ‱‱gdwdlknxd g{l x{rraw ?1 an brdwdngxd Ldrad a{vxd zcdxfkdl hk Drkneb‰‰ k cd rbeead Ykrgkccand gfk ibrnayd c‑dg,t{d dcck haikwk hkccd gaxxê# yknh{xk hda Yadcdrha dc Gbl{nk ha Ykrgkcca gbn {ndwkrak ha dxxa xrd cd iank hkc wkgbcb VAA k c‑anapab hkc VAAA 7:# wbnb zdrxa kyahknxahkccd Gbrxk _kead cbnebodrhd hbndxd da gdnbnaga hd Okrknedrab 74. Zdralknxa#nkccd yknhaxd d Ikhkragb Odrodrbwwd hkc 4456 hka haraxxa ha zkhdeeab w{c zbrxbk w{cck rayk hkc Gkryb k hkccd Wkwad 7?# a Yadcdrha gkhkxxkrb dngbrd {nd ybcxd haraxxaknxrdxa nkc zdxralbnab hka gdnbnaga gbn Dxxbnk# hbnb hka rk [eb k Cbxdrab 77.Dngfk ha t{kwxd zrbzrakxê kwawxk wbcb c‑dxxb ha yknhaxd# gfk zkrÿ zkrlkxxk {ndgbngc{wabnk. Ac ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# gfk deawgk nkcc‑dgt{awxb zkr gbnxb hkcc‑al,zkrdxbrk# gblzkrd okna ha g{a c{a wxkwwb nbn gbnbwgk c‑braeank. A Yadcdrha ca dyk,ydnb ‱‱zkr ik{h{l ykc zkr dcat{kl dca{l lbh{l‰‰# ac gfk kwgc{hk {n‑anik{hd,

pabnk kggckwadck ha g{a eca drgfaya drgaykwgbyaca dyrkookrb gbnwkrydxb xrdggad. Cbwxkwwb ydck zkr ck zrbzrakxê oakcckwa k gdwdckwa# x{xxk knxrdxk nkcc‑dwwk zdxralb,nadck hka Yadcdrha zrald ha Uahdcdrhb# gbn c‑dnnbxdpabnk gfk wbcb a okna an

nkc gbngacab ha Dehk hkc ;:9 &gdnbnk ?4!.Wkgbnhb dcg{na wxbraga c‑anxaxbcdpabnk dwdnx‑K{wkoab rdzzrkwknxd ac zdwwdeeab ha{n n{gckb cbnebodrhb dradnb dccd ikhk rb,ldnd.

?? Ac «nbn deknx ... ant{akxdo{nx ... idxa,edo{nx½ hkc hbg{lknxb halbwxrdnb dz,

zrknwabna zkr ac i{x{rb. Anidxxa# dccd lbrxk ha_bcdnhb# iaecab ha Uahdcdrhb# ac n{byb hk,gdnb ha Wdnxb Wxkidnb# Dnwkclb# ragfakwk cdzrbxkpabnk hka w{ba iaeca# _bokrxb k Eadgb,lb &C. OB_KCCB# D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxkhkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# OWWW# GY &417:!# ybc. AAA# hbg. AAA#zz. 8,;!. T{kwxb dxxb zrbyd gfk a okna anOakccd krdnb ha zrbzrakxê hka wbca hawgkn,hknxa ha Uahdcdrhb.

?7 Z{oocagdxb gbn zaggbca krrbra ldr,eandca rawzkxxb dcc‑braeandck an C. OB_KCCB#D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{nd,ck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# OWWW# GY &417:!#ybc. AAA# hbg. AA# zz. 7,8# t{kwxb hbg{lknxbfd w{wgaxdxb ck idnxdwak zañ ibcgcbrawxagfk halbcxa wxbraga cbgdca k nbn. Wk nk razbrxd cd

xrdwgrapabnk anxkerdck an Dzzknhagk.?8 Nkc radwwkxxb hkeca anxkrkwwa idlaecadra#

Uahdcdrhb anapaÿ ac gbnwbcahdlknxb hka ok,na an zadn{rd# an zdrxagbcdrk Gdnhkcb gfkebykrndyd cd wxrdhd ykrwb Oakccd hd Ykrgkcca#gbnxan{dxb hda hawgknhknxa. D razrbyd hkecaanxkrkwwa w{ Gdnhkcb ac nazbxk ha Uahdcdrhb#[okrxb hk Ykrbnb# wzbwÿ Ldxachk# hawgkn,hknxk ha «e{npb ldnedndxbr wk{ okredn,ha{w wgdrkccd½# gdzbwxazaxk hkeca Wgdrkccd haGdnhkcb.

?; C‑kxalb cbnebodrhb ha hkraydpabnkebxd «dcazkre{l½ gblzdrk zkr cd zraldybcxd nkc Gdxdcbe{w oknkyknxdnb hkc wkgbcbV gbn ac waenaiagdxb ha dggdlzdlknxb laca,xdrk. T{kwxa z{nxa ha rdggbcxd k ha dzzrby,

yaeabndlknxb krdnb ibnhdlknxdca zkr aclbyalknxb hkcck {naxê ha gdydcckrad zkwdnxkgfk wa l{bykyd dh {nd ykcbgaxê lkhad ha;:,9: laecad eabrndcakrk# zbnknhb cd rdg,gbcxd hkcck {naxê lda bcxrk h{k eabrna haanwkccdxd hdc xkdxrb hkcck bzkrdpabna g{akrdnb hkwxandxk.

?9 «t{dxx{br lacaxao{w g{l wg{xaikraw‰‰#kt{aydcknxk dh {n gbnxaneknxk ha dclknb?8 {blana kh dcxrkxxdnxa gdydcca# {n‑anga,hknpd kgbnblagd kckydxd zkr ac xkrraxbrab haraikralknxb.

?5 Dcc‑dxxb wbnb zrkwknxa x{xxa a Yadcdrhaykrgkcckwa0 «Y{ahdcdrh{w kx _bcdnh{w zdxkriaca{w# kx Ebnkcc{w iaca{w gbnhdl Ldnairkhakx [okrx{w iaca{w gbnhdl axkl [okrxa# kx

Abrhdnaw anyagkl irdxraw w{a# nkzbxkw adl,wgrazxa Y{ahdcdrha# t{a zrbikwwa w{nx ckekyaykrk Cbnebodrhbr{l½.

?6 Nbn cb ragbrhd nkww{n Nkgrbcbeab K{,wkoadnb.

?1 Cd «x{rraw ykx{w½ gbl{ndck kwawxknxkdngbrd beea. Zkr t{kwxa okna# gir. E. E[C,CANB# Ibrlk doaxdxayk d Ykrgkcca # OWWY# 416:#zz. ;8,;9 k 19 &xkwxb k nbxk!= E. E[CCANB#[blana k wzdpab {rodnb# OWWY# 4165# z. 6;#nbxd 7?# k zz. 69,65= _. B_HDNB# Ck xbrra

zañ dnxagfk ha Ykrgkcca k cd xbrrk hkc Gbl{nk#an «OWY½# 7: &4166!# n. 4# zz. 88,89.

7: Nbnbwxdnxk t{kwxk alzbnknxa yknhaxk#raldnebnb nkcc‑dwwk zdxralbnadck an Ykrgkc,ca ydrak gdwk kh ac wkgbnhb zdcdppb gbn xbrrk

dngbrd kwawxknxk nkcc‑dxx{dck yad Ydccbxxa.74 ?9 eknndab 147# C. WGFADZD_KCCA &d

g{rd ha!# A Hazcbla ha Okrknedrab A # _bld41:7# hbg. CVVVYAA# zz. ?7?,?78.




Ykrgkcca kh an Oakccd# ianb dccd w{d lbrxk# i{rbnb xrdwlkwwa zrb anhayawb# lknxrkt{kcca w{c xkrraxbrab wa kyahknpadnb nkccd caokrd hawzbnaoacaxê hka wanebca er{zzaidlaecadra.

C‑DWGKWD ZBCAXAGD

Nkcc‑dxxb hkc 4485 wa hkcankdnb a gdzbwxazaxa hkcck xrk cankk zrangazdca hkaYadcdrha &Ykrrbnk# Yaccdnbyd k Wdnhaecadnb!0

4. hd _bokrxb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrgkcca# iaecab ha _bcdnhb0D. cd zrald cankd hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk hd g{a0

4. a Yadcdrha ha Ykxxaená=?. a Yadcdrha ha Wdc{wwbcd k Z{cadgb=7. a Yadcdrha ha Oakccd hd g{a a Yadcdrha ha Ckwwbcb k Gdwxkccdlbnxk=8. a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Lbnerdnhb.

?. hd Eacab hka Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb k ha Gdwdck# iaecab haCdnxkclb0D. a Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd hd g{a0

4. a Yadcdrha ha Gdnhkcb=?. a Yadcdrha ha Qwknedrhd=7. a Yadcdrha ha Gdwdck k Ldnxbyd=8. a Yadcdrha ha Wxrbzzadnd# Gkccdlbnxk# Irdwwankxxb k Gbcgdydenb.

7. hd Eabrhdnb hka Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb k ha Ykrgkcca# iaecab haCdnxkclb0D. cd wkgbnhd cankd hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk=O. a Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# hd g{a0

4. a Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb k Wdc{wwbcd=?. a Yadcdrha ha Ldwwdppd=7. a Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb k Yaccdnbyd=8. a Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# Obrradnd k Okdxanb=;. a Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab.

Ianb dccd zrald lkxê hkc 4?:: cd ekwxabnk hkcck rkcdpabna zbcaxagfk k laca,xdra gbnxan{ÿ w{ccd cankd hkc haraxxb dcxb,ekrldnagb hkccd wazzk# hkldnhdxd decadnpadna 78 ha bena er{zzb idlaecadrk# g{a gblzkxkydnb ck rkcdpabna hkeca angd,wxkccdlknxa gbn ac xkrraxbrab ha anwawxknpd. Ck zrbzrakxê kvxrd{rodnk dzzdrxknk,ydnb da wanebca er{zza idlaecadra# lknxrk t{kcck {rodnk krdnb hkxkn{xk gbcckx,

xaydlknxk# edrdnxknhb an t{kwxb lbhb {n zkwb lbnkxdrab k zbcaxagb {nagb.Gbn c‑diikrldpabnk hkc zbcagknxrawlb ha Ykrgkcca w{c xkrraxbrab k cd zdrdcckcdibrldpabnk ha {n‑dwwbgadpabnk gbl{ndck# a Yadcdrha i{rbnb ian hdeca anapa lkl,ora hkccd Grkhknpd k Gbnwbca# anic{knhb w{ccd zbcaxagd anxkrnd k w{cck dcckdnpkkwxkrnk hkccd gaxxê erdpak dc zkwb hka zrbzra gdwxkcca. T{kwxb zbxkrk# d haiikrknpdha dcxrk idlaecak klkreknxa wbxxb c‑blord kggckwadck# nbn zrbh{wwk nkzbxawla kan lbcxa gdwa c‑anxkrkwwk hkc Gbl{nk zrkydragÿ t{kccb idlaecadrk. Nk æ {n kwkl,zab cd hkgawabnk hkc 4415 hka Gbnwbca ha Ykrgkcca ha rknhkrk ‱‱caokr kx dowbc{,x{w‰‰ ac gdwxkccb k ck xkrrk ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb# anapab hkcc‑kwzdnwabnk gbl{,ndck w{c xkrraxbrab kvxrd{rodnb xdnxb an gfadyk haiknwayd t{dnxb ha anic{knpdzbcaxagd. Cd grkdpabnk hkc obreb irdngb ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb# hkgawd gbn acgbnwaecab ha Eadgblb Yadcdrha ‱‱kx wbgabr{l t{br{l‰‰ 7;# hkgrkxdyd dngfk gfk

‱‱n{cc{w hblanbr{l hkokdx doaxdrk an accb gdwxrb‰‰# gblzrblkxxknhb eca anxk,rkwwa hka g{eana Yadcdrha zrbzrakxdra hkc gdwxkccb# dcxrkxxdnxb zbxknxa an gaxxê zkrc‑dlzad zrkwknpd gbnwbcdrk. Nbn i{ {n nkebpadxb idgack# ld Eadgblb wkzzk

7? ?4 ea{enb 4456# H. D_NBCHA# I. ED,OBXXB # Ck gdrxk hkccb Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca # OWWW# CVVA &4148!# ybc. AA# hbg.GGGCVAV# zz. 9;,95.

77 47 debwxb 18;# H. D_NBCHA# E. G.IDGGAB# I. EDOBXXB# E. _ BGGFA# Ck gdrxkhkccb Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca # OWWW#

CVV &414?!# ybc. A# hbg. V# zz. 5,6.78 Dngbrd nkc 48?9 c‑dxxb ha rkwd hkc«gdwxr{l kx x{rrabn{l½ hka Yadcdrha haWdnhaecadnb dh Dlkhkb ha Wdybad i{ iar,ldxb hdc lklorb zañ dnpadnb hkccd idla,ecad# E{dcanb i{ Ykrgkccanb# k wbcb gbnxrb,iarldxb hdc zralbeknaxb Obneabydnna#iaecab ha Ldnirkhb# gfk nbn dggkxxÿ cd rkwd.

7; Hk idgxb Yaccknbyk# 4;,6,4415 &E. G.IDGGAB# Ac Caorb hka –Zdgxd kx Gbnyknxabnkw“hkc Gbl{nk ha Ykrgkcca # OWWW# VGYAA&41?9!# hbgg. GVYA k GVYAA# zz. ?4?,?46!.

Dcokrb eknkdcbeagb hka Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# wkgbcb VYAA# wxklld hkaYadcdrha# ac gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk k cdZdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpbgbcckpabnk zraydxd



A YADCD_HA 71



8: XBLDWB YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB

gbanybcekrca nkc w{b zrbekxxb ha kwzdnwabnk zkr Ykrgkcca 79. Dccd grkwgaxd hkc zkwbzbcaxagb hkccd gaxxê# nk wdrkook gbrrawzbwxb {nb zdrdcckcb hkc zbxkrk idlaecadrkan {n lblknxb gr{gadck hkcck cbxxk anxkrnk xrd idpabna hkcc‑ácaxk {rodnd gfk wxd,ydnb lbhaiagdnhb ck keklbnak w{c xkrraxbrab.

Gdrawld anhawg{wwb# hazcbldxagb iank gbn ibrxa rkcdpabna nkcc‑dloaxb alzk,

radck# Eadgblb hblanÿ cd wgknd zbcaxagd zkr t{dwa gant{dnx‑dnna75

# idxxb rdrb#anic{knpdnhb gbn ac gbanybcealknxb ha x{xxb ac er{zzb idlaecadrk cb wzbwxd,lknxb ykrwb c‑alzkrb ha Ykrgkcca# g{a hakhk gbwgaknpd hkc zrbzrab zkwb ha irbnxkd Lacdnb# Zdyad k Orkwgad. Da iaeca 76 kh da g{eana ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb 71

i{rbnb hkldnhdxk ck rkcdpabna zbcaxagfk kwxkrnk# lknxrk a g{eana anxkrna dccdgaxxê ibrnarbnb c‑dzzbeeab hkccd Grkhknpd k t{kccb hkcck gdxxkhrk kggckwadca haWdnxd Ldrad k ha Wdnx‑K{wkoab# zkr bcxrk gknx‑dnna an ldnb d cbnekya k zbcaxa,gappdxa drgahadgbna Yadcdrha.

[n gbanybcealknxb gbwã wgfakrdxb hdccd zdrxk efaokccand ragfakwk {nd zrk,wknpd zañ gblzdxxd w{c xkrraxbrab# gbn {n angdwxkccdlknxb lkecab gbbrhandxb daobrha hkcck pbnk ha kwzdnwabnk hkccd gaxxê. Eadgblb e{ahÿ ac gdloab hkeca anxk,rkwwa idlaecadra anapadnhb c‑dccknxdlknxb zdxralbnadck zrberkwwayb an gaxxê d

idybrk hkc zbxknpadlknxb hka gdwxkcca kvxrd{rodna# gfk dww{nwkrb {n zkwb gr{,gadck nkcck wgkcxk zbcaxagfk hka Yadcdrha. Wbnb ha t{kwxb zkrabhb ck erdnhahawlawwabna allboacadra an Ykrgkcca gfk idybrarbnb {n dyyagandlknxb zañ wxrkxxbdc Gbl{nk# ibrnknhb gbnxklzbrdnkdlknxk cd ldwwd ha hkndrb nkgkwwdraddcc‑dllbhkrndlknxb hka wawxkla haiknwaya# dccd gbwxr{pabnk ha n{bya kh dcc‑dg,t{awxb ha xkrrk hd rkhhaxb zkr ac cbrb ldnxknalknxb. Gbnxklzbrdnkdlknxki{rbnb gkh{xa a okna kvxrd{rodna nbn yaxdca nkc wawxkld hkeca angdwxkccdlknxa#lknxrk wa gbnwbcahdrbnb dxxrdykrwb n{bya dgt{awxa kh anykwxax{rk ck zrkwknpk anGdnhkcb# Qwknedrhd# Ykrrbnk# Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb k Wdnhaecadnb# zbwapabnagfk cd c{nealardnpd ha Uahdcdrhb dykyd eaê anhayah{dxb gblk wxrdxkeagfk.

Gbn cd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc 4?:: a er{zza idlaecadra hka Yadcdrha dww{nwkrb

{nd iawabnblad zrbzrad# wklzrk ckedxa anxkridlaecadrlknxk# ld gbn anhazkn,hknpk ldeeabra.

A X_K _DLA

Ac n{byb dwwkxxb idlaecadrk wa gbnwbcahÿ w{ xrk cankk okn hkianaxk0

4. A Yadcdrha ha Ykrgkcca# gfk gbnxan{drbnb cd ekwxabnk zbcaxagd hkccd idlaecad#brd gbnxrdzzbwxd dh dcxrk idlaecak klkrwk hdcc‑dloaxb kggckwadck k lkrgdn,xack gbn g{a cd gbnyayknpd nbn i{ wklzrk idgack# dngfk zkr c‑dyyagknhdrwa w{cxkrraxbrab ha ibrpk drldxk gbnxrdzzbwxk an anxkrkwwa gfk xrbydrbnb ha ybcxdan ybcxd rkikrknxa kh dcckdxa an Ykrgkcca.

?. A Yadcdrha hka gdwxkcca ha Wdnhaecadnb k Qwknedrhd# gfk gbwxr{arbnb dcckdnpkgbl{na ldx{rdxk an {nd ikhk efaokccand ykndxd ha zkrwbndcawla xkrraxbradca.Cd cbrb ibrxk gdzdgaxê lacaxdrk ca zbrxÿ dh kwwkrk a zrala dcckdxa yawgbnxka nkcOakcckwk k z{nxb ha dzzbeeab hkcck wgbrrkrak ha Idganb Gdnk. Ac gbnicaxxb gbneca angdwxkccdlknxa calaxrbia dzzdrxknknxa d idlaecak gbn zbwapabna zbcaxagfkic{xx{dnxa# an zdrxagbcdrk gbn ac gblzbwaxb wawxkld zdrknxdck hkeca Dybedhra#i{ allkhadxb k gd{wd zrangazdck hkccd gdh{xd hkc Oakcckwk nkcck ldna hkch{gd ha Wdybad 8:.

7. A Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# gfk ldnxknnkrb zbwapabna dxxkwawxk gfkzrberkwwaydlknxk ca dccbnxdndrbnb hdc er{zzb idlaecadrk. Lacaxdrlknxklknb gdzdga# zbrxdxa zañ dcc‑kt{acaorab zbcaxagb dxxknxb da eabgfa xkrraxbradca#

yahkrb gbn zbgb idybrk c‑dcckdnpd wxrkxxd hka g{eana ha Wdnhaecadnb kQwknedrhd gbn a h{gfa ha Lacdnb. A cbrb nbnna dykydnb dzkrxb cd wxrdhdykrwb Xbranb k t{kccd i{ cd cbrb wgkcxd.

79 Eabrhdnb k ac iaecab Zbcxrbnk# Ead,gblb Wlkrrd# Cdnxkclb# Eadgblb hk Ob,nkccb k w{b irdxkccb Ldnirkhb# x{xxa Yadcdrhak gbnwaenbra ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb# ea{,rdrbnb ha ldnxknkrk a zdxxa gbn Ykrgkcca ac4; debwxb &aoahkl!. Eadgblb zrkikrã dwzkx,xdrk zkr kwwkrk gkrxb gfk n{ccd ibwwk l{xdxbnkeca kt{acaora idlaecadra k iarlÿ wbcb c‑dnnbw{ggkwwayb.

75 Zbhkwxê ha Yagknpd nkc 4468 k zbhkwxêha Xbranb nkc 4?:: nkc lblknxb hkcck cbxxkxrd ac ykwgbyb Drh{anb# ac Gbl{nk ha Xb,ranb# Gfakra k Xkwxbnd# a waenbra ha Gdyb{r#ha Gdybrkxxb kh a gbnxa ha Oadnhrdxk. Nkc4?:? i{ n{bydlknxk zbhkwxê ha Yagknpd knkc 4?:1 i{ zbhkwxê ha Zdhbyd.

76 Ac iaecadwxrb Eadgblb ac Gdrndrab i{ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca hdc 4?79 dc 4?84. Ac zra,lbeknaxb Ykrgkccanb rdzzrkwknxÿ Ykrgkccankc 4467 dccd zdgk ha Gbwxdnpd gbn c‑alzk,rdxbrk Ikhkragb Odrodrbwwd &G. LDND_KWA

&d g{rd ha!# Eca dxxa hkc Gbl{nk ha Lacdnb ianb dcc‑dnnb LGGVYA # Lacdnb 4141# hbg.GVVVAV# z. ?:;! k rkwwk nkc 4??9 cd Wb,

gakxê hkcck Ldrgfk# Cblodrhad k _bldendzkr gbnxb ha Ykrgkcca &_. B_HDNB# A Oawgab,na # OWWW# GCVVVA &415:!# xblb AA# ybc. A#hbg. CVVV# z. 4?1!. Ac wkgbnhbeknaxb_bokrxb i{ zbhkwxê ha Xbranb nkc 4?7;# ra{,wgknhb dh droaxrdrk cd gkwwabnk ha _aybca hdcykwgbyb ha Xbranb dc gbnxk ha Wdybad# zbhk,wxê ha Lbngdcakra nkc 4?79 kh dngbrd zbhk,wxê ha Xbranb t{dnhb Dlkhkb AY ha Wdybadk w{b irdxkccb Xblldwb AA ran{ngadrbnb dhbena zrkxkwd w{ _aybca k Xbranb.

71 Zbcxrbnk Yadcdrha ragkykxxk nkc 441?zkr gbnxb hkcc‑alzkrdxbrk Knragb YA acgdwxkccb ha Ybczanb# gbnxkwb hd Okredlb khd Orkwgad zkr cd w{d zbwapabnk ekberdiagdgfk nk idgkyd cd zbrxd ha dggkwwb dc xrdnwaxb

ykrwb ac gknxrb K{rbzd & LFZ # ybc. VAV# Caokr Zbxfkraw Gbll{naw Gayaxdxaw Oravadk#hbg. VVVAY# gbcc. 16,4::!. Nkc 4?45 ra{wgãdh alzbrrk cd zdgk xrd Zdyad k Lacdnb gbnc‑dzzbeeab ha Zadgknpd &E. G. IDGGAB# Ac

Caorb hka –Zdgxd kx Gbnyknxabnkw“ hkc Gb,l{nk ha Ykrgkcca # OWWW# VGYAA &41?9!# hbg.VCA# zz. 66,61!. Ac g{eanb E{ecakclb i{zbhkwxê ha Lbngdcakra nkc 4?78. Ha idxxb#Xbranb# Lbngdcakra k Xkwxbnd kookrb zbhk,wxê Yadcdrha hdc 4?78 dc 4?76.

8: Hdc gdwxr{l ha Qwknedrhd {wgã nkc 48:4cd wzkhapabnk gbnxrb eca Dybedhra haT{drkend gfk wa gbngc{wk gbn c‑{ggawabnk haE{ecakclb ha T{drkend. Ac 5 debwxb 48:8Eabydnna Dybedhrb ha T{drkend# nbn dykn,hb bxxkn{xb ea{wxapad hdc h{gd ha Lacdnb#

gfakwk cd zrbxkpabnk wdod{hd zkr a gdwxkcca haT{drkend# Gkrkxxb k Zadxxb. Gbnxklzbrd,nkdlknxk ikgkrb dxxb ha bldeeab dcxra gbn,wbrxaca hkeca Dybedhra zkr {n xbxdck ha ?;gdwxkcca# hdnhb {nd wybcxd hkgawayd dccd gbn,t{awxd wdod{hd hkc Oakcckwk. Cd cbrb hkga,wabnk wke{ã ha h{k lkwa c‑dcckdnpd xrd ac gbnxkha Wdybad# ac zrangazk h‑Dgdad kh ac ldrgfkwkha Lbnikrrdxb# nkccd rkdcxê {nd wzdrxapabnkhka okna yawgbnxka g{a eca Dybedhra wa acc{wkrbha zdrxkgazdrk. Gir. L. GDWWKXXA# X. YADCD_HA

HA WDNHAECADNB# Qwknedrhd k a w{ba waenbra #an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# Gdnhkcb k ac _agkxxb#Lacdnb 411:# zz. ;4,;1.



A YADCD_HA 84

Dc hkgcanb alzkradck# a Yadcdrha ha Ykrgkcca zdwwdrbnb anhknna dxxrdykrwb araybcealknxa zbcaxaga k lacaxdra hkccd gaxxê# lknxrk a Yadcdrha hka gdwxkcca haWdnhaecadnb k Qwknedrhd gbnxan{drbnb {nd wbcaxdrad k gdzdroad gbnxrdzzbwa,pabnk lacaxdrk dc h{gd ha Wdybad# hayknxdxd brlda dc calaxk hkc idxxb zkrwbndck.Gbwxrkxxa d law{rdrwa gbn dyyknalknxa dc ha wbzrd hkcck zdrxa k gbn kwkrgaxa

zbxknxa# hbyk cd ordy{rd anhayah{dck zbxkyd dc ldwwalb hayknxdrk wbeekxxb zkr{n t{dhrb# cd idwk iandck hkccd cbrb wxbrad dnxagd krd drraydxd d gbngc{wabnk. An{nd odxxdecad h{rdxd xrk nbxxa k h{k eabrna gdhhk dngfk ac Xbrrabnk haWdnhaecadnb kh ac ?8 wkxxklork 48?9 a Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb iarldrbnb {n‑d,wzrd k angbnhapabndxd rkwd hkc cbrb ‱‱gdwxr{l kx x{rrabn{l‰‰ dh Dlkhkb haWdybad 84.

Ldnirkhb ha Wdc{ppb gfk dykyd e{ahdxb yaxxbrabwdlknxk c‑kwkrgaxb wdybadr,hb,ydcckwk gbnxrb ac Xbrrabnk# nbn zrbwke{ã zkr Qwknedrhd# zkragbcbwd hd rde,ea{nekrk# an{xack gblk odxxdecad# xrbzzb cbnxdnd hdeca dggdlzdlknxa ha Ayrkd.A Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Qwknedrhd raknxrdrbnb anhknna d Gdwdck hbyk wa zbwkrbdc wkryapab hka ldrgfkwa ha Lbnikrrdxb k zba hka h{gfa ha Ldnxbyd.

A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk dykydnb anykgk eaê idxxb cd zrbzrad wgkcxd gant{dnxd,

xrá dnna zrald zdwwdnhb dc iadngb hkc gbnxk ha Wdybad ac41

ikoordab4757 8?

#gbnwke{knpd ha {n gdcgbcb zbcaxagb ldx{rdxb c{nedlknxk# ld dngfk ha {ndldcanxkwd zrklanknpd nka rdzzbrxa anxkridlaecadra.

84 DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbyangad ha Oakccd# ldppb 9# zrbx. 5?.

8? Y. YDA# Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk d Gdwd Wdybad# an t{kwxb ybc{lk#zz. ;4 wee.



8? XBLDWB YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB

Dgx{l an g{rxk Y{ahdcdrha ## DGbl Oakccd# wkrak zrald#ldppb 4# idwg.



A YADCD_HA 87

8 hagklork 4485# DGX[L AN G[_XK Y [AHDCD_HA

]D\ Braeandck an DGbl Oakccd# wkrak zrald# ldppb 4# idwg. 1.]O\ khaxb an LFZ # gfdrxdk# ybc. AA# gbc. ?9;# k an C. OB_KCCB# D. XDCCBNK#

Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# OWWW# GY &417:!# ybc.AAA# hbg. AA# zz. 7,8.Wa razbrxd ]D\

] WX \ Dnnb do angdrndxabnk hblana nbwxra @kw{ Gfrawxa lacckvalb gknxkwalbt{dhrdekwalb wkzxalb# t{drxb hak lknwaw hkgkloraw. anhaxabnk hkgald. Zrk swknxad obnbr{l fblan{l t{br{l nbland w{ox{w cke{nx{r zkr caen{l kx gdr,xdl t{bh ldnao{w w{aw xknkodnx Y{ahdcdrh{w kx _bcdnh{w zdxkr iaca{w# kxEbnkcc{w iaca{w gbnhdl s Ldnairkha kx [okrx{w iaca{w gbnhdl axkl [okrxa# kxAbrhdnaw anyagkl irdxraw w{a# nkzbxkw adlwgrazxa Y{ahdcdrha# t{a zrbikwwa w{nxckek yaykrk 87 Cbnebodrhbr{l# iankl kx rk, s i{xdxabnkl ikgkr{nx dh zrkwoaxk,r{l Zkxr{l ldabrkl kggckwak wdngxa Wxkzfdna hk O{akccd 88# anyagkl gkxkrbr{lgdnbnagbr{l ka{whkl kggckwak# nblandxal s hk xbxb accb t{bh dhykrw{w zrkhag,xbw gdnbnagbw zrkhagxk kggckwak zkxkodnx# ah kwx hk kggckwad Wdngxa K{wkoaa hkO{akccd g{l blnao{w rko{w t{k dh kdl zkrxanknx. s Fkg w{nx yankk kx zrdxd#yankk wgacagkx hkgkl kx zrdx{l {n{l# wkzxkl g{l zrdxb adgknx an Yahkwxrk#dcxkrk an Wdnndhkb. Wa t{bh dca{h dh zrkhagxdl kggckwadl s zkrxankodx# kx axklwa dcat{dl dcadl t{kralbnadl dhykrw{w gdnbnagbw adl hagxbw fdokodnx# kx r{r,w{w hk dcat{b a{rk 8; wa t{bh kvkrgkrk dhykrw{w kbw zbxkrdnx s # kvgkzxb t{bhnblank iagxa 89 zrkhagxa gdnbnaga d zdrxk zrkhagxk kggckwak wbcykrk hkoknx adlnblandxaw wgacagkx Y{ahdcdrhb kx w{aw nkzbxao{w# kbr{lt{k fkrkhao{w s # ah kwxh{bw wbcahbw lkhacdnknwa{l ykxkr{l# blna dnnb dh ikwx{l wdngxa Ldrxana# kxkvgkzxd dcokredrad {nd# an dnnb hk t{dxx{br lacaxao{w g{l s wg{xaikraw# kx

kvgkzxb ibhrb rkedca t{dxx{br wbcahbr{l lkhabcdnknwa{l# t{dl kggckwadlg{l adl hagxaw rko{w dh kdlhkl zkrxanknxao{w w{a a{raw dxt{k hawgragxa kwwkhagkodnx s . Kx wgacagkx t{bh zrkhagxa Y{ahdcdrh{w g{l w{aw nkzbxao{w d lbhban dnxkd {ccb xklzbrk zkr wkwk d{x zkr 85 w{bw lawwbw d{x zkr w{bw fkrkhkw d{xzkr w{zbwaxdw zkrwbndw# dh s ykrw{w zrkhagxbw gdnbnagbw d{x w{bw w{ggkwwbrkw dhzdrxkl zrkhagxk kggckwak hk zrkidxaw rko{w blnao{w86 wag{x w{zkra{w hagx{l kwx#nbn deknx kx kbw nbn ant{akxdo{nx kx zkr zcdgaxd nbn idxaedo{nx# nkg gbn,xklzxabnkl dcat{dl dhykrw{w kbw fdoko{nx hk gkxkrb. Kx wzbzbnhkr{nx dxt{kzrblawkr{nx zkr wk d{x zkr w{bw fkrkhkw# wa {nt{dl an s xklzbrk dhykrw{w zrk,hagxbw gdnbnagbw d{x w{ggkwwbrkw kbr{l dekrknx d{x gd{wdrknx wag{x w{zkra{whagx{l kwx# t{bh wbcykrknx nblank zknk dh zdrxkl zrkhagxk s kggckwak dh {xaca,xdxkl ka{w hk wdngxa Wxkzfdna kggckwak# caordw yaeanxa lkhacdnknwa{l ykxkr{l# kxzbwx zkndl wbc{xdl xdgaxa kx gbnxknxa wklzkr zkrldnkrk hkoknx s. T{k kggck,wad wdngxa K{wkoaa kwx w{o kggckwad wdngxa Wxkzfdna hk O{akccd. Kx zrb fdg iankgbnidxaknhd dggkzkr{nx zrkidx{w Y{ahdcdrh{w g{l w{aw nkzbxao{w xrkw s zkxadwhk xkrrd kx yankdl 81 {ndl# kx adgknx an Gdnhkcb. T{ad wag anxkr kbw zcdg{ax.Dgx{l an g{rxk zrkhagxa Y{ahdcdrha. † Waend ld †† s †† n{{l w{zrdwgrazxbr{lY{ahdcdrha kx ;: _bcdnha kx Gbnkcca kx [okrxa kx @brhdna# t{a fdng gdrxdl ianawiakra rbedykr{nx {x w{zrd. Waend ld †††† n{{l [okrxa s Okccdxa kx Ldnairkha kxWalkbnaw kx Bcraga hk Nbydrad kx Dxxbnaw# kx Zkxra hk Lkhabcdnb. Kx anxkri{k,r{nx irdxrkw zrkwoaxkr Obn{w @bfdnnkw hk O{akccd kx Zkxr{w hagx{w s Ndradx{w kxWalbn wbgaa kx irdxrkw zrkhagxbr{l ]…\.

] WX \ ;4 Kx keb @dgbo{w nbxdra{w wgrazxbr f{a{w gdrxk# ianaw zrkhagxdl gbl,

zckya kx hkha.

Xrdwgrapabnk Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

87 yaykrk0 c‑{cxald k wbzrdwgraxxd dh dcxrdckxxkrd gdngkccdxd.

88 O{ccdakccd0 ccd kwz{nxk.8; t kwz{nxd.89 Wbzrdwgraxxd dh {nd zdrbcd dordwd.85 Wbzrdwgraxxb.86 wag{x kwz{nxb.81 Kwz{npabnk.

;: Kwz{npabnk. ;4 Ac Waen{l Xdokccabnaw nbn æ xrdggadxb

gbn ck anapadca hkc nbxdab# ld æ gblzbwxb hanbxk xarbnadnk.



8;

HK YK_BNB K YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK

Y krrbnk rdzzrkwknxd {n gdwb zdrxagbcdrk nkc gbnxkwxb oakcckwk. Gargbn,hdxb hd xkrrk cd g{a diikrldpabnk xbzbnbldwxagd æ an zrkydcknpd braea,ndxd hd odwa ekrldnagfk 4 dngfk wk gbn wyac{zza ibnkxaga k lbribcbeaga

wkendxa hdcck zdrcdxk cbgdca# Ykrrbnk fd zbgd xrdggad ha xbzbnala ragbnh{gaoacadcck laerdpabna hka zbzbca ykn{xa hdc nbrh K{rbzd a g{a gbnxdxxa gbn ck zbzbcd,pabna d{xbgxbnk fdnnb gbzkrxb haykrwa wkgbca. Dcc‑braeank {nd g{rxaw bh {n dccb,hab w{ g{a cd xbzbnbldwxagd wa æ wyac{zzdxd dcc‑anxkrnb ha {n er{zzb {nagb ha zbwwkwwbrkw ha x{xxb ac cdxaibnhb gbn iandcaxê ha ahknxaiagdpabnk zraydxd# xkrrd raxd,ecadxd an t{kccd rkxk yadrad rbldnd lanbrk gfk wa anwkrayd xrd ck wxrdhk gbnwbcdradngbrd anxdxxk# rahawkendxd hdcck dwallkxrak hka n{bya wgfkla anwkhadxaya# gfk i{gdndck hkxkrlandnxk zkr cd lboacaxê anxkrnd k zba hkcc‑dzbwxbcdxb r{rdck ?. [nanwaklk ibnhadrab gfk fd xrdwcdxb ac zrbzrab nblk w{ hka zdrknxkw lanbrkw yaw,w{xa da ldreana hkccd zbcaxagd ykrgkcckwk# a Ykrbnb 7# hbyk cd ibrldpabnk hkc yac,cdeeab i{ cd gbnwke{knpd ha {nd rdggbcxd ha ibrlk anwkhadxayk r{rdca anxbrnb dh{n galaxkrb dc g{a cdxb wbrwk {nd gdzzkccd 8 k cd nkgkwwaxê ha {nd xbrrk kook cdwklzcagk i{npabnk ha wxdx{w wqlobc hkc hblanab# idxxb gfk wzaked c‑dzzdrapabnkhbg{lknxdck xdrhayd ha Ykrrbnk# wad gblk gdwxrb ; gfk gblk gfakwd 9.

Gbnwahkrdxb hdeca wx{habwa gblk rdlb gbccdxkrdck hka Yadcdrha# a Ykrbnbwbnb gaxdxa cd zrald ybcxd

an {n dxxb ha yknhaxd hkc448: 5# zba nkc 449; 6 khaniank nkc 4419 1. [n {cxk,rabrk hbg{lknxb gfk zb,xrkook anwkrarwa xrd ac 448:kh ac 449;# æ t{kccb hkccdibnhdpabnk hkc Zadppb haOakccd hkc 449:# hbyk xrd axkwxa æ gaxdxb [okrxb hkYkrbnb 4:# hbg{lknxb gfkzbnk {n‑angkrxkppd xkwx{dckan t{dnxb cd w{d ckxx{rd kya,

hknpad [okrxb hk Ykyrbnbk nbn hk Ykrbnb 44. C{aeaDybnxb 4? fd dwwalacdxb Yk,yrbnb,Ykrbnb# wgbnxdnhb{nd gdxxayd xrdwgrapabnk kzrbzbnknhb [okrxb Yad,cdrha hk Ykrbnb# nazbxk haUahdcdrhb. Cd zrbzbwxdnbn æ i{bra c{beb zbagfá ahk Ykyrbnb Waenbra ha Ya,ykrbnk zbgb dykydnb d gfkidrk an t{kc zkrabhb gbn

Oakccd kh dngfk an hbg{,lknxa rkgknxa a Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk i{rbnb wbyknxk

4 An lanbrk kyahknpd edccbrbldnpk &U.O_[GMNK_ # Hak Wzrdgfk hkr Cdnebodrhkn#WxrdÒo{re 461;# kh K. EDLACCWGFKE# _b,ldnad ekrldnagd# Okrcan {nh Ckazpae 4178,4179!.

? W. EAB_GKCCA OK_WDNA# Xrdggk ha Xdr,hbdnxagb nkcc‑Axdcad nbrhbggahknxdck# an W.EAB_GKCCA OK_WDNA &d g{rd ha!# _bldna kodrodra0 Angbnxrb k wgbnxrb ha g{cx{rk# Dxxa

hkc Gbnykenb anxkrndpabndck ha wx{ha# Ord44,47 dzrack ?::7# Xbranb ?::8# z. 447.7 Hdc zdxrbnalagb Ykrbn{w " Ykrrbna{w "

Ykyrbn{w# cdxanappdpabnk hkc zdxrbnalagbdnxagb,xkhkwgb Dydrab hkraydxb hdccd rdha,gdck gkcxb,cae{rk *ddr " *dud# dgt{d# g{a zb,xrkook kwwkrk gbnnkwwd {n‑dcxrd odwk gkcxagd*{kr# wbzrd &Ekrldnagb0 *{okra= Cdxanb0w{zkr!. Gir. Xfk Dlkragdn Fkraxdek Hagxab,ndrq bi xfk Knecawf Cdne{dek# Ib{rxf Kha,xabn# Dzzknhav A# Anhb,K{rbzkdn _bbxw.Ankggkzaoack# t{anha# c‑agbnberdiad ha wdnYkrbnb hbyk ac wdnxb id wgdx{rark gbn ac w{bodwxbnk c‑dgt{d &*ddr, " *dud,! hd {n zkn,hab &*{kr,!. Gir. nbxd 46. Cd gbnnkwwabnkgbn cd odwk gkcxagd *{kr,# dngfk wk anldnakrd angblzckxd# krd eaê wxdxd anx{axd hd

E. ZKX_DGGB WAGD_HA# _. GDZ_ANA# an Xbzb,nbldwxagd wxbragd hkccd Cae{rad# Eknbyd4164# z. 6:. Zbgb dxxknhaoaca anykgk ck zrb,zbwxk ha E. O. ZKCCKE_ANA &Xbzbnbldwxagdgkcxagd hkcc‑Axdcad wkxxknxrabndck# an K. GDL,ZDNACK &d g{rd ha!# A Gkcxa h‑Axdcad# Zawd4164# zz. 7;,91! k ha H. BCAYAK_A & Hapab,ndrab ha xbzbnbldwxagd zaklbnxkwk# Orkwgad419;# z. 79;!.

8 Ac galaxkrb dnxagazÿ wbyknxk cd gfakwdgfk wbrwk zkr kwbrgappdrk ac xkrrbrk hkclbnhb dnxagb ykrwb ac gdhdykrk# zañ gfkykrwb cd lbrxk. Dngbrd ac 4º wkxxklork46;8 ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck ha Ykrrbnkrkwzanwk cd ragfakwxd hkc zdrrbgb ha wzbwxdrkac galaxkrb an {nd pbnd zañ zkraikragd gbn aczrkxkwxb# xrd eca dcxra# gfk cd yagandnpd hkccd

gfakwd zrbxkeekyd ac zdkwk hdcck anic{knpkldckiagfk hkc galaxkrb. ; ?6 ikoordab 4?6?# Dgx{l an gdwxrb

Ykrbna &C. OB_KCCB# D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxkhkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# OWWW# GAAA &41?5!# ybc. A# hbg. GVV,YAAA# zz. ?4;,?49!.

9 4?16,4?11 & D_LB# O{ekccdk 418;#ybc. A# hbg. VYAAA# gbc. ;5# z. 74!.

5 DGdz Ykrgkcca ]E. D. I_BYD2\# Anhagkbyykrb wblldrab hkcc‑Drgfayab hkccd _kyk,rknhd Doodpad kx Lbndwxkrb ha Wdnx‑Dnhrkd]ha Ykrgkcca\.

6 Aoahkl.

A Yadcdrha ha YkrrbnkXbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

Ykrbn{w hk Cklokgdk #alldeank ybxayd# hdc #Fdcck Cklokkm b Lbnw



A YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK 85

rkeawxrdxa gblk Yadcdrha ha Yaykrbnk 47. Ac zdwwdeeab hk Ykrbnb,Yadcdrha hkYkrbnb nbn æ x{xxdyad wxbragdlknxk gbwã allkhadxb. Wk eca drgfaya fdnnb kya,hknpadxb kwxkwk zrkwknpk hka Yadcdrha dnxkgkhknxa ac 4446 w{ YaccdnbydLbnikrrdxb# Gdnhkcb# Oakccd# Ykrgkcca# Bggfakzzb# Ydchkneb k ha zbgb zañ xdrhaw{ Wdnhaecadnb k Lbwwb 48# zbgb æ klkrwb zkr Ykrrbnk# hbyk ac Eadgblb Ykrbnb

gfk yknhk okna nkc 448:# ac E{ahb hk Ykrbnb xkwxk nkc 449; kh ac gdnbnagbE{ecakclb gdzaxdnk{l hk Ykrbnb hkc 4419 nbn wbnb ragbnh{gaoaca gbn gkrxkppddcc‑dloaxb idlaecadrk hka Yadcdrha# wk nbn zkr gbnxklzbrdnkaxê bnbldwxagfk.Wbcb hdc 4?55 4; æ zbwwaoack gbcckedrk a hk Ykrbnb da Yadcdrha# t{dnhb Ldrxanbhk Ykrbnb doaxdnxk an Oakccd49 æ hkxxb iaecab hkc i{ _bokrxb Yadcdrha# t{anha zrb,nazbxk ha Uahdcdrhb. N{ccd yakxd gfk dngfk Eadgblb# E{ahb kh ac gdnbnagbE{ecakclb wadnb Yadcdrha# ir{xxa ha hawgknhknpk gbccdxkrdca gfk erdyaxdydnb nkc,c‑dloaxb idlaecadrk ldeeabrk gbn dloae{axê bnbldwxagfk ha haiiagack wgdnha,lknxb.

A hawgknhknxa ha Ldrxanb# x{xxa Yadcdrha dngfk wk ha ckedlk zdrknxdckangkrxb# zbrxdrbnb anhawxanxdlknxk ac gbenblk Ykrbnb# hk Ykrbnb k Yadcdrhahk Ykrbnb. [n idxxb æ wdcaknxk. Nka hbg{lknxa zañ dnxagfa zbgfa wklordnb

yaykrk d Ykrrbnk# zrbzbnknhb ac hbneabnk anapadck anhayah{dxb hd DnhrkdCbnefa 45 ha w{zkriagak lbhkwxd# doaxdxb an lbhb hawgbnxan{b# gbn {n‑drkdrawkrydxd dc waenbrk zaggbcd k nkww{nd rawkrydxd dccd zdrxk lacaxdrk zkrgfá nbnnkgkwwdrad. [n hbneabnk ndxb gblk diikrldpabnk w{ ha {n xkrraxbrab angkrxb nkagbniana k nkc haraxxb ik{hdck# cd g{a ckxx{rd ea{wxaiagdxbrad k zrbzdednhawxagd kookanxkrzrkxdpabna wxr{lknxdca zbcaxagfk zbwxkrabra dccd w{d ibnhdpabnk. Anhagk hadnxagfaxê k zdgk derkwxk ac wacknpab hka hbg{lknxa# xkrrd zraydxd w{ g{a wa lbwwk{nd zaggbcd gbl{naxê g{a c‑angbnxrb gbn a Yadcdrha hakhk {nd ekberdiad gkrxd hkaw{ba gbniana# xrdwibrldnhb ac zaggbcb hbneabnk an gdwxrb kh {nd gdzzkccd ybxaydhdc xaxbcb zkrh{xb 46 an gfakwd.

Cd zrald idwk hkc gdwxkccb wa gbrrkcd gbn {n hbg{lknxb gdrhank nkc gdloabzbcaxagb hka Yadcdrha 41# t{dnhb i{ hkgawb ac rdccknxdlknxb hkccd zrkwknpd an

Ykrgkcca d idybrk ha {n laecabrk wzakedlknxb w{c xkrraxbrab kwxkrnb gbn cd gkw,wabnk ha {nd zdrxk hkc zdxralbnab allboacadrk hkccd idlaecad# alzbrxdnxk wbxxbac zrbiacb lbnkxdrab ld wbzrdxx{xxb wbxxb t{kccb ha rdzzrkwknxdpabnk hkc zbxkrkw{ccd gaxxê. A t{dxxrb dxxa ha yknhaxd dyykn{xa xrd ac wkxxklork k c‑bxxbork 4?:7kookrb gblk dxxbra eca wxkwwa hkc hbg{lknxb hkc 4485 ?:# brd Gdza hka rawzkxxayardla idlaecadra# ha g{a zkrÿ nbn gblzdabnb a lklora lanbra. Zrbzrab d t{kwxalklora lanbra wklord kwwkrk wxdxd cdwgadxd cd ekwxabnk hkccd zrald idwk hkecadwwkxxa xkrraxbradca kwxkrna# gfk wzbrdhaga dxxa w{ggkwwaya gbnikrldnb dzzdrxknkrk#d ybcxk wdcxdnhb {nd eknkrdpabnk# da rdla zrkwknxa nkcc‑dxxb hkc 4?:7. Diiabrdnbhawgknhknpk idlaecadra gkrxk gblk t{kccd ha Ldrxanb b lknb gkrxk gblk t{kccdha Eadgblb hk Ykrbnb# ac g{a iaecab _bcdnhanb dzzdrk an zbwapabnk hblandnxk

xrd a hk Ykrbnb# ha Irdnganb hkc gdwxkccb ha Lbwwb k ha Ldnirkhb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# x{xxa iaeca ha {n wdcxb hbg{lknxdck gfk ck blbnalak bnbldwxagfk rkn,hbnb alzbwwaoack ragbwxr{ark ?4.

Ac ckedlk hk Ykrbnb,Yadcdrha hk Ykrbnb dyyaknk wbcb hbzb cd yknhaxd hkc4?:7# t{dnhb w{ Ykrrbnk yknnk dh anwawxkrk ac n{gckb idlaecadrk ldeeabrk gfknka gant{dnx‑dnna w{ggkwwaya wa diikrlÿ w{a zdrknxkw lanbrkw# l{xdlknxb gbn,ikrldxb dngfk hdc t{dhrb drgfkbcbeagb,drgfaxkxx{rdck. Ir{xxb hkcck n{bykalzcagdpabna ea{rawhapabndca# dc wklzcagk hbneabnk hka hk Ykrbnb wa wbwxax{ã acgdwxrb gaxdxb nkc 4?6? k dh {nd gdzzkccd ybxayd cd gfakwd zckodnd ha Wdn Cbrknpbgaxdxd nkc 4?16# cd g{a xrdwibrldpabnk æ gkrxdlknxk dnxkgkhknxk k yagand dccdhdxd razbrxdxd w{cck h{k cdzaha wkxxkgknxkwgfk anxkrnk dccd gfakwd ??.

Lda wbzaxk hkc x{xxb# ck haykrwk anxkrzrkxdpabna hkccd ekwxabnk hkc hblanab

radiiabrdrbnb gbn irkt{knpk wklzrk ldeeabra# xdnxb gfk ac er{zzb idlaecadrkzrkwknxk d Ykrrbnk wa hayawk an xrk rdla anhazknhknxa0 a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# aYadcdrha ha Wdc{wwbcd gfk wa wxdggdrbnb gbn c‑anykwxax{rd hkcck bnbrdnpk ik{hdca

1 H. D_NBCHA# I. EDOBXXB# Ck gdrxk hkccb Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca # OWWW# CVVA&4148!# ybc. AA# hbg. HVGY# z. 7;1. Xkwxk acgdnbnagb E{ecaklb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrgkcca.

4: C. OB_KCCB# D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxk hkc,c‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751#OWWW# GAAA &41?5!# ybc. A# hbg. VAA# zz. 46,

?:.44 DYhWI# Idlaecak# Wgfkhdx{rd D. Cdnek.4? Hd Ykrgkcca# hd Oakccd# x{xxb anxbrnb#

Xbranb 416:# zz. 764,765# an zdrxagbcdrk z.764.

47 Ibrx{ndxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ebykr,ndxbrk lacaxdrk ha Wdrhkend nkc 4695# nkcw{b wxdxb ha wkryapab æ wklzrk xrdwgraxxbgblk Yadcdrha ha Yaykrbnk. Gblk xdck nkccdnbland d Gdydcakrk hkcck Ckeabn h‑Bnbrk&46;5!. Wbcb nkccd nbland d Gdydcakrk hkc,c‑Brhank hkccd Gbrbnd h‑Axdcad &4696! kh ant{kccd dh [iiagadck hkcc‑Brhank ha WdnLd{rapab k Cdppdrb &469;! ac nblk æ rkea,wxrdxb gblk Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk. Cb wxkwwbydck zkr cb wxdxb ha wkryapab ha DlkhkbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk ianb dc 4516 &DYhWI#

Lacaxdrad# Wxdxa ha Wkryapab!.48 X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha #

an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 7; wee.# k X. YADCD_HA

HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha . C‑braeank0 kck,lknxa zrkcalandra zkr {nd ragkrgd# an «Drgfa,ya k Wxbrad½# 4 &4161!# zz. 1,?;.

4; OWl Xbranb# lw. Xbrkcca .49 DGdz Oakccd# Wdnxb Wxkidnb ha Oakccd#

ybc. AY.45 D. CBNEFA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc gdwxkccb

nkc zdkwdeeab ibrxaiagdxb w{odczanb# an t{kwxbybc{lk# zz. 91 wee.

46 An azbxkwa hkhagdxd d wdn Ykrbn{w hkCklokgdk &Fdcck,Cklokkm# Ordodnxk iadl,laneb!# nazbxk ndx{rdck ha Gdrcb ac Erbwwb#lbrxb nkcc‑687# g{a krd hkhagdxb ac 74 ekn,ndab kh ac 7: ldrpb. Gir. F. E_BXKIKNH#

Pkaxrkgfn{ne hkw hk{xwgfkn Laxxkcdcxkrw {nh hkr Nk{pkax # ? Ohk# Fdnbyrk,Ckazpae 4614,4616. Gbn ac raxrbydlknxb hka w{ba rkwxalbrxdca nkc 4::8# ac w{b g{cxb wa kwxkwk hdccdIadnhrd ianb da gbniana gbn cd Ekrldnad knkc gknxrb nbrh hkccd Irdngad. «Ykrbn{wgbni. g{cx{w Cklokgdk kx Lbnxao{w Fdn,nbnadk. Anyknxab Cklokgdk dn. 4::8# lard,g{cd# Xrdnwcdxab Lbnxkw ggd. dn.]nb\ 4:4;#d{gx.]braxdxk\ Bcokrxb do. Eklocdgknwa]…\ Wag wdngx{w Hblana Ykrbn{w an lbnd,wxkrab cbgdx{r fbnbraiagk# t{b dh cd{hkl]…\ Dlkn½ &[GC# OFC 6;;:# ii. :56r,:6;r!. Gir. dngfk @. HK YB_DEANK# Ckeknhd

D{rkd# zkredlknd lanadxd# Irdngad# ibrwk

Zdraea# hdc 4?5;# [GO# FC FL 7:?5# anzdrxagbcdrk i. 484.41 X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha #

an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 7; wee.?: Aoahkl.?4 Ac raggb drgfayab Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk i{

krkhaxdxb hd Ldrad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# lb,ecak ha C{aea Dybedhrb ha Ydchkneb# dccdlbrxk hkc irdxkccb Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb. Ha,wzkrwb hdc g{eanb# beea nk kwawxk {n ibnhbrkwah{dck an DW Oakccd.

Zkcdead wa zknxk hdydnxa d wdn Ykrbnb#

zkredlknd lanadxd#Irdngad# ibrwk Zdraea# hdc # [GO#FC FL # i. ibxb _bokrx Wgfcbwwkr




ha Wdc{wwbcd k hkc gdwxra Z{cadga ?7

hkc 4871?8

kh a Yadcdrha ha Oakccd gfk wa wkzd,rdrbnb anxbrnb ac zralb t{drxb hkc ‑;::.

DYYAWDECAK HA ANHAZKNHKNPD

Nkc 4?87 Ykrgkcca zdwwÿ dccd zdrxk e{kcid grkdnhb dcc‑anxkrnb hkcc‑bcaedrgfadzbcaxagd hkccd gaxxê {nd irdxx{rd gfk i{ gd{wd ha dnna gr{knxa# dcalknxdxd hd {ndzdrxk nbn anhaiikrknxk ha dodxa# drgahadgbna k gdnbnaga iacb,alzkradca ?;. Cd gbr,r{pabnk# ck hawgbrhak k cd zbgd gdzdgaxê zbcaxagd gbwxranwkrb a E{kcia ykrgkcckwa dzdxxkeeadrk gbn a Efaokccana ac cbrb raknxrb an gaxxê gfk dyyknnk nkc 4?81. Acykwgbyb Ldrxanb Dybedhrb kh a w{ba wbwxknaxbra wa rai{eadrbnb nka gdwxkcca gbn,

wbrxaca oakcckwa hkeca Dybedhra

?9

# wzbwxdnhb cd e{krrd hdccd gaxxê dcck xkrrkkvxrd{rodnk# hbyk wa wgbnxrdrbnb allkhadxdlknxk gbn a efaokccana Yadcdrha g{agbnxkwkrb w{zrkldpad zbcaxagd k xkrraxbrab.

Ac zrkhblanab e{kcib i{ rawxdoacaxb wbcb nkc 47:7# c‑dnnb w{ggkwwayb cdgdh{xd hkccd waenbrad ha Ldxxkb Yawgbnxa# ld nbnbwxdnxk cd zdgk ybc{xd hdc,c‑alzkrdxbrk Knragb YAA k ea{rdxd d Ykrgkcca nkc 474: hdcck h{k idpabna# cbnxdnbhdccd gaxxê ck rdzzrkwdecak lacaxdra gbnxan{drbnb k xrd a Yadcdrha hka gdwxkcca haWdnhaecadnb k Qwknedrhd k eca Dybedhra nbn ga i{ zdgk. Cd rdeabnk æ wklzcagk0cd zdgk i{ ea{rdxd wbcb hd {n rdlb hka Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk ?5# zralbdxxb ha anhazknhknpd hdc er{zzb idlaecadrk k wkendck ha {nd wxrdhd zbcaxagdhaykrwd# dngbrd angkrxd k nbn gblzckxdlknxk kldngazdxd. T{kwxd oaydcknpd krdeaê diiabrdxd h{rdnxk cd wzkhapabnk gbnxrb ird Hbcganb hd Nbydrd# cd g{a zrk,

wknpd nkcc‑Dcxb Oakcckwk krd wxdxd yawxd gbn anxkrkwwk hda Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnbk Qwknedrhd zkrgfá hawxbecakyd {blana k lkppa deca angdwxkccdlknxa Dybedhra#alzkendnhb ck wzdcck hkc cbrb wawxkld haiknwayb.

?? OAW GKNX[L [CX_D LACCK DNNAW#

K_KGXD KX GBNHAXD k H[BHKGALB [C,

X_D WKG[CB.?7 W{cck g{a raldnknpk wbrek c‑dxx{dck

Yaekccab.?8 OWl Xbranb# lw. Xbrkcca . An gbanga,

hknpd gbn c‑drrayb d Wdc{wwbcd hkc ldrk,wgadccb C{hbyagb ha _dggbnaea.

?;

Xrd g{a ac zralb dodxk ha Wdnx‑DnhrkdXblldwb Edccb kh a gdnbnaga E{dcd kYadcdrhb Yadcdrha# wkgbnhb zdzd AnnbgknpbAY awxaedxbra ha angknha# dwwdwwanaa k raybcxkgbnxrb a E{kcia &E. F. ZK_XP &d g{rd ha!#Kzawx{cdk wdkg{ca VAAA kx rkekwxaw zbnxaiag{lrbldnbr{l wkckgxdk# an LEF# Okrcanb4665# ybc. AA!.

?9 Grkwga{xa dcc‑blord hkccd Gfakwd ykr,gkcckwk# g{a hakhkrb ykwgbya gfk gbnikrld,rbnb da gbnwbrxaca idlaecadra ik{ha# all{,naxê kh anykwxax{rk iawgdca# eca Dybedhra erd,yaxdrbnb kwgc{waydlknxk nkcc‑dloaxb e{kcibha g{a i{rbnb zdrxk zrkydcknxk# wdcyb orkyadyyagandlknxa da h{gfa ha Lacdnb an lb,lknxa ha haiiagbcxê zbcaxagd. Nkc 48:8 ecaDybedhra wa hakhkrb hkianaxaydlknxk d GdwdWdybad# gfk wbwxax{arbnb dccd Gfakwd ykrgkc,ckwk gblk ibnw fbnbr{l.

?5 Zkr a Efaokccana ea{rdrbnb ac irdxkccb haLdrxanb hk Ykrbnb# Obnaidgab# kh ac iaecab haLdrxanb# _bcdnhb# ld nkww{nb hka Yadcdrhahka gdwxkcca ha Qwknedrhd k Wdnhaecadnb &E.G. IDGGAB# L. _ DNNB# A Oawgabna # OWWW#GVCY &4178!# ybc. zralb# hbg. GCVVVAY#zz. 759 k 756!. Cb wxkwwb dyyknnk nkcck zdgahkc 4744 k 4748# lknxrk nkc 47?? EabydnnaYadcdrha hkccd Xdzd ha Qwknedrhd k Eabydn,nanb Yadcdrha hkccd Xdzd# ikhkca d LdxxkbYawgbnxa# i{rbnb gaxdxa hdydnxa dh Dagdrhb#drgaykwgbyb ha Lacdnb kh da irdxa Odrndod#zrabrk zrbyangadck hka hblknagdna# k Zdwabha Ykhdnb# ant{awaxbra hkccd zrdyaxê krkxagd.

Hagfadrdxa gbnx{ldga# i{rbnb wgbl{nagdxa ac9 ldeeab 47??# idxxb gfk nbn grkÿ cbrb zdr,xagbcdra zrbockla &ODY# Gbhagk Ydxagdnb Cdx .7175 # ii. 487,485!.

d wanawxrd0

Wkzbcx{rk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#cdzahk# Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb

d hkwxrd0

Wkzbcx{rk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#cdzahk# Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb



A YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK 81

Ac ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca _dankra hkeca Dybedhra ha Zkppdnddykyd dggdlzdxb d Lbwwb t{dcgfk gknxandab ha {blana# ldeca wgbnxra wa krdnb rawbcxa d idybrk ha Hbcganb dngfk zkrgfáhdc gdwxkccb ha Lbwwb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk nbn krd {wgaxbnkww{n da{xb. T{kwxb dyyknnk dngfk nkccd wkgbnhd idwk hkcck

bwxacaxê# t{dnhb Hbcganb dykyd gbnxrdxxdggdxb gbn xkgnagfkxkrrbrawxagfk# hawxr{eeknhb gfakwk k or{gadnhb zdkwa anxkraangc{wb Lbwwb. _dankra wkzzk xrdwibrldrk {nd wzkhapabnk halbnxdndra k gbnxdhana an {nd grbgadxd ha Xkrrd Wdnxd# hdccdIrdngad drrayÿ cd oknkhapabnk ha zdzd Gcklknxk Y kh a gbn,wbrxaca Dybedhra rawzbwkrb allkhadxdlknxk# ykhknhb cd zbw,waoacaxê ha dccdredrk ?6 k gbnikrldrk zbwwkhalknxa# okna# anyk,wxax{rk kh dgt{awark lkraxa zkr i{x{rk zrkxkwk# gbn cd gkrxkppdha {n‑anh{ceknpd zckndrad wklzrk {xack an t{ka lblknxa.[nd gdydcgdxd dzzknd i{bra gdwd kh ac Zdrdhawb krd dwwag{,rdxb wknpd hbykr dnhdrk an Zdckwxand.

Deca Dybedhra wa {narbnb eca Drobrab# eca Dcgadxa# a

Cdwgdraw# t{dcgfk gdhkxxb Xappbnk an gkrgd ha wzdpa zrbzra#{n Or{wdxa kh {n Xbrnakcca ?1 an rdzzrkwknxdnpd ha Nbydrd 7:.D iank eknndab wa {nã dngfk {n gdhkxxb Yawgbnxa waenbrk ha_dwwd kh d lkxê ikoordab t{dnhb a grbgadxa wa i{rbnb cdwgadxadcck wzdcck ck rbyank or{gadxk ha Lbwwb# t{kcck hkc zdkwk# nbnhkc gdwxkccb# wz{nxdrbnb dngfk ck odnnaærkw rbwwk k brb hkaYadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk dccd ragkrgd ha {n‑diikrld,pabnk xkrraxbradck. A hbg{lknxa nbn razbrxdnb t{dck hkaYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk i{ dccd xkwxd hkc zaggbcb gbnxaneknxk#zrbodoaclknxk cb wxkwwb _bcdnhb hk Ykrbnb gfk ea{rÿ zbacd zdgk gbn a E{kcia hkc 474:.

Ck xknwabna xrd a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk nbn hbykxxkrb kwwkrk

ha zbgb gbnxb# rknhknhb ck gbnyayknpk nbn wklzcaga xrd a id{xbra ha {n‑anhazkn,hknpd hdccd zbcaxagd idlaecadrk k t{kcca gfk anykgk zrkikraydnb wbwxknkrcd. Nbneabgÿ {nd wgkcxd ha wgfakrdlknxb e{kcib b efaokccanb# ld c‑kwaeknpd ha rdiibrpd,lknxb hkeca anxkrkwwa xkrraxbradca. A Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk wknxaydnb wkl,zrk zañ kyahknxk ac rawgfab ha {n gbanybcealknxb hkc cbrb gdwxrb ang{nkdxb xrdt{kcca hkeca deerkwwaya g{eana ha Wdnhaecadnb k Qwknedrhd. T{dnhb dngbrd a rawgfaha e{krrd krdnb cbnxdna# g‑krdnb wxdxa ldxralbna gbn eca Dybedhra gfk dykydnbwxdoacaxb rdzzbrxa ha kt{acaorab xrd ck rkgazrbgfk wikrk ha anic{knpd. Ac gbanybcea,lknxb ha Ykrrbnk nbn krd zañ {n‑azbxkwa# g‑krd an eabgb t{dnxb gbnt{awxdxb kldnxkn{xb gbn gdzdgaxê hazcbldxagd ha o{bn yagandxb k eca Dybedhra krdnb axrabnidxbra ha {nd grbgadxd# dngfk wk ha zrbyangad k lacaxdrlknxk lbhkwxd.

C‑ANHAZKNHKNPD

Cd n{byd zbwapabnk zbcaxagd hka Yadcdrhahkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# gfk kook an _bcdn,hanb ac id{xbrk zañ dggkwb# nbn i{ gbnhayawdhd x{xxa# nkllknb hd {n {blb ha anh{ooabwzkwwbrk zbcaxagb gblk ac zdhrk Eadgblb 74.Wbzrdxx{xxb nbn i{ gbnhayawd hd t{kcca gfknbn rawakhkydnb nkc gdwxrb# zañ gd{xa nkcrawgfab ha rbxx{rd gbn cd zbcaxagd idlaecadrkldeeabrk. Cd lbrxk alzrbyyawd nkc 4789 haIrdnganb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk hkc gdwxkccb ha

Lbwwb# irdxkccb ha _bcdnhanb# dggkckrÿ ckzbwapabna anhazknhknxawxagfk. Irdnganb cd,wgaÿ wbcb iaeca lanbra k ikllank# x{xbrk i{

?6

Wbcb zkr dykrk dggkxxdxb ha zbrwa dccdxkwxd hka grbgadxa # Walbnk hkeca Dybedhra haGbccboadnb ragkykxxk w{oaxb ac raggb ik{hb haObreb Zb.

?1 Arbnad hkccd wxbrad# wx{ha rkgknxa fdnnbazbxappdxb Hbcganb iaecab acckeaxxalb ha {ndXbrnakcca hkc rdlb ha _bldendnb zrbzrak,xdrab hkc gdwxkccb ha Wkrrdlbnxk d ZrdxbWkwad# ibrwk iaecad hkc Odrxbcblkb Xbrnakccagfk dzzdrk an {n xkwxdlknxb hkc 4?67.

7: Erdnha dwwknxa i{rbnb cd obrefkwadlkrgdnxack# g{a cd grbgadxd wklorÿ {n zkw,walb diidrk kh ac gbnxk Dlkhkb Y ha Wdybad#g{a ck gbny{cwabna e{kcib,efaokccank,krkwadr,gfk cbgdca wklordydnb zdc{hbwk kh anya,wgfadnxa. Eknbyd gbngbrwk gbn 8:: odckwxrk

lkrgkndrak zdedxk hd {n er{zzb ha ykhbykklbpabndxk hdcck zrkhagdpabna hblknagdnkk nbn hdccd zdrwalbnabwd _kz{oocagd.

74 Iaecab ha Ldxxkb Yadcdrha# Eadgblb i{dccd xkwxd hkcck wgbrrkrak gbnxrb Gdrkwdnd k#gblk ac zdhrk# ydrak ybcxk lklorb hkccdGrkhknpd ha Ykrgkcca ha g{a i{ rkxxbrk# zbhk,wxê k wanhdgb. Dccd iank hkccd w{d yaxd zbca,xagd wa wxdoacã d Ykrrbnk# ld a gbnxrdwxa gbn_bcdnhanb hbykxxkrb kwwkrk zdrxagbcdrlkn,xk dwzra zkrgfá {n hbg{lknxb hkc 47;4 cbanhagd rkwahknxk gbn eca dcxra iaeca d Bc,hknagb &DW Oakccd# lw. O{cedrb# rbeaxa IdgabOadnhrdxk!. T{kwxb rdlb wa kwxanwk nkc4761. Gir.# aoahkl# ac xkwxdlknxb ha Dnxbnabi{ Eadgblb ]Yadcdrha\ ha Ykrrbnk doaxdnxkan Bchknagb an g{a cdwgad a w{ba okna k t{kcca

hkccd lbecak Eadgboand dccd iaecad Okdxra,wand. Nkc xkwxdlknxb æ nblandxd dngfk cdwbrkccd Irdngkwgd k cd nazbxk Gdxdrand# iaecadhkc i{ Odrxbcblkb w{b irdxkccb.

Zkcdead wa zknxk hdydnxa d wdn Ykrbnb #

zkredlknd lanadxd# zdrxagbcdrk#Irdngad# ibrwk Zdraea# hdc # [GO#FC FL # i. ibxb _bokrx Wgfcbwwkr



;: XBLDWB YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB

nblandxb _bcdnhanb gfk# lkwwk an gbnyknxb ck ikllank kcalandnhb rawgfa hahbxk k zbrxdxa a lanbra nkc gdwxrb Ykrbna # zbxá yknhkrk ac gdwxkccb c‑dnnb w{g,gkwwayb 7?.

C‑dyyagknhdrwa an Zaklbnxk ha rk an gkrgd ha alzkrb k ha zrkxknhknxa brdid{xbra ha {nd zdrxk zbcaxagd brd hkcc‑dcxrd# i{ gd{wd ha wdne{k# lbrxk k gban,ybcealknxa brlda dc ha wbzrd hkcck zdrxa cbgdca. Nkc 47?4 ck xr{zzk ha LdrgbYawgbnxa razbrxdrbnb a Efaokccana an Ykrgkcca hbzb {n dwwkhab c{neb k gr{knxb.Lbcxa Dybedhra i{rbnb alzraeabndxa d Lacdnb# lknxrk ac ykwgbyb [okrxbDybedhrb ra{wgã ibrx{nbwdlknxk d rai{eadrwa d Oakccd radg{xappdnhb ck cbxxk w{

x{xxb ac xkrraxbrab kvxrd {rodnb. Nkc 477; cd Grkhknpd ha Ykrgkcca ybxÿ cd hkha,pabnk dh Dppbnk Yawgbnxa k cd gaxxê zdwwÿ wbxxb ac hblanab yawgbnxkb# rknhknhbldcwag{rd cd zbwapabnk hka Yadcdrha hkc gdwxrb Ykrbna .

Nkc 475?# zrblbwwd hd zdzd Erkebrab VA k hdcc‑alzkrdxbrk Gdrcb AY wawgfakrÿ gbnxrb a Yawgbnxa {nd n{byd gbdcapabnk gdzaxdndxd hd Dlkhkb YA haWdybad# {nb hka zañ h{ra dxxdggfa gfk cb wxdxb yawgbnxkb hbykxxk diirbnxdrk.Ykrgkcca raldwk xrdybcxd. D t{kwxb z{nxb cd wgkcxd c{nedlknxk ybc{xd hd_bcdnhanb i{ ankyaxdoack. Ac 41 ikoordab hkcc‑dnnb w{ggkwwayb w{b iaecab Walbnk#zkr wá# zkr ac zdhrk# zkr a h{k iaeca wbzrdyyaww{xa ha Irdnganb k zkr a h{k nazbxaha Ldnirkhb# wa hakhk dh Dlkhkb ha Wdybad 77. Nbn wbxxbwgrawwkrb cd hkhapabnka nazbxa ha Nagbcanb# hawgknhknxa hd {n irdxkccb ha Uahdcdrhb# a irdxkcca ha_bcdnhanb doaxdnxa d Bchknagb 78 kh a hawgknhknxa ha _aggdrhb irdxkccb ha

Ldrxanb# gabæ bcxrk ac 8:+ hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk yayknxa.Ac rdlb ha _bcdnhb# iaecab ha Ldrxanb k harkxxb hawgknhknxk ha Uahdcdrhb#gbnxan{ÿ ianb dc 418: t{dnhb d Nbydrd lbrã gkcaok c‑{cxalb gbnxk ha Ykrrbnk#ac eknkrdck ha gdydcckrad Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb 7;. Ac gdwxrb Ykrbna i{ doaxdxb ananxkr,rbxxdlknxk# hdccd lkxê hkc ‑;:: hd gdhkxxa k hd t{dcgfk ndx{rdck hkccd idlaecad#ianb dc ldxralbnab ha Gdrcbxxd Irdngkwgd gbn Gdrcb Yangknpb Idnxbnk nkc46:8 79. Yknh{xb nkc 467; hda irdxkcca Dlkhkb k D{e{wxb 75 Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkd ]Dnxbnab\ Ld{rapab k Bcalzad P{ldecana# hdc w{b zralb hbg{lknxb krdnbzdwwdxa ;;7 dnna.

7? Zrkwknxa ac ea{rakwzkrxb Eabydnna gbnac irdxkccb lanbrk [okrxb# iaeca ha LdnirkhbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# pab zdxkrnb ha _bcdn,hanb# nbn doaxdnxa d Ykrrbnk &C. OB_KCCB#D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{,ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# OWWW# GAY&41?6!# ybc. AA# hbg. GGCVVYAAA# zz. 45;,455!.

77 Y. YDA# Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk d Gdwd Wdybad# an t{kwxb ybc{lk#zz. ;4 wee.

78 Gir. nbxd 74.7;

Ac zralbeknaxb Gdrcb Ea{wkzzk lbrã dXbranb nkc 417:. Cd wbrkccd Gdlaccd# wzbwdha Dckrdlb Gkyd ha Nbgkxb# lbrã nkc 41??.Cd wbrkccd Ldrad# wzbwd ha C{aea Dybedhrbha Ydchkneb kh {cxald krkhk hkcc‑drgfayabha idlaecad# lbrã nkc 418;.

79 DZ Ykrrbnk# Caorb hka Ldxralbna .75 Zdhrk# nkcc‑brhank# ha Ldrad# Gdlaccd#

Gdrcb Ea{wkzzk k Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb.

Ac gdzaxdnb Yadcdrha hkc 4º odxxdecabnk hkcck E{drhak dccd haikwd ha Gald hkc Obwgb# dzrack #DYhWI# Lacaxdrad. Gbllklbrdpabnkhkc hd t{bxahadnb xbrankwk



;4

A c 41 ikoordab hkc 4757 Walbnk Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# d nblk w{b# hkc zdhrk_bcdnhanb k ha dcxra gblzbnknxa hkccd idlaecad# wbxxbwgrayk wbcknnk dxxb hahkhapabnk d Gdwd Wdybad 4# hdnhb ac yad dcc‑kwzdnwabnk wdod{hd nkc Oakcckwk.

Eaê nkc wkgbcb zrkgkhknxk Iacazzb ha Wdybad# zba Wdybad,Dgdad ?# dykyd anapadxb{n ibrxk dccdredlknxb xkrraxbradck ha t{d hdcck Dcza. Zdrxknhb hdcck ydcca ha W{wdk ha Cdnpb k dccdredxdwa gbn ck dgt{awapabna ha Zankrbcb k Xbranb 7# cd cbrb kwzdn,wabnk ykrwb ac Zaklbnxk braknxdck 8 æ ankyaxdoaclknxk hkwxandxd d wgbnxrdrwa gbneca anxkrkwwa hka waenbra ha Lacdnb# gfk hd t{dcgfk xklzb lbwxrdnb zdrxagbcdrk

dxxknpabnk zkr a xkrraxbra zaklbnxkwa ;

. Dlkhkb YA ha Wdybad dxx{d {nd h{zcagkcankd ha gblzbrxdlknxb# lbwxrdnhbwa zdrxagbcdrlknxk gbnhawgknhknxk gbn agknxra kh a waenbra gfk wzbnxdnkdlknxk hkgahbnb ha idrk dxxb ha wbxxblawwabnkkh anxrdnwaeknxk gbn gfa gbnxan{d dh dzzbeeadrk cd zbcaxagd yawgbnxkd 9. C‑dxxbhkc 4757 wa anwkrawgk an t{kwxb gbnxkwxb.

A Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk wbnb# dc lblknxb hkccd hkhapabnk# xkbra,gdlknxk dwwbeekxxdxa dccd hblandpabnk hka waenbra ha Lacdnb. Cd hkgawabnk hazdwwdrk wbxxb ac gbnxk ha Wdybad yaknk lbxaydxd zrbzrab gbn cd ybcbnxê ha wbx,xrdrwa dccd xardnnagd wkryaxñ k dcc‑anat{b hblanab hkc h{gd Edckdppb# hkianaxb hdanboaca ha Ykrrbnk «anat{awwal{w xqrdnn{w½ k gbnwahkrdxb «ldvald rkzckx{wnkt{axad kx hadobcagd w{zkroad½# hdc t{dck kwwa wbnb t{bxahadndlknxk ykwwdxa#wbxxbzbwxa dh dnefkrak xdca «t{k nbn zbwwkx lknw gbngazkrk nkg cane{d zrb,

ikrrk½ k gbnwahkrdxa nbn «w{haxbw kx w{oakgxbw ibrk ykrbw kx iahkcawwalbwGfrawxadnbw½# ld xrdxxdxa «xdnt{dl zkwwalbw Wdrdgknbw½. Wk c‑kckngb hkcckbzzrkwwabna g{a wbnb wbxxbzbwxa a waenbra ha Ykrrbnk# c{neb k w{eekwxayb# z{ÿidr wbrrahkrk zkr c‑arrkdcawxagd kwdekrdpabnk# dcc‑kzbgd an g{a c‑dxxb æ wxdxb wgraxxbraknxrd an {nd zrdxagd haii{wd an dcxra dxxa walaca. N{lkrbwk# anidxxa# wbnb ck hkha,pabna d Gdwd Wdybad an g{a doobnhdnb ck zrbxkwxk gbnxrb cd gr{hkcxê k ck anat{axêhka Yawgbnxa# gblk t{kcck ha O{rbnpb# Lbnibrlbwb# Erkeeab# Yaccdrobax wxacdxknkc lkhkwalb eabrnb5# hkxxdxk hdccd ybcbnxê ha e{dhdendrwa cd oknkybcknpd hkcn{byb waenbrk6.

Dc ha cê ha t{kcck gfk wbnb ck rdeabna hagfadrdxk hda nboackw ha Ykrrbnk# hdchbg{lknxb wa kyangk cd cbrb zrkbgg{zdpabnk zañ erdnhk# t{kccd ha kwwkrk wbx,

xrdxxa dc hblanab ha Ykrgkcca. Cd zrald gcd{wbcd hkccd wbxxblawwabnk# anidxxa# wxd,oacawgk gfk ac gbnxk ha Wdybad nbn zbned Ykrrbnk wbxxb nkww{nd dcxrd hbland,pabnk k ea{rawhapabnk# an zdrxagbcdrk t{kccd ha Ykrgkcca. Cd zrkbgg{zdpabnk hakwwkrk wbxxblkwwa dcc‑d{xbraxê hkc ykwgbyb ykrgkcckwk raxbrnd dngbrd dccd iank hkchbg{lknxb t{dnhb wa ragfakhk n{bydlknxk gfk «nkg azwk wdngxawwal{w hbla,n{w nbwxkr zdzd kx gblkw Wdod{hak azwbw nboackw kx kbr{l fblankw zkrzkx{bzbnknx w{o kzawgbzb Ykrgkccknwa½. T{kwxd ant{akx{hank nbn hkyk wx{zark.C‑bzzbwapabnk da gaykw æ {nb hka lbxaya gfk wa razkxbnb an gbnxan{dpabnk nkagdzaxbca hkcck wbxxblawwabna. Nbnbwxdnxk ga wa xrbya an {n zkrabhb cbnxdnb hdccdgrawa hkeca brhandlknxa gbl{ndca# cd xknwabnk xrd gaxxê k xkrraxbrab gargbwxdnxk ædngbrd ibrxk k nbxkybck cd ybcbnxê ha dxxdggdrk ck zbwapabna ha zrayackeab ha g{adngbrd a gknxra {rodna k a cbrb doaxdnxa zbwwbnb ebhkrk1. C‑d{xbraxê hkc ykwgbyb

ha Ykrgkcca hkyk kwwkrk wxdxd za{xxbwxb zkwdnxk# wk an t{kwxa dnna a gbl{na xrdNbydrkwk# Ykrgkcckwk k wbzrdxx{xxb Oakcckwk idnnb d edrd zkr rdwwkendrk hkha,pabnk wzbnxdnkd4:.

4 DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb 74# zkredlknd ?#gbzad gbkyd. Wk nk razbrxd xrdwgrapabnk anxk,erdck an Dzzknhagk.

? Zrangazk h‑Dgdad nkc 47:4 zkr ac ldxra,lbnab gbn Awdokccd hk Yacckfdrhb{an# zran,gazkwwd h‑Dgdad k Lbrkd# iaecad ha E{ecakc,lb hk Yacckfdrhb{an k Dnnd Dnekcd Mbl,nknd. Cd w{d zbcaxagd i{ gknxrdxd w{cc‑kwzdn,wabnk hka w{ba ik{ha zaklbnxkwa# gbnxan{dxdhdc iaecab Eadgblb# anwahadnhb eca anxkrkwwahka g{eana h‑Bcxrdczk. Iacazzb AA# iaecab zra,lbeknaxb ha Eadgblb# ld hawkrkhdxb# kn,xrÿ an gbnicaxxb harkxxb gbn Dlkhkb YA.Gbnhdnndxb d lbrxk# i{ diibedxb nkc cdebha Dyaecadnd gbn «{n gralank gbnw{ldxb dwdne{k irkhhb k wknpd nkgkwwaxê½. An t{kwxblbhb Dlkhkb YA kook dzkrxd cd wxrdhd hkcZaklbnxk &I. GBENDWWB# A Wdybad# Ydrkwk4154# z. 4;6# k X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB#

A gbnxa _ko{iib k ac Zdcdppb _ko{iib ha Wdn Lagfkck d Yaccdirdngd Zaklbnxk# an «Wx{haZaklbnxkwa½# ?::7# ybc. VVVAA# idwg. ?# zz.8?; wee.# an zdrxagbcdrk z. 8?9# nbxk 1 k 4:!.W{cck yagknhk hka zrangaza h‑Dgdad# gir. Z.HDXXD# Wxbrad hka zrangaza ha Wdyb`d hkc rdlbh‑Dgd`d waenbra hkc Zaklbnxk hdc 4?18 dc 4846 # Xbranb 467?# k I. EDOBXXB# Eca {cxa,la zrangaza ha Dgdad k cd zbcaxagd w{odczand

hdc 4767 dc 48:5 # Zankrbcb 4615.7 W{cck yagknhk hkc Zaklbnxk wdod{hb#gir. D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zaklbnxk lk,hakydck# an Wxbrad h‑Axdcad# Xbranb 4169# ybc.Y# zz. 94,14.

8 Cd zrald dgt{awapabnk an t{kwxd pbnd æt{kccd ha Ayrkd anxbrnb dc 4747. Gir. D. L.NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zaklbnxk lkhakydck# gax.#z. 61.

; Dppbnk Yawgbnxa æ waenbrk ha Ykrgkccankc 477;. W{cc‑kwzdnwabnk yawgbnxkd# gir.

C‑{naiagdpabnk hkccd Cblodrhad wbxxb Lacd,nb# gbn cd gbccdobrdpabnk ha I. GBENDWWB#an Wxbrad ha Lacdnb# ybc. Y# zdrxk zrald# La,cdnb 41;;.

9 D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zaklbnxk lk,hakydck# gax.# zz. 54,5;.

5 Zkr O{rbnpb# DDrg ha Ykrgkcca# Caxa hka waenbra ha O{rbnpb# ldppb hd brhandrk= zkrLbnibrlbwb# Erkeeab k Yaccdrobax# OGYkrgkcca# Drgfayab Wxbragb# Ibnhb Drobrab

Oadlanb# gdrxkccd VV D &gbzad gdrxdgkdwkgbcb VY!. Wa zbwwbnb anbcxrk gaxdrk n{lk,rbwa dcxra dxxa rkhdxxa an kzbgd w{ggkwwayd0Ldendnb 41 ldrpb 4757# DW Xbranb# Wkp.Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca #rke. 9?# i. 4?6r= Obreb h‑Dck ?1 ldeeab4757# gbzad anwkraxd an hbg. ; debwxb 4;17#DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Zdxknxa Zaklbnxk#rke. ?;# i. ;:r= Gdnhkcb 41 c{ecab 4758#DGbl Oakccd# Hbg{lknxa Gdnhkcb= Gdwxkc,ckneb 45 wkxxklork 4758# C. OB_KCCB# D.

XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndckha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# GAY &41?6!# ybc. AA#zz. 8:9,84;= Xrbnpdnb ?? ldeeab 475;#gbzad hkc VYAAA wkgbcb# DGbl Wdnxfaê# ybc.

Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkd Gdwd WdybadYdckrad Yda



;? YDCK_AD YDA

Byyadlknxk a Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# gblk gbcbrb gfk w{ggkwwayd,lknxk idrdnnb cd wxkwwd wgkcxd# nkebpadnb {nd gbnxrbzdrxaxd. Cd hkgawabnk hazdwwdrk wbxxb c‑keklbnad ha {n n{byb waenbrk æ hkxxdxd hdccd gbnwdzkybckppdgfk cd zrkwknpd ha {nd n{byd d{xbraxê zbcaxagd ibrxk# {nd zbxknpd rkeabndckdcxkrndxayd# dzrd wzdpa ha gbnxrdxxdpabnk da waenbra cbgdca# gfk zbwwbnb gbnxrdx,

xdrk a xkrlana hkccd zrbzrad wbxxblawwabnk dc n{byb hblan{w# lardnhb dh {n‑d{,xbnblad ea{rahagd ldeeabrk gbn {n rdzzbrxb zañ harkxxb gbn ac zbxkrk wbyrdnb#wknpd anxkrlkhadpabna calaxdnxa. Hdc gdnxb cbrb a Wdybad fdnnb cd nkgkwwaxê hkc,c‑dzzbeeab cbgdck zkr zbxkr dxx{drk c‑kwzdnwabnk k ha {nd n{byd ibnxk ha rkh,haxb zkr ldnxknkrk ck lacapak nkgkwwdrak44# gfk wdrê {nd hkcck dnwak ldeeabrah{rdnxk x{xxb ac cbrb rkenb. C‑dxxb ha hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb haYkrrbnk æ kwklzcdrk ha t{kwxb h{zcagk anxkrkwwk.

Eaê dh {n zralb kwdlk c‑dxxb dzzdrk zdrxagbcdrlknxk ydnxdeeabwb zkr aYadcdrha# gfk wa ykhbnb gbnikrldrk {n‑dlzad anhazknhknpd# byyadlknxk angdloab ha hkndrb. T{kwxd æ cd gbnhapabnk gfk dzrk ac zdxxkeeadlknxb xrd a h{kgbnxrdknxa# lknxrk cd wkgbnhd gcd{wbcd zrkykhk {n‑dcxrd rackydnxk gbngkwwabnk0ac gbnxk Dlkhkb gbngkhk da nboackw ha Ykrrbnk ac «lkr{l kx lawx{l alzkra{l

kx blnalbhdl a{rahaxabnkl½4?

. Wa xrdxxd ha {n zrkw{zzbwxb ha ibnhdlknxdckalzbrxdnpd# zkrgfá cd w{d gbngkwwabnk waenaiagd {nd gblzckxd d{xbnblad47#anwxd{rdnhb {n rdzzbrxb harkxxb gbn ac hblan{w gfk rah{gk dc lanalb ac rawgfabha anxrblawwabna ha kcklknxa xkrpa# wad ha Gbrxk gfk hkc xkrraxbrab. [nagd calaxd,pabnk æ gfk ac «lkr{l kx lawx{l alzkra{l½ hkyk raldnkrk anhayawb# gkhaoackwbcb da lklora hkccd idlaecad# kwgc{wk ck ikllank# dcck t{dca nbn z{ÿ zkryknarknkllknb zkr xkwxdlknxb harkxxb.

Ck gcd{wbck gfk wke{bnb wdngawgbnb dngbrd {nd wkrak ha zrkrbedxayk d x{xxbydnxdeeab hka Yadcdrha. Wa wxdoacawgk anidxxa gfk kwwa zbwwdnb zbrxdrk da{xb laca,xdrk an gdwb ha e{krrd da cbrb dlaga# wdcyb nkc gdwb an g{a cd e{krrd wad gbnxrb acgbnxk ha Wdybad= gfk ac gbnxk dooad c‑boocaeb ha haiknhkrk a haraxxa k eca bnbra hkaYadcdrha «an t{ao{w zrkwknxadcaxkr kvawx{nx½48# ha zrbxkeekrk cd cbrb angbc{laxê

k ha wbggbrrkrca an gdwb ha e{krrd. Anbcxrk# nkc gdwb an g{a wadnb kwxrblkwwa hdccbrb gdwxkccb# ac gbnxk wa alzkend d hdrk cbrb «hk w{aw biiagaaw w{zkr w{b xkrraxb,rab {nhk zbwwanx yaykrk kx kbr{l fbnbrkl gbnwkrydrk hkgknxkr½4;. Dngbrd# aYadcdrha zbwwbnb deark gbnxrb gbcbrb gfk drrkwxdnb# xrdxxknebnb b wa dzzrb,zradnb ha zkrwbnk b gbwk cbrb dzzdrxknknxa k zkr t{kwxb zbwwbnb idrk ragbrwbdc gbnxk# da w{ba {iiagadca b dc gdzaxdnkb gaxrdlbnxdnb k nbn zbwwbnb kwwkrkgaxdxa an nkww{n gdwb an gd{wd wk nbn hdydnxa dh {n rdzzrkwknxdnxk hkc gbnxk.

Ck gcd{wbck zañ anxkrkwwdnxa wbnb t{kcck gfk rae{drhdnb a i{npabndra kh azrbyknxa wzkxxdnxa dc gbnxk k gfk hdnnb dngbrd {nd ybcxd cd gbnikrld hkccd zdr,xagbcdrk d{xbnblad ha g{a yknebnb anykwxaxa a nboackw ha Ykrrbnk. Wa wxdoacawgkanidxxa gfk ac gbnxk nbn zbwwd zbrrk nkww{n gdwxkccdnb ha w{d wgkcxd nkc gdwxkccbk gfk hkood dc gbnxrdrab idrk dwwkendlknxb wbcb w{a waenbra ha hkxxb c{beb. Æ

{nd gbnhapabnk za{xxbwxb anxkrkwwdnxk# zkrgfá æ nkc haraxxb hkc gbnxk cd wgkcxdxrd a gdnhahdxa zrbzbwxa hdc waenbrk b hdccd Gbl{naxê49. Nkc gdwb hka Yadcdrha#anykgk# æ zdxx{axb gfk cd wgkcxd wad wbcb cbrb k t{dc{nt{k kwwd wad# hkyk kwwkrkdggkxxdxd hdc gbnxk. Dngbrd# ac gbnxk nbn z{ÿ zbrrk dcg{n hdpab# zkhdeeab#ibhrb# xdecad# edokccd ná dcxrd kwdpabnk ha t{dc{nt{k eknkrk.

Xdnxb cd ran{ngad dccd nbland ha {n gdwxkccdnb t{dnxb t{kccd ha alzbrrkhdpa# wbnb zrbyykhalknxa ha nbxkybck alzbrxdnpd# gfk halbwxrdnb gblk cdekwxabnk dllanawxrdxayd# ea{hapadrad k iawgdck# ha idxxb# raldned nkcck ldna hkaYadcdrha# calaxdnhb nbxkybclknxk c‑d{xbraxê ha gbnxrbccb hkc gbnxk# ac t{dck warawkryd zkrÿ ha wxdoacark c‑knxaxê hkc gknwb dnn{b gfk a waenbra ha Ykrrbnk wbnbxkn{xa d ykrwdreca# gfk yaknk t{dnxaiagdxb an {n iabranb zkr i{bgb an xklzb hazdgk.

Cd gbngc{wabnk hkcc‑dxxb æ g{rabwd. Nkccd rkdcxê nkzz{rk ac gbnxk ha Wdybadwd d gfa ik{hdclknxk dzzdrxkned Ykrrbnk# ld wa alzkend d idr wã gfk an t{d,c{nt{k gdwb a zdxxa wbxxbwgraxxa wadnb rawzkxxdxa. X{xxb c‑dxxb æ {nd zdxx{apabnk

??5# Caxa Wdnxfaê,Xrbnpdnb= W. EkrldnbYkrgkcckwk 74 ldeeab 4755# DGbl WdnEkrldnb Ykrgkcckwk# gdwwkxxd 464o= Gdrawab#Odcbggb 7 ldrpb 4751 k _bydwknhd ; ldrpb4751# DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca # rke. ;1# ii. 47,49.Gir. anbcxrk D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zak,lbnxk lkhakydck# gax.# zz. 5?,57. W{cckdnefkrak hka Yawgbnxa# I. GBENDWWB# Nbxk khbg{lknxa w{ccd ibrldpabnk hkccb wxdxbyawgbnxkb# an «Obcckxxanb hkccd Wbgakxê Zd,ykwk ha Wxbrad Zdxrad½# VVAAA &41?7!# zz.?7,491.

6 Hkwgraxxb gblk dldnxk hkccd caokrxêwbzrd bena dcxrd gbwd0 «gbnwahkrdnw kxdhykrxknw t{bh an fbg l{nhb nafac kwx erd,xa{w caokrxdxk t{ad nbn oknk zrb xbxb caokr,xdw yknhax{r d{rb# kx fbg gkckwxk obn{lzrkxkrax broaw bzkw# kx zkr gbnwkt{knw nafackwx hkxkra{w wkryax{xk t{bnadl lbrxa wkrya,x{w gblzdrdx{r½.

1 Zkr t{kwxd wax{dpabnk# gir. E. GFAXXB,CANA# A Gdzaxbca ha hkhapabnk hkcck gbl{naxêcblodrhk d Irdngkwgb Wibrpd0 lbxaya ha gbn,

xrdwxb xrd gaxxê k gbnxdhb# an Ikcav bcal Cblodrhad0 wx{ha ha wxbrad zdhdnd hkhagdxa hdeca dccakya d Ea{wkzzk Ldrxkcca # Lacdnb,Dckwwdnhrad 4156# zz. 997,917.

4: Eca Dybedhra hkc gbnwbrxack ha T{drk,end nkc zrbzrab dxxb ha hkhapabnk hkc 5 deb,wxb 48:8 xknebnb d zrkgawdrk gfk dngfk nkcgdwb an g{a cd gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca hbykwwk zkr,yknark nkcck ldna hkc gbnxk ha Wdybad# kwwanbn wadnb wbxxbzbwxa dccd keklbnad hkccdgaxxê &DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nb,xda h{gdca k gdlkrdca # rke. 96!. W{a ydra dxxaha hkhapabnk an bzzbwapabnk dc ykwgbyb haYkrgkcca# gir. D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zak,lbnxk lkhakydck# gax.# z. 5?# k _. B_HDNB#

Wxbrad ha Ykrgkcca # Ykrgkcca 416?# zz. ?:5,

?:6.44 W{ccd nkgkwwaxê ha xrbydrk wklzrk n{byaanxrbaxa zkr iandnpadrk ck gbnxan{k dxxayaxêlacaxdra# gir. D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zak,lbnxk lkhakydck# gax.# zz. 55,6:.

4? «lkrb k lawxb alzkrab k ea{rawhapabnkha bena eknkrk½.

47 E. GFAXXBCANA# A Gdzaxbca ha hkhapabnkhkcck gbl{naxê cblodrhk d Irdngkwgb Wibrpd#gax.# z. 967.

48 «gfk zbwwakhbnb dc zrkwknxk½.4; «hkeca angdragfa w{c w{b xkrraxbrab# di,

iangfá zbwwdnb gbnxan{drk d yaykrk k gbn,wkrydrk ac zrbzrab bnbrk an lbhb gbnyk,naknxk½.

49 D xaxbcb ha kwklzab wa z{ÿ gaxdrk ac gdwbha Oakccd gfk wxdoacawgk nkc w{b dxxb ha hkha,pabnk hkc ?5 bxxbork 4751 gfk ac zbhkwxêykned wgkcxb hdc gbnxk xrd t{dxxrb gdnhahdxazrbzbwxa hdc Gbl{nk &C. OB_KCCB# D. XDC,CBNK# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha

Oakccd ianb dc 4751# gax.# zz. 44?,446# anzdrxagbcdrk z. 44;!. Gir. anbcxrk D. L. NDHD

ZDX_BNK# Ac Zaklbnxk lkhakydck# gax.# z. 58.W{cck wxr{xx{rk dllanawxrdxayk hkccb wxdxbwdod{hb an Zaklbnxk k w{eca {iiagadca cbgdca#gir. D. OD_OK_B# Ac h{gdxb ha Wdybad0 dlla,nawxrdpabnk k gbrxk ha {nb wxdxb irdngb,axd,cadnb# 4849,4;79 # _bld,Odra ?::?# zz. ?4,7?= E. GDWXKCN[BYB# [iiagadca k eknxac{b,lana0 cd wbgakxê zbcaxagd wdod{hd nkc xdrhb

Lkhabkyb# Lacdnb 4118 # zz. 4??,4?5.



CD HKHAPABNK HKA YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK D GDWD WDYBAD ;7

45 Ac hbg{lknxb razbrxd «dh wkrknawwa,l{l zrangazkl hblan{l nbwxr{l Mdrb,c{l _bldnbr{l alzkrdxbrkl kx wklzkr

d{e{wx{l½. Wa xrdxxd hkcc‑alzkrdxbrk GdrcbAY &47;;,4756!. Gir. D. GDZZKCCA# Grbnb,cbead# grbnberdiad k gdcknhdrab zkrzkx{b# La,cdnb 4167# z. 855.

Hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk dGdwd Wdybad# # DW Oakccd# _X #ldppb # zkredlknd #razrbh{pabnk ibxberdiagd #DYhWI# Ibxbxkgd

xrd h{k gbnxrdknxa zraydxa k wbcb dccd iankklkrek cd h{zcagk iae{rd ea{rahagd hkc gbnxkha Wdybad. Wk ac gdwxkccb æ ha wzkxxdnpd hkc,c‑alzkrdxbrk45 b w{d# an t{dcaxê ha yagdrab

alzkradck z{ÿ alzkendrwa dh bwwkrydrk t{dn,xb wxaz{cdxb# ld zbagfá Dlkhkb æ dngfk yagdrab

eknkrdck hkc zdzd# nkc gdwb an g{a ac gdwxkccb wad hawzkxxdnpd ik{hdck ykwgbyack# z{ÿ alzkendrwa d idr wã gfk a zdxxa yknednbgbl{nt{k bwwkrydxa. T{kwxd gcd{wbcd gbngc{wayd wa anwkrawgk nkc gbnxkwxb hagbni{wabnk hka zbxkra grkdxb hd {n gbnxan{b ralkwgbcdlknxb hkcck dcckdnpk k

hdcc‑anwkralknxb w{ wgdcd rkeabndck ha ibrpk n{byk. Zkr zrbxkeekrk {nd zbwa,pabnk xkrraxbradck nbn dngbrd gbnwbcahdxd k wbcb da w{ba dcobra# ac gbnxk Dlkhkbldnxaknk dzkrxa a h{k xdybca# t{kccb alzkradck k t{kccb zdzdck# zbnknhb a



;8 YDCK_AD YDA

Yadcdrha# k yad yad a waenbra k ck Gbl{naxê gfk wa hdrdnnb wzbnxdnkdlknxk# hairbnxk dh {n wbeekxxb zbcaxagb n{byb# Gdwd Wdybad gfk# z{r deknhb zkr nblkk gbnxb ha h{k zbxkra ldeeabra# æ an rkdcxê c‑{nagb edrdnxk ykrb hkcck zdxx{a,pabna rkgazrbgfk.

Wa alzbnebnb dcg{nk bwwkrydpabna eknkrdca. C‑dxxb æ kwgc{waydlknxk waenb,

rack. Kwawxk {nd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk# ld æ d ldreank k nbn gbwxax{awgk zdrxkan gd{wd nkcck xrdxxdxayk xrd a Yadcdrha k ac gbnxk Dlkhkb. Ykrrbnk# nkccd rkdcxêhka idxxa# wa gbwxax{awgk k wa awxax{pabndcappd wbcb nkc 475146.

Xrd a h{k gbnxrdknxa nbn kwawxk xrdggad ha rdzzbrxb ik{hdck41. T{kccb gfk aYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk rknhbnb dc gbnxk ha Wdybad æ {n wklzcagk bldeeab haikhkcxê gfk ragbnbwgk c‑kwawxknpd ha {nd d{xbraxê w{zkrabrk# wknpd zkrÿ gfk t{k,wxd ykned ibrldcappdxd dxxrdykrwb {n ckedlk ydwwdccdxagb. Æ ac zralb kh {nagbdxxb gfk wdnpabna ac zdwwdeeab ha {nd idlaecad oakcckwk d Gdwd Wdybad hbyk ac gbn,xrdknxk lanbrk# wag{rdlknxk hawzdra nkc zkwb zbcaxagb# fd {n zrbzrab k wzkga,iagb zbxkrk gbnxrdxx{dcawxagb k wa l{byk wir{xxdnhb rdzzbrxa ha ibrpd dngbrd nbngbhaiagdxa.

Cd hkobckppd hkc gbnxrdknxk ldeeabrk wa kyahknpad dxxrdykrwb dcg{na zdrxa,

gbcdra. C‑dxxb æ rkhdxxb d Wdnxfaê# hd zbgb zdwwdxd dh Dlkhkb# an gdwd haDnxbnab Xkwxd# wgbnbwga{xb dcc‑dzzdrdxb hazcbldxagb gblaxdck# k rbedxb hd {nnbxdab cbgdck. Nbn wbcb ldngdnb c‑dzzdrdxb k ac zkrwbndck gdngkcckrkwgb eaê ankwwkrk bcxrdczk ?:# ld nbn kwawxk nkzz{rk {n khaiagab z{oocagb hkc zbxkrk g{aDlkhkb z{ÿ idrk raikralknxb. Cd rkdcxê gdload wk wa dndcappdnb eca dxxa ha hkha,pabnk w{ggkwwaya# hbyk c‑brednappdpabnk dllanawxrdxayd k o{rbgrdxagd æ anykgkkyahknxk. C‑dxxb ha hkhapabnk hkeca Dybedhra hkc gbnwbrxack ha T{drkend hkc48:8 æ wxaz{cdxb nkc gdwxkccb ha Lbrek# «yahkcagkx an gdlkrd t{d zkrnbgxdrkwbcax{w kwx acc{wxraw kx kvgkcw{w zrangkzw hblan{w nbwxkr hblan{w Dlkhk{wgblkw Wdod{had½?4# lknxrk t{kccb hka Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Wdnhaecadnb# hah{k hkgknna zañ xdrhb# æ rbedxb hd {n «z{ocag{w alzkradcaw nbxdra{w w{zrd,wgrazxa hblana nbwxra h{gaw Wdod{hak wkgrkxdra{w½ hkccd habgkwa ha Cabnk ??.

Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk dzrk {nd wzdggdx{rd anwd,ndoack dcc‑anxkrnb hkc er{zzb idlaecadrk hka Yadcdrha# zbwwkwwbra ha n{lkrbwagdwxkcca nkccd pbnd ?7. Wk anidxxa a waenbra hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk wa idnnb zabnakrankccd wgkcxd hkc zdwwdeeab da Wdybad k gblzabnb cd wbxxblawwabnk an lbhb ybcbn,xdrab# eca dcxra rdla hkccd idlaecad b rakwgbnb d wbxxrdrwa# b ya wbnb gbwxrkxxa gbncd ibrpd# gbn cd gbnwke{knpd gfk ac xrdxxdlknxb g{a wbnb wbxxbzbwxa æ t{kccb hkcyanxb an odxxdecad. A rdla ha Qwknedrhd k ha Wdnhaecadnb raldnebnb ianb dccd iankckedxa dc h{gd ha Lacdnb# dc t{dck ragbnikrldnb cd cbrb ikhkcxê dngbrd nkc4845 ?8. A Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# odxx{xa hrdwxagdlknxk hdcc‑kwkrgaxb wdod{hbwbcb nkc 48?9 ?;# wbnb boocaedxa dccd rkwd. Nkcc‑dxxb nbn ya æ xrdggad ha zdxx{a,pabna zdraxkxagfk gblk krd wxdxb zkr a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ld wa kyahknpad {ndrahbnhdnxk razkxapabnk hka h{ra xkrlana ha dwwbeekxxdlknxb.

Wk ac zdwwdeeab hka Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk dc irbnxk wdod{hb dzrkcd wxrdhd dccd zknkxrdpabnk hkc gbnxk Dlkhkb YA nkc Oakcckwk# t{kccb hkaYadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Wdnhaecadnb nk wdngawgk cd gbnt{awxd hkianaxayd. AcOakcckwk æ brlda anxkrdlknxk wbxxb cd hblandpabnk wdod{hd# raknxrdnhb an {ndloaxb zbcaxagb anxkrndpabnk gfk nbn dykyd zañ dy{xb hda xklza hkeca alzkrd,xbra irdngfa C{hbyagb ac Zab k Cbxdrab.

46 Gir. dxxb hkc 7 ldrpb 4751 an DWXbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca kgdlkrdca # rke. ;1# i. 48y.

41 A rdzzbrxa ik{hdca wbnb dccd odwk hkcckedlk anwxd{rdxb gbn dcxra waenbra cbgdca# dhkwklzab gbn a gbnwbrxaca hkeca Dybedhragfk# hbzb dykr hbndxb a cbrb zbwwkhalknxa#

nk yknebnb rkanykwxaxa an t{dcaxê ha ydwwdcca.Zkr c‑dxxb hkc 5 debwxb 48:8# gir. nbxd 4:.W{a rdzzbrxa ik{hdca {xacappdxa hda Wdybad zkrhawgazcandrk ck waenbrak cbgdca# gir. E. GD,WXKCN[BYB# [iiagadca k eknxac{blana0 cd wb,gakxê zbcaxagd wdod{hd nkc xdrhb Lkhabkyb#gax.# zz. 51,67= E. DWX[XA# Ibrldpabnk hkeca brhandlknxa zbcaxaga k ea{rahaga hka hblanaa wdod{ha ianb dh Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb# an E.GFAXXBCANA &d g{rd ha!# Cd grawa hkeca brha,ndlknxa gbl{ndca k ck braeana hkccb wxdxb nkc

_andwgalknxb# Obcbend 4151# zz. 478,475.?: Wxr{xx{rdxb k i{npabndnxk dclknb hdc

477: gbn c‑kckpabnk hkc zralb gdngkccakrkwdod{hb @kdn hk Lkqrak{v ha Gfdloárq.Gir. D. GDCPBCD_A# _. GBWKNXANB# Cd zralddxxayaxê gbnxdoack hkccd gdngkcckrad wdod{hd k

c‑brednappdpabnk hkcc‑{iiagab d lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAY # an «OWOW½# CVVVVAA &4118!# zz.;:;,;;7. Zkr cd zrald dxxayaxê gbnxdoack hkc,cd gdngkcckrad# gir. DW Xbranb# Gdlkrdck Wd,ybad# any. 84# i. 4# ldppb 4"4# rbxbca 4# ? k 7.

?4 «bwwad nkccd gdlkrd hbyk æ wbcaxb zkr,nbxxdrk c‑acc{wxrk kh kggkcwb zrangazk# nbwxrbwaenbrk# ac waenbrk Dlkhkb gbnxk ha Wd,ybad½ &DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca # rke. 96!.

?? «z{oocagb alzkradck nbxdab# wkerkxdrabhkc w{hhkxxb nbwxrb waenbrk h{gd ha Wd,ybad½.

?7 W{a haiikrknxa rdla hkccd idlaecad# gir.X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha # ant{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 7; wee.

?8 ?; ldeeab 48?5# DW Lacdnb# _keawxra h{gdca # rke. 49# i. ???.

?; A Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb wbnb brldawxrkxxa an {nd lbrwd. Ac 5 debwxb 48:8 dngfkeca Dybedhra hkc gbnwbrxack ha T{drkend k#gbn cbrb# eca dcxra gbnwbrxaca Dybedhra biirb,nb ybcbnxdrad hkhapabnk da gbnxa ha Wdybad#gbwxax{knhb {n kcklknxb ibnhdlknxdck zkrcd gdzaxbcdpabnk hkcck pbnk dngbrd anhazkn,hknxa. Zkr c‑dxxb ha hkhapabnk hkeca Dybed,hra hkc gbnwbrxack ha T{drkend# gir. DW Xb,ranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca kgdlkrdca # rke. 96= zkr eca Dybedhra hkc gbn,wbrxack ha Gkrrabnk k t{kccb ha Ydchkneb#gir. DW Oakccd# ldppb 44# idwg. 4; k 49.



CD HKHAPABNK HKA YADCD_HA HA YK__BNK D GDWD WDYBAD ;;

41 ikoordab 4757# DGX[L AN O[_EB W DNGXK DEDXFK

Braeandck DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb 74# zkredlknd ? ]D\# ll 84:v8::.Braeandck hawzkrwb ]D

4\.

Gbzad an hbg{lknxb braeandck 47 hagklork 489:# DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk#Zrbyangad ha Oakccd# ldppb 5# Ykrrbnk# idwg. 4 ]O4\.

Wa razbrxdnb an nbxd ck ydradpabna wbwxdnpadca kwawxknxa xrd D k O4# blkxxknhb

ck haiikrknpk ha erdiad. Cê hbyk ldngd ac xkwxb an D cb wa anxkerd gbn O4

xrdzdrknxkwa t{dhrk.

Bwwkrydpabna0 O4

razbrxd {nd haiikrknxk wbxxbwgrapabnk nbxdrack0 «Kx kebLagfdkc hk Odcpbcd hk Dyacadnd# Xfd{ranknwaw habgkwaw# z{ocag{w alzkradca d{g,xbraxdxk nbxdra{w kx acc{wxrawwala zrangazaw hblana nbwxra Wdod{hak h{gaw a{rdx{w#zrkhagx{l anwxr{lknx{l rkgkzx{l kx alzrbxbgbccdx{l zkr gbnhdl Abfdn,nan{l Odcpbcd nbxdra{l z{ocag{l# o{reknwkl Dyacadnk# kx dcadw an ibrldlz{ocagdl ckydx{l zkr hagx{l gbnhdl Abfdnnan{l Odcpbcd zdxrkl lk{l kv

eknkrdca gbllawwabnk lafa idgxd zkr yknkrdoackl yar{l hblan{l Adgbo{lWbwxabnaw gbnhdl kx x{ng a{hagkl Dyacadnk zrb x{ng acc{wxrawwalb hblanbnbwxrb Wdod{hak h{gk# axkral an fdng z{ocagdl ibrldl ckydya kx wgrazwa nafacdhhaxb ykc l{xdxb zrbzxkr t{bh l{xkx an dcat{b w{owxdnxadl ykc kiikgx{l kxidgxd gbccdxabnk hkoaxd t{ad {xr{lt{k anykna zkr brhankl gbngbrhdrk ahkb lkw{owgrazwa g{l dzzbwaxabnk wbcaxa waena lka an xkwxalbna{l zrklawwbr{l½.

&D. OB_KCCB# Ykrrbnk orkya lklbrak wxbragfk# Oakccd 41?9!

An nblank wdngxk kx anhayah{k Xranaxdxaw kx kxadl dh cd{hkl# ecbradl kxfbnbrkl xbga{w g{rak gkckwxaw kx _bldna alzkraa. Dlkn. Dnnb g{rrknxk lacck,walb s xkrgknxkwalb wkzx{dekwalb xkrgab# anhagxabnk {nhkgald# hak .VYAAAA.lknwaw ikor{draa. Nbykrax lbhkrnbr{l kxdw kx w{ggkwwayd zbwxkraxdw i{x{rbr{l#

zrkwknxaw z{ocaga anwxr{lknxa wkrakl anwzkgx{rd s t{bh g{l t{dlzc{ralaGfrawxa iahkckw t{a w{o anat{b hblanb ?9 kx xardnagd wkryax{xk hblana Edckdp ?5

Yagkgblaxaw Lkhabcdna ?6 kx gkxkrd xknkodnx{r l{cxazcagaxkr w{oa{edxa kx zkrazw{l hblan{l Edckdp anat{awwal{l s xqrdnn{l t{bxxahak erdydodnx{r l{c,xaw ydraaw kx ann{lkrdoacao{w bnkrao{w xdl zkrwbndcao{w t{dl rkdcao{w dg kxadldnedraaw kx zkrdnedraaw kx dcaaw bnkrao{w t{ao{wg{lt{k t{k nbn zbwwkx s lknwgbngazkrk nkg cane{d zrbikrrk. T{a hblan{w Edckdp ldvald rkzckx{w nkt{axadkx hadobcagd w{zkroad nbn dhykrxknw nkg gbnwahkrdnw waoa w{haxbw kx w{oakgxbwibrk ykrbw kx s iahkcawwalbw Gfrawxadnbw wkh kbw rkz{xdnw dxt{k xrdgxdnw xdnt{dlzkwwalbw Wdrdgknbw# kbw t{bxxahak kx anhkoaxk bzzralkodx kbr{l zkrwbndw# rkwkx obnd# gdzaknhb# drrkwxdnhb kx l{cxazcagaxkr s gbnw{lknhb# kbwt{k {wt{k dhgbrhaw dne{wxadw hkwxr{knhb t{bh nbn zbxkrdnx dcat{dcaxkr w{owxankrk kx wag xdca,

xkr kx an xdnx{l azwbw Gfrawxa iahkckw waoa anhkoaxk w{oa{edxbw h{rawwalk s bzzra,lkodx zdraxkr kx xrdgxdodx t{bh kaw nawa wbc{w wzarax{w dnalk rkldnkodx. Ah ]gar,gfb nboacaw\ Walbn iaca{w hblana _bcdnhana hk E{ahdcdrhaw hk Ykrbnb# w{b zrb,zrab nblank kx s {x zrbg{rdxbr kx zrbg{rdxbrab nblank nboaca{l hblanbr{l_bcdnhana ka{w zdxraw# Adgboa kx _bokrxa irdxr{l ]hk E\{ahdcdrhaw# Ldrxana kxZkrrana irdxr{l Abfdnnaw hk E{ahdcdrhaw hk Ykrbnb# habgkwaw Ykrgkccknwaw# sfdoknw dh anirdwgrazxd nkebgad zkrdeknhd wzkgadckl ldnhdx{l xrdhax{l kxwgrazx{l zkr ***?1 ]z{ocag{l\ nbxdra{l# w{o dnnb Hblana .LbGGGCVVAAAb.#ybcknga{l kx g{zaknga{l xdckl i{ekrk xqrdnagdl s wkryax{xkl t{dl n{ccdxkn{wzbxkrdnx dlzca{w w{owxankrk zrbzxkr l{cxazcagad erdydland w{zrdhagxd# hayankybgaw brdg{cb anwzardx{w zkrwbndcaxkr dggkwwax dh acc{wxrkl kx ldenaiag{l zran,gazkl s hblan{l Dlkhk{l gblaxkl Wdod{hak# yagdra{l eknkrdckl w{lla kx

wdngxawwala zbnxaiagaw# hblana nbwxra hblana Erkebraa zdzk dg kxadl yagdra{leknkrdckl wkrknawwala zrangazaw hblana nbwxra Mdr{ca rbldsnbr{l alzkrdxbrawkx wklzkr d{e{wxa# g{a{w t{ahkl hblana gblaxaw kvgkcckngad# obnaxdw ]dxt{k\

?9 O40 «hblanab½.

?5 O40 «Edckdl½# t{a k an wke{axb.

?6 O4

0 «Lkhabcdnknwaw½.?1 D k O

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edlknd.



;9 YDCK_AD YDA

Hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk dGdwd Wdybad# # DW Oakccd# _X #ldppb # zkredlknd




idld zkr l{nh{l rkwbndx {naykrw{l. Azw{l acc{wxrkl kx ldenaiag{l zranga,zkl hblan{l Dlkhk{l s gblaxkl w{zrdhagx{l# w{b kx t{ao{w w{zrd nbla,nao{w# f{lacaxkr rkt{arknhb {x azwbw nboackw hk Ykrbnb kx fblankw fdoaxdnxkwkx t{a an i{x{r{l fdoaxdo{nx an hagxb cbgb kx xkrraxbrab Ykrbna# an xdcao{w s kxxdnxaw ydraaw wkryax{x{l cdt{kaw anybc{xbw dg kxadl arrkgxaxbw haenkrkx{r kx ykcckx

d xdcao{w wkryax{x{l cdt{kaw caokrdrk kx kbw w{o ka{w hblanab# wkenbrad kx zrb,xkgxabnk s xknkrk dg kbw erdxabwk rkgazkrk dh zdgxd kx wkg{nh{l zdgxd kx gbn,yknxabnkw t{k anikra{w hkwgrao{nx{r. Kdzrbzxkr zrkidx{w acc{wxraw kx ldenaiag{wzrangkzw hblan{w Dlkhk{w gblkw Wdod{hak kx s an Qxdcad zrangkzw kx ldrgfabyagdra{l eknkrdcaw# {x w{zrd# dnn{knw# gbnwahkrdnw kx dhykrxknw t{bh an fbgl{nhb nafac kwx erdxa{w caokrxdxk t{ad nbn oknk zrb xbxb caokrxdw yknhax{r d{rb#s kx fbg gkckwxk obn{l zrkxkrax broaw bzkw# kx zkr gbnwkt{knw nafac kwx hkxkra{wwkryax{xk t{bnadl lbrxa wkryax{w gblzdrdx{r= ybcknw axdt{k azwk zrkidx{w acc{,wxraw kx ldenaiag{w zrangkzw s kx yagdra{w eknkrdcaw# {x w{zrd# zrb wk kx w{aw fkrk,hao{w# zrkhagxbw nboackw hk Ykrbnb kx kbr{l fkrkhkw t{bwg{lt{k dg dcabwfblankw fdoaxdnxkw kx t{a an i{x{r{l fdoaxdo{nx an hagxb cbgb kx xkrraxbrab s]Ykrbna d xdca\o{w kx xdnxaw bnkrao{w kx wkryax{x{l cdt{kaw zknax{w caokrdrk

kbwhkl nboackw hk Ykrbnb kx kbr{l fkrkhkw t{bwg{lt{k dg kbr{l fblankwfdoaxdnxkw kx t{a an i{x{r{l s fdoaxdo{nx an hagxb cbgb kx xkrraxbrab Ykrbna# w{oka{w hblanab# wkenbrad kx zrbxkgxabnk erdxabwk rkgkzax zdraxkr kx w{wgkzax dhzdgxd kx wkg{nh{l zdgxd# gbnyknxabnkw# zrblawwabnkw# bocaedxabnkw s kx a{rd,lknxd t{k anikra{w hkwgrao{nx{r {x t{dnxb zc{w w{zrdhagxa nboackw hk Ykrbnbkx kbr{l fkrkhkw wk wknwkranx ka{whkl hblana gblaxaw erdxabwaw idybrao{w gbl,l{naxkw xdnxb zc{w dh s kahkl hblanb gblaxa ka{wt{k zbwxkraxdxa wkryaknh{likryknxa{w kx zrbnxa{w dnalknx{r. T{k t{ahkl zdgxd# gbnyknxabnkw# zrblawwab,nkw# bocaedxabnkw kx a{rdlknxd azwk zrkidx{w s acc{wxraw kx ldenaiag{w zrangkzw kxyagdra{w eknkrdcaw# {x w{zrd# kv {nd zdrxk# kx zrkhagx{w nboacaw Walbn hkYkrbnb# w{b kx t{ao{w w{zrd nblanao{w# kv dcxkrd# wbcklnaxkr iarldykr{nx s kxkd dxxknhkrk anyabcdoacaxkr bowkrydrk dh anyagkl iarlaxkr kx wbcklznaxkr zrbla,

wkr{nx zrb{x anikra{w kwx hkwgrazx{l. An zralaw t{bh zrk]idx\{w acc{wxraw kxldenaiag{w zrangkzw s hblan{w Dlkhk{w gblkw Wdod{hak a{rdrk haenkx{r gbr,zbrdcaxkr xdgxaw wgrazx{raw t{bh zrkhagxbw hk Ykrbnb zkrzkx{b azwk hblan{wgblkw kx ka{w w{gg]kwwbrkw\ nbn zbnknx 7:# halaxknx ykc s rkcdvdo{nx dh ]dca,t{dl dcadl hblandxab\nkl# a{rahaxabnkl ykc w{oakgxabnkl nawa azwa{w hblanagblaxaw kx w{ggkwwbr{l w{br{l kx azwbw hk Ykrbnb nbn ]zbnknx\ nkg halaxxknxykc s rkcdvdo{nx dh dcat{dl dcadl hbndxabnkl# a{rahaxabnkl ykc w{oakgxabnklnawa azwa{w hblana gblaxaw kx w{ggkwwbr{l w{br{l= kx azwbw hk Ykrbnb nbn]zbnknx n\kg halaxxknx ykc dcat{dcaxkr rkcdvdo{nx s dh w{oakgxabnkl ykc a{raha,xabnkl ]gbll{naw ykc\ gayaxdxaw Ykrgkccdr{l. Axkl t{bh zrkhagx{w acc{wxrawhblan{w gblkw hkx kx cdreadx{r zrkhagxaw nboacao{w hk Ykrbnb w{zkra{w nbla,ndxaw lkr{l kx s lawx{l alzkra{l kx blnalbhdl a{rahaxabnkl an blnkw

fblankw kx blnkw fdoaxdnxkw n{ng kx an i{x{r{l an cbgb kx xkrraxbrab Ykrbna#kx n{cca dcxkra zkrwbnk t{dl w{zrdhagxaw# zrb wk kx kbr{l fkrkhao{w# s hagx{whblan{w gblkw hagx{l lkr{l kx lawx{l alzkra{l kx blnalbhdl a{rahaxab,nkl hkx nkg cdreadx{r kxadl wa an hagxb cbgb kx xkrraxbrab74 Ykrbna dcat{d obndfdokrknx ykc zbwwahkrknx t{bt{b s lbhb ykc an i{x{r{l fdokrknx# zbwwahkrknxykc t{byawlbhb dt{arkrknx. Axkl t{bh cagkdx zrkhagxaw nboacao{w hk Ykrbnbhdrk kx alzdrxara d{vaca{l# gbnwaca{l kx idybrkl an fkrk kx s zkrwbnaw {nat{a,t{k kbr{l dlagb an t{dg{lt{k e{krrd t{dl fdokrkx g{l t{dg{lt{k zkr,wbnd wdcyb gbnxrd zrkhagx{l hblan{l gblaxkl# kx azwdl xdckl zkrwbndlcaokrk rkgkzxdrk wdcyb t{bh nbn kwwkx gbnxrd fbnbrkl s hblana zrkcaodxa. Axklt{bh azwbw hk Ykrbnb ldn{xknkdx kx hkiiknhdx an blnao{w kbr{l a{rao{w kxfbnbrao{w {naykrwaw an t{ao{w zrkwknxadcaxkr kvawx{nx. Axkl t{bh azwbw nboackw

hk Ykrbnb hkiiknhdx s do blna fblank# gbl{naxdxk# {naykrwaxdxk kx gbcckeab kxwa zbnkrkx{r kvkrgax{w gbnxrd kbw xknkdx{r azwk hblan{w gblkw hagx{l kvkrga,x{l kckydrk# kx an gdw{ t{b d]laxxk\rknx kbr{l gdwxr{l t{bh xknkdx{r kawhkl

7: O40 wke{k «nkg½.

74 D0 wke{k «Gdrawaa½ kwz{nxb.



;6 YDCK_AD YDA

s nboacao{w hdrk hk w{aw biiagaaw w{zkr w{b xkrraxbrab {nhk zbwwanx yaykrk kxkbr{l fbnbrkl gbnwkrydrk hkgknxkr. Axkl t{bh wa dcat{d t{kwxab fbhabwd kawykc kbr{l fkrkhao{w kx kbr{l fblanao{w s ]lbykrkx{r zkr dcat{dl zkrwbndl#gbl{nk gbcckea{l\ ykc {naykrwaxdxkl ]t{bh kbw\ hkiiknhkrk xknkdx{r ankb]r{l a{\rk zbwwkwwabnk ykc t{dwa an 7? ykc t{ao{w zrkwknxadcaxkr kvawx{nx. Axkl

t{bh dcat{d zkrwbnd gbll{nk gbcckea{l s ]ykc {naykrwaxdw g{a{wg{lt{k eknk,raw kx gbnhaxabnaw kvawxkrkx\# gdzkrkx# ]hkxan\krkx ykc dr]rkwxdrkx dcag{oa\ hkkbr{l zkrwbnaw kx rko{w t{bh cagkdx kawhkl ]idgkrk kx gdzkrk gbnxrdgd\loa{lkx idgkrk acc{h ahkl s wank rkhdre{gabnk# rkzrkfknwabnk# cagknxad kx zknd ykcodlnb ]hagxa\ hblana gblaxaw ]fdoknhb zral\b rkerkww{l hk zrkhagxaw dh hag,x{l hblan{l gblaxkl wayk dh ka{w ]biiaga\dckw ykc gd]zaxdnk{l Gaxrd,lbnx&aw!\. s Axkl t{bh zrkhagxa hk Ykrbnb nbn zbwwanx kvxrdfa hk cbgb kx xkr,raxbrab Yk]rbna zrb bowahaa\w dcat{d rdxabnk ykc gd{wd# kx t{bh azwa hk Ykrbnbnbn zbwwanx zkxa ykc gaxdra zrb dcat{d t{kwxabnk ykc gbnxrbykrwad s gayaca ykc gra,landca kaw lbyknhd nawa gbrdl biiagadcao{w azwa{w hblana ]gblaxaw Gaxrd,lb\nx&aw! {oa zkr hagx{l hblan{l gblaxkl i{krax brhandx{l. Axkl t{bh hag,x{w hblan{w gblkw kx ka{w w{ggkwwbrkw s zkrzkx{b an gdwxrb# cbgb kx xkrraxbrab

Ykrbna dcat{dcaxkr nbn w{ggkhdx do anxkwxdx]b ykc kv xkwxdlknxb\ h{llbhb]rkld\nwkrax dcat{aw hk kbr{l zrbeknak ykc zdrknxkcd# kx t{bh {n{wt{awt{kzrkhagxbr{l nboaca{l s hk Ykrbnb zbwwax kx ydckdx xkwxdra kx hbndrk# yknhkrk kxzkrl{xdrk kx ]dcabw gbnxrdg\x{w ]idgkrk\ hk ka{w obnaw t{ao{wg{lt{k dh ka{wcaokrdl ybc{nxdxkl# kx zrkhagxd yanhagknx waoa cbg{l an dcaaw s fblanao{w kxfdoaxdnxao{w an hagxb cbgb kx xkrraxbrab Ykrbna. Axkl t{bh fblankw ]fdoaxdnxk\wan hagxb cbgb Ykrbna kx t{a an i{x{r{l fdoaxdo{nx nbn zbwwanx nkg ydckdnx dca,t{b t{byawlbhb xax{cb wayk s gd{wd dcat{ah dt{arkrk w{zkr ianao{w kx xkrraxbrabYkrbna. Axkl t{bh h]agx{w hblan{\w gblkw nbn zbndx dcat{kl zrb gdwxkccdnban gdwxrb Ykrbna wkh gbniahdx hk nboacao{w w{zrdhagxaw. Axkl t{bh s hagx{w 77

hblan{w gblkw nkg ka{w w{ggkwwbrkw zkrzkx{b nbn zbndnx dcat{bh ]hdgax{l\#zkhdea{l# ibh]r{l\# xdckdl# edokccdl nkg 78 dcat{dl dcadl kvdgxabnkl g{a{,

wg{lt{k eknkraw ykc ldnakraka kvawxkrkx s nboacao{w w{zrdhagxaw nkg kxadl fbla,nao{w kx fdoaxdnxao{w hagxa cbga. Axkl t{bh ]n{cc\{w w{zrdhagxbr{l nboaca{lzbwwax yknhkrk ykc 7; dcaxkr dcakndrk zdrxkl w{dl waoa gbnxaneknxkl hk zrkhagxblkrb kx s lawxb alzkrab kx blnalbhd a{rahaxabnk dcag{a nawa kv gbnwbrxao{ww{zrdhagxaw# ]kx t{bh\ n{ccd ikland zrbyknaknw ykc hkwgknhknw kv gbnwbrxao{ww{zrdhagxaw an zrkhagxb lkrb kx lawxb alzkrab kx blnalbhd a{rahaxabnk s w{g,gkhkrk zbwwax kv xkwxdlknxb ykc do anxkwxdxb. Axkl t{bh zrkhagx{l lkr{l kxlawx{l alzkra{l kx blnalbhd a{rahaxab anxkr nboackw w{zrdhagxbw rkldnkdnxgbll{nad kx anhayawd. Axkl t{bh zrkidx{w acc{wxraw s hblan{w gblkw kvzraldxkx hkgcdrkx g{a{wlbha bnkrd fdokrk y{cx kx waoa kvfaokra xklzbrk zdgaw zkrnboackw w{zrdhagxbw kx zkr kbr{l fblankw fdoaxdnxkw kx t{a an i{x{r{l fdoa,xdo{nx an cbgb kx xkrraxbrab s Ykrbna# t{at{ahkl zrkidx{w acc{wxraw kx ldenaiag{w

zrangkzw w{zkr zrkwknxa gdzax{cb fdoaxb ]zcknb# hkcaokrdxb\ kx ldx{rb gbnwacab#rkwzbnhax wk fdokrk ykcck kx rkgazkrk d hagxaw nboacao{w Ykrbna kx kbr{l s fbla,nao{w fdoaxdnxao{w kx t{a an i{x{r{l fdoaxdo{nx an cbgb kx xkrraxbrab Ykrbna#wane{caw dnn]aw xklzbrk zdgaw\ {n{l lkha{l icbrkn{l d{ra zrb wane{cb kbr{libgfb# dwwkrknw ahkl hblan{w gblkw hk zrkhagxaw s wk ibrk gbnxknx{l. Axklzrblawax zrkidx{w acc{wxraw kx ldenaiag{w zrangkzw hblan{w D]lkhk{w gblkwWd\od{hak zrkhagxb 79 Walbna hk Ykrbnb# wxaz{cdnxa kx rkgazaknxa w{b nblank kxzrbg{rdxbrab nblank w{zrdwgrazxb s nboaca{l kx fkrkh{l kx w{ggkwwbr{l w{b,r{l# t{bh an gdw{ t{b i{krax a{rahagk xkrlandx{l t{bh ]hagx{l gdwx\r{lYkrbna wzkgxkx kx zkrxankdx dh azw{l hblan{l gblaxkl wayk dh wkrknawwal{lzrangazkl hblan{l s nbwxr{l Mdrbc{l _bldnbr{l alzkrdxbrkl kx wklzkrd{e{wx{l# t{bh azwk acc{wxraw hblan{w gblkw dgxknhkx kx kiikgx{dcaxkr bowkr,

ydoax blnad kx wane{cd gdzax{cd w{zrdwgrazxd. An gdw{ ykrb t{b zkrxankdnx dh sKggckwak idgakx g{l kiikgx{ t{bh wdngxawwal{w hblan{w nbwxkr zdzd hagxaw nboa,cao{w kx kbr{l fblanao{w75 ]zrkhagxd blnad\ kx wane{cd anxkerdcaxkr bowkrydoax.

7? O40 wke{k «t{d½.

77 O40 «zrkhagx{w½.

78 O40 «ykc½.

7; O40 «wk{½.

79 O40 «zrkidxb½.

75 O40 «fkrkhao{w½.




Nkg azwk wdngxawwal{w hblan{w nbwxkr zdzd kx gblkw Wdod{hak azwbw76 s nboa,ckw kx kbr{l fblankw zkrzkx{b zbnknx w{o71 kzawgbzb Ykrgkccknwa= t{at{ahklWalbn ]hk Ykrb\nb# an zrkwknxad acc{wxraw zrangazaw w{zrdhagxa zkrwbndcaxkr gbn,wxax{x{w w{b nblank kx zrbg{rdxbrab nblank nboaca{l s zrkhagxbr{l# wbcklna,xkr zrblawax kahkl hblanb gblaxa# zrkwknxa# rkgazak]nxa zrb wk kx\ ka{w fkrkha,

o{w t{ao{wg{lt{k# zkr ka{w z]rbzra{\l a{rdlknx{l w{zkr Hka kydnekcadwdgrbwdnxd gbrzbrdcaxkr zrkwxax{l kx w{o iahk s gbrzbraw w{a dg w{br{l blna{lhagxbr{l gbnwxax{knxa{l bocaedxabnk obnbr{l ]w{br{l t{bh t{bxak\nwg{l,t{k i{krax a{rahagk ]hk\gcdrd]x{l azwbw\ kx kbr{l gdwxr{l kwwk kx zkxankrk acc{,wxra zrangaza w{zrdhagxb wayk hblanb alzkrdxbra. s T{bh x{ng azwa kx t{acaokxazwbr{l kahkl hblanb gblaxa idgaknx kx zrkw]xdo{nx hk\oax{l iahkcaxdxawfbldea{l= kx anxkral ]eknxkw nkg w{ohaxbw hblana Edckdp n{ccdxkn{w rk\gkz,xdo{nx zrb azwb t{bt{k s hblanb gblaxk e{krrd idgaknx a{vxd zbwwk kbr{l. Angdw{ ykrb t{b hagxa nboackw hk a{rk wzkgxdrknx kx zkrxankrknx hagxb wdngxawwalb]hblanb\ nbwxrb ]zdzk ka\hkl hblanb nbwxrb zdzk wayk ka{w ckeazxalb s n{n,gab kx idgxbra idgaknx kx zrkwxdo{nx hagx{l iahkcaxdxaw fbldea{l. An gdw{ xdlknt{b hk a{rk zkrxankrknx hagxb hblanb nbwxrb zdzk zrblawax zrkidx{w hblan{w

gblkw zrkhagxb Walbna# rkgazaknxa w{b kx s t{b w{zrd8:

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# kbwhkl nboa,ckw zkxkrk do azwb hblanb zdzd hk erdgad wzkgadca= ykrwd yagk zrkidx{w acc{wxrawhblan{w gblkw dh rkt{awagabnkl hagxa Walbnaw rkgazaknxaw w{b nblank kx nboa,ca{l zrkhagxbr{l s dg kbr{l fkrkh{l t{br{lg{lt{k# zrblawax hagxb Walbna#{x w{zrd rkgazaknxa# zkr ka{w zrbzra{l a{rdlknx{l w{zkr Hka kydnekcad wdgrbwdnxd xdgxaw wgrazx{raw gbrzbrdcaxkr zrkwxax{l d{haxaw kx s dh ka{w anxkccaeknxadlckgxaw gdzax{caw w{zrdhagxaw dxxknhkrk kx anyabcdoacaxkr bowkrydrk blnad kx wane{cdgdzax{cd w{zrdhagxd kx dcad t{kg{lt{k an zrkwknxa anwxr{lknxb hkwgrazxd dggbnxrd kd nbn idgkrk s ykc yknark dcat{d rdxabnk ykc gd{wd# hk a{rk ykc hk idgxb#w{o w{br{l blna{l bocaedxabnk obnbr{l kx rkwxax{xabnk hdlznbr{l# kvzkn,wdr{l kx anxkrkwwk. Dgx{l an o{reb Wdngxk Dedxfk# an hblb Dnxbnaa s Xkwxk hkWdngxd Dedxfd# zrkwknxao{w kerkeaaw kx zbxknxao{w lacaxao{w hblanaw E{accakclb

hk Erdnhawbnb kx Qockxb hk Gfdcdnx# gdzaxdnkb eknkrdca ]Gaxrdlbnxkw# gbnwa,cadraawt{k\ zrkidxa hblana nbwxra gblaxaw s kx nboacao{w wg{xaikraw hblanaw zrk,zbwaxb kx E{ahkxb irdxrao{w hk Dccdhab kv gblaxao{w Wdngxa Ldrxana xkwxao{w dhzrklawwd ybgdxaw. Zrk]gazakn\xkw zrkhagxa acc{wxraw hblan{w gblkw kx Walbn s hkYkrbnb# w{b kx ]t{ao{w w{zrd\ nblanao{w# hk zrkhagxaw blnao{w iakra hkokrkh{b {na{w kx ka{whkl xknbraw z{ocagd anwxr{lknxd zkr lk nbxdra{l anird,wgrazx{l.

Kx keb Abfdnnan{w hk Odcpbcd z{ocag{w alzkradca d{gxbraxdxk nbxdra{wYkrgkccknwaw zrkhagx{l anwxr{lknx{l ybgdx{w xrdhaha# wgrazwa kx dorkyadya kxahkb lk w{owgrazwa g{l dzzbwaxabnk wbcaxa s waena lka an xkwxalbna{l zrklaw,wbr{l.

Xrdwgrapabnk Ydckrad Yda

76 O40 wke{k «fblankw kx½ &razkx{xb!.

71 O40 wke{k «hblanb½.

8: O0 blkxxk «kx t{b w{zrd½.84 O0 wke{k «kx nboaca{l zrkhagxbr{l kx

kbr{l fkrkh{l t{br{lg{lt{k½.



94

Æ wbcb hdc 41;7 gfk ac Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk id {wb ha {nb wxklld ea{raha,gdlknxk ragbnbwga{xb k x{xkcdxb# d gbngc{wabnk ha {nd zrdxagd dyyadxd anzkrabhb zrkokccagb zrkwwb cd Gbnw{cxd Drdchagd hkc _kenb. Ck iae{rk k a

gbcbra hkccb wg{hb# bzzbrx{ndlknxk lbhaiagdxa zkr nbn ydnaiagdrk cd i{npabnkha ahknxaiagdpabnk {naybgd hkc wkenb drdchagb# idnnb raikralknxb dcck anwkenk hkaYadcdrha# hbg{lknxdxa t{dca waenbra hkc c{beb hdccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc VAAAwkgbcb4. Eaê zrald hkc VYA wkgbcb n{lkrbwa gknxra lanbra gbwxr{aydnb an lbhbdndcbeb ac zrbzrab wxklld ?# zkr anhagdrk cd wbeekpabnk d {nd idlaecad waenbrack

b dh dcxrd d{xbraxê= an kxê lbhkrnd cb wxkwwb lkggdnawlb wa razkxk zkr kybgdrknkccb wg{hb gbl{ndck# an {n‑bxxagd wxbragawxagd# t{kcck idlaecak gfk dxxrdykrwb cdhkxknpabnk ha haraxxa waenbraca dyrkookrb ldeeabrlknxk gbnhapabndxb ck yagknhkcbgdca. C‑dwwknpd ha {nb wxklld ha Ykrrbnk dnxkrabrk dcc‑kxê gbnxklzbrdnkdanhagd {nd wgdrwd gdzdgaxê ha d{xbrdzzrkwknxdpabnk hkccd gbl{naxê# t{dnxblknb wbxxb {n zrbiacb yawayb# hd zbrrk an rkcdpabnk gbn cd rahbxxd d{xbnblad hag{a cd gbl{naxê wxkwwd ebhkyd &nkc gbrwb hkc Wkagknxb kwwd krd wxdxd dhharaxx{rddnn{ccdxd hdeca kyknxa# zkr kwwkrk rkwxd{rdxd nkc 4996! 7. T{kwxb wknxark waraickxxá w{ccd wgkcxd hkcc‑dllanawxrdpabnk gayagd nbykgknxkwgd# gfk ybcck dhbxxdrk{n‑anwkend gfk waenaiagdyd c‑ahknxaiagdpabnk hkccd wxbrad ha Ykrrbnk gbn t{kccdhka w{ba waenbra# nkc oknk gblk nkc ldck. [n‑bzkrdpabnk gfk z{ÿ dzzdrark anzdrxk zdrdhbwwdck# t{dnhb wa zknwa gfk a rdzzbrxa gba Yadcdrha dykydnb gbnb,

wga{xb lblknxa ha ibrxk gbnicaxx{dcaxê# gblk dc xklzb hkccd gbnxrbykrwad gfkbzzbwk d c{neb# xrd Wka k Wkxxkgknxb# ac iawgb wdod{hb k Ykrrbnk hd {n cdxb k aw{ba waenbra hdcc‑dcxrb 8.

CK ANWKENK HKA YADCD_HA0 IBNXA HBG[LKNXD_AK K T[KWXABNA A__AWBCXK

Odnhdxb h‑brb k ha rbwwb ha t{dxxrb zkppa# gbc gdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb &h‑brb# dcc‑d,t{acd ha nkrb!= bzz{rk h‑brb# d h{k odnhk ha rbwwb# gbc gdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb ;0 t{k,wxb# an xkrlana xkgnaga# cb wg{hb hka Yadcdrha nkcck w{k h{k ydradnxa zañ irkt{knxa#cd g{a wklzcagaxê ekblkxragd k grbldxagd æ ha zkr wá {nd zdxknxk ha dnxagfaxê.Cd idlaecad hkxknkyd haraxxa waenbraca eaê nkc VAA wkgbcb0 fd t{anha a rkt{awaxa zkr

raknxrdrk nkc nbykrb ha t{ka er{zza idlacadra hkcc‑drawxbgrdpad cbgdck# gfk an drkdw{odczand dww{lbnb {nb wg{hb drdchagb ykrbwalaclknxk knxrb cd wkgbnhd lkxêhkc H{kgknxb 9 ‗ xrdcdwgab t{a bena azbxkwa w{ zbwwaoaca anwkenk zrkdrdchagfk ‗zkr alaxdpabnk hkcck erdnha handwxak gblaxdca k ldrgfabndca# nbn lknb gfk zkrrdeabna lacaxdra. Eca wg{ha drdchaga ndwgbnb anidxxa an odxxdecad k nka xbrnka zkrrawzbnhkrk d {nd nkgkwwaxê ha ldeeabrk ragbnbwgaoacaxê hka gblodxxknxa k agdnbna drdchaga ha dggbwxdlknxb hka gbcbra k ha cankdraxê hkcck iae{rk rawzbnhbnbzrbzrab d t{kwxd i{npabnk 5.

Gblzckwwb# wk nbn rawgfabwb# dydnpdrk hkcck azbxkwa w{a lbxaya gfk hkxkr,landrbnb cd wgkcxd hka gbcbra hkccb wg{hb. Dcxrk dnxagfk k alzbrxdnxa idlaecakhkc ykrgkcckwk wgkcwkrb cd wxkwwd gbloandpabnk grbldxagd0 eca Dybedhra gbc cbrb idwgadxb h‑brb k ha rbwwb ha hakga zkppa # b a waenbra ha Dcodnb ac g{a wg{hb æ {nd

ydradpabnk w{c xkld hkc zdcdxb h‑brb k ha rbwwb# gbn {nd rklanawgknpd hkgbrd,xayd ha xkww{xa h‑dzzdrdxb= b dngbrd a waenbra ha _bydwknhd gbc cbrb ckbnk h‑brban gdlzb rbwwb 6. Dcxrk alzbrxdnxa idlaecak waenbraca hkccd pbnd anndcpdydnb

4 X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 8; wee.

? D. WDYB_KCCA# Oraw{rk nkcc‑drdchagd gaya,gd# an «Drgfaykw fárdchat{kw w{awwkw , Dr,gfayab drdchagb wyappkrb½# GV &4119"?!# zz.4;1,45:# an wzkgak z. 498# k GVA &4115"4!#zz. 71,;8. Gir. anbcxrk# zkr {n zdnbrdldeknkrdck hkcc‑drdchagd gayagd axdcadnd# C.OB_EAD# Anxrbh{pabnk dccb wx{hab hkcc‑drdc,hagd gayagd axdcadnd gbn zdrxagbcdrk raikra,lknxb dccd Xbwgdnd# an E. Z. ZDENANA &d g{rdha!# Eca wxklla hka gbl{na xbwgdna dc 469: #Iarknpk 4114# zz. 64,445# an zdrxagbcdrk z.65= E. G. ODWGDZÁ# L. HKC ZBPPB# Anwkenkk walobca. Drdchagd z{oocagd k zraydxd# lk,hakydck k lbhkrnd# _bld 4111# zz. ?71wee.= K. H[Z_Á XFKWKAHK_ # W{eca wxklla hkcck gaxxê gbl{ndca axdcadnk# an Cd wxbrad hkc haraxxb nkc t{dhrb hkcck wgaknpk wxbragfk# Ia,rknpk 4199# zz. 744,786.

7 E. EKNXACK# Dxxrdykrwb a gdxdwxa dnxagfa hkc Gbl{nk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 4?1 wee.

8 Aoahkl. ; An cane{deeab gbrrknxk# cd zrald hkwgra,

pabnk anhagd {nb wg{hb hayawb an t{dxxrbwxrawgk hadebndca gfk anapadnb zrkwwb c‑dn,ebcb w{zkrabrk hkwxrb hkccb wg{hb k xkrla,ndnb zrkwwb c‑anikrabrk wanawxrb# dcxkrndxknka gbcbra brb &eadccb! k rbwwb d zdrxark hdccdzrald an dcxb= gbn cd zdrxk w{zkrabrk hkccbwg{hb &gdzb! h‑brb# dcc‑dt{acd ha nkrb. Nkcwkgbnhb gdwb# wa fdnnb h{k dndcbefk wxra,wgk hadebndca rbwwk an gdlzb h‑brb. Waragbrhd gfk cd hkwxrd k cd wanawxrd drdchagfkgbrrawzbnhbnb rawzkxxaydlknxk dccd wanawxrdk dccd hkwxrd hkccb wg{hb# an t{dnxb gbnwa,hkrdxk hdc z{nxb ha yawxd ha gfa alordggad cbwg{hb wxkwwb.

9 W{cck azbxkwa grbnbcbeagfk rkcdxayk dccdhaii{wabnk hkeca {wa drdchaga nkcc‑drawxbgrdpadwaenbrack nkcc‑drkd hkcc‑dxx{dck Zaklbnxk#gir. C. G. EKNXACK# Drdchagd wdc{ppkwk. Ac

Lkhabkyb# G{nkb ?::8# zz. 45,76# an zdr,xagbcdrk z. 78.

5 L. ZDWXB[_KD[# Xrdaxá h‑fárdchat{k# Zd,raw 4151# zz. 75,71= F. P[E,X[GGA# [n can,

e{deeab ik{hdck0 c‑drdchagd# an Wxbrad h‑AxdcadKand{ha # Dnndca # A# Xbranb 4156# zz. 6:1,657# an zdrxagbcdrk z. 674= zkr a rdzzbrxa gbawawxkla klockldxaga zrkdrdchaga# H. C. EDC,O_KDXF# C. @ÁT[AK_ # Ldn{kc h{ ocdwbn# Cd{,wdnnk 4155# z. ?6.

6 W{ gadwg{nb hka zdca &wxrawgk ykrxagdca!rbwwa hkccb wg{hb hka hk Dcodnb wbnb rdiia,e{rdxa xrk ckbngana knxrb gbrnaga bydca h‑brb#gfk wbnb cd ydradnxk ha {n lbxayb ‗ hkxxb anirdngkwk zdaccá ‗ gfk ragfadld {nd raggdwxbiid ragdldxd h‑brb# ha braeank braknxdck&H. C. EDCO_KDXF# C. @ÁT[AK_ # Ldn{kc h{ocdwbn# gax.# z. 1;!. A _bydwknhd deea{nwkrbdccb wg{hb gbc ckbnk ac gdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb.

A Yadcdrha k Ykrrbnk0 {n zkrgbrwb drdchagbhdc Lkhabkyb dcc‑Kxê GbnxklzbrdnkdC{awd Gcbxachk Eknxack



9? C[AWD GCBXACHK EKNXACK

Wxklld hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk kLbnerdnhb b hka Yadcdrha haYaccdnbyd# wkgbcb VAV# DYhWI

Wxklld hka Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnbragbnbwga{xb gbn hkgrkxb hkcZrkwahknxk hkc Gbnwaecab hkaLanawxra hkc _kenb h‑Axdcad hkcc‑debwxb # DYhWI

zkrÿ w{c cbrb wg{hb gbcbra haiikrknxa# gblk dh kwklzab a Xappbna gbc cbrb zdcdxbha rbwwb k h‑dreknxb.

Nbn wa z{ÿ zknwdrk gfk ac eadccb k ac rbwwb hka Yadcdrha ranyaanb d {nd wgkcxd–ha idpabnk“# t{dnhb wa e{drha dccd zbcaxagd efaokccand hd cbrb zkrwke{axd anYkrgkcca# d iadngb hka Xappbna gbnxrb a e{kcia Dybedhra gfk zbrxdydnb a cbrb wxkwwagbcbra. Ná grkhb wad zr{hknxk ykhkrk nkccd wblaecadnpd hkcck anwkenk c‑anhapabha {nd gbl{nk dwgknhknpd xrd Yadcdrha k Dybedhra# gfk a eknkdcbeawxa kzaebnaha Oknkhkxxb Od{ha ha Ykwlk ‗ xrd g{a Irdngkwgb E{dwgb ha Oawab 1 ‗ ahknxaia,gdydnb nka waenbra ha Gdwdcybcbnk ha gkzzb ldnirkhaneb# yaww{xa gbl{nt{k ankzbgd zrkdrdchagd.

C‑{nagb kcklknxb ha gfadrb waenaiagdxb zbcaxagb nkcc‑drld hka Yadcdrha æ acgdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb# {nd iae{rd deea{nxd dc lbxayb ha odwk hkccb wg{hb ‗ ck h{kodnhk ‗ d hagfadrdrk {n gbcckedlknxb gbn c‑d{xbraxê alzkradck. [n gbccked,lknxb# an rkdcxê# hd anxknhkrwa dngfk an wknwb cdxb 4:0 cd haii{wabnk ha t{kwxbwkenb gbnbook {n nbxkybck angrklknxb an Zaklbnxk k Cblodrhad hdc VYwkgbcb# zbagfá wad a h{gfa ha Wdybad wad t{kcca ha Lacdnb krdnb yagdra alzkradca.K zbagfá nbn dooadlb xkwxalbnadnpk agbnberdiagfk hkccb wg{hb hka Yadcdrhadnxkrabra dccd iank hkc Lkhabkyb# nbn wa z{ÿ nkllknb kwwkrk gkrxa w{ccd hdxd,pabnk hkc gdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb k hkc w{b waenaiagdxb allkhadxb= wk wad gabæ hd raik,rarwa d {n t{dhrb zbcaxagb nbn dngbrd wdod{hb k gbl{ndck ‗ gblk la zdrk zañzrbodoack ‗ b za{xxbwxb nbn wad {n wkenb ha wbeekpabnk zbcaxagd da h{gfa haWdybad anxrbhbxxb zañ xdrha# hbzb a zdxxa hkhaxapa hkc 48?9 &rdlb ha Wdnha,ecadnb! zañ gfk hkc 4757 &rdlb ha Ykrrbnk!.

Hkxxb gaÿ# cd wxbrad drdchagd hka Yadcdrha gbnbwgk {n zdrdhbwwb gbl{nk dhdcxrk dnxagfk idlaecak zaklbnxkwa k# zañ an eknkrdck# axdcadnk0 cd cdg{nbwaxê hkcck

ibnxa hbg{lknxdrak k agbnberdiagfk æ xdck gfk cd zrald dxxkwxdpabnk hkccb wg{hbwanbrd nbxd rawdck dccd iank hkc Lkhabkyb. Nkc gdwb wzkgaiagb hka Yadcdrha nbn yawbnb ná hbg{lknxa# ná waeacca# ná diirkwgfa# wg{cx{rk b hazanxa gfk xrdldnhanbc‑dwzkxxb hkccb wxklld idlaecadrk zrald hkc VYA wkgbcb0 c‑{nagd kggkpabnk ægbwxax{axd hd {n alzbrxdnxk gbhagk ha drkd cblodrhd hkc xkrpb t{drxb hkcT{dxxrbgknxb# nbxb gblk Wxklldrab Xray{cpadnb# gfk razbrxd an zrkydcknpd ckanwkenk ha idlaecak k gbl{naxê hkccb Wxdxb ha Lacdnb k hkcck drkk gbniandnxa#bhakrnb Zaklbnxk angc{wb 44. Nkc Xray{cpadnb a E{ahdcdrha kwaoawgbnb ac cbrbwg{hb odnhdxb ha t{dxxrb zkppa h‑brb k ha rbwwb# gbc gdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb.

Cd wkgbnhd dxxkwxdpabnk an brhank ha xklzb lbwxrd c‑dcxrd ydradnxk hkccbwg{hb# h‑brb# d h{k odnhk ha rbwwb# gbc gdzb hkcc‑Alzkrb &wkgbnhb {n‑bwgaccdpabnkirkt{knxk an drdchagd# xrd gdlza w{hhayawa an n{lkra zdra k hawzdra ha iae{rk ekb,

lkxragfk gbnxae{k!. Cd wa z{ÿ nbxdrk knxrb {nd gdrxkccd ldnakrawxd da zakha hkccdykxrdxd gbn c‑Dhbrdpabnk hka Ldea hkccd Zdrrbggfadck ha Ykrrbnk 4?# byk i{ anwk,raxd nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc Gant{kgknxb. Gbkyb# b ha zbgb zbwxkrabrk# æ {n

1 I. E[DWGB HA OAWAB# Hapabndrab ik{hdckhkeca dnxagfa Wxdxa wdrha # ybc. A# Zankrbcb4144# z. 8?4. Cd wxkwwd azbxkwa æ rkgkzaxd hd

C. OB_KCCB# L. P[GGFA# Ocdwbndrab oakcckwk#Xbranb 41?1# zz. ; &Dybedhrb! k 4?4 &Yad,cdrha!. Cd wg{bcd wyac{zzdxdwa w{cck brlk haOknkhkxxb ha Ykwlk ragbnh{gkyd gbn nbxk,ybca ibrpdx{rk ck dnxagfk idlaecak waenbracaw{odczank d zbgfa zrbeknaxbra gbl{na= gir._. OB_HBNK# Wxbraberdiad# eknkdcbead k drdc,hagd. [wa k do{wa # an C‑ahknxaxê eknkdcbeagd kdrdchagd# Dxxa hkc VVAAA gbnerkwwb anxkrnd,pabndck ha wgaknpk eknkdcbeagd k drdchagd#Xbranb ?4,?9 wkxxklork 4116# _bld ?:::#ybc. A# zz. ;:;,;48# an zdrxagbcdrk zz. ;4?wee.

4: C. G. EKNXACK# Drdchagd k wxbrad# an _.OB_HBNK &d g{rd ha!# Drdchagd dwxaeadnd #Dwxa ?::4# zz. ?7,7?# an zdrxagbcdrk z. 7:.

44

G. LDWZBCA &d g{rd ha!# WxklldrabXray{cpadnb# Lacdnb ?:::# z. 499. Ac gbhagk471: hkccd Oaocabxkgd Xray{cpadnd ha Lacdnbæ ha gkrxb dnxkrabrk dc 4855# k Gdrcb Ld,wzbca w{eekrawgk {nd hdxdpabnk anxbrnb dc48;:,4898 dclknb zkr cd zdrxk zañ dnxagd&zz. 81,;:!= wzbwxkrka ha t{dcgfk dnnb cdgrbnbcbead# xknknhb zrkwknxk gfk cb wg{hbhka Lbnikrrdxb &z. 415! gblzdrk nkcc‑dl,zcadpabnk bzkrdxd hd E{ecakclb YAAA Zdckb,cbeb# ldrgfkwk hdc 4898.

4? Y. NDXDCK# Cd ykxrdxd hkccd Dhbrdpabnkhka Ldea k ck hkgbrdpabna # an t{kwxb ybc{lk#zz. 444 wee.



A YADCD_HA K YK__BNK0 [N ZK_GB_WB D_DCHAGB HDC LKHABKYB DCC‑KXÊ GBNXKLZB_DNKD 97

erdpabwb waeaccb gfa{hackxxkrd dzzbwxb hd Debwxanb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# yagd,rab hkc Ydczkredxb# d {nd lawwayd anyadxd dc h{gd ha Wdybad nkc 4;5447# gfk hêanykgk cd ykrwabnk gbc odnhdxb. Zañ xdrha w‑angbnxrkrê dngbrd {nd xkrpd ydradnxkraldwxd wknpd wke{axb# w{c waeaccb hkc gbnxk _bl{dchb Yadcdrha 48# hkc rdlb gdwd,ckwk k ldnxbydnb &gbnxa ha Yaccdnbyd!0 ck odnhk wbnb xrk# wbxxb ac wbcaxb gdzb

hkcc‑Alzkrb# knxrb {nb wg{hb hdcck ibrlk odrbggfk wbrlbnxdxb hd {nd gbrbndd iabrbna k zdcck gfk y{bck kwwkrk gblaxdck 4;.T{dnhb nkc 4948 k nkc 4965 a Yadcdrha wa zrkwknxdrbnb d Oakccd d rkeawxrdrk

c‑drld# an bggdwabnk hkc gbnwkendlknxb eknkrdck hkeca wxklla ha idlaecak kgbl{naxê anhkxxb an yad wxrdbrhandrad hdc h{gd ha Wdybad# yknnk ea{rahagdlknxkragbnbwga{xd cd ykrwabnk gbn ck h{k odnhk. An knxrdloa a gdwa wa rkeawxrdyd dngfkac galakrb &cd iae{rd gfk wbrlbnxd c‑kclb!# {n‑dt{acd ndwgknxk ha nkrb# gfkragfadldyd kyahknxklknxk t{kccd alzkradck hkc gdzb. K wk nkc zralb gbnwkend,lknxb wa krdnb zrkwknxdxa wbcb eca kwzbnknxa hkc rdlb ha Ykrrbnk# nkc 4965 acer{zzb idlaecadrk krd wbcahdck k gblzdxxb nka w{ba h{k zrangazdca rdla oakcckwa.Gdrcb Irdngkwgb ha Wdnhaecadnb wa zrkwknxÿ d nblk zrbzrab k ha {n n{ebcb hazdrknxa# xrd g{a Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# gbllknhdxbrk ld{rapadnb kwg{hakrk hkccd h{gfkwwd ha Wdybad# gbn ac irdxkccb Debwxanb k ydra Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk 49.

Zkr c‑bggdwabnk# cd idlaecad idgkyd lbwxrd ha {nd wbcahd gbwgaknpd hawgfadxxd# walobckeeadxd hdcc‑{nagb wxklld zrkwknxdxb wknpd oraw{rk &ydradnxaerdiagfk ybcxk d hawxane{krk a ydra rdla!= ac gfk nbn dnn{ccÿ cd ydradoacaxê nkcckrdiiae{rdpabna w{ggkwwayk 45. Xrd eca kcklknxa gfk zdabnb zañ l{xkybca ‗ ant{dnxb brndlknxa kwxkrna# nbn kwwknpadca hkccb wg{hb ‗ wbnb ac lbxxb# Wzkrbkerkha xbxd raikraxb dcc‑dt{acd ndwgknxk hkc galakrb k dxxkwxdxb wbcb hdc Wkxxkgknxban zba46 k {n erahb Nbca lk xdnekrk kzawbhagdlknxk rkeawxrdxb an raidgalknxagbnxklzbrdnka ha hkgbrdpabna zrkkwawxknxa hkc Xbrrabnk ha Wdnhaecadnb.

HDCCB WG[HB HKA WAENB_A D T[KCCB GBL[NDCK

Ac 4? hagklork 417: ac zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk Gdrcb Zdcgb hkcaokrdyd xb{x gb{rx «gfk cb wxklld ha t{kwxb Gbl{nk æ cb wxklld hkccd nboack gdwd hka gbnxaYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk½ 41# idgknhb awxdnpd zkr cd gbngkwwabnk hkc lkhkwalb zrkwwbcd Gbnw{cxd Drdchagd hkc _kenb &c‑brednb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc Gbnwaecab hkaLanawxra zrkzbwxb da zrbyykhalknxa drdchaga k nboacadra!. Wa æ eaê hkxxb hkcckalzcagdpabna ahkdca ha t{kwx‑bzkrdpabnk# hakxrb dccd t{dck# d bnbr hkc ykrb# wxdydwan hdc 41?: c‑anxkrkwwdlknxb hkc zdrrbgb hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb ?:. Cd wgkcxd hkczbhkwxê krd wxdxd zkrdcxrb hkxkrlandxd hdccd gargbcdrk hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkcGbnwaecab,Gbnw{cxd Drdchagd n. 69::"9 hkc 8 nbyklork 41?1# gfk zrkwgraykyd

cd zrdxagd zkr ac ragbnbwgalknxb lanawxkradck hkccb wxklld k ebnidcbnk gbl{,ndck. Ac zbhkwxê wa krd zrkl{rdxb ha bxxknkrk c‑dwwknwb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#nkccd zkrwbnd hkc eknkrdck Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb k hkc irdxkccb Gdrcb Ea{wkzzk# gfkha o{bn erdhb dggbnwknxaydnb dccd razrbh{pabnk hkcck cbrb anwkenk.

Ac zrbekxxb dnhdyd zkrÿ d gbppdrk gbnxrb {nd ldwwald gbwxdnxk hkccdGbnw{cxd Drdchagd# gfk kwzcagaxdlknxk anyaxdyd a gbl{na d calaxdrk cd zkhawwk,t{d dww{npabnk hkccb wxkwwb wg{hb hka waenbra cbgdca ?4. Cd Gbllawwabnk drdchagdzaklbnxkwk# brednb cbgdck hkccd Gbnw{cxd# kwzrkwwk {n zdrkrk idybrkybck z{r,gfá wa bzkrdwwkrb ck bzzbrx{nk haiikrknpadpabna0 wa ragfakhkyd gfk cb wxklldibwwk zdrxaxb &hayawb ykrxagdclknxk d lkxê! # nkc 4º h‑brb# dcc‑dt{acd ha nkrb# gbc ybcb wzakedxb# gbrbndxd hkccb wxkwwb= nkc ?º h‑dreknxb d h{k odnhk ha rbwwb??.

C‑dcxkrdpabnk hkccd hawzbwapabnk hkcck iae{rk k hka gbcbra dyrkook alzkhaxb benagbni{wabnk xrd c‑drld gbl{ndck k t{kccd hka Yadcdrha# wknpd gdngkccdrk ac raikra,lknxb deca dnxagfa waenbra.

47 DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Ldxkrak zbcaxa,gfk zkr rdzzbrxb dcc‑anxkrnb# Ckxxkrk ha zdrxa,gbcdra # ckxxkrd Y# ldppb 41# Ckxxkrd ha Deb,wxanb Yadcdrha dc h{gd ha Wdybad &G{brená#48 ea{enb 4;54!. Ac waeaccb# an gkrd wbxxbgdrxd# æ rbxbnhb &Ö ?: ll!= an {nb wg{hbldnakrawxagb æ c‑drld odnhdxd hka Yadcdrha&gbn cd zdrxagbcdraxê gfk c‑dt{acd fd cd xkwxdraybcxdxd# e{drhdnxk ykrwb cd wanawxrd drdc,hagd! dggbwxdxd hdcck ckxxkrk D k Y. Debwxanbæ nblk ragbrrknxk nkc rdlb ha Wdnhaecadnb&gir. anird# nbxd 49!.

48 Wkerkxdrab ha Wxdxb k Lanawxrb ha Ldn,xbyd# pab ha hbn Krgbck Ebnpded &DK_ DEW# 4959# Kwxdhb Lacdn q Wdobqd# Gbnyk,nakngad hk edndr zdrd cd gd{wd hk Kwzdnd dc

Lanawxrb hk Ldnx{d Gbnhk Yadcdrha # ldppb7766# hbg. ?5= aoahkl# 4964# Zrkxkngabn hkc Gbnhk _bl{dchb Yadcdrha gbn rkcdxabn d w{wboranb H. Fkrg{ckw Ebnpded# ldppb 4?6?#hbg. ?9!. Ac xaxbcb gblaxdck krd wxdxb gbn,gkwwb nkc 49;9 hdc h{gd ha Ldnxbyd dc zdhrkha _bl{dchb Yadcdrha# Ldrgb Dnxbnab.

4; DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk # Ldxkrak zbcaxa,

gfk zkr rdzzbrxb dcc‑anxkrnb# Ckxxkrk ha zdrxa,gbcdra # ckxxkrd Y# ldppb 41# Ckxxkrk hkcgbnxk _bl{dchb Yadcdrha ]ha Yaccdnbyd\ dEadganxb Wdckxxd# wkerkxdrab hkc h{gd haLdnxbyd d Gdwdck# hkc 4969 k 4965. Ac wa,eaccb æ ha gkrd wbxxb gdrxd# bydck# ha 44v4;ll. Cd ydradnxk gbn ck xrk odnhk nbn kookwke{axb# gblk wxd d halbwxrdrk c‑drld hkaYadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd nkc wkxxkgknxkwgb Ocd,vbndra{l Gdwdcknwk &OG Gdwdck# lw. :14,44;# g. ?1!# gbc wbcaxb odnhdxb ha t{dxxrbzkppa# wkzz{rk gba gbcbra anykrxaxa. Zkr aYadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd# gir. L. P[GGFA# Idla,

ecak nboaca k nbxdoaca hkc Zaklbnxk# Xbranb41;;# ybc. AA# zz. 416 wee.

49 Zkr a nbla hkeca dcxra g{eana Yadcdrha haWdnhaecadnb k Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk rdzzrk,wknxdxa hdc gbnwkendnxk# gir. gbn gd{xkcd C.OB_KCCB# L. P[GGFA# Ocdwbndrab oakcckwk#gax.# zz. 4??,4?7. Gir. anbcxrk Y. WZ_KXA#Kngagcbzkhad wxbragb,nboacadrk axdcadnd# Lacd,nb 41?6,4179# ybc. YA# z. 661. Zkr ac gbnwk,endlknxb hkc 4947# gir. DW Xbranb# Wkp._a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 4:6? ¥ 4#

_keawxrb hkcck anwkenk kh drlk eknxacapak zrk,wknxdxk hd‑ zdrxagbcdra ha t{kwxd gaxxê ]…\ anyarxñ hkcc‑brhank z{oocagdxb hd W. D. W. ac 8hagklork 4947# an dzzknhagk d I. D. HKCCD

GFAKWD# Hawgbrwa wbzrd ck idlaecak nboaca hkc Zaklbnxk# z. ;:1.

45 [n kwklzab xrd eca {cxala an brhank haxklzb# {nb wg{hb hdc hawkenb bxxbgknxkwgban DYhWI dxxrao{aoack wad da Yadcdrha ha

Ykrrbnk k Lbnerdnhb gfk da Yadcdrha haYaccdnbyd an t{dnxb wbrlbnxdxb hd gbrbndgblaxdck0 ant{drxdxb# dc 4º k dc 8º hkcc‑Al,

zkrb# dc ?º k dc 7º h‑brb d h{k odnhk ha rbwwb#ac ?º raybcxdxb zkr wallkxrad.

46 Ac lbxxb gblzdrk an Z. D. CDNANB# _k, eawxrb hkcck eknxacapak anwkenk b drlk hk‑nboaca gdwdxa # 4541# lw. Wx. z. 9:;# g. 86y#zrkwwb O_ Xbranb.

41 DGbl Ykrrbnk# gdx. A# gc. AY# Wxklldgbl{ndck# Zrdxagd zkr cd gbngkwwabnk# 417:.

?: Hbn Obrkccb ian hdc 41?: wa krd raybcxbdc eknkrdck Xbldwb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnbk# dccd w{d lbrxk# dc iaecab Gdrcb zkr bxxk,nkrk c‑dzzbeeab hkccd Gbnw{cxd k zba t{kccbhkcc‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc

Gbnwaecab &DYhWI# Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykr,rbnk# gbrrawzbnhknpd D. Obrkccb!.



98 C[AWD GCBXACHK EKNXACK

Wxklld hkc Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnkgbngkwwb gbn hkgrkxb hkc Zrkwahknxkhkccd _kz{oocagd hkc ldeeab #DGbl Ykrrbnk



A YADCD_HA K YK__BNK0 [N ZK_GB_WB D_DCHAGB HDC LKHABKYB DCC‑KXÊ GBNXKLZB_DNKD 9;

Cd zrdxagd nbn kook wke{axb# nbn wdzzadlb wk zkr ck boakpabna wbcckydxkhdccd Gbllawwabnk k hdccd Gbnw{cxd b zkr t{dcgfk dcxrb lbxayb ckedxb dcckyagknhk hkcc‑dllanawxrdpabnk. Hakga dnna hbzb# cd t{kwxabnk wa razrkwknxdydhdcc‑kwxkrnb. Ac Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk krd ianaxb nkcc‑anharappdrab ha {nb «Wx{habdrdchagb½ ha Eknbyd# dct{dnxb dxxayb nkcc‑anwke{ark Gbl{na k zraydxa zkr zrb,

zbrrk ragkrgfk eknkdcbeagfk k drdchagfk k wybcealknxa ha zrdxagfk zkr ac ragb,nbwgalknxb hkccb wxklld.Ac zbhkwxê dhkrã dccd zrbzbwxd ?7# ld ac gbnicaxxb lbnhadck hakhk dcc‑dllana,

wxrdpabnk gayagd zrbockla zañ wkra hd woraedrk. Cb Wx{hab drdchagb nbn lbccÿc‑bwwb k xbrnÿ dccd gdragd dccd iank hkc 4186. Ac raw{cxdxb i{rbnb {n gknnb wxbragbk {n zrbekxxb ha wxklld gbn dlknk gbnwahkrdpabna0 ac Gbl{nk krd wxdxb «ibn,hdxb gbc xaxbcb gblaxdck hda Yadcdrha½ k t{anha ac w{b wg{hb zbxkyd kwwkrk h‑dp,p{rrb# dccd gbrbnd h‑brb# ha gant{k z{nxk# gbn cd gdlzdend ]zdrxk anikrabrk hkccbwg{hb\ ha ykrhk. Nbn wa wzakedyd ac zkrgfá hkccd gbrbnd d gant{k z{nxk0 wk zrb,zrab wa ybckyd ragbrhdrk ac xaxbcb gblaxdck hka Yadcdrha# kwwd dyrkook hby{xb zrk,wknxdrk nbyk z{nxk galdxk hd zkrck= wa wzkgaiagdyd zkrÿ gfk «nkc ykrhk hkcgdlzb wa ragbrhd cd ikrxacaxê hkc w{bcb½. Ná ga wa zbnkyd ac zrbockld hkcc‑dggb,

wxdlknxb grbldxagb dpp{rrb"ykrhk# gfk yknayd d anirdnekrk {n gdnbnk erdiagbibnhdlknxdck an drdchagd ?8. Ac x{xxb yknnk razbrxdxb nkc ykrodck ha hkcaokrdpabnkhkc gbnwaecab hkc 4º c{ecab 4181# gfk hawzbnkyd c‑dyyab hkccd zrdxagd ha ragbnb,wgalknxb hd zdrxk hkcc‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc Gbnwaecab hkaLanawxra &t{dnxb rkwxdyd hkccd gkwwdxd Gbnw{cxd Drdchagd!= nkc ykrodck# xrd c‑dc,xrb# cd gbrbnd ha Gbl{nk yknayd krrbnkdlknxk hkianaxd «rbggdibrxk x{rraxd½#gblk wk ragfadldwwk cd rbggdibrxk gfk# wxdnhb dccd rkcdpabnk hkccb Wx{hab drdc,hagb# wdrkook wxdxd krkxxd hda Yadcdrha nkc 4;45.

Cb Wx{hab gbnxan{ÿ d ldrxkccdrk ha ckxxkrk ac Gbl{nk ?;# gfk wdeeadlknxkdxxknhkyd cd rawzbwxd hkcc‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc Gbnwaecab.T{kwxd ea{nwk nkc 41;?0 cd zrbzbwxd anyadxd krd wgbrrkxxd hd {n z{nxb ha yawxdwad drdchagb wad wxbragb kh krd wxdxd anbcxrk ranykn{xd cd zrdxagd ha yknx‑dnnazrald gbn ck dnnbxdpabna hkccd Gbllawwabnk drdchagd zaklbnxkwk ?9. Ac Gbl{nkdoodnhbnÿ zrbnxdlknxk c‑awxdnpd zrkgkhknxk k ac 8 ldeeab 41;7 eca yknaydgbngkwwb gbn hkgrkxb hkc Zrkwahknxk hkccd _kz{oocagd cb wg{hb zdrxaxb# nkc 4ºh‑brb# dcc‑dt{acd ha nkrb# gbc ybcb wzakedxb# gbrbndxd hkccb wxkwwb= nkc ?º h‑dreknxbd h{k odnhk ha rbwwb# rkgdnxk eca brndlknxa kwxkrabra hd Gbl{nk &cd gbrbndl{rdck gbn nbyk lkrca k h{k rdla# {nb h‑dccbrb# c‑dcxrb ha t{krgad# ckedxa hd {nndwxrb xragbcbrk wbxxb cd z{nxd hkccb wg{hb!. Yknayd gbngkwwb dngfk ac ebnid,cbnk# hkwgraxxb gblk {n «hrdzzb ha gbcbrk eadccb dccd odnhd ha rbwwb raggdlknxkbrndxb ha ragdla h‑dreknxb# k gdragdxb hkccb wxklld½ gbc nblk hkc Gbl{nk ?5.

Wa gbngc{hkyd gbwã {nd yagknhd gfk rdggfa{hkyd an wá haiikrknxa hkgcand,pabna hkc lbhb ha zkrgkzark c‑drdchagd nkcc‑Axdcad gbnxklzbrdnkd0 c‑dwzardpabnk

hka gbl{na dh d{xbrdzzrkwknxdrwa an {n wkenb yawayb gfk kwzrald t{kcca gfkyknebnb zkrgkzaxa gblk a xrdxxa kwwknpadca hkccd wxbrad# hkccd g{cx{rd k hkcc‑kgb,nblad cbgdck= cd zrbwzkxxayd gbllkrgadck hkeca awxax{xa zraydxa k t{kccd ea{ra,hagb,awxax{pabndck hkcc‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc Gbnwaecab.

?4 E. D_GDNEKCA# Cd odngd hdxa hka idwga,gbca drdchaga hka gbl{na hkcc‑drgfayab hkc,c‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc Gbn,waecab hka Lanawxra # an Eánádcbeak kx fárdcha,t{k# Dgxkw h{ ?8k gbneræw anxkrndxabndc hkwwgakngkw eánádcbeat{k kx fárdchat{k# Oá,wdnåbn ?,5 lda ?:::# Zdraw ?::?# ybc. AA#Fárdchat{k# zz. 47,86# an zdrxagbcdrk zz. 41wee.

?? DGbl Ykrrbnk# gdx. A# gc. AY# Wxklldgbl{ndck# Zrdxagd zkr cd gbngkwwabnk# 41;?,41;8# ckxxkrd hkcc‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccdZrkwahknpd hkc Gbnwaecab dc wanhdgb ha Ykr,rbnk an hdxd ?8 nbyklork 41;?. T{kwxd ckx,xkrd id kwzcagaxb raikralknxb dc zdrkrk hkc417:# nbn rkzkraxb nkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck.

?7 Aoahkl# 4186,41;:# ckxxkrd hkccb Wx{,hab drdchagb dc wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk hkc ?5hagklork 4186.

?8 Eca wldcxa &gbcbra! hkccb wg{hb wa w{h,hayahbnb an h{k er{zza0 a lkxdcca# brb &eadc,cb! k dreknxb &oadngb! gfk gbangahbnb wb,wxdnpadclknxk gba gbcbra zañ xkn{a# k a gbcbra &rbwwb k zbrzbrd# dpp{rrb# ykrhk# nkrb!# zañanxknwa. Zkr {nd t{kwxabnk ha yawaoacaxê krawdcxb# dcc‑anxkrnb ha {nb wg{hb nbn wahbyrkookrb zbrrk an gdlzax{rk gbnxae{kwldcxa dzzdrxknknxa dc lkhkwalb er{zzb.

?; An {nd ckxxkrd hkc ; bxxbork 4181 cbWx{hab drdchagb# nkccd w{d diidnnbwd ragkrgdha gcaknxa# gfakhkyd dc wkerkxdrab gbl{ndckha gbccdobrdrk d rkgcdlappdrnk c‑dxxayaxê haragkrgd eknkdcbeagd k drdchagd zrkwwb kykn,x{dca zraydxa= an gdloab eca zrbzbnkyd ac erd,x{axb anyab hkccb wxklld «w{c nblk hkccd haCka gdwdxd½ &dggbrxd ibrl{cd dhbzkrdxd hdwalaca awxax{xa zkr dwwkendrk da gcaknxa wxkllaha idlaecak blbnalk wknpd idrk ragkrgfkw{cc‑kiikxxayd zkrxanknpd hkccb wg{hb# k zkrgd{xkcdrwa hd kyknx{dca gbnxkwxdpabna!.

?9 Gir. nbxd ??.?5 DGbl Ykrrbnk# gdx. A# gc. AY# Wxklld

gbl{ndck# Zrdxagd zkr cd gbngkwwabnk# 41;?,41;8# gbzad hkc hkgrkxb zrkwahknpadck hagbngkwwabnk# racdwgadxd ac ?1 dzrack 41;8.



99



95



91

C ‑drgfaxkxx{rd hka gdwxkcca æ {nd ibnxk hkgawayd zkr cb wx{hab hkc rdzzbrxbxrd ac xkrraxbrab k ck awxax{pabna gfk cb ebykrndnb0 eca khaiaga hkc gdwxr{lrdzzrkwknxdnb anidxxa cd ldxkradcappdpabnk hkcck zrkrbedxayk ea{rahagfk k

awxax{pabndca hkcck wxr{xx{rk zbcaxagfk# hawkendnhb d wgdcd dlzad {n ykrb k zrb,zrab zdkwdeeab hkc zbxkrk. Hd t{kwxb z{nxb ha yawxd# cb wx{hab hkcc‑drgfaxkxx{rdgdwxkccdnd nbn z{ÿ idrk raikralknxb {nagdlknxk dh kwaeknpk ibrxaiagdxbrak bhaiknwayk# ld hkyk gbecakrk ck wgkcxk ibrldca# xkgnagfk k walobcagfk dhbxxdxk hdagbllaxxknxa zkr rdzzbrxdrwa gbn ac zrbzrab gbnxkwxb wbgadck k xkrraxbradck.

Xrdxxdnhbwa zba ha drgfaxkxx{rk wbeekxxk d gbnxan{k xrdwibrldpabna &zkr c‑de,eabrndlknxb hkcck xkgnagfk ibrxaiagdxbrak# ld dngfk k wbzrdxx{xxb zkr c‑dhke{d,lknxb hkc gblibrx rkwahknpadck k zkr c‑deeabrndlknxb iae{rdxayb!# ac xkld hkccdwxrdxaiagdpabnk raykwxk {n r{bcb hkgawayb0 cd c{ned h{rdxd w{ g{a wa law{rdnb agdwxkcca gblzbrxd cd nkgkwwaxê ha anhayah{drk k dhbxxdrk gfadya wxbraberdiagfkhaykrwaiagdxk# gfk rknhdnb gbnxb hkcc‑anxkrb wyac{zzb hadgrbnagb hkcc‑khaiagab#kyaxdnhb ha zrayackeadrk ck w{zzbwxk idwa braeandrak b ac ybcxb lkhakydck# d{xkn,xagb b rkanyknxdxb gfk wad.

Ac gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk rdzzrkwknxd {n gdwb klockldxagb ha rdzzbrxb gbl,zckwwb xrd gdwxkccb k anwkhadlknxb. Dngbrd da zrala hkcc‑Bxxbgknxb# t{dnhb alaw{rdxbra ndzbckbnaga zrbyykhbnb dccd gdxdwxdpabnk ha Ykrrbnk 4# ac n{gckbhknblandxb Ck gfïxkd{ rdzzrkwknxd c‑{nagb c{beb iae{rdxaydlknxk waenaiagdnxk

k ragbnbwgaoack hkc n{gckb r{rdck ha Ykrrbnk# z{r dyknhb zkrwb bena gdrdxxkrap,pdpabnk ha gblza{xkppd ibrxaiagdxd. Klkrek hd t{kwxd rdiiae{rdpabnk wgfkldxagdgfk c‑dlzad drkd t{dhrdxd hkc gdwxkccb &cdxb ha gargd 6: lkxra! æ c‑{nagb kck,lknxb d wgdcd {rodnd ndxb gbn {n xrdggadxb k {n‑ahkd zrbekxx{dck ibrxa# raikraxazrbodoaclknxk dh {n lbhkccb ibrxklknxk ekblkxrappdxb. Dc gbnxrdrab# bwwkr,ydnhb brd c‑kyahknpd ldxkradck hkeca khaiaga gbnwkrydxa æ zbwwaoack ragbnbwgkrk{nd zc{rdcaxê ha idwa gbwxr{xxayk wxrdxaiagdxk k ea{wxdzzbwxk# gfk zdrrkookrbraldnhdrk d {nd gbngkpabnk x{xx‑dcxrb gfk {naxdrad. Ybcknhb zkrxdnxb wgkecakrk{n xkld e{ahd zkr cd ndrrdpabnk wxbragd# zbwwadlb wbwxknkrk gfk cd ckxx{rd hkcgdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk wa eabgd zrbzrab w{c oanblab lbhkccb"wxrdxaiagdpabnk. T{kwxboanblab dww{lk waenaiagdxa haykrwa nka haykrwa zkrabha ha yaxd hkc gdwxkccb k hkc,

c‑anwkhadlknxb.An zrald azbxkwa# an dxxkwd gfk ibnxa k anxkrzrkxdpabna ankhaxk zbwwdnb annk,wgdrk n{bya zrbekxxa ha gbnbwgknpd hkcc‑khaiagab# z{ÿ kwwkrk anhayah{dxd {ndzrald zkrabhappdpabnk wxbragb,drgfaxkxxbnagd drxagbcdxd w{ xrk idwa zrangazdca0c‑anwkhadlknxb ibrxaiagdxb ha anapadxayd waenbrack cbgdck &wkgbca VAA,VAAA!# cd rahk,ianapabnk ibrldck k awxax{pabndck hkc gblzckwwb nkc t{dhrb hkc gbbrhandlknxbhkeca wxdxa xkrraxbradca &wkgbca VAY,VYA! gfk# nbn ea{neknhb dh {n kzacbeb gbl,za{xb# zbrxd ‗ xkrpd idwk ‗ dccd zdrgkccappdpabnk k dccd ‖zraydxappdpabnk‑ &bwwad dccdnkedpabnk hkcck zrkrbedxayk awxax{pabndca! hkeca khaiaga eaê hkc gdwxkccb# ianbdcc‑annkwgb hka zrbgkwwa ha hkerdhb gfk x{xxbrd zkrldnebnb# nbnbwxdnxk c‑an,ykrwabnk ha xknhknpd g{cx{rdck hby{xd dh {n‑kngbladoack anapadxayd zraydxdzrald# z{oocagd zba.

Zdrxadlb hdccd idwk gknxrdck0 an x{xxd cd wxbraberdiad ha Ykrrbnk c‑dxxb hahkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha dc gbnxk Dlkhkb YA ha Wdybad &4757! rdzzrkwknxd {ndxdzzd zkrabhappdnxk ?. Ck zbcaxagfk braknxdca ha Dlkhkb YA zdabnb ybcxk nbn

4 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdxdwxb irdn,gkwk# Ldzzk# Dcc. D# n. ?:# 46:5# Wkgxabn G &DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Gdrxk xbzberdiagfk

zkr D k O# Ykrrbnk!.? Hd {cxalb0 Z. GDNGADN# Gdwxkccb ha Ykr,

rbnk# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakc,ckwa # Lacdnb ?::4# zz. 474,47?= E. ZDNXß#Yaxd gdwxkccdnd k wxr{xx{rk haiknwayk hkc Oakc,ckwk hdcck ibnxa drgfkbcbeagfk# an C. WZAND &dg{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa # gax.# z. ?4.

C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc gdwxkccb nkc zdkwdeeabibrxaiagdxb w{odczanbDnhrkd Cbnefa

Ldzzd gdxdwxdck hkc Gbl{nk haYkrrbnk gbn ac n{gckb hkc gdwxkccb## DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk#Gdxdwxb irdngkwk # Ldzzk# Dcc. D#n. # Wkgxabn G



5: DNH_KD CBNEFA

xdnxb d {nd wxrdxkead odndclknxk kwzdnwayd ykrwb cd zadn{rd cblodrhd# ld za{x,xbwxb d {n gbnwbcahdlknxb ‗ zkr rkgazrbgb ragbnbwgalknxb ‗ hkccd ndx{rd wxkwwdhka h{k wxdxa xkrraxbradca wdod{hb k yawgbnxkb# d irbnxk hkcck zrkgkhknxa waenbrakcbgdca# cdagfk b kggckwadwxagfk 70 cb halbwxrd wbzrdxx{xxb cd gbnh{pabnk hkccd Ckede{kcid dnxayawgbnxkd &an g{a Dlkhkb YA nbn zkndcappd an lbhb hkianaxayb aYawgbnxa wgbniaxxa!# ld dngfk cd zbwapabnk wdod{hd h{rdnxk cd raybcxd gbnxrb acykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca Eabydnna Iakwgfa &yaknk caokrdxb ld ha idxxb zraydxb hkcck

zrbzrak zrkrbedxayk zbcaxagfk! 8.Zrbzrab xdca yagknhk wbnb c‑dnxkidxxb k cd gbrnagk hkccd gkckork hkhapabnk hkaYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ac 41 ikoordab 4757 ;0 nkc ldrpb w{ggkwwayb# anidxxa#Dlkhkb YA dxxrdykrwd cd Wkwad zkr dzrark ck bzkrdpabna dnxayawgbnxkk# lknxrknkc 4755 n{lkrbwk gbl{naxê hkc Oakcckwk# h{rdnxk cd rkgc{wabnk hkc Iakwgfa#zdwwdnb hdc gbnxrbccb zbcaxagb ykwgbyack dc gbbrhandlknxb nkccb wzdpabwdod{hb# zrbgkwwb gbnwbcahdxb gbn cd hkhapabnk ha Oakccd nkc 4751 9. An t{kwxbt{dhrb ekbzbcaxagb nbn wbcb ck yagknhk lacaxdra b hazcbldxagfk eabgdnb {nr{bcb hkgawayb0 dngfk c‑drgfaxkxx{rd k c‑{rodnawxagd knxrdnb d idr zdrxk hkc gbl,zckwwb hawkenb zbcaxagb ha ckeaxxaldpabnk hkc n{byb brhank awxax{pabndck.

Dccb wxdxb dxx{dck hkeca wx{ha# raw{cxd x{xxdyad haiiagack zkr Ykrrbnk raikrark anlbhb z{nx{dck {n khaiagab b {nd w{d zdrxk d xdca handlagfk0 klkrek x{xxdyaddngfk an t{kwxb gdwb,wx{hab {n zrbgkwwb gbnhayawb gbn n{lkrbwa anwkhadlknxaibrxaiagdxa hkcc‑drkd w{odczand bggahknxdck. C‑khaiagab ‖gdwxkccb‑# zrbzrab nkeca{cxala dnna hkc Xrkgknxb# yd anidxxa angbnxrb d {nd haydragdpabnk i{npabndck0 hd{n cdxb ck o{rbgrdpak hka zrangazdxa xkrraxbradca handwxaga wkckpabndnb ck ibrxaia,gdpabna ha gblzkxknpd wxdxdck# zrbl{byknhb erdnha gdnxakra gfk zrkc{hbnb dccdcbeagd hkcck zadppkibrxa lbhkrnk= hdcc‑dcxrb# ck waenbrak cbgdca &ha dnxagd braeank#gblk ha n{byd nboacxê! knxrdnb d idr zdrxk ha {nd zañ dlzad wxrdxkead ha gbn,xrbccb hkc xkrraxbrab# deeabrndnhb ck zrbzrak wkha 5. T{kwxb h{zcagk zrbgkwwbdyyaknk zkrÿ gbn {nd gbl{ndnpd zdrpadck ha lbhkcca ibrldca k ha xkgnagfk ibr,xaiagdxbrak0 xdnxb an drkd yawgbnxkd t{dnxb an t{kccd wdod{hd &ld gbwã z{rk nkaxkrraxbra hkccd gbrbnd irdngkwk b an dcxrk pbnk h‑K{rbzd! cd ekblkxrappdpabnk

hka xrdggadxa ‗ wbzrdxx{xxb zcdnalkxraga ‗ hayknxd ac gdrdxxkrk ibnhdxayb hkcc‑dr,gfaxkxx{rd gdwxkccdnd= hdc z{nxb ha yawxd hkcck xkgnagfk ha ibrxaiagdpabnk# wklzrknkeca wxkwwa hkgknna &hdeca dnna Wkwwdnxd hkc Xrkgknxb!# cd raybc{pabnk æ hdxd

7 An wanxkwa0 I. GBENDWWB# Ac Gbnxk Ykrhk#Lacdnb 41?9# rawx. Lacdnb 4161# zz. 454wee.= I. GBENDWWB# A Wdybad# Ydrkwk 4154#rawx. Lacdnb 4111# zz. 498,49;. W{cck zbca,xagfk ha Dlkhkb YA# gir. E. GDWXKCN[BYB#[iiagadca k eknxac{blana0 cd wbgakxê zbcaxagdwdod{hd nkc xdrhb Lkhabkyb# Lacdnb 4118#zz. ;; wee.

8 I. EDOBXXB# C‑kxê hkc Gbnxk Ykrhk anZaklbnxk wkgbnhb n{bya hbg{lknxa & 47;:,

4767 !# Xbranb 4618# zz. 47? wee.# zz. 495wee. k zz. 464 wee. ; Y. YDA# Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykr,

rbnk d Gdwd Wdybad# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz.;4 wee.

9 Ac 7 ldrpb 4751 dngfk cd Gbl{naxê haYkrrbnk id hkhapabnk dc gbnxk Dlkhkb YAan Wdnxfaê. DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxb,gbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca # zrbx. ;1 rbwwb#i. 48y.

5 An wanxkwa# zkr c‑drkd wdod{hd# D. CBN,EFA# Drgfaxkxx{rd k zbcaxagfk xkrraxbradca nkc Xrkgknxb# an L. YAECANB HDYAGB# G. XBWGB

&d g{rd ha!# Drgfaxkxx{rd k anwkhadlknxb nkc xdrhb lkhabkyb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb ?::7#zz. ?7,5:.

d wanawxrd0

Dxcdw zdrgkccdark hkc gdxdwxb hkcGbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk# zdrxagbcdrkhkc gknxrb doaxdxb k hkc gdwxkccb#zdrxagkcck ,# # DW Xbranb#Wkp. _a{naxk Gdxdwxb irdngkwk # Ldzzk#

Dcc. O# n. # Wkgxabn G

d hkwxrd0

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# acirbnxk kwx nkc # dngbrd

gbkrknxk gbn a gdrdxxkradrgfaxkxxbnaga hkcc‑alldeankwkgknxkwgdibxb Yaxxbrab Wkccd



C‑ D_GFAXKXX[_D HKC GDWXKCCB NKC ZDKWDEEAB IB_XAIAGDXB W[ODCZANB 54

hdccd rkdcappdpabnk an l{rdx{rd hkeca dzzdrdxa d wzbrekrk# gbn okggdxkcca k gdha,xbak zkr cd haikwd zablodnxk# lknxrk wa gblangadnb d wzkralknxdrk wbc{pabnadhke{dxk zkr ck zralk drla hd i{bgb 6.

Nkc gdwb ha Ykrrbnk# z{r zrkwganhknhb hd dxxrao{pabnawla grbnbcbeagadppdrhdxa# wa zbwwbnb rawgbnxrdrk knxrdloa a zrbgkwwa. _aikraoaca d t{kwxd idwk ‗gfk zbwwadlb wax{drk zkr gdrdxxkra ibrldca xrd eca dnna Wkwwdnxd hkc Xrkgknxb kac zaknb VY wkgbcb# gbn n{lkrbwk drxagbcdpabna anxkrnk ‗ wbnb anidxxa wad ac xkn,

xdxayb ha drraydrk dh {n xrdggadxb t{dhrdxb rkebcdrk# gbn wawxkld d xbrra dneb,cdra gacanhragfk k gbrxank rkxxk# wad c‑dzzcagdpabnk haii{wd hkccd xkgnagd hka okg,gdxkcca d lknwbck cdzahkk# gfk raxrbyadlb w{ haykrwa irbnxa hkc gdwxkccb. Wazbxrkookrb gkrgdrk a raikralknxa# t{dwa ck gaxdpabna harkxxk# hka lbhkcca wdod{ha&gdwxkccb ha Ayrkd!# b ck dzzcagdpabna ragbrrknxa an dcxra waxa hkc Oakcckwk &xbrrkzbrxd ha Zbnhkrdnb 1!# ld gaÿ gfk t{a anxkrkwwd æ rawgbnxrdrk d wgdcd cbgdck zrb,gkwwa k iknblkna g{cx{rdca d wgdcd k{rbzkd.

T{dca wbnb eca kwaxa2 Ac hawkenb ekblkxragb ha ragblzbwapabnk hkcck zrkkwa,wxknpk æ x{xxbrd an zdrxk ckeeaoack0 c‑anxkrb wkxxbrk gfk yd hdcc‑drkd nbrh,bgga,hknxdck dc ykrxagk w{h,braknxdck æ alzrbnxdxb d t{kwxd cbeagd. Gbnwahkrdnhb cdxbrrk w{h,bykwx k cd odwk hkccd xbrrk w{h,kwx# xrbyadlb ac xkld hkccb wnbhb gbr,xand,xbrrk gacanhragd dnebcdrk# gfk an Zaklbnxk dww{lk cd zañ haii{wd dzzcagd,pabnk xrd cd iank hkc Xrkgknxb k ac zralb T{dxxrbgknxb# w{ccd odwk hkcck wzkra,lknxdpabna irdngkwa k aneckwa hkc H{kgknxb 4:.

D xkwxalbnadrk cd gbkrknpd xrd ac wawxkld d xbrra dnebcdra gacanhragfk k ckn{byk xkgnagfk haiknwayk gbn drla hd i{bgb wbnb ck gdnnbnakrk x{xxbrd ckeea,oaca dcc‑annkwxb hkccd xbrrk w{h,bykwx nkccd gbrxand# dzkrxk an lbhb hd odxxkrk cdgbrxand wxkwwd gbn xarb rdhknxk. An idwk nbn allkhadxdlknxk gbnxae{d# ldalzrbnxdxd dh {nd lkhkwald cbeagd# nkcc‑dnebcb nbrh,bykwx xrbyadlb dngfk acrdrb xkld hkccd wxr{xx{rd haiknwayd dnebcdrk braknxdxd w{ccd hadebndck hkc zkra,lkxrb ibrxaiagdxb0 ck zrklkwwk xrkgknxkwgfk wbnb zbgfk &an Zaklbnxk gaxadlb acgdwb lbn{lknxdck kh klockldxagb ha Ibwwdnb# gbn ck dzzcagdpabna kzawbhagfkha Lbnxagkccb h‑Dcod k Zdngdcakra 44!# ld cb wgfkld ibrldck dww{lk {n r{bcb

hkgawayb d zdrxark hdc Gant{kgknxb# gbn {nb wyac{zzb w{ggkwwayb nkeca wgfklahaiknwaya odwxabndxa. C‑kcklknxb drgfaxkxxbnagb ha ldeeabr waenaiagdxb# d labdyyawb# gfk xkwxalbnad t{kwxb anxknxb ibrldck ha ragblzbwapabnk hkcck zdrxa æ ac

6 D. L. _ BLDNANA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd ebxagd an Cblodrhad# Lacdnb 4198= D. YANGKNXA# Gd,wxkcca yawgbnxka k wibrpkwgfa # Lacdnb 4164#zz. ?5 wee.= I. GDYDCAK_A# Ac gdwxkccb ha Zdn,hanb# an E. DCOANA# I. GDYDCAK_A# Ac gdwxkccbha Zdnhanb. [nd rkwahknpd waenbrack nkccdgdlzdend cblodrhd# Grklbnd 4169# zz. 97wee.= G. XBWGB# Ac rkganxb ibrxaiagdxb k cdxbrrk0 wyac{zza ha {n wawxkld haiknwayb nkc xdrhb Lkhabkyb# an _. OB_HBNK# L. YAECA,NB HDYAGB &d g{rd ha!# _agkxxa k rkganxa ibr,xaiagdxa nkc odwwb Lkhabkyb# Xbranb ?::4#zz. 56,6?= D. CBNEFA# Drgfaxkxx{rd k zbcaxa,gfk xkrraxbradca nkc Xrkgknxb# gax.# gbn oaocab,erdiad aya gaxdxd.

1 E. G. WGABCCD# Ac Oakcckwk hdc lkhabkybdcc‑Bxxbgknxb. Drxawxa , gbllaxxknxa , gdn,xakra # Xbranb 416:# zz. 64,6?.

4: G. XBWGB# Ac rkganxb ibrxaiagdxb k cdxbrrk# gax.# zz. 67 wee.

44 D. CBNEFA# Drgfaxkxx{rd k zbcaxagfk xkr,raxbradca nkc Xrkgknxb# gax.# z. 8;.

Dcokrb eknkdcbeagb hka Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# wkgbcb VYAA# zdrxagbcdrkhkc gdwxkccb gbn cd xbrrkgdrdxxkrappdxd hdcc‑an{w{dck g{zbcdazkrobcagdgbcckpabnk zraydxd



5? DNH_KD CBNEFA

gbrhbcb xbragb gfk gbrrk c{neb a cdxa bykwx k w{h# dc zakhk hkccd gbrxand 4?.C‑anwkrpabnk ha t{kwxb kcklknxb# ibrldclknxk k gbwxr{xxaydlknxk lanaldck#rdzzrkwknxd ac xkwxalbnk ha {n gdloadlknxb g{cx{rdck nkc lbhb ha anxknhkrk acgdwxkccb0 an {nd ‖ldggfand hd e{krrd‑ lkhakydck nbn wbnb gbnwknxaxa anh{ea ibr,ldca &wk nbn an gfadyk walobcagd k bwxknxdxayd! k ac i{npabndcawlb anibrld c‑dr,gfaxkxx{rd= dc gbnxrdrab# c‑anwkralknxb ha kcklknxa ibrldca lbhkwxa# zrbzrab ant{dnxb nbn allkhadxdlknxk cdxbra ha {n walobcawlb# æ ac wkendck ha gblk c‑dr,gfaxkxx{rd hkc gdwxkccb anapa d gkrgdrk {nd zrbzrad cbeagd gblzbwaxayd dcc‑anxkrnbha {nd n{byd brednappdpabnk awxax{pabndck k xkrraxbradck. Æ cd wxkwwd handlagdzkr g{a dccd iank hkc Xrkgknxb wa anapadnb dh {xacappdrk ldrgdzadnb hkgbrdxa# birkea ha drgfkxxa zknwaca# b dlzak iankwxrk lbhdndxk an gbnxkwxa gfk zbwwadlbdngbrd ckgaxdlknxk gfadldrk ‖gdwxkccdna‑0 nbn d gdwb dngfk an Ykrrbnk dooadlbxkwxalbnadnpk ldxkradca# drgfkbcbeagfk k ibxberdiagfk ha dlzak iankwxrk hkgb,rdxk dzkrxk nkc irbnxk kwxkrnb hkcck gbrxank 47. Nka erdnha gdwxkcca handwxaga &wazknwa d Zdnhanb b Zdyad an drkd yawgbnxkd# b dc gdwxkccb ha Xbranb an drkdwdod{hd!# gblk z{rk nka gdwxkcca hkcck waenbrak cbgdca 48# eca dxxrao{xa rkwahknpadcab walobcaga dww{lbnb {n r{bcb ankhaxb zkr ck drgfaxkxx{rk ibrxaiagdxk.

Zkr t{dnxb rae{drhd ac wkgbnhb dwzkxxb# t{kccb hkcck xkgnagfk ibrxaiagdxbrak#fd {n r{bcb gfadyk ac lbxayb hkcck gdhaxbak w{ lknwbck cdzahkk d xrazcagk rawdcxb.Dngfk an t{kwxb gdwb zrkydck cd cbeagd hkcc‑dzzrbzradpabnk ha {n lbhkccb# za{x,xbwxb gfk hkccd gaxdpabnk harkxxd wkradck. Anidxxa# wkooknk xdca wxr{xx{rk w{ lkn,wbck dzzdrknxklknxk drrayanb t{dwa d hdrk {nd idgakw blbeknkd dc gblzckwwb#

wbnb rkdcappdxk gbn lbhdcaxê haykrwaiagdxk0 nkcc‑alzbnknxk irbnxk bykwx w{ccklknwbck wa wyac{zzd {n gdllanb ha rbnhd gbzkrxb gbn dzkrx{rk d zdwwb rdhbw{ g{a gbrrk ac irkeab cdxkrapab wgdcdrk= w{ zdrxk hkc irbnxk nbrh# anykgk# ac irkeabæ allkhadxdlknxk wbzrd ck lknwbck# k ck dzkrx{rk fdnnb raxlb zañ wkrrdxb=nkccd xbrrk kwx# w{eca drgfkxxa hkcck gdhaxbak xrbyadlb {n‑dlzad w{zkriagak gbnxrk gbrnaga d hknxk ha wked= nkcc‑khaiagab dcc‑dnebcb nbrh,kwx &hbg{lknxdxb wbcbhd ibxb hkc 4616! ck lknwbck wa xrbydydnb dh {n caykccb zañ odwwb rawzkxxb decadcxra gdllana ha rbnhd 4;= aniank# xrbyadlb ck lkhkwalk lknwbck nkcck gdwk hkcirbnxk w{h# {wdxk d w{zzbrxb ha odcgbnk# ibrwk rkalzakedxk gblk t{kcck {wdxknkccd odwk hkccd xbrrk kwx wbzrd gaxdxd.

T{kwxd xkgnagd ibrxaiagdxbrad# gfk rdeabna grbnbxazbcbeagfk braknxdnb dahkgknna w{ggkwwaya eca dnna Wkwwdnxd hkc Xrkgknxb zkr c‑drkd wdod{hd &nkc gdwb

yawgbnxkb cd lkhkwald cbeagd xrbyd dzzcagdpabnk gbn lknwbck cdxkrapak!# nkazdcanwkwxa cdxkrapa hkc gdwxkccb wa ea{wxdzzbnk b wa wbyrdzzbnk dcc‑{wb ha dcxrkerdnha gbwxdnxa hkcck drgfaxkxx{rk ibrxaiagdxk w{odczank. Xrbyadlb anidxxa w{c

4? W{cc‑{wb hkccd gbrhbndx{rd xbragd &rk,hbnhbnk! nka gdwxkcca yawgbnxka dccb wnbhbxrd odwk wgdrzdxd k l{rdx{rd ykrxagdck# gir.D. YANGKNXA# Gdwxkcca yawgbnxka k wibrpkwgfa #gax.# z. ?1.

47 E. ZDNXß# Yaxd gdwxkccdnd k wxr{xx{rk

haiknwayk hkc Oakcckwk# gax.# z. ?7= ibxb h‑d,zkrx{rd an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa # Lacdnb ?::4# z. 9.

48 Zkr ac gdwb,wx{hab wangrbnb hka gdwxkccahka Idcckxxa lkhabxrkgknxkwgfa# gir. D. CBN,EFA# Gdwxkcca nkcck xkrrk ha Cdned0 ck drgfa,xkxx{rk ibrxaiagdxk hka Idcckxxa # an _. GBLOD &dg{rd ha!# A Idcckxxa nkcck xkrrk ha Cdned xrdwxbrad k drxk0 VAA,VYA wkgbcb# G{nkb ?::7#zz. 94,6:.

4; Gir. ibxberdiad ha Yaxxbrab Wkccd hkc4616 an t{kwxb ybc{lk# z. 54.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk gbn cdxbrrk –dcokrdxd“ k eca khaiaga dhadgknxahbzb cd hklbcapabnk nkc

hkcc‑dnebcb lkhakydck nbrh,kwx k cdw{ggkwwayd gbwxr{pabnk hkcc‑dwacb#gdrxbcand gbkyd# DYhWI# Acc{wxrdpabna

oakcckwa

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#cd xbrrk ha gbrxand gacanhragd dccbwnbhb w{h,bykwx k c‑dhadgknxk ldnagdbggahknxdck gbn gdllandlknxb w{lknwbck cdzahkk




Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#ac gdllanb ha rbnhd w{lknwbck cdzahkk hkccd ldnagdnbrh

d wanawxrd0

_kalzakeb hkcck lknwbckcdzahkk hkc gdllanb harbnhd gblk w{zzbrxb zkrodcgbna hkc cdxb w{h

d hkwxrd0

Ac gdllanb ha rbnhd w{lknwbck cdzahkk hkccd ldnagdbykwx



58 DNH_KD CBNEFA

49 Wa ykhdnb a n{lkrbwa gbnxrao{xa w{cxkld ha Lagdkcd Yaecanb. An wanxkwa0 L. YA,ECANB HDYAGB# Yaccdeea# gdwxkcca# ragkxxa. Anwk,hadlknxa r{rdca k haikwk gbcckxxayk xdrhblk,hakydca # an Y. GBLBCA LDNH_DGGA &d g{rdha!# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd zbzbcdrk an Axdcad. Ac Zak,lbnxk# _bld,Odra 4166# zz. ?;,;8= L.YAECANB HDYAGB# –Ac ragkxxb“ zkr dnxbnbld,wad# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# Gdnhkcb k ac ragkxxb. V,VAV wkgbcb# Lacdnb 411:# zz.487,458= L. YAECANB HDYAGB# Haikwk hkc waenbrk k hkeca fblankw0 waxb k wxr{xx{rkldxkradca nkc odwwb lkhabkyb# an L. G.YAWGBNXA GFK_DWGB &d g{rd ha!# Drgfaxkx,x{rd gdwxkccdnd0 wxbrad# x{xkcd# ra{wb# Dxxa hkc,ck eabrndxk ha wx{hab 4114# Gdrrñ 411?# zz.74,89= _. OB_HBNK# L. YAECANB HDYAGB &dg{rd ha!# _agkxxa k rkganxa ibrxaiagdxa nkc odwwb

Lkhabkyb# gax.45 Cd zrald dxxkwxdpabnk hkc gdwxr{l æ hkc

4?6?. Gir. X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# Cdxbrrk# ac gdydcakrk# ac gdwxkccb# an t{kwxb ybc{,lk# zz. 44 wee.

46 W{c waenaiagdxb hkc xkrlank hblknab,

n{l k w{cck ydradnxa# gir. D. D. WKXXAD# Gd,wxkcca k yaccdeea nkcc‑Axdcad zdhdnd. Zbzbcd,lknxb# zbxkrk k wag{rkppd ird AV k VAA wkgbcb#Ndzbca 4168# zz. 75; wee.= D. D. WKXXAD#ybgk Gdwxkccb# an Kngagcbzkhad hkcc‑drxk lk,hakydck# _bld 4117# ybc. AY# z. 717.

41 E. ZDNXß# Yaxd gdwxkccdnd k wxr{xx{rkhaiknwayk hkc Oakcckwk# gax.# zz. ?4,?8.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# cdxbw{h# khaiaga ha alzadnxb lkhakydck

irbnxk w{h &bcxrk cd iank hkc gbrhbcb! k w{c irbnxk nbrh lkrcdx{rk oaiahk dwwb,gadxk d irkea cdxkrapa wgdcdra b d hknxk ha wked# zbwxk zkrÿ d {n caykccb hkgawdlknxkanikrabrk rawzkxxb dc wbzrdggaxdxb gdllanb ha rbnhd w{ lknwbck cdzahkk &d gan,t{k lkxra gargd ha dcxkppd hdc zadnb ha gdlzdend!. Dzzcagdnhb cd ckxx{rd wxrd,xaerdiagd hkcck l{rdx{rk# wa z{ÿ bwwkrydrk gfk xdca cdgkrxa zrkgkhbnb wklzrk cd

idwk wbzrd hkwgraxxd. Zbxrkook xrdxxdrwa ha rkwxa ha {n zkralkxrb haiknwayb nbnxdnxb ha {n gdwxkccb# ld za{xxbwxb ha {n anwkhadlknxb zrbxkxxb0 an wanxkwa# {ndha t{kcck wxr{xx{rk {rodnawxagfk gfk nkc Oakcckwk wzkwwb dww{lbnb ac nblk haragkxxb 49# b gbl{nt{k ha {n‑drkd anwkhadxd hkc gdwxr{l nkcc‑dggkpabnk zañ dlzadhkc xkrlank# dhadgknxk b gargbwxdnxk ac n{gckb waenbrack. Xdca rkwxa ha wxr{xx{rkibrxaiagdxk odwwk wbnb wxdxk zrkgbgklknxk anecbodxk nkc irbnxk ha khaiaga0 nkccdgdwd zañ braknxdck hkc irbnxk w{h ac ydrgb xrd a lkrca æ haykn{xb {nd lbnbibrddrgfadg{xd# wbzrd cd t{dck {n‑{cxkrabrk dzkrx{rd razrknhk ac xkld hkc irkeab wgd,cdrk= nkc irbnxk nbrh cd lkrcdx{rd wa xrbyd anykgk anecbodxd an {nd wbzrdkckyd,pabnk hkc VY wkgbcb gargd# an g{a ac gbwxr{xxbrk dhbxxd &{nagb kwklzab nkc gbl,zckwwb ha Ykrrbnk! iankwxrk t{dhrdxk gbn gbrnagk.

Xdca anxkryknxa ha khaiagdpabnk zrkgkhbnb allkhadxdlknxk k gbnyaybnb gbnac xknxdxayb ‗ kyahknxklknxk ra{wgaxb wbcb zdrpadclknxk ‗ ha ekblkxrappdrk k{naibrldrk ck zrkkwawxknpk. Bzkrdnhb rkerkwwaydlknxk# t{dca zbxkydnb h{nt{kkwwkrk ck wxr{xx{rk hkccd zrald idwk2

Ck ibnxa rkcdxayk dccd zrald idwk hkc gdwxkccb 45 zdrcdnb ha {n gdwxr{l0 xrd Vk VAAA wkgbcb# wbcaxdlknxk gbn t{kwxb xkrlank wa anhayah{d nbn xdnxb {ngdwxkccb rkwahknpadck waenbrack# ld za{xxbwxb {n anwkhadlknxb ibrxaiagdxb# dc g{aanxkrnb ac waenbrk rawkryd d wá {n‑drkd awxax{pabndclknxk k lacaxdrlknxk waenaia,gdxayd# hkianaxd nkcck ibnxa gblk hbneabnk 46. Zbwwadlb dngfk zkr Ykrrbnkangrbgadrk a hdxa ldxkradca gbn ck ibnxa# zkr ykraiagdrk cd zbwwaoacaxê hkcc‑kwawxknpdha {nd walack wxr{xx{rd oazdrxaxd# gbn cd ea{wxdzzbwapabnk ha {n rkganxb haikwbkwxkrnb ‖zbzbcdrk‑ k {n‑drkd waenbrack rawxrkxxd k d w{d ybcxd haikwd. Ck rkgknxa

anhdeana drgfkbcbeagfk w{c cdxb bykwx fdnnb rkwxax{axb {nd wkt{knpd wkrrdxd hawxr{xx{rk l{rdrak an gabxxbca wgabcxa# an gabxxbca d wzand,zkwgk gbn ldcxd k ‗ aniank‗ an gabxxbca cawxdxa an cdxkrapab# dzzdrxknknxa dh {n brappbnxk grbnbcbeagb xrdc‑VA k ac VAAA wkgbcb 41.

L{rdx{rk dndcbefk wbnb rawgbnxrdoaca an dcxrk zdrxa an kckydxb hkc



C‑ D_GFAXKXX[_D HKC GDWXKCCB NKC ZDKWDEEAB IB_XAIAGDXB W[ODCZANB 5;

gblzckwwb# an zdrxagbcdrk gbn cd l{rdx{rd an gabxxbca hkccd odwk hkccd xbrrk t{d,hrdxd kwx# ckeeaoack xdnxb anxkrndlknxk t{dnxb kwxkrndlknxk. Z{r nbn zbxknhbhdrnk {nd hdxdpabnk dwwbc{xd hkianaxd# zbwwadlb dxxrao{ark xdca wxr{xx{rk dt{kccd idwk gfk dooadlb zrkcalandrlknxk hkianaxb gblk c‑anwkhadlknxb ibrxaia,gdxb hka waenbra cbgdca0 cd idlaecad hka hk Ykrbnb æ anidxxa dxxkwxdxd hdccd lkxê hkc

VAA wkgbcb= an t{kwxb zkrabhb wa z{ÿ anbcxrk gbccbgdrk ac zralb alzadnxb hkccdgfakwd rbldnagd hka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd. Cd hkianapabnk ha {n zañ gblza{xbk drxagbcdxb zkralkxrb ibrxaiagdxb cdxkrapab z{ÿ anykgk gbnekxx{rdclknxk wax{drwankccd idwk ha gbnwbcahdlknxb hkccd waenbrad hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# xrd cd iankhkc VAAA wkgbcb &dxxkwxdpabnk hkc gdwxr{l nkc 4?6?! k ac zralb Xrkgknxb ?:# nkclkhkwalb anxbrnb xklzbrdck an g{a wa gbnwbcahd ac rdzzbrxb xrd cd idlaecad k aczbcb kggckwadwxagb ?4.

Wxdnxk cd cdgbnagaxê hkcck ibnxa w{cck wxr{xx{rk drgfaxkxxbnagfk# zkr c‑anhaya,h{dpabnk hkc n{gckb waenbrack dww{lk erdnhk rackydnpd cd zkrldnknpd &dnbldcdzkr ac xkrraxbrab w{odczanb! hkcc‑{wb hkc xkrlank hblaenbn{l &b w{k ydradnxa!zkr hkianark {nd zdrxk hkc gblzckwwb ibrxaiagdxb. Nkccd zkredlknd hkc 4716 ??

klkrek anidxxa an lbhb kyahknxk ac h{dcawlb ‗ b dhharaxx{rd c‑dcxkraxê ‗ xrd hbla,

enbn{l k gdwxr{l0 hdcc‑angazax hkc hbg{lknxb klkrekrkook gfk ac hbneabnk

?: X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# Cd xbrrk#ac gdydcakrk# ac gdwxkccb# an t{kwxb ybc{lk#zz. 44 wee.

?4 D. ZK_AN# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkccd Zdrrbg,gfadck xrd Lkhabkyb kh Kxê Lbhkrnd# ant{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 4:7 wee.

?? DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb 74# zkredlknd

4;.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#odwdlknxb an gabxxbca hkccd xbrrkt{dhrdxd kwx

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#ac zbnxk ckydxbab hkc hbneabnkrazrawxandxb nka rkgknxa rkwxd{ra diadngb hkc cdxb anxkrnb hkccd xbrrk



59 DNH_KD CBNEFA

wxkwwb &wbcb an t{kwxb gdwb hkianaxb «an gdwxrb½! æ gbwxax{axb hd zañ khaiaga&«khaiiagad½!= ac xkrpb kcklknxb waenaiagdnxk æ cd «x{rraw gdwxra½# awxax{pabndclknxkkwxrdnkd dc hbneabnk k wbwxdnpadclknxk zrayd ha nkwwa ldxkradca k i{npabndca gbnac lkhkwalb. C‑dxxb gbnwknxk {nd ragbenapabnk ha dcg{na wzdpa hkc gblzckwwb#erdpak dcck anhagdpabna lagrbxbzberdiagfk. Wbnb hbg{lknxdxa t{dxxrb caykcca nkc

hbneabnk. A xrk anikrabra yknebnb hayawa an h{k zdrxa# dngfk lkhadnxk «anxkr,lkhadx{rdw½ gfk ldxkradcappdnb cd hayawabnk0 ck h{k zdrxa wbnb hkwgraxxk gblkbraknxdxk ykrwb ac ibwwdxb d kwx &«wayk ykrw{w ldnk½! k ykrwb ac gdwxkccb dh bykwx&«wayk ykrw{w wkrb½!= {n cdxb hka ydna æ wklzrk bgg{zdxb hd {nd yad &zrbodoac,lknxk {nd wgdcd! gfk gbccked a t{dxxrb zadna hkc hbneabnk k hê dggkwwb wbcbw{zkrabrlknxk dccd xbrrk &«kx w{zkr x{rral hagxa gdwxra½!. Nkcck gcd{wbck iandcahkccd hayawabnk yaknk zrkyawxb gfk c‑dggkwwb d t{kwxd wgdcd wad edrdnxaxb d x{xxa agbnwaenbra k gfk wad dzkrxd dngfk {nd zbrxd gfk cd lkxxd an gbl{nagdpabnk gbncd xbrrk. Ac t{drxb caykccb hkc hbneabnk ‗ t{kccb w{zkrabrk ‗ æ hayawb an t{dxxrbzdrxa &zkr edrdnxark ibrwk dh bena gbnwaenbrk cd zbwwaoacaxê ha {n z{nxb ha yawxdkckydxb!0 an t{kwxb gdwb a raikralknxa hka t{dhrdnxa wbnb cd gfakwd ha WdnWalbnk# cd zcdngfd &wxr{xx{rd ha dggkwwb! hkc hbneabnk wxkwwb# cd xbrrk hkc

gdwxr{l k ac ibrnb hkc gdwxkccb.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# xbrrkkwx# xrblod ha alzbwxd hkccd g{zbcd#zdrxagbcdrk hkcck lknwbck cdzahkk dwbwxkenb hkc gbrbndlknxb

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# xbrrkkwx# zdrxagbcdrk hkccd obxbcd gfk#zkribrdnhb cd g{zbcd# hê dggkwwb dccaykccb wbllaxdck

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# xbrrkkwx# anxrdhbwwb hkc gbrbndlknxbg{zbcaibrlk




Nkccd hayawabnk wa zdrcd ha {n wbcb ydnb hkccd xbrrk# dc zralb zadnb# bwwad cdgdlkrd gfk i{ hkc gblzadnxb hblan{w Walbnk ]Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk\= t{kwxbwzdpab nbn zdrk dykrk gbnnkwwabna gbn ac rkwxb hkc gblzckwwb &gbniand w{ x{xxaa cdxa gbn ac «l{r{w hagxk x{rraw½!. Zkr edrdnxark {nd ldeeabr ir{aoacaxê hkcc‑an,waklk da gbnhblana# cd rkdcappdpabnk ha n{byk dzkrx{rk hkwxr{xx{rd zrbodoac,lknxk ac zrkgkhknxk dwwkxxb i{npabndck k walobcagb0 wa gbnwknxk ha dzrark nkccdzdrxk anikrabrk hkc l{rb hkccd xbrrk {nd zbrxd «kx zdckwxrdxdl½ an o{bnd ldcxdha gdcgk# kyaxdnhb zkrÿ ha gblzrblkxxkrk cd wxdoacaxê hkccd xbrrk wxkwwd &«g{llanbra hdlnb l{ra hagxk x{rraw½! k wa dzrk dngfk {n dggkwwb dccd wgdcd ha gbl{,nagdpabnk hkc hbneabnk# zkr grkdrk {nd gbnnkwwabnk gbn ck zrbzrakxê da zadnaw{zkrabra= yaknk anbcxrk gbngkwwd c‑dzkrx{rd ha {nd iankwxrd ykrwb ac ibwwdxb# «zrbacc{landnhb kx gcdraiiagdnhb hagxdl gdlkrdl½# ha halknwabna dndcbefk dh{n‑dcxrd dzkrx{rd. D edrdnxark c‑{naxdrakxê ha ekwxabnk k ha i{npabndcaxê hkc gbl,zckwwb# rkwxdnb gbl{na a l{ra# a xkxxa# ck zbrxk k cd zcdngfd ha xbrrk k hbneabnk.Zkr t{dnxb rae{drhd eca wzdpa dzkrxa gargbwxdnxa# yknebnb hawxanxa ac «i{nh{w x{r,raw½ hdc «i{nh{w hblaenbna½= t{kwx‑{cxalb yaknk hayawb an t{dxxrb zdrxa# bwwadykrwb cd zcdngfd hkc hbneabnk# cd gfakwd ha Wdn Walbnk# ac ibrnb k cd xbrrk hkcgdwxkccb. Ac «i{nh{w x{rraw½ zdrk anykgk {nd harkxxd zkrxanknpd hkccd zrkhkxxdwxdnpd anikrabrk# an t{dnxb gbniand w{ x{xxa a cdxa gbn ac «l{r{w hagxk x{rraw½ k

gbn cd gdlkrd gaxdxd. Eca wzdpa ha zkrxanknpd waenbraca wbnb h{nt{k {nd zdrxkgargbwgraxxd hkc gdwxr{l# nkcck allkhadxk dhadgknpk hkc hbneabnk k hkccd xbrrkgfk# zrbodoaclknxk# fd eaê zkrwb cd zrbzrad i{npabnk ha xbrrk,zbrxd hkc gdwxr{l.

An wanxkwa# gbnwahkrdnhb dngfk eca khaiaga rkwahknpadca ‖grkwga{xa‑ w{c cdxb w{hhkc zkralkxrb hkc gdwxkccb &an ldngdnpd ha hdxa zañ kwd{wxaya w{c cdxb nbrh!# zbw,wadlb azbxappdrk xrd iank Xrkgknxb k zralb T{dxxrbgknxb {n lblknxb ha rack,ydnxk ydcbrk g{cx{rdck k drgfaxkxxbnagb0 lknxrk a waenbra wa hayahbnb ck wxr{xx{rkwaenbraca hkc hbneabnk k hkccd xbrrk# gbn {n‑dgg{rdxkppd xbzberdiagd gfk z{ÿkwwkrk zrbzbrpabndck wbcb dcc‑allknwb ydcbrk awxax{pabndck hka lkhkwala khaiaga#nkeca wxkwwa dnna wa yaknk ldxkradcappdnhb {nd wxr{xx{rd ha gdwxr{l bgg{zdxd hdkhaiaga rkwahknpadca k wkryapa &t{dca ac gaxdxb ibrnb!# an zdrxk ibrwk dhhbwwdxa dcckzrkkwawxknxa odwwk l{rd# an g{a wa dzrbnb dlzak iankwxrdx{rk lbhdndxk wkgbnhb

ac e{wxb {rodnb ?7.An {n drgb grbnbcbeagb zrbodoaclknxk rawxrkxxb# d t{kwxd wax{dpabnk wa xknxd

ha hdrk {nd hkianapabnk ibrldck zañ deeabrndxd# bzkrdnhb {nd ekblkxrappdpabnk

?7 Dngfk nkcc‑khaiagab hklbcaxb nkc 41::dcc‑dnebcb nbrh,kwx krd ragbnbwgaoack {ndiankwxrd drgfadg{xd raggdlknxk lbhdndxd&gir. cd ibxberdiad ha Yaxxbrab Wkccd hkc 4616an t{kwxb ybc{lk# z. 54!.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# act{dhrdnxk w{h,bykwx hkccd gbrxk xrdcd gdzzkccd gdwxrdck# eca khaiaga haalzadnxb lkhakydck# cd xbrrk hagbrxand k c‑alzbnknxk ldnagd bykwx



56 DNH_KD CBNEFA

hkcck zdrxa ‖awxax{pabndc,lknxk lknb rkwawxknxa‑#bwwad t{kcck zañ cbnxdnkhdc hbneabnk0 wa xrdxxd hkc,cd rkxxaiagd hkcck gbrxank

nbrh# bykwx k w{h# gbn c‑an,wkralknxb ha n{byk wxr{x,x{rk rkebcdra &gbn ac gbr,hbcb dc zakhk k ck gdhaxbakw{ lknwbck dc gbrbnd,lknxb! drxagbcdxk dxxbrnbdeca wnbha hkcck xbrra gacan,hragfk. Bcxrk dcc‑braeandrabzbcb waenbrack# dngfk cdgdzzkccd rbldnagd rkwawxkdc radccankdlknxb hka irbn,xa# xrbydnhbwa aniank an {nd

gbccbgdpabnk dnbldcd dcc‑anxkrnb hkeca wzdpa ekblkxrappdxa hkc rkganxb0 c‑dhk,e{dlknxb ha e{wxb wa kwzralkrê zkrxdnxb an {n deeabrndlknxb iae{rdxayb hkecadzzdrdxa hkgbrdxaya k hkybpabndca ?8.

T{dc æ c‑kwaxb ha t{kwxb zrbgkwwb ha wxrdxaiagdpabnk2 C‑angblzckxkppd hkczrbgkwwb ha rkxxaiagdpabnk hkc gdwxkccb k cd zkrldnknpd hkc gbngkxxb ha hbneabnknkcck ibnxa zdabnb dwzkxxa gblzcklknxdra.

Ck zkrwawxknpk ha t{kccd gfk dooadlb hkianaxb ‖zrald idwk‑ waenbrack gbn,hapabndnb gkrxdlknxk c‑angblza{xd rahkianapabnk ibrldck hkc gblzckwwb# gfknbn hayknxd {nd rbggd ekblkxragd gbn xbrra gacanhragfk k gbrxank rkebcdrawkgbnhb lbhkcca wdod{ha b yawgbnxka. Nkc 4;74 ‗ zbgb zrald hkcc‑anapab hkccdc{ned bgg{zdpabnk irdngkwk gfk# ha idxxb# wbzzralk ac h{gdxb wdod{hb ianb dc4;;1 ‗ dcc‑anxkrnb hkc «gdwxr{l ykrbna½ wa anhayah{dnb hkcck hbl{w0 wa gaxd {nd«hbl{w gdwxra½ &gbn {nb wzdpab caokrb# {n eadrhanb zrbzrab k dnnkwwa! k wazdrcd ha {nd «hbl{w g{l x{rra# g{rxa# z{xfkb# grbxaw# wdcd# gbt{and kx gdlkraw#dcat{aaw khaiiagaaw kx lkloraw ]…\ g{a gbfkrknx d h{do{w zdrxao{w ibwwdx{lgdwxra ]…\ ?;½.

Nkc lkhkwalb hbg{lknxb# zkrÿ# wa gbnxan{dnb d gaxdrk cd «x{rraw ldend½k cd «x{rraw hkldeabna½# an {n gblzckwwb gbccbgdxb d «cdxkrk wanawxrb ananerkww{ hagxa gdwxra ]…\½= an {n hbg{lknxb hkc lkhkwalb dnnb wa gaxdnb n{b,ydlknxk zdrxa waxk «an hagxd x{rra ldend dg hblkneabnb gbnxae{b½# bcxrk dh«dcad x{rra {oa rkekodnx{r wgbckraxab kggckwadl W. Walbnaw hagxa gdwxra ykrbna½ ?9.Æ kyahknxk gblk dngbrd nkc Gant{kgknxb wad grawxdccappdxb ac ckwwagb awxax{pab,ndck lkhakydck# dzzcagdxb d wxr{xx{rk ibrwk eaê an zdrxk xrdwibrldxk.

Gbnwahkrdnhb c‑{nagd dnnbxdpabnk lagrbxbzberdiagd ha hkxxdecab# wa z{ÿ gbc,cbgdrk ac hbneabnk nkcc‑drkd d wanawxrd hkcc‑anerkwwb odwwblkhakydck &x{xxbrdgbnwkrydxb!# diiadngdxb hdccd «x{rraw ldend½= dccd c{gk hkccd hayawabnk hkc 4716#anhayah{krka gblk hbneabnk c‑khaiagab zañ dlzab &wzdpab {xack anxkrnb ha gargdlkxra 4: zkr 5#;! hbxdxb ha zrbzrab anerkwwb zrbxkxxb d{xbnblb hdcc‑anxkrnbhkc gdwxr{l &dxx{dclknxk razrbzbwxb nkc rkwxd{rb!# lknxrk cd x{rraw ldend zdr,rkook c‑dhadgknxk xbrrk# ha cdxb kwxkrnb ha wbca 9#9: lkxra.

D gbnikrldrk c‑azbxkwa gfk cd xbrrk nbn wad ahknxaiagdoack gbn {nd zdrxk hahbneabnk æ c‑braeandrad i{npabnk ha xbrrk,zbrxd &æ kyahknxk cd xdlzbndx{rd hkah{k dggkwwa!# zrkgkhknxk dccd rkdcappdpabnk hkcc‑dxx{dck anerkwwb odwwblkhakydckdccd gbrxk hkc gdwxkccb0 ac r{bcb k ac waenaiagdxb ha {nd xbrrk,zbrxd wbnb wklzrk

okn hawxanxa hdc rkganxb zañ anxalb waenbrack. Nkc zralb gdwb# cd xbrrk æ nbn wbcb{nb wzdpab ha xrdnwaxb# ld z{ÿ kwwkrk dngfk {n c{beb z{oocagb &ha ndx{rd zkr,cbzañ gbl{naxdrad!= nkc wkgbnhb# cd xbrrk an {n hbneabnk æ cd ldxkradcappdpabnk

?8 Y. NDXDCK# Cd hkgbrdpabnk hkccd gdz, zkccd k hkcck wdck# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 64wee.

?; DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbyangad ha Oakccd# ldppb 5# Ykrrbnk# n. 9# yknhaxd hkc49 ldeeab 4;74.

?9 Aoahkl# ldppb 5# Ykrrbnk# n. 5# ykn,haxd hkcc‑44 debwxb 4;74.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#cdxb w{h hkccd gbrxk# efakrdxdrhblkhakydck &rkwxd{rdxd! k xrdggkha hkgbrdpabnk d erdiiaxb

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# dnebcbw{h,bykwx hkccd gbrxk# xknxdxaya hablbeknkappdpabnk hkcck zrkkwawxknpklkhakydca gbn ianxa o{endxa krat{dhrdx{rk d erdiiaxb




hkcck zrkrbedxayk ea{rawhapabndca hkc waenbrk# k zkrxdnxb nbn æ dyyagandoack náxrdnwaxdoack.

C‑dzkrx{rd ha {n anerkwwb dc gdwxkccb z{ÿ kwwkrk hby{xd dcc‑dzzrbzradpabnkwaenbrack hkccd xbrrk,zbrxd k dccd w{d rai{npabndcappdpabnk &wkooknk a nkwwa iawagak i{npabndca gbn c‑dhadgknxk khaiagab wadnb lanala!. Anxkrkwwdnxk# wkooknk krlk,

xagd# cd gaxdpabnk ha {n‑{cxkrabrk xbrrk ckedxd dccd zrkwknpd hkccd gdzzkccd gdwxrdck0zbxrkook xrdxxdrwa hkccd xbrrk gacanhragd w{h,kwx dccb wnbhb hkcck gbrxank.

Nkccd xkrpd idwk hkcc‑azbxkwa ha zkrabhappdpabnk zrbzbwxd klkrek cd hawde,erkedpabnk hkc gbngkxxb ha gdwxkccb0 c‑dwzkxxb zdxralbnadck zrkydck w{ t{kccbawxax{pabndck# cd gkrxkppd hkc zbwwkwwb zkrwbndck fd cd lkecab w{cc‑anhayawaoacaxêhkcck zrkrbedxayk dcxk hkc c{beb ‖gdwxkccb‑. Dcc‑anxkrnb hkccb wxdxb dwwbc{xb k an{n t{dhrb ha gbnicaxxa xrd wxdxa ndpabndca# c‑khaiagab gdwxkccb ianawgk zkr kwwkrkzrayb ha i{npabna# wad lacaxdra wad awxax{pabndca ?5.

Nkcc‑dzrack 4948# cd idlaecad wa rdh{nd nkccd g{gand ha _aggdrhb Yadcdrhazkr zrknhkrk dxxb ha {n gdloab brlda rdhagdck ha lknxdcaxê0 «zbagfá ac zañhkcck ybcxk xrd irdxkcca yayknxa an gbl{nabnk ndwgbnb anianaxk gbnxkwk# kx bggd,

wabna ha zdrbck# kx kwwkr lkecab yaykr an zdgk k gdraxê hayawa# gfk an hawgbrhad kxbhab an gbl{nabnk½ a irdxkcca krkha ha Okrndrhanb «wzbnxdnkdlknxk ha cbrbgkrxd wgaknpd# kx bnabnb hkcaokrdxb# hkyknebnb dccd wkzdrdpabnk kx hayawabnkhk‑ okna kx krkhaxê zrkhkxxd½. Cd w{ggkwwayd hayawabnk nbn anhayah{d zañ a zbcai{npabndca k walobcaga hkwgraxxa hdc Xrk dc Gant{kgknxb k ac ckwwagb æ brlda‖gayack‑0 d _aggdrhb {nd gdwd nkc gdwxkccb k cd «gdwd n{byd½# bcxrk d xkrrk k h{kgdwgank= d Eabydnna Ldrad h{k gdwk k hdydnxa dc gdwxkccb {n r{wxagb &wgbzkr,gfadxb zkrgfá or{gadxb!= d Okrndrhb «cd gdwd ykggfad zdxkrnd# cd wdcd erdnhkgbn cd rkgdlkrd ]…\ ?6½.

Ck xrdwibrldpabna hkc gdwxkccb an kxê lbhkrnd dyyknebnb brlda gbn {ndcbeagd ‖zkr zdrxa‑. Eca anxkryknxa# wbzrdxx{xxb hkgbrdxaya# zrbgkhbnb an lbhb

wkxxbradck0 wa zknwa dc wdcbnk ybcxdxb d zdhaecabnk diirkwgdxb# gfk wa anwkrawgk xrdcd gbrxand kwxkrnd k {nd rkxrbwxdnxk doaxdpabnk lkhakydck ?1. Cd xbrrk gacanhragddnebcdrk w{h,bykwx æ wbzrdkckydxd gbn {n‑dcxdnd# gfk yd d gdngkccdrk a zrkgk,hknxa zdrdzkxxa# k dggdnxb dccd wxkwwd wa rkdcappd {n xkrrdppb= w{c irbnxk nbrh hkcgbrxack {n cbeeadxb wa dhhbwwd dcck zrkkwawxknpk. Dngfk cd gdzzkccd# rahbxxd d{nd wbcd ndydxd# yaknk rahkianaxd ibrldclknxk dcc‑kwxkrnb nkeca wzaebca k nkc,c‑anerkwwb. Æ kyahknxk gblk bena zrbzrakxdrab zkrwke{d zrbzrak wgkcxk0 klkrekwbcb c‑anxknxb {naxdrab hkcc‑anxkryknxb w{cc‑khaiagab w{h,bykwx# an zdrxagbcdrkykrwb cd gbrxk0 ac gbllaxxknxk brlda dggkxxd c‑dggknx{dxd arrkebcdraxê hkcckzrkkwawxknpk# ld bzxd zkr {nd blbeknkappdpabnk w{zkriagadck# lkhadnxk {ndrahkgbrdpabnk d erdiiaxb hkcck iankwxrk k {n ianxb o{endxb deca wzaebca# dngfk w{

t{kcca zañ arrkebcdra# kwxkwd dc irbnxk kwxkrnb bykwx.Cd ldzzd hkc gdxdwxb dnxagb &4551! 7: biirk dngbrd ‗ hd {n z{nxb ha yawxd

zcdnalkxragb ‗ {n dwzkxxb rkcdxaydlknxk {naxdrab hkcc‑anwaklk# wkooknk ac ird,pabndlknxb zrbzrakxdrab dooad brlda dcxkrdxb ck cankk e{ahd hkc xknxdxayb haalzadnxb rkebcdrappdxb 74. Wa nbxa# zkrdcxrb# gblk cd ldzzd wkxxkgknxkwgd nbnragbnbwgd dc gdwxkccb dcg{n r{bcb deerkednxk b lbribeknkxagb zkr c‑anwkhad,lknxb0 er{zza ha gdwk awbcdxk b an cankd wa dwwbgadnb c{neb eca dwwa yadra# k cdgfakwd wa xrbyd dcc‑kwxrklb bzzbwxb hkc n{gckb. Gblk hkxxb an dzkrx{rd# acgdwxkccb rkwxd c‑{nagb zbcb {rodnawxagb hkcc‑anwkhadlknxb# nbnbwxdnxk {n zrb,erkwwayb zrbgkwwb ha wbwxax{pabnk &b ha gblzckxdlknxb! gbn khaiaga r{rdca# ianbdcck hklbcapabna d nbrh,kwx zkr cd gbwxr{pabnk hkc n{byb dwacb nkc 41::. Eca

anxkryknxa ha rkwxd{rb rkgknxa 7? k an gbrwb 77 zbwwdnb gbnxrao{ark d rknhkrk n{b,ydlknxk ac gdwxr{l {n anwkhadlknxb zrbxkxxb ld dnaldxb# an g{a ibrlk iawagfkk ibrlk awxax{pabndca gbngbrrbnb dccd t{dcaiagdpabnk hkccd gbl{naxê cbgdck.

?5 Zkr {n t{dhrb ha wanxkwa# gir. G. OB,ND_HA # A gdwxkcca r{rdca an kxê lbhkrnd# an Y.GBLBCA LDNH_DGGA &d g{rd ha!# C‑drgfaxkx,x{rd zbzbcdrk an Axdcad. Ac Zaklbnxk# _bld,Odra 4166# zz. ;;,9?.

?6 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Drx. 67: # 1; rbwwb= ac hkxxdecab ek,

nkdcbeagb hka irdxkcca æ an aoahkl dc 85rbwwb= zkr {nd zañ dxxknxd hawdland hkaokna hka irdxkcca gaxdxa# an rdzzbrxb da okna hadcxra Yadcdrha k zkrwbndeea# wa ykhdnb a gbn,wkendlknxa ha zbgb w{ggkwwaya ha _bcdnhb#Eabydnna Hblknagb# Eabydnna Ldrad# Okr,ndrhanb# _aggdrhb kh K{wkoab &aoahkl# Gd,lkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 575 # zdrder. 4# rke.46:# ii. ;6 k 68 wee!.

?1 Y. NDXDCK# Cd hkgbrdpabnk hkccd gdz, zkccd k hkcck wdck# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 64wee.

7: DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # ldzzd gdxd,wxdck ha Ykrrbnk ]4551\.

74 Zkr ant{dhrdrk graxagdlknxk ac ydcbrkhbg{lknxdck hkccd ldzzd# ragbrhadlb zkrÿ

gblk c‑bzkrdpabnk ha gdxdwxdpabnk wxkwwdragbnh{gd wzkwwb cd rkdcxê dh {nd cknxkanxkrzrkxdxayd ekblkxrappdxd &raldnhadlbdeca wx{ha ha Zdbcd Wkrknb# t{dca Z. WK_KNB#Zdkwdeeab derdrab# deralknw{rd k ekblkxrap,pdpabnk hkccb wzdpab0 cd zkrkt{dpabnk eknk,rdck hkc Zaklbnxk k cd ibrldpabnk hkc –gdxd,wxb dnxagb“# an _. LD_XANKCCA# C. N[XA &dg{rd ha!# Ibnxa zkr cb wx{hab hkc zdkwdeeabderdrab# C{ggd 4164# zz. ?68,?19!.

7? Nkccd zbrpabnk dgt{awaxd hd Gdrcb @dwkcca nkc 4151.

77 Nkcck zbrpabna dgt{awaxk hdc Gbl{nknkc 4117 k ?:::.

Gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ldnagdbykwx# dzkrx{rd lbhkrnd ykrwb cdgbrxk gbn xrdggk ha rat{dhrdx{rd derdiiaxb w{ anxbndgb



64

CD GDZZKCCD HA WDN WALBNK K EA[HD

C ‑dowahk k zdrxk hkccd ndydxd hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Walbnk k Ea{hd# dngbrdbeea zrbzrakxê zraydxd dnnkwwd dc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# wbnb brndxk hd {ngagcb ha diirkwgfa t{dxxrbgknxkwgfa. Nkcc‑dowahk ck zaxx{rk# wzdrxaxk knxrb

wklzcaga ant{dhrdx{rk rbwwdwxrk# wa hawxrao{awgbnb# gbn rdiiae{rdpabna ha wdnxa#c{neb c‑anxkrd zdrkxk# anecbodnhb dngfk {nd hkcck h{k lbnbibrk gfk aya wadzrbnb. Dc gknxrb# ird ck h{k lbnbibrk dzzknd gaxdxk# ck awgrapabna zkrlkxxbnb

ha ragbnbwgkrk wdnx‑Klacadnb# {nb hka zrala ykwgbya ha Ykrgkcca# a g{a rkwxa wagbnwkrydnb an Wdnx‑K{wkoab 4# k {n okdxb Eabydnna ykwgbyb hblknagdnb# gfkahknxaiagfkrka nkc zkrwbndeeab oakcckwk gaxdxb zkr a w{ba zrbhaea dcc‑dxxb hkccdibnhdpabnk hkc gbnyknxb ha Wdn Hblknagb hkc Zadppb ?. [n‑dcxrd alldeank hkcokdxb dh diirkwgb# hdxdxd 486:# krd rdiiae{rdxd w{c l{rb kwxkrnb hkccd w{d gdwdndxdck d Oakccd7. Dccd cbrb hkwxrd# {n‑{nagd ant{dhrdx{rd æ d w{d ybcxd oazdrxaxdhd gbrnaga d lkrckxxa. Hd {n cdxb æ rdiiae{rdxd cd Lkwwd ha wdn Erkebrab# gbn aczdzd alzkendxb nkcc‑{iiagab hkcc‑k{gdrkwxad# ha irbnxk dcc‑dzzdrapabnk hkc Grawxbha zakxê. Hdccd zaded hkc gbwxdxb ha Ekwñ webrednb raybca ha wdne{k nkc gdcagkgfk# dwwaklk d {nd zdxknd# æ zbwdxb w{ccd lknwd h‑dcxdrk gbzkrxd hd gdnhahkxbydecak obrhdxk ha rbwwb. Ha iadngb gblzdabnb {n ykwgbyb oknkhagknxk# nbnzañ ahknxaiagdoack zkr cd zkrhaxd hkcc‑awgrapabnk hkhagdxbrad gfk c‑dggblzdendyd#

k {n wdn Cbrknpb gbn caorb k erdxd hkc ldrxarab. Hdccd zdrxk bzzbwxd# bcxrk cdwkgbnhd lbnbibrd# wbnb dccankdxa {n wdnxb ykwgbyb oknkhagknxk# wdn Nagbcd hdXbcknxanb an ykwxk nkrd rkeeknxk {n caorb k cd grbgk# k# an {n {nagb rat{dhrb#wdn Okrndrhb gfk wbxxblkxxk xrdlaxk {nd yawxbwd gdxknd ac hklbnab# rdiiae{rdxbzañ an odwwb nkccb pbggbcb# dc ha i{bra hkccb wzdpab wdgrb# k wdnx‑Dnxbnab dodxk.

T{kwxb gagcb t{dxxrbgknxkwgb i{ kwke{axb wbyrdzzbnknhbwa ‗ b wbwxax{kn,hbwa ‗ d {n hkgbrb zrkgkhknxk# ha g{a wbzrdyyayk {n cdgkrxb an gbrrawzbnhknpdhkcc‑dnebcb anikrabrk wanawxrb hkccd rdiiae{rdpabnk gknxrdck. T{a wa bwwkrydnb {nirdllknxb ha obrh{rd lbnbgrbld k {nd zaggbcd zdrxk ha {n hawkenb brnd,lknxdck gfk# gbn cd zr{hknpd gfk c‑kwae{axê hkccd xkwxalbnadnpd alzbnk#zbxrkllb gbnwahkrdrk xrkgknxkwgb# zkr gbnirbnxb gbn dndcbefa lbxaya hkgb,

rdxaya alzakedxa nkc Oakcckwk hdc gbwahhkxxb Ldkwxrb ha Brbzd8

.Ianb dccd lkxê hkeca dnna Bxxdnxd hkc wkgbcb wgbrwb# ha t{kwxb gagcb dowa,hdck t{dxxrbgknxkwgb krd nbxb k yawaoack wbcb ac rat{dhrb gknxrdck0 ac wdnx‑Kla,cadnb k ac okdxb Eabydnna Dybedhrb krdnb gbnxbrndxa hd {n‑dlzad angbrnagad,x{rd odrbggd gbn ybc{xk# gbrnagabna k gdrxkcck d alaxdpabnk ha wx{ggfa. T{kwxbhkgbrb# gfk rawdcayd zrbodoaclknxk dc 4541# hdxd gfk w{c rkxrb hkcc‑dcxdrk dxxk,wxd ac xkrlank ha cdybra ha rawawxkldpabnk hkccd gfakwd ;# æ wxdxb rkgknxklknxkralbwwb zkr gbnwknxark ac rkg{zkrb hkccd zdrxk ndwgbwxd hkcck zaxx{rk zañ dnxa,gfk 9. Hkeca diirkwgfa wkxxkgknxkwgfa wbzrdyyaybnb wbcb dcg{na wzkppbna nkccdgdcbxxd dowahdck.

Dcxra diirkwgfa t{dxxrbgknxkwgfa irdllknxdra# dngf‑kwwa wzdrxaxa hd ant{d,hrdx{rk rbwwdwxrk# brndnb cd zdrkxk wanawxrd hkccd ndydxd. Wa ragbnbwgbnb t{a# d

zdrxark hd hkwxrd# {n okdxb an drldx{rd rkeeknxk {n eaecab# ac hkgbrb hkccd g{agdwdggd wklord dcc{hkrk dccb wxklld hka Yadcdrha# {nd iae{rd ha g{a rkwxd wbcb{n irdllknxb ha d{rkbcd# {n wdnxb gfk rkeek {nd xbrrk ahknxaiagdoack gblk wdn

4 Wdnx‑Klacadnb# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca nkc5:5# i{ iae{rd gdrd dccd lklbrad xrdhapab,ndck hka Yadcdrha# an t{dnxb raxkn{xb ac ibn,hdxbrk hka xrk rdla idlaecadra dnxagfa# nkc,c‑brhank Yaccdnbyd# Wdnhaecadnb k Ykrrbnk.Gir.# xrd eca dcxra# E. O. LBHKND,OAGGFAK_A#

Hkcc‑dnxagfaxê k nboacxê hkccd gaxxê ha Ykrgkc,ca # 4945# g. 61# lw. zrkwwb O_ Xbranb# k G.D. OKCCANA# Dnndca hkccd gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca wanb

dcc‑dnnb 4811# Ykrgkcca 4975# z. ?9# lw.zrkwwb OG Ykrgkcca.? Ac okdxb yaknk anykgk ahknxaiagdxb hd

Hkclb Ckobck# w{ccd odwk ha gbnwahkrdpabnad lk aenbxk# an {n Eabydnna Dybedhrb &H.CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zak,ya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # Oakccd 4151# z.9;1!. Zkr ac okdxb Eabydnna# gir. X. L[CCD,XK_D# Lklbrak grbnbcbeagfk k gbrberdiagfkhkccd gaxxê ha Oakccd# Oakccd 4556# z. 491= G.ZBLD# C‑dnxagb gbnyknxb ha W. Hblknagb ha

Oakccd Zadppb wkgbnhb {nd hkwgrapabnk hkc 45;4 wgraxxd hdc Zdhrk E. E. Xraykrb# Xbranb41:1# zz. 9# 4:,47 k ;6,94.

7 G. ZBLD# C‑dnxagb gbnyknxb ha W. Hb,lknagb ha Oakccd Zadppb# gax.# zz. ;6,;1.

8 W. GDWX_BNBYB# Zaxx{rd hkc Xrkgknxbnkcck zrbyangk ha Ykrgkcca k ha Oakccd # an E._ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Zaxx{rd k lanadx{rd hkc Xrkgknxb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 4115# zz.457,?8; &an zdrxagbcdrk iae. z. ?47!.

; A cdybra# i{rbnb ybc{xa hd Dnxbnab Okr,ndrhanb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k gblzckxdxazkr cd w{d anykwxax{rd hkcc‑anxkrb ik{hb haYkrrbnk hkc 49 wkxxklork 4541. Zdrxk hkcik{hb eca krd eaê zkrykn{xd nkc 4917 dxxrd,ykrwb ac xkwxdlknxb hkc w{bgkrb# ZakxrbIrdngkwgb Iragfaenbnb ha Gdwxkcckneb.DYhWI# Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# Wgfkhdx{rdXYW.

9 W{a rkwxd{ra wa ykhd Cd Yaxd Nbyd hkccdGdzzkccd# nbn iarldxb ld ha D. WACBLO_D#

an L. X[_BXXA &d g{rd ha!# C‑dcod idnxdwxagdhkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# Yaecadnb Oakcckwk?::?# zz. 64,44?= zkr {n‑alldeank hkcgbrb rawdcknxk dc 4151# iae. d z. 51.

Cd hkgbrdpabnk hkccd gdzzkccdk hkcck wdckYaxxbrab Ndxdck



6? YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

Obxxked hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccdHblknagd# Wdnx‑Klacadnb k okdxbEabydnna# ,# gdwxkccbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# gdzzkccd hkaWdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb

Obxxked hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd

Hblknagd# hkgbrdpabnk dowahdck#,# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# gdzzkccd hka Wdnxa Walbnkk Ea{hd an gdwxrb



CD HKGB_DPABNK HKCCD GDZZKCCD K HKCCK WDCK 67

Wkgbnhb h‑Dwxa zkr gbnirbnxb gbn {nd dndcbed rdiiae{rdpabnk an WdnWkodwxadnb d Ckwwbnd# t{anha# zañ hawgbwxb# {n irdllknxb byk zdrrkookrbhawxane{aoaca xrk zdcck hbrdxk# dxxrao{xb gfk dcc{hkrkook d wdn Nagbcd ha Odra. Hd

t{kwxd wxkwwd zdrkxk zrbyknebnb a irdllknxa ha anxbndgb diirkwgdxa gfk# rkg{,zkrdxa wbxxb ac zdyalknxb k ragblzbwxa# fdnnb rkwxax{axb {nd rdiiae{rdpabnk hkcLdrxarab hkccd okdxd Zdndgkd0 cd zdwxbrkccd ydcwkwadnd an zrkefakrd yaknk yab,cknxklknxk gbczaxd w{c gdzb zkr lkppb ha {nd rbggd hdccd ldxraend# gfk bwzaxdw{cck wzdcck {n zaggbcb hklbnab 5.

Ck {nagfk hkgbrdpabna gbnwkrydxk an gbrrawzbnhknpd hkccd zdrkxk hkwxrd#alzdeandxk an lbhb dndcbeb dcck zrkgkhknxa# rdzzrkwknxdnb {n wdnxb ykwgbyboknkhagknxk k ac Ldrxarab ha wdn T{aragb# anwkraxb an {n gdchkrbnk obccknxk kahknxaiagdxb hdccd wbxxbwxdnxk awgrapabnk. T{kwxa rat{dhra wbnb gbccbgdxa nka wbx,xdrgfa ha h{k dzkrx{rk# rkg{zkrdxk h{rdnxk cd rkgknxk gdlzdend ha rkwxd{ra# gfkgbrrawzbnhbnb dcck drgdxk ha gbcckedlknxb xrd c‑dxx{dck gbrzb hkcc‑khaiagab k {ndndydxd cdxkrdck# hklbcaxd dccd iank hkc wkgbcb VYA 6.

Zkr t{dnxb zrkwknxanb gdrdxxkrawxagfk gbl{na ‗ dh kwklzab nkcck blorke,eadx{rk wklzcaiagdxk gfk dggblzdendnb dc w{bcb ck ykwxa# b nkc lbhb ha hkca,nkdrk zdrxagbcdra an eknkrk waenaiagdxaya hd {n z{nxb ha yawxd –lbrkccadnb“ gblkck ldna b ck brkggfak ‗ eca diirkwgfa dzzdabnb bzkrd ha dclknb h{k hawxanxk zkr,wbndcaxê. Cd zrald æ gdrdxxkrappdxd hd ybcxa zañ xbnhkeeadnxa k hd {n e{wxb kwbr,ndxayb zañ zrbn{ngadxb# gfk wa kwxknhk dcck obrh{rk d lkrckxxb# dc raggb hkgbrbhka xkww{xa k dcck d{rkbck gbnxbrndxk ha iaxxk z{nxkeeadx{rk oadngfk# k hd wgkcxkgrbldxagfk gfk nka rat{dhra ha wibnhb zrkhacaebnb xanxk xknhknxa dc eraeab k dcor{nb. T{kwxb zaxxbrk æ rkwzbnwdoack hkccd idxx{rd hkccd pbnd wanawxrd hkcc‑do,wahk# hdccd Lkwwd ha wdn Erkebrab dc wdn Cbrknpb# hkc okdxb hkccd zdrkxk wana,wxrd k hkc Ldrxarab ha wdn T{aragb an {nb hka h{k wbxxdrgfa ha hkwxrd# nbngfá

hkc Ldrxarab hkccd okdxd Zdndgkd. _agbnbwgadlb cd ldnb ha t{kwxb wxkwwb ldk,wxrb dngfk d Ckwwbnd# nkc eaê gaxdxb brdxbrab ha Wdn Wkodwxadnb# hbyk ac wdnWkgbnhb h‑Dwxa fd cb wxkwwb zrbiacb xbnhkeeadnxk hka nbwxra wdnxa# c‑d{rkbcd hkccd

5 A irdllknxa ha diirkwgb wbnb# nkc lb,lknxb an g{a wgrayb# beekxxb ha rkwxd{rb.W{ccd okdxd# gir. eca drxagbca rdggbcxa nkccdrayawxd «Hk Ydcck Wagahd½# Y &4118!# n. 4.

6 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# z. 99:.W{c l{rb kwxkrnb hkccd gfakwd raybcxb d w{h#gbrrawzbnhknxk d {nd zdrkxk hkccd ndydxd

hklbcaxd# æ dngbrd zkrgkzaoack {n zkppb hadiirkwgb gbn {n irdllknxb ha iae{rd rke,eknxk {n caorb# ant{dhrdxd nkccd {w{dckangbrnagadx{rd rbwwdwxrd.

Obxxked hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccdHblknagd# Wdnxb ykwgbyb= Wdn Nagbcdhd Xbcknxanb= Wdnxa Okrndrhb k Dnxbnabdodxk # ,# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# gdzzkccd hka Wdnxa Walbnk kEa{hd an gdwxrb

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# cd hkgbrdpabnkdowahdck zrald hka rkgknxa cdybra harkwxd{rb# gargd# gdwxkccb Yadcdrhaha Ykrrbnk# gdzzkccd hka WdnxaWalbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrbibxb Dnnd @dwkcca Wacblord

Obxxked hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd# Lkwwd ha wdn Erkebrab= Wdnxb ykwgbyb k wdnCbrknpb# ,# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# gdzzkccd hka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb



Ykreank dccdxxdnxk an xrbnb zrkwknxd cd wxkwwd gdrdxxkrawxagd z{nxandx{rd k ckwgknk wbnb gbnxbrndxk hd obrh{rk d lkrckxxb hkc x{xxb walaca d t{kcck hkccdgfakwd ha Wdn Walbnk k Ea{hd 1.

Ac wkgbnhb drxawxd æ anykgk rkwb ragbnbwgaoack hd {nd zañ wzaggdxd ragkrgd haanhayah{dcaxê iawabnblagfk# hd {nd lanbrk zrkgawabnk nkccd hkwgrapabnk hkecadggkwwbra# hd d{rkbck k obrh{rk zañ kwwknpadca# hd wibnha xknhknxa d xbndcaxêykrha k or{nk. T{kwxd zkrwbndcaxê hkyk kwwkrk raxkn{xd rkwzbnwdoack hkccd pbndgknxrdck k hkwxrd hkcc‑dowahk k hkc wdnxb ykwgbyb hkc wbxxdrgb hkccd zdrkxk hkwxrdhkccd ndydxd.

68 YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd&2!# Dzbwxbca # ,# Wdnhaecadnb#Brdxbrab ha Wdnx‑Dnxbnab Dodxk dcXbrrabnk

Obxxked hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccdHblknagd# Wdnxb ykwgbyb# ,#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# gdzzkccdhka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb

Obxxked hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd

Hblknagd# Ldrxarab ha wdn T{aragb#,# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# gdzzkccd hka Wdnxa Walbnkk Ea{hd an gdwxrb

1 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Gbwwdxb# Oakccd 416?# ybc. AA# zz.75,71 &iank wkgbcb VY , anapab wkgbcb VYA!=L. WAEND_BCA# C‑dxxayaxê hkc ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd# ird Oakcckwk# Ykrgkc,ckwk k Nbydrkwk# an «Wx{ha k ragkrgfk w{cOakcckwk½# Obcckxxanb Hbgoa# 411;# z. 484&Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb k obxxked!= H. CKOBCK#

Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# Oakccd 4118# ybc. YAAA# zz. 791,75:&dxxrao{axa –gbn gkrxkppd“ dc Ldkwxrb haZrbf# dcadw Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblk,

nagd!.



CD HKGB_DPABNK HKCCD GDZZKCCD K HKCCK WDCK 6;

Nbnbwxdnxk cd zrkwknpd ha haykrwk ldna# ac gagcb hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Walbnkk Ea{hd 4: zrkwknxd nkccd w{d ecbodcaxê n{lkrbwa kh kyahknxa diianaxê gbn cd zrb,h{pabnk ha t{kcc‑dnbnalb ldkwxrb# dxxayb nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc T{dxxrb,gknxb# gfadldxb an lbhb gbnyknpabndck hdccd graxagd Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccdHblknagd# an raikralknxb dccd w{d bzkrd zañ nbxd gbnwkrydxd nkc H{blb haOakccd. Ldradxkrkwd Waendrbca fd zrbydxb d rdggbecakrk ac gdxdcbeb ha t{kwxb drxa,wxd# gfk fd dww{nxb# an haykrwk xdzzk hkccd ragkrgd graxagd# dngfk ac nblk ha

Ldkwxrb hkccd Zdwwabnk ha Drobrab b ha Ldkwxrb ha Zrbf# dzzkccdxaya hkraydxahdcck cbgdcaxê byk wa gbnwkrydnb gagca raxkn{xa yad yad zdrxagbcdrlknxk waenaiagd,xaya. Nk æ klkrwb {n gdxdcbeb kwxkwb# w{hhayawb xrd Oakcckwk# Ykrgkcckwk k

4: H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Gbwwdxb# ybc. AA# gax.# zz. 75,71&iank wkgbcb VY , anapab wkgbcb VYA!= L.WAEND_BCA# C‑dxxayaxê hkc ldkwxrb hkc Grawxbhkccd Hblknagd# ird Oakcckwk# Ykrgkcckwk kNbydrkwk# an «Wx{ha k ragkrgfk w{c Oakcckwk½#Obcckxxanb Hbgoa# 411;# z. 484 &Ldkwxrbhkc Grawxb k obxxked!= H. CKOBCK# Wxbradhkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# ybc.YAAA# gax.# zz. 791,75: &dxxrao{axa «gbn gkr,xkppd½ dc Ldkwxrb ha Zrbf# dcadw Ldkwxrb

hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd!.

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# Dhradnb &2!#zdrxagbcdrk ha irkeab gbn alzkrdxbrarbldna# ,# gdwxkccb Yadcdrhaha Ykrrbnk# wdcbna

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk#

Gbnwkend ha {n obxxanb# zdrxagbcdrk hairkeab gbn wbeekxxa okccaga# ,#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# wdcbna



69 YAXXB_AB NDXDCK



Nbydrkwk# ld dngfk za{xxbwxb irdwxdecadxb# hbyk ac r{bcb hkccd obxxked k t{kccbhka wke{dga dxxknhk dngbrd {cxkrabra zrkgawdpabna k {nd zcd{waoack grbnbcbeadhkyk dngbrd kwwkrk gbwxr{axd. Ac cdybrb dnhrê razrkwb d zdrxark hdcck zralk anha,gdpabna ha Zdbcd Dwxr{d# gfk fd zrbzbwxb ha anhayah{drk h{k hawxanxk zkrwbnd,caxê drxawxagfk# hd {nd zdrxk c‑d{xbrk hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd k hkcc‑dowahk

cdxkrdck hkcc‑brdxbrab ha Wdn Wkodwxadnb dh Drobrab# k hdcc‑dcxrd c‑d{xbrk hkccdzrald zdrxk hkc gagcb hkccd Zdwwabnk nkccd wxkwwd gfakwd ha Drobrab 44. Dc gagcb haYkrrbnk hbyrê gbl{nt{k kwwkrk hdxd {nd gbccbgdpabnk grbnbcbeagd za{xxbwxbdydnpdxd nkc zkrgbrwb hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd k hkccd w{d obx,xked# ibrwk dcc‑anxkrnb hkcc‑bxxdyb hkgknnab hkc T{dxxrbgknxb 4?.

CD HKGB_DPABNK HKCCK WDCK

Cd idwk wkagknxkwgd hkc gdwxkccb æ dngbrd hbg{lknxdxd hd gagca ha diirkwgfagfk brndnb c‑dcd bykwx hkccd gbwxr{pabnk k gfk wa hawxrao{awgbnb# dc zadnb xkr,rknb# nka h{k erdnha wdcbna ha dggkwwb k nkccd gdzzkccd bwzaxdxd dcc‑anxkrnb hkccdxbrrk h‑dnebcb w{h,bykwx.

A h{k wdcbna i{rbnb ragdydxa an bggdwabnk ha {n anxkryknxb ha rawxr{xx{rd,pabnk hkc zdcdppb gfk hbykxxk gblzbrxdrk dngfk c‑anndcpdlknxb hka wbiiaxxa 47.I{rbnb ibrwk lbxaya wxdxaga d gbnwaecadrk zkrÿ cd nbn xbxdck kcalandpabnk hkcck

44 Z. DWX_[D# H{k nbxk hbg{lknxdrak w{ Hdnakck Hk Obwaw kh dcg{na dwzkxxa hkc xdrhbT{dxxrbgknxb nkc ykrgkcckwk# an _agkrgfkw{ccd zaxx{rd hkc T{dxxrbgknxb an Zaklbnxk.

Wxr{lknxa zkr cd hahdxxagd k cd ragkrgd 7#Xbranb 416;# zz. 499,495. C‑dreblknxb æwxdxb zañ rkgknxklknxk diirbnxdxb hd Wa,lbnk _aggdrha &W. _ AGGD_HA# Zaxx{rd nkc

Oakcckwk xrd Ebxagb k _andwgalknxb# Xkwa anWxbrad hkcc‑Drxk Lkhakydck# [naykrwaxê Gdx,xbcagd hkc Wdgrb G{brk ha Lacdnb# Idgbcxêha Ckxxkrk k Iacbwbiad# d.d. 4111"?:::# rkc.zrbi. I. Icbrkw h‑Drgdaw! gfk ea{wxdlknxkraxaknk ac gbrz{w ian t{a dxxrao{axb dc Ldkwxrbhkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd bzkrd ha «{ndobxxked an g{a bzkrdnb zrbodoaclknxk zañzaxxbra½. Zañ an zdrxagbcdrk _aggdrha wklordgbnwahkrdrk {n gdwb d zdrxk eca diirkwgfa haCkwwbnd# «zkr {nd g{rd hkc hkxxdecab k {nddoacaxê xkgnagd zañ kckydxd# zañ yagand dhkwklza cblodrha½# lknxrk anhayah{d d Ykr,rbnk «dclknb xrk ldna½. Wkgbnhb cb wx{,habwb t{kwx‑{cxalb gagcb «zdrk ha {n ldk,wxrb yaganb d t{kccb hkc Grawxb# ld wk nk hai,ikrknpad zkr {n e{wxb hkgbrdxayb ldeeabrk#

k {nd edlld ha gbcbrk zañ dlzad½. Dc ldk,wxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd dzzdrxkr,rkookrb gbl{nt{k «ck iae{rk hka wbxxdrgfak t{kcck hkccd zdrkxk wanawxrd½.


d wanawxrd0

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# hkgbrdpabnkdrgfaxkxxbnagd# # gdwxkccb Yadcdrhaha Ykrrbnk# gdzzkccd

d hkwxrd0

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# Dww{nxd# #gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# gdzzkccd



66 YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

xrdya ha wbwxkenb zañ dnxagfk# ck t{dca# gbn i{npabnk ha drgfaxrdyk raodwwdxb#wzdrxawgbnb {cxkrabrlknxk an h{k bena wanebcb dloaknxk. Ac zaxxbrk gfadldxb dhkgbrdrk a wdcbna wa xrbyÿ gbwã d hawzbwapabnk# zkr cd wxkw{rd hka irkea hkgbrdxaya#t{dxxrb haiikrknxa –wxdnpk“# hawxrao{axk nka h{k wzdpa ldeeabra. Bena –wxdnpd“i{ drraggfaxd hd {n irkeab gfk bwzaxd# dcc‑anxkrnb ha ianxk angbrnagadx{rk d wx{ggb#

gdrxkcck an g{a wa hazdndnb kzawbha rkcdxaya d haykrwk xazbcbeak xkldxagfk# gbngk,zaxk zkrÿ nkcc‑dloaxb ha {n zrberdlld agbnberdiagb {naxdrab.Ac zralb irkeab# zdrxknhb hd w{h ykrwb nbrh# æ hkhagdxb deca alzkrdxbra

rbldna# rdiiae{rdxa d gdydccb knxrb gdrxkcck gbn gbrnaga d ybc{xk k ibecak# wzdrxaxkhd z{xxa gbn xrbika ha ir{xxa.

Awgrapabna dngbrd wbcb an zdrxk ckeeaoaca zkrlkxxbnb ha ragbnbwgkrk# zrbgk,hknhb hd wanawxrd ykrwb hkwxrd# Gdcaebcd# Gcd{hab k Nkrbnk= Edcod# Bxxbnk kYaxkccab= Ykwzdwadnb# Xaxb k Hblapadnb= nbn æ gfadrd c‑ahknxaiagdpabnk hkecaalzkrdxbra hkcc‑{cxald zdrkxk.

Nkc wkgbnhb irkeab drgfaxrdya wbrrkxxa hd xkcdlbna k odcd{wxrk aneblork haraggfa xrbika lacaxdra ianebnb dzkrx{rk ykrwb cd ndx{rd gargbwxdnxk# lknxrk dcgknxrb ha bena zdrkxk {nd gblzckwwd wxr{xx{rd drgfaxkxxbnagd ant{dhrd {nd

wgknd ha wbeekxxb okccagb nbn wklzrk gfadrdlknxk ragbnbwgaoack0 an {n gdwb wadwwawxk dccd gbnwkend ha {n obxxanb ha e{krrd k an {n dcxrb wa anxrdykhk {n gbl,odxxalknxb xrd gdydcakra# lknxrk ck rkwxdnxa wgknk wbnb hawxane{aoaca gbn lde,eabrk idxagd.

Ac irkeab w{ggkwwayb zrkwknxd w{ bena cdxb xrk wgknk knxrb raggfk gbrnaga gbngbrn{gbzak k ikwxbna ha ir{xxa# wkzdrdxk hd hrdzza gbn wxklla nboacadra. Cbwzbrgb rknhk z{rxrbzzb zrkwwbgfá arragbnbwgaoaca t{kwxa {cxala# gfk zbwwadlbgbl{nt{k alldeandrk kwdcxanb ck zdrknxkck hkccd idlaecad hka Yadcdrha# gbwãgblk bii{wgd ac ragbnbwgalknxb hkcck wgknk. Ac laecabrk wxdxb ha gbnwkrydpabnkhkccd zdrkxk lkrahabndck zkrlkxxk gbl{nt{k ha ahknxaiagdrk dclknb eca kzawbhahkc Ea{hapab ha Zdrahk gbn ac iaecab ha Zradlb an dxxb ha gbnwkendrk cd lkcd dhDirbhaxk# k# d hkwxrd# hkc _dxxb ha Zrbwkrzand gbn cd eabyankxxd brlda diikrrdxd

hd Dhk k w{c z{nxb ha kwwkrk gbnhbxxd nkcc‑Dykrnb. Zbwwadlb zkrgaÿ alldea,ndrk gfk c‑anxkrb irkeab wad hkhagdxb d xkla laxbcbeaga# ac g{a wbeekxxb zbxrêkwwkrk wykcdxb wbcb hbzb {n rkwxd{rb.

Nkcc‑{cxald –wxdnpd“ ac gagcb dzzdrk hkhagdxb d xkla oaocaga. Ac rdggbnxbzrknhk dyyab hdccd Xknxdpabnk ha Dhdlb k hdccd Gdggadxd hdc zdrdhawb xkrrk,wxrk# zkr zrbwke{ark dxxrdykrwb dcxrk wgknk k lkhdecabna lbnbgrbla nbn zañahknxaiagdoaca &xrdnnk c‑[ggawabnk ha Dokck!.

Cb wxdxb ha gbnwkrydpabnk hkeca dloaknxa# k t{anha dngfk hkeca diirkwgfa#nbn gbnwknxk beea {nd gblza{xd ckxx{rd wxacawxagd ha t{kwxk zaxx{rk 48= x{xxdyad#an dxxkwd ha {n d{wzagdoack rkwxd{rb# alzrbgrdwxandoack da iana hkccd wxkwwdwbzrdyyayknpd hkcck zaxx{rk# z{ÿ kwwkrk kyahknpadxb ac ckedlk gfk {nawgk t{kwxb

gagcb dh dcg{nk hkcck hkgbrdpabna ha zdcdppb Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa d Ldwwkrdnb. Nbnwbnb gkrxb a hazanxa gfk nkc ik{hb hka Iakwgfa beea yknebnb raikraxa da cblodrhaGdrcb Irdngkwgb k Ea{wkzzk N{ybcbnk b d Krgbck Zrbgdggana ac Eabydnk gfkzbwwbnb t{a kwwkrk ragfadldxa# t{dnxb ck hkgbrdpabna# bzkrd ha ldkwxrdnpkcbgdca# zrkwknxa w{a wbiiaxxa d gdwwkxxbna k nka irkea ha dcxra dloaknxa# bcxrk gfknkccd gbwahhkxxd –t{drxd gdlkrd“# nkccd g{a ant{dhrdx{rd drgfaxkxxbnagd wdrko,okrb zba wxdxa anwkraxa eca kzawbha ha wxbrad rbldnd ha Gdrcb IrdngkwgbN{ybcbnk 4;.

An zdrxagbcdrk hkyk kwwkrk nbxdxb gfk a gdrxbna {xacappdxa zkr rkdcappdrk ckgdradxaha an t{kwx‑{cxalb irkeab i{rbnb rkalzakedxa# gkrxdlknxk hdccb wxkwwbdrxawxd oakcckwk# nkc irkeab gbn wbeekxxa lacaxdra ha Ykrrbnk. Cd hdxdpabnk hkccdalzrkwd hkgbrdxayd ha Ldwwkrdnb dc 499: gargd# hdxd hkc ldxralbnab ird Ldrad

Grawxand ha Zadnkppd k Irdngkwgb C{hbyagb Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa# wa zbnk t{anhagblk wag{rb zbwx t{kl zkr cd hkgbrdpabnk ha Ykrrbnk. Wk zba cb wxkwwb drxa,wxd zbwwd kwwkrk ragbnbwga{xb dngfk gblk d{xbrk hkccd zdrxk hkgbrdxayd hkccd

4? Ac gdwxkccb fd rkwxax{axb {n‑dcxrd xkwxa,lbnadnpd iae{rdxayd t{dxxrbgknxkwgd. Waxrdxxd ha {n diirkwgb rdiiae{rdnxk cd Ldhbn,nd an xrbnb gbn ac Odloanb k wdnxd Hbrbxkdgfk# wxdggdxb hd {n dloaknxk dc wkgbnhb

zadnb hkcc‑dcd w{h kwx hkcc‑khaiagab# æ brdgbnwkrydxb an gbcckpabnk zraydxd. Ck gbnha,pabna ha gbnwkrydpabna nbn rknhbnb dekybck{nd ckxx{rd gfadrd hkcc‑bzkrd# hbyk cd xazb,cbead hkccd Ykreank nbn gbrrawzbnhk x{xxd,yad d t{kccd xkwxalbnadxd hd dcxrk dndcbefkrdiiae{rdpabna hkc Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccdHblknagd &cd zrkwknpd ha {nd gbrnagk dlkrckxxb wdrkook anykgk lbxayb w{iiagaknxkzkr dyydcbrdrk {n raikralknxb d wke{dgk hkcldkwxrb w{hhkxxb wkgbnhb G. EFA_DCHKC,CB# Hkgairdpabna wxbragb,drxawxagfk nkc Oakcck,wk k hanxbrna # Oakccd 4111# z. ;8# nbxd ;7!.

47 Ac ranyknalknxb nkcc‑dcd w{h ha {n ldx,xbnk gbn cd hdxd 499? wa biirk gblk zbwwa,oack raikralknxb grbnbcbeagb zkr t{kwxaanxkryknxa.

48 Eca diirkwgfa wklordnb nbn dykr ldaw{oaxb rkwxd{ra &k t{kwxb wad an wknwb nked,xayb gfk zbwaxayb# zkrgfá lbcxk wbnb ckhkgbrdpabna walaca ha hkwxandpabnk zraydxdrkwk t{dwa acckeeaoaca hd zkwdnxa rahazanx{rk!k wbnb zkwdnxklknxk hdnnkeeadxa hd aniac,xrdpabna ha {lahaxê k hdccb wzbrgb. Ac wbi,iaxxb ha {n wdcbnk æ zba rkgknxklknxk grbc,cdxb# zbrxdnhb gbn wá eca diirkwgfa gfkkrdnb gbccbgdxa wbzrd c‑drgfaxrdyk raodwwdxbgbrrawzbnhknxk d {nd hkcck xrdya caenkk zañdnxagfk.

4; Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca0 ac Wkagknxb k ac Wkxxkgknxb#Oakccd ?::8# zz. 78,79# bcxrk gfk# ndx{rdc,lknxk# E. _ BLDNB# _kwawxknpk cbgdca dccd

hblandpabnk xbrankwk# an E. _ BLDNB &dg{rd ha!# Iae{rk hkc Odrbggb an Zaklbnxk. Cdgbrxk# cd gaxxê# a gdnxakra# ck zrbyangk# Xbranb4166# zz. 794,79?.

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# dneabckxxb k ikwxbna## gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#gdzzkccd




Hd Irdngkwgb Dnxbnab Ldqkrck &2!#Xrabnib ha Icbrd gbn wxklld hka Yadcdrha # gargd# gdwxkccb Yadcdrhaha Ykrrbnk

Irdngkwgb Dnxbnab Ldqkrck &2!#Xrabnib ha Icbrd# hbzb ac #Ykrgkcca# Zdcdppb Cdnebwgb&L{wkb Ckbnk!



49 «Wkz{cx{l kwx an lbn{lknx{l idla,cak w{k kx dnxkgkwwbr{l ldabr{l w{br{l angdzkccd Alldg{cdxk Gbngkzxabnaw O. L.Yareanaw½ &DZ Ykrrbnk# Caorb hka Lbrxa != waykhd L. X[_BXXA# Grbnbcbead# an t{kwxbybc{lk# zz. ?5 wee.

45 G. HKOADEEA# Ac zaxxbrk Yaxdcadnb Erdw,

wa. Cd w{d dxxayaxê d Ykrgkcca. [nd ybcxd gbndiirkwgfa ha Zdcdppb Cdnebwgb# an «OWY½# ;5&?::4!# zz. 9;,1:= L. HKCC‑BLB# Cd g{c,x{rd iae{rdxayd d Ykrgkcca k nkc Ykrgkcckwk nkc

Wkxxkgknxb0 n{byk anhdeana # an Y. NDXDCK &dg{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca0ac Wkagknxb k ac Wkxxkgknxb# gax.# zz. 4;:,4;?.

1: YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

gdzzkccd ha Wdn Ea{cab an Wdn Cbrknpb dh Dnhbrnb# gfk æ hdxdxd 496?# æ t{k,wxabnk gfk zbxrê kwwkrk zañ dekybclknxk diirbnxdxd hbzb {n rkwxd{rb.

Cd hkgbrdpabnk hkccd gdzzkccd hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# ragdydxd an {n dne{,wxb dloaknxk d –gdlzdnd“ dcc‑anxkrnb hkccd eaê ragbrhdxd xbrrk# raykwxk cb wzd,pab gargbcdrk gbn {n yaydgawwalb dgg{l{cb ha ianxa zacdwxra# ikwxbna# irkea# odcd{,

wxrk k dnekca an ybcb b an oacagb xrd eardca ykekxdca# d gbnxbrnb ha dlzak ykh{xkdnaldxk hd gcdwwagfkeeadnxa drgfaxkxx{rk hd eadrhanb# hbyk wa z{ÿ dwwawxkrk# dgga,hknxdclknxk# dngfk dccd yawabnk alzrbyyawd ha {nd dww{npabnk hkccd Ykreank. Acrdzzbrxb gbn ac lbnhb t{dwa lbnbgrblb dzzknd cdwgadxbga dcck wzdcck# nkawdcbna# wklord d zrald yawxd cdoack= x{xxdyad nkeca we{dnga hkccd iankwxrd ac lbnb,grblb razrknhk ac wbzrdyyknxb an dcg{na xbnha gbn ykh{xk ahkdca ha gdlzdendgfk xrbydnb dngbrd {nd ybcxd zkrikxxd gbrrawzbnhknpd# dwwaklk dcck eardca hagbnxbrnb# nkccb pbggbcb hkccd gbwahhkxxd –zrald wxdnpd ha rdzzrkwknxdnpd“ dLdwwkrdnb. Cd hdxd 4969 gfk gblzdrk nkccd gdzzkccd dgt{awxd t{anha alzbr,xdnpd# gblk zrbodoack dnxk t{kl dngfk zkr a irkea hka wdcbna# k zkrlkxxk ha wzb,wxdrk c‑dxxknpabnk# gblk zbwwaoack gbllaxxknxk# w{c gbnxk Gdrcb IrdngkwgbYadcdrha# hkgkh{xb nkc 45::# b w{ Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha# lbrxb nkc45?8 dcc‑kxê ha 57 dnna 49.

Zkr rdeea{nekrk cd gdzzkccd dzzknd gaxdxd wa zkrgbrrbnb dcg{na dloaknxa#beea zrkwwbgfá idxawgknxa k aneblora ha xrdlkppa lbhkrna# hbyk gbnxrbwbiiaxxd,x{rk deea{nxk dccd wxr{xx{rd dnxagd zrk,odrbggd rkgdnb wkena# dzzknd zkrgkxxa,oaca wbxxb cb wgadcob# ha zaxx{rk. Wbcb {n rkwxd{rb zbxrê gbnikrldrk c‑azbxkwa# rkwddct{dnxb angkrxd hdcc‑dxx{dck wxdxb ha gbnwkrydpabnk# gfk wa gbnwkryanb xkwxalb,nadnpk ha idwa hkgbrdxayk wkxxkgknxkwgfk. [n diirkwgb ha t{kwxd kzbgd# nbn zraybha anxkrkwwk# æ wxdxb nkc irdxxklzb rkg{zkrdxb w{c wbiiaxxb ha {nd wdcd gbccbgdxdnkccd zdrxk beea zrbzrakxê zraydxd hkcc‑dcd lkrahabndck hkc gdwxkccb. Ac hazanxb#rdggfa{wb an {nd ianxd gbrnagk d ybc{xk brndxk hd gbngfaecak# rdzzrkwknxd {ndiae{rd ikllanack an ybcb# gbc gdzb ganxb ha iabra= {nd ldnb rkeek cb wxklld hkaYadcdrha# c‑dcxrd diibnhd an {n gkwxb gbclb ha iabra# rkxxb hd {n dlbranb. [nwkgbnhb dlbranb wodnhakrd {n iacdxxkrab gbn {n‑awgrapabnk gfk# wk gk nk ibwwkoawbenb# da{xd d ragbnbwgkrk nkccd iae{rd cd hkd Icbrd# dcc{wayd dccd ikgbnhaxê kzrbodoaclknxk rkdcappdxd an bggdwabnk ha {n ldxralbnab &ICB_KW LK ]...\I_YGXYW FBNB_AW!.

Zkr kwke{ark c‑diirkwgb i{ {xacappdxb {n gdrxbnk zrkzdrdxbrab eaê {xacappdxb dYkrgkcca hda Cdnebwgb zkr {nd hkgbrdpabnk dngbrd zrkwknxk an {n dloaknxk hkczdcdppb ha idlaecad brd wkhk hkc L{wkb Ckbnk. Ck ydradpabna gblzbwaxayk#lanalk# wa calaxdnb dccd wbwxax{pabnk hkccb wxklld Yadcdrha dc zbwxb ha {n ldppbha iabra k dccd kcalandpabnk ha dcg{na dlbrana gfk rknhbnb zañ gblzckwwd c‑bzkrdykrgkcckwk. T{kwxd# eaê raxkn{xd hd Gdwalarb Hkoadeea ha Yaxdcadnb Erdwwa# æwxdxd zañ rkgknxklknxk dxxrao{axd hd Ldrand Hkcc‑Blb d Irdngkwgb Dnxbnab

Ldqkrck45

. C‑diirkwgb ha Ykrrbnk nbn zrkwknxd gdrdxxkrawxagfk gbwã zkg{cadra hdzkrlkxxkrga beea ha ragbnbwgkrk cd ldnb ha Ldqkrck b# d ldeeabr rdeabnk# haErdwwa. X{xxdyad kwwb zbnk {nd wkrak ha anxkrrbedxaya gfk xrdydcagdnb ck t{kwxabnaz{rdlknxk dxxrao{xayk. Cd zdcldrk ahknxaxê ha hawkenb gbn c‑diirkwgb ykrgkcckwkæ dh kwklzab ir{xxb ha {nd gbl{nk hkraydpabnk hd {n xkrpb k zrkgkhknxklbhkccb nbn dngbrd ahknxaiagdxb2 Bzz{rk# gblk zañ zrbodoack# æ gbnwke{knpdha {n rkalzakeb hkc gdrxbnk zrkzdrdxbrab dzzrbnxdxb zkr Ykrgkcca2 K an t{kwxbgdwb# t{dca i{rbnb a rdzzbrxa zkrwbndca gfk rkwkrb zbwwaoack t{kwxd wkgbnhd ykr,wabnk hkccd Icbrd2 Xrd a Cdnebwgb ha Ykrgkcca k a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk kwawxkydnbrdzzbrxa xdca hd zkrlkxxkrk {n walack xrdzdwwb ha drxawxa b ha lbhkcca2

Wbnb hbldnhk d g{a æ haiiagack# dccb wxdxb dxx{dck hkeca wx{ha# hdrk rawzbwxkgkrxk k {naybgfk# ld gfk racdngadlb zkr ac lblknxb# wzkradlb t{dnxb lda

zrbwwalb# an g{a {n eknkrdck rkg{zkrb hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk k {n rkwxd{rb hax{xxk ck w{k zrkpabwk hkgbrdpabna ibrnardnnb {cxkrabra hdxa k n{byk lbxaydpabnazkr {n dzzrbibnhalknxb hkcck nbwxrk gbnbwgknpk wxbragfk.

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# Ykh{xd gbn obreb ibrxaiagdxb# # gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# gdzzkccd

Zaxxbrk oakcckwk# Ykh{xd gbn gdwxkccb## gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#gdzzkccd



14

D c gbcckpabnawxd ha drla dnxagfk# yaknk wzkwwb raybcxd {nd hbldnhd0 «Ldgblk æ wbrxd an cka t{kwxd zdwwabnk zkr ck drla dnxagfk2½. Ac gbcckpabna,wxd xkreaykrwd b wa calaxd d rawzbnhkrk gbn t{dcgfk odndcaxê# ld nkdngfk

c{a wd oknk gblk zbwwd kwwkrk wbrxb an c{a t{kwxb zdrxagbcdrk anxkrkwwk.Zrbodoaclknxk nbn g‑æ {n‑{nagd k wbcd rdeabnk zkr dykrk gblangadxb d rdggb,ecakrk cd zrkpabwd ikrrdecad# ld gbkwawxbnb anxkrkwwa k wknxalknxa haykrwa0 {n zb‑ha rbldnxagawlb arrdpabndck k iadokwgb# {n dzzrbggab wxbragb dc Lkhabkyb kh dc_andwgalknxb# {nb wzaggdxb anxkrkwwk zkr c‑dnxat{dradxb ha dcxd kzbgd. Zknwb

gfk dngfk zkr c‑d{xbrk ha t{kwxk nbxk wad dggdh{xb gaÿ. Zba wbzrdyyaknk ac gdwb#{n rkedcb ha dlaga# {nd yawaxd dh {n l{wkb ha drla# ac gdxdcbeb ha {n‑dwxd.Anapad t{anha cd ragkrgd 4 gfk wa id wklzrk zañ wkckxxayd# gbn c‑d{lknxb hkc,

c‑kwzkraknpd# ianb d ragbnbwgkrk d zrald yawxd idcwa kh dxxrao{pabna ha idnxdwad ?.[nd ybcxd dgt{awaxd cd nkgkwwdrad kwzkraknpd ga wa z{ÿ dyyknx{rdrk nkccd

ragkrgd lardxd ird dnxat{dra wzkgadcappdxa# dwxk k dcxra gbcckpabnawxa wad an Axdcad waddcc‑kwxkrb. Cd gbcckpabnk an kwdlk æ ndxd k wa æ dggrkwga{xd zrbzrab rawzkxxdnhbt{kwxb erdxaiagdnxk axankrdrab.

Ya wbnb haykrwa lbha zkr alzbwxdrk kh brednappdrk {nd rdggbcxd ha drla khdrldx{rk. Wa z{ÿ wke{ark ac lkxbhb xazbcbeagb# gdxdcbednhb a zkppa wkgbnhb ckxazbcbeak i{npabndca nkcck haykrwk kzbgfk0 wzdhk# z{endca# drla hd obxxd# kcla#wg{ha# drldx{rk# drla an dwxd# d zrkwganhkrk hdcc‑kcklknxb grbnbcbeagb b wa z{ÿ

anykgk wke{ark# gblk nkc gdwb an kwdlk# ac lkxbhb grbnbcbeagb anhagdnhb zkrbena kzbgd cb wyac{zzdrwa hkcck haykrwk xazbcbeak. Gblk x{xxa a gbcckpabnawxa#dngfk ac gbcckpabnawxd ha drla dnxagfk hkyk hdrwa hka calaxa xklzbrdca k cd gbcck,pabnk hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk gblzrknhk drla k drldx{rk hdc VAAA dc VAVwkgbcb.

4 Æ lbcxb haiiagack xrbydrk an wbiiaxxdt{dcgfk rkwah{dxb# dngfk bxxbgknxkwgb k wkt{dcgbwd g‑krd ha rkg{zkrdoack# æ wxdxb hdxklzb zrkhd ha raedxxakra kh dnxat{dra wzk,gadcappdxa. Eca anxkryknxa gbnwkrydxaya bzk,rdxa# zba# hdeca wxkwwa# fdnnb ianaxb ha ha,wxr{eekrk a zkppa ranykn{xa b ha xbecakrk cbrbt{dcwadwa ydcbrk dnxat{drab k gbllkrgadck&dordwabna anwawxaxk hkccd r{eeank# c{gahdx{rdkggkwwayd gbn dwzbrxb ha ldrgfa k iarlk#{wb ha dgaha# kgg.!. Brlda# c‑drld dnxagd ano{bnk b dclknb hawgrkxk gbnhapabna nbn

z{ÿ gfk zrbyknark hd gbcckpabna zraydxkgkh{xk harkxxdlknxk b dxxrdykrwb dwxk axd,cadnk bh kwxkrk.

? A idcwa# gblk x{xxa a idcwa h‑dnxat{dradxb#zbwwbnb dykrk gdrdxxkrk ird{hbcknxb lddngfk gdrdxxkrk –bggdwabndck“ gblk ck idcwkdrldx{rk hkcc‑Bxxbgknxb axdcadnb gfk fdnnbraklzaxb a gdwxkcca da xklza hkccb wxbragawlbha Ldwwalb h‑Dpkecab# t{dnhb ck idlaecaknboaca axdcadnk# hbzb ac gblzalknxb hkcc‑{,naxê h‑Axdcad# radzrarbnb k rawxr{xx{rdrbnb agdwxkcca dyaxa zkr cb zañ doodnhbndxa k xrd,wibrldxa# nkc laecabrk hka gdwa# an idxxbrak kwxdcck. T{kwxa idcwa wbnb dhharaxx{rd gbllb,yknxa zkr cd cbrb dzzrbwwaldpabnk kh anek,n{axê. Gbwd haykrwd wbnb a idcwa bxxbgknxk,wgfa ha wg{bcd xkhkwgd# lbcxb zkragbcbwadngfk zkr eca kwzkrxa# zkr cd zrkgawabnk hkc,c‑kwkg{pabnk kiikxx{dxd wkgbnhb ck xkgnagfkhkc VY k VYA wkgbcb. T{kwxk gbzak fdnnb{n cbrb ydcbrk dngfk nkc lkrgdxb dnxat{d,rab# ld cd irbhk gblangad t{dnhb ck kerkeakbzkrk hkeca drxaeadna xkhkwgfa yknebnbwzdggadxk zkr bzkrk d{xknxagfk. Ga wbnbhaykrwa lkppa zkr hawxane{krk c‑d{xknxagaxêha {n‑drldx{rd b ha {n‑drld oadngd# bwwkr,ydnhb cd ldxkrad zrald alzakedxd &cdlankbxxkn{xk hdc ldwwkccb zkr odxxax{rd b cdlankha cdlandxbab an {wb hdc VYAA wkgbcb anzba!. Eca wzkwwbra nbn blbeknka k ck gbwah,hkxxk wibecadx{rk da{xdnb d ykraiagdrk c‑d{,xknxagaxê hkc zkppb.

Gbc ikrrb. Xkwxalbnadnpkhkccd gbcckpabnk h‑drlaGdrcb @dwkcca

Wzdhd axdcadnd# lkxê wkgbcb VAAA#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Z{endck dnxknnaibrlk#Axdcad# wkgbcb VAAA#odwacdrhd wkgbcb VAY#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Wzdhd irdngkwk d wxbggb# lkxê wkgbcbVAY# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca



1? GD_CB @DWKCCA

VAAA K VAY WKGBCB

Ck rdggbcxk ha drla dnxagfk kh a rkcdxaya wx{ha zdrxbnb# zkr cb zañ# hdc wkgbcbVAAA zkr h{k brhana ha lbxaya0 c‑kwxrkld wgdrwkppd ha rkzkrxa zrkgkhknxa k cdcalaxdxd lklbrad wxbragd hkc zkrabhb rbldnb,odrodragb.

Wzdhd. Axdcad# lkxê wkgbcb VAAA

_dzzrkwknxd {nd xazbcbead doodwxdnpd gbl{nk an K{rbzd0 c{ned cdld d h{kiaca gbn we{wgab gknxrdck zkr a 8"; hkccd w{d c{nefkppd &gl 4:?!. Kcwb d ordggadhraxxk zdxknxa wgfadggadxk kh dccdrednxkwa deca kwxrkla. Zblb ldwwaggab d hawgb.Drld zkr gbczark ha xdecab k z{nxd. C‑kzbgd æ t{kccd ha odxxdecak k wgbnxra yab,cknxa ird zdrxk e{kcid k zdrxk efaokccand gfk wiabrdrbnb dngfk ac gdwxkccb haYkrrbnk.

Wzdhd d wxbggb. Irdngad# lkxê wkgbcb VAYCdld d wkpabnk rblobahdck gbn ac ldrgfab ha Zdraea. Wzdhd gbn cdld {e{dc,

lknxk ldrgdxd zrkwwb cd Udccdgk Gbcckgxabn ha Cbnhrd 7. W{c gbhbcb hkcc‑alz{,endx{rd wxklld nboacadrk. Zblb d hawgb wgdydxb w{cc‑brcb. Kcwb hraxxb gbnrkloa razakedxa ykrwb ac odwwb. Drld dxxd d gbczark wbzrdxx{xxb ha z{nxd.

Z{endca. Axdcad# wkgbca VAAA k VAYd. Z{endck dnxknnaibrlk gbn ldnagb an bxxbnk brndxb gbn hawkena ekblk,

xraga. Kwklzcdrk walack dc Lkxrbzbcaxdn L{wk{l ha Nku Qbrm 8# wkgbcbVAAA.

o. Odwacdrhd0 alz{endx{rd d X k e{drhad an ikrrb. Ac nblk odwacdrhd wa ragbc,cked dccd gaxxê ha Odwackd. Drld walack dzzdrk nkcc‑diirkwgb hkccd Wxrdekhkeca Annbgknxa an Gblb# gfakwd ha Wdnx‑Doobnhab ;.

Drla an dwxdd. Z{nxd ha wzakhb# wkgbcb VAAA# an gbnhapabna ha wgdyb. Ldrgdxd gbn wbck

rdhadnxk. Z{nxd walack z{oocagdxd hdc Cdmane 9.o. Z{nxd ha zaggbcb wzakhb an gbnhapabnk ha wgdyb ldrgdxd gbn gbrbcck ha

iabra.g. Ikrrb ha rbngbnk zralaxayb ldrgdxb gbn L cdxand# gbhbcb rkxxdnebcdrk.h. Ikrrb ha ibrgd zkr wgdcd# gbhbcb dzkrxb# rkloa t{dhrdnebcdra 5.

7 @. LDNN# Udccdgk Gbcckgxabn Gdxdcbe{k#Cbnhrd 419?# ybc. AA# z. ?8?# xdy. 4:9.

8 D. Z[_AGKCCA,E[K__D# Drla an Bgga,hknxk# Lacdnb 4199# zz. 68,6;.

; Hdcc‑agbnberdiad zaxxbragd hkccd Odxxd, ecad ha Wdn _bldnb ha Zdbcb [ggkccb dcckn{lkrbwawwalk kckeadgfk gkckordpabna hayaxxbrak h‑alzkrdxbra# rk k zrangaza rkendnxazrkwknxa an t{dwa x{xxk ck zandgbxkgfk hkclbnhb# drla kh drldx{rk xrbydnb dlzad kwaenaiagdxayd rdzzrkwknxdpabnk. Anykrb# cbwx{habwb ha drla dnxagfk ragkyk# ld dngfkhê# {n ibrxk gbnxrao{xb dccd hdxdpabnk hkcckbzkrk# wbzrdxx{xxb wbxxb c‑dwzkxxb graxagb.T{dwa x{xxa a hazanxa# dh kwklzab# gfk rdz,zrkwknxdnb wgknk hkc Gdcydrab ha Grawxb#rdiiae{rdnb a wbchdxa ha Zbnpab Zacdxb gbndrldx{rk {wdxk nkcc‑kzbgd hkeca d{xbra knbn drldx{rk rbldnk. Zañ gbkrknxa dcc‑k,zbgd hkccd Grbgaiawwabnk wbnb a wbchdxa rb,ldna gfk anhbwwdnb drldx{rk gant{kgknxk,wgfk# hkxxk dcc‑krbagd gfk# an t{dcgfk lbhb#ragbrhdnb ck gbrdppk hka gbnhbxxakra rbldnald gfk# gbl{nt{k# zbgb wa dhdxxdnb d wkl,zcaga wbchdxa nkcck ykwxa ha de{ppana ha Grawxb.Zkr Cd wxrdek hkeca Annbgknxa # gir. C. E.OBGGAD# I. _ BWWA# L. LB_AN# Drla k Drld,x{rk cblodrhk# Lacdnb 416:# zz. 7:,74.

9 E. CDMANE# K{rbzkdn Drlb{r dnh Drlw#Cbnhrd 41?:# ybc. A# z. 8.

5 Ibrgd zkr anndcpdrk ck wgdck w{cck l{rddyykrwdrak. C‑kwklzcdrk an kwdlk æ wxdxbranykn{xb aniawwb nkc l{rb kwxkrnb hkccdgdzzkccd ha Wdn Walbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb.

_bngbnk# ibrgd hd wgdck# h{k wzakha#wkgbcb VAAA# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Kclb bybahdck# wkgbcb VAAA# gdwxkccbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Odgankxxb axdcadnb# wkgbcb VAY#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca



GBC IK__B. XKWXALBNADNPK HKCCD GBCCKPABNK H‑ D_LA 17

Drldx{rd ha ldecad gbn gdldecab#wkgbcb VAY# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca



18 GD_CB @DWKCCA

Drldx{rd ha ldecad gbn gdldecab. Axdcad# wkgbcb VAYGbxxdldecad d erdnb h‑brpb gbn zrbc{nedlknxb zkr haikwd hkcck edlok.

Gdldecab gbn cklob ha gfa{w{rd dnxkrabrk k ibra zkr cd yawxd. Nkccb wxkwwbwkgbcb anapadnb a zrala ranibrpa an ikrrb k g{bab obccaxb 6.

_kwxa ha kclb bybahdck. Axdcad# wkgbcb VAAAKclb lkhakydck hkxxb dngfk gbnagb. Yawaoaca a ibra hkc gdldecab zrkwknxa nkc

cklob anikrabrk hkcc‑kclb. _kzkrxb lbcxb rdrb# nbnbwxdnxk ibwwk dwwda haii{wban Axdcad 1.

Odgankxxb. Axdcad# wkgbcb VAYIbrld drrbxbnhdxd kh dct{dnxb gbngdyd d gbzrark cd n{gd. Wkena ha h{k

gbcza ha wzdhd. _diiae{rdxb nkcc‑diirkwgb hkccd Wxrdek hkeca Annbgknxa an Gblb#gfakwd ha Wdnx‑Doobnhab.

WKGBCB VY

Nkc wkgbcb VY lknxrk ck drla biiknwayk razkxbnb# gbn zbgfk ydradnxa# cdxazbcbead ha t{kcck hkc wkgbcb zrkgkhknxk# nkcck drla haiknwayk c‑drldx{rd wakybcyk zdwwdnhb hdccd ldecad ha ikrrb# dc ldwwalb ranibrpdxd ‗ gblk hkxxb ‗gbn t{dcgfk zkppd ha g{bab obccaxb b lkxdccb# dcc‑drldx{rd gblzckxd an ikrrbibreadxb. Æ ac z{nxb ha ldwwald kybc{pabnk xkgnagd# ld dngfk kwxkxagd# hkcc‑dr,ldx{rd0 wdzaknxk hawxrao{pabnk hka ybc{la# i{npabndcaxê lkggdnagd# dhkrknpddnxrbzblbriagd wa deea{nebnb dccd ldeeabrk kiiagaknpd haiknwayd.

Drla an dwxdd. Wzakhb obcbenkwk. Ibrld xradnebcdrk gbn we{wga w{ x{xxd cd c{nefkppd.

Ikrrb gbn ldrgfa gdrdxxkrawxaga dh dwxkrawgb.o. _bngbnk lacdnkwk. Xazagd drld ha hkraydpabnk gbnxdhand gbn ac ldrgfab#

dzzrkppdxawwalb# hkccb wgbrzabnk lacdnkwk# gbnbwga{xb an x{xxd K{rbzd.g. Dcdodrhd d wg{rk. Drld hkraydnxk hdccd wg{rk# gbn z{nxd zadxxd k c{ned

cdld hraxxd. Ldrgfab0 L ebxagd nbn ahknxaiagdxd.

6 Cd nbrldck drldx{rd hkc xklzb æ cdgbxxdldecad# ibrldxd hd zaggbca dnkcca lkwwaanwaklk k wdchdxa ird cbrb gbn wzanbxxa raodx,x{xa# d ibrldrk cd ldecad hkxxd d erdnd h‑br,pb. C‑drldx{rd d zadwxrk fd dzzknd anapadxbcd w{d kybc{pabnk anxkerdxd hd haikwk hag{bab obccaxb b ikrrb# gblk wa z{ÿ bwwkrydrkhdccd zakxrd xblodck ha Xblldwb AA ha

Wdybad nkccd gdxxkhrdck ha Dbwxd. Oawbenkrêdxxknhkrk dclknb {n wkgbcb zkrgfá a ldk,wxra cblodrha k xkhkwgfa rkdcappanb a gdzbcd,ybra hkcck drldx{rk gblzckxk# x{xxk an ikrrb#hdcck ibrlk drlbnabwk k gblzdxxk.

1 L. XK_KNPA# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd ha drla dnxagfk dc gdwxkccb hka Gbnxa E{aha anZbzza &D_!# Iarknpk 4195# iae. 48.

Dcdodrhd d wg{rk# wzakhb# rbngbnklacdnkwk# gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Wzdhd g{ryd hd drrklodeeab#wzdhd wgfadybnkwgd# gant{khkd#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca



GBC IK__B. XKWXALBNADNPK HKCCD GBCCKPABNK H‑ D_LA 1;

Drldx{rd axdcadnd# wkgbcb VY#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca



19 GD_CB @DWKCCA

Wzdhk k z{endca axdcadnad. Wzdhd wgfadybnkwgd# dnxkwaendnd hkccd wgfadybnd gfk drldyd cd lacapad

hdcldxd dc wkryapab hka Hbea.o. Gant{khkd# hkxxd dngfk cane{d ha o{k. Wzdhd gbrxd# zrkwknxk nkc xkrraxb,

rab gblzrkwb xrd Ikrrdrd k Yknkpad. Cdld hraxxd k cdred &gant{k haxd! dxxdd gbczark ha xdecab k z{nxd. Alz{endx{rd zadxxd ha orbnpb k dybrab gbn

ndwxranb nkc zblb rkgdnxk cd wgraxxd# an racakyb# GBNH[GA .g. Wzdhd g{ryd hd drrklodeeab. Cdld alzrkwwd gbn a ldrgfa yknkxa haOkcc{nb k cd wgraxxd LD_GB LK[W# cdxanb dct{dnxb ybcedrappdxb. Cdldrag{ryd dzzkwdnxaxd kh dccdredxd w{ccd z{nxd zkr hdrk zañ ibrpd dc ikn,hknxk.

Drldx{rd gblzbwaxd. Axdcad# wkgbcb VYZkxxb ecbobwb gbn ranibrpb xradnebcdrk dccd yaxd. Wgdrwkcck gbn nkrydx{rd

gknxrdck xkrlandnxa d z{nxd. Ldrgd d wgdecabnk grbgkxxdxb# zrbzrad hkecadrldabca lacdnkwa. Kclb d wdcdhk gbn xrk nkrydx{rk w{c gbclb d ianekrk xbrxa,ecabna. Erbnhd d haikwd hkc gbccb. Drnkwa ha hawkenb ebxagb gbn xrk nkrydx{rkgadwg{nb. Eanbggfakxxa gbn cdred dcd. Wzdccdgga wallkxraga brcdxa. Ordggad cawgkgbn cdrefk g{oaxakrk. T{kwx‑drldx{rd fd zdrxagbcdrk raikralknxb dcc‑diirkwgb kwa,wxknxk nkccd gdzzkccd ha Wdn Walbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb 4:.

Drldx{rd gbn kclkxxb d okggb ha zdwwkrb. Axdcad# wkgbcb VYC‑drldx{rd æ gblzbwxd dngfk gbn zkppa zkr cd eabwxrd0 e{drhdebckxxd# ordg,

gadck ranibrpdxb# e{dnxb d laxxknk. C‑kclkxxb d okggb ha zdwwkrb æ {n rkzkrxblbcxb rdrb 44.

WKGBCA VYA K VYAA

An t{kwxa wkgbca gdload cd lbribcbead hkcck drla biiknwayk# wbzrdxx{xxb gbnraikralknxb dccb wgbnxrb w{c gdlzb ha odxxdecad ird cd gdydcckrad k cd idnxkrad gfkradgt{awxd cd w{d alzbrxdnpd xdxxagd.

Nkcck drla haiknwayk c‑drldx{rd anapad {n c{neb gbnirbnxb ird d{lknxb hawzkwwbrk ha kcla k zkxxbrdca k zbxknpd ha zknkxrdpabnk hkcck drla hd i{bgb# gbnankyaxdoack yaxxbrad ha t{kwxk {cxalk kh anapab hkccd hkgdhknpd hkcck drldx{rk.

4: Æ ac raxrdxxb ha {n okdxb an drldx{rdxdrhb t{dxxrbgknxkwgd. Gdzkcca oabnha# yawbhda xrdxxa rdiiandxa# anhbwwd {nd gbxxdldecadha ikrrb ld gbn a obrha hbrdxa zrbzrad hkanboaca hkc xklzb. Dc ha wbzrd anhbwwd {n‑dr,ldx{rd d zadwxrk xdrhbebxagd kh aniank {ndwbzrdyykwxk eadccd d odnhk rbwwk# gbcbra hkc,cb wxklld hka Yadcdrha. Ac w{b zbwapabnd,lknxb lkxxk an rawdcxb {n‑dlzad g{oaxakrd

xazagd hkcck drldx{rk axdcadnk hkcc‑kzbgd.Dngfk an t{kwxb gdwb cd hdxdpabnk wxacawxagdhkcc‑drldx{rd gbnikrld c‑kzbgd ha dxxrao{,pabnk hkcc‑diirkwgb k yagkykrwd. Gir. Y. ND,XDCK# Cd gdzzkccd k cd hkgbrdpabnk hkcck wdck #an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 64 wee.

44 C. E. OBGGAD# Ck drldx{rk ha W. Ldradhkcck Erdpak ha G{rxdxbnk ha Ldnxbyd k c‑dr,ldx{rd cblodrhd hkc ‑8:: # Lacdnb 416?.

Gbrwkwgd wkgbcb VYA#idcgabnk wkgbcb VY#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Wzakhb yknkxb wkgbcb VYA#de{ggad zaklbnxkwk wkgbcb VYAA#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca




Drldx{rd axdcadnd gbn kclb d okggbha zdwwkrb# wkgbcb VY# gdwxkccbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca



16 GD_CB @DWKCCA

Gbrwdckxxb ha Kldn{kck Iacaokrxbha Wdybad# # gdwxkccb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

Drldx{rd dccd ldwwalacadnd#Ekrldnad# anapa wkgbcb VYA#gdwxkccb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca




Drla an dwxdd. Idcgabnk axdcadnb# wkgbcb VY. Ikrrb

gbnykwwb gbn rdiib k gbn ldrgfab lacdnkwkhkccb wgbrzabnk# dxxb d gbczark ha xdecab.o. Gbrwkwgd axdcadnd# wkgbcb VYA. _diia rag{ryad eaecab zkr deedngadrk ck drldx{rk hka gdyd,

cakra.g. C{neb wzakhb yknkxb# wkgbcb VYA.

Cdld dcxd k rbo{wxd ha gl 66 gbngbrxa rkloa# andwxdxd w{ ckenb h‑k,

zbgd# o{ccbndxb. W{c rklob hk,

wxrb# ldrgd G nbn ahknxaiagdxd.h. Wz{nxbnk de{ggad# Zak,

lbnxk# lkxê wkgbcb VYAA.Wz{nxbnk hkccd E{drhadH{gdck Wdod{hd wbxxb cd rke,eknpd ha Ldhdld _kdckGrawxand ha Irdngad.W{ {nd idggad hkc ikrrb# cbwxklld oazdrxaxb ha Wdybad kha Irdngad. W{cc‑dcxrd idggad h{kG angrbgadxk &Grawxand k Gdrcb

Kldn{kck AA!.

Drldx{rd dccd ldwwalacadnd. Ekrldnad# anapa wkgbcb VYAKclb d l{wb ha wgallad gbn ac ldrgfab ha Nbralokred. Dlza wzdccdgga k

erbwwk g{oaxakrk. Zkxxbrdck ecbobwb ha e{wxb t{dxxrbgknxkwgb l{naxb ha rkwxdxbnhd dccd xkhkwgd# gbn zaggbcb ldrgfab ha Nbralokred wbxxb cb wgbccb. E{dnxad laxxknk# wgfanakra cawga# eanbggfakxxa gbn dlzak dca# wgdrzk d zakhk h‑brwb 4?.

Gbrwdckxxb dxxrao{axb d Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb ha Wdybad. Lacdnb# 49:9X{xxk ck w{zkriaga wbnb {naibrlklknxk hkgbrdxk gbn hawkenb d rkxk an g{a

ck ldecak# ibrldxk hd nbha ha Wdybad# wbnb bgg{zdxk dcxkrndxaydlknxk hd xrbikak gbrbnk dzkrxk dxxrdykrwdxk hd irbnhk ha zdcld. Wxrkxxa obrha gbn erkgd d

lkppd wxkccd. Ac gbrwdckxxb æ ibrldxb hd zkxxb# wgfaknd# wzdccdgga# ordggad kh acw{b zrbodoack {wb krd t{kccb hd xbrnkb ha odrrakrd. Ac gbrwdckxxb æ dxxrao{axb hdEabreab Hbnha dc Ldkwxrb hkc Gdwxkccb ha Lacdnb 47.

Lkppd drldx{rd dccd yawgbnxkd. Zaklbnxk# iank wkgbcb VYADrldx{rd dwwbc{xdlknxk anxkerd t{dcbrd wa gbnwahkra gfk# dcc‑kzbgd# ck edl,

oakrk krdnb brlda wxdxk wbwxax{axk hd dcxa edlodca ha g{bab. Zawxdenk braeandca khbrdx{rd d odnhk. W{c zkxxb yaxa ha rkwxd dh anhagdrk ac w{b {wb d gdydccb. Kclbgfa{wb dccd yawgbnxkd gbn gbzzb an {n wbc zkppb# gbn yawakrd# yknxdecad k odyakrdgfk gbnwkryd anxkrndlknxk dc gbzzb k dccd odyakrd cd w{d ibhkrdx{rd braeandck.W{c cdxb hkwxrb hkcc‑kclb# ibrgfkxxd zkr xknkrk dzkrxd cd yawakrd. Zkxxbrdck nkr,

ydxb an lkppkrad. _bo{wxb wgfakndck# gdnnbna ha ordggad kh dydlordgga ra{naxagbn g{oaxakrk d xrk cdlank. Wgdrwkccbna d wkxxk cdlank. Zrbyaknk hdccd idlaecadDrobrab Lkccd ha Edxxandrd# eaê an gbcckpabnk Odppdrb.

Lkppd drldx{rd zaklbnxkwk dccdyawgbnxkd# iank wkgbcb VY# gdwxkccbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnkgbcckpabnk Gdrcb @dwkcca

4? Cd hkianapabnk dccd ldwwalacadnd hkraydhd Ldwwalacadnb A alzkrdxbrk ac t{dck# nbnwbcb zkr wk wxkwwb ld zkr a w{ba gdydcakra#dykyd dhbxxdxb an yad eknkrdcappdxd t{kwxbxazb h‑drldx{rd. Cd zakefkxxdx{rd ha x{xxkck zdrxa# wdcyb gfk zkr eca wgfanakra# æ awzardxddccd lbhd gayack hkeca doaxa zakefkxxdxa# ldbxxaknk dngfk {n rackydnxk raw{cxdxb xkgnagbnkcc‑arrbo{wxark ck cdlakrk eaê ibrldxk gbnbxxalb dggadab xklzrdxb k ibroaxb.

47 Eabreab Hbnha# gbd{xbrk hkc gdxdcbebhkcc‑Drlkrad _kdck ha Xbranb# fd z{ooca,gdxb {n w{b anxkryknxb w{ t{kwxb gbrwdckxxban bggdwabnk hkccd lbwxrd brednappdxd hdc,

c‑Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb anxaxbcdxd Ekn,xac{blana gfrawxadna k rkcaeabwa gdydcakra khkhagdxd dcc‑Brhank ha Ldcxd an Zaklbnxk.Wkgbnhb c‑d{xbrk# Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb hag{a wa xrdxxd æ ac iaecab ha Gdrcb Kldn{kck Agfk wa xrdwikrã zrkwwb cd gbrxk ha Iacazzb AAAha Wzdend. An t{kwxd gbrxk ikgk {nd rdza,hawwald gdrrakrd wanb dh kwwkrk nblandxbGdzaxdn Eknkrdc hk cd ldr k# nkc 494?# Ya,gkrá ha Wagacad. Lbrã ha zkwxk d Zdckrlb nkc49?8 &E. HBNHA# Eknxac{blana gfrawxadna krkcaeabwa gdydcakra # Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd#Lacdnb ?:::# zz. ;8,;;!.



4::



4:4



4:7

C d gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb raw{cxd beea dhadgknxk dcc‑alzbrxdnxk drxkrad gfkgbccked Ykrgkcca gbn Oakccd# dwwk gfk fd idybraxb cb wyac{zzb anh{wxradckhkccd pbnd k angknxaydxb nkeca {cxala t{drdnx‑dnna cd grkwgaxd ha Ykrrbnk#

xdnxb hd gdngkccdrnk a gdrdxxkra braeandra ha anwkhadlknxb r{rdck angdrhandxbc{neb h{k zkrgbrwa ha gbcckedlknxb xrd ac gdwxkccb k c‑khaiagab rkcaeabwb# okn cke,eaoaca nkcck ldzzk wxbragfk 4. C‑alzrkwwabnk ha gfa ya ea{nek# h{nt{k# æ t{kccdha {n gknxrb an g{a a wkena hkccd wxbrad ‗ ha t{kccd gfk yaknk hd cbnxdnb waanxknhk ‗ nbn dzzdabnb ckeeaoaca xdnxb nkcc‑alzadnxb {rodnawxagb b nkcck xrdggk

ha bzkrk haiknwayk kwxkrnk dc gdwxkccb ‗ zkr dcxrb lda hbg{lknxdxk hdcck ibnxa khdccd gdrxberdiad ‗ t{dnxb kwgc{waydlknxk nka h{k zbca gayack k rkcaeabwb# gbnwa,wxknpk drgfaxkxxbnagfk brd dzzdrknxklknxk zrayk ha nkwwa. Cd wgkcxd hkc xkldhkccd wxrdxaiagdpabnk gblk lbhkccb gbl{nk ha ckxx{rd hkc gbwxr{axb fd zbrxdxbzkr t{dnxb rae{drhd cd gfakwd dh anhayah{drk cd wke{knxk zkrabhappdpabnk0{n‑alzbrxdnxk idwk xdrhblkhakydck &wkgbca VAY,VY!# {nd wkrak ha xrdwibrld,pabna dxx{dxk an kxê lbhkrnd &wkgbca VYA,VYAA! nkcc‑dloaxb hkcc‑dhke{dlknxbhkcck idooragfk rkcaeabwk dc n{byb gcald gbnxrbraibrldxb# g{a wke{k cd wbwxax{,pabnk ha dcg{nk zdrxa zkr bowbckwgknpd hkcck wxr{xx{rk &wkgbcb VYAAA!# lknxrkhaiiagaclknxk ragbwxr{aoack dzzdrk cb wxdhab anapadck &dnxk wkgbcb VAY!.

Ck braeana hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb ha Ykrrbnk raw{cxdnb dngbrd beeaanhkianaoaca. Ac zralb hbg{lknxb gfk dxxkwxd cd w{d kwawxknpd æ {n kwxalb hkcck

gfakwk# hka oknkiaga k hka lbndwxkra hkccd habgkwa ha Ykrgkcca rkhdxxb zkr cd gbn,xrao{pabnk hkcck hkgalk zdzdca# wknpd hdxd zkrgfá l{xacb# ld ibnhdxdlknxkhdxdxb hd lbnw. Ikrrdraw dc 4?16,4?11 ?. C‑kckngb razbrxd cd wke{knxk anhagd,pabnk0 «Kggckwad ykrbna ]…\ cao. C` kx hal.½ dnnbxdxd xrd ck hazknhknpk hkccdzakyk ha Wdn Zkcckeranb ha Z{cadgb &«Zckow Z{cadpa½! 7. An ldngdnpd ha hdxa gfkzbwwdnb idr w{zzbrrk {nd t{dcwadwa rkcdpabnk gbn {n brhank lbndwxagb# wklordzbwwaoack azbxappdrk gfk kwwd wad ndxd gblk gfakwd lanbrk nkcc‑dloaxb ha t{kc,c‑dlzab iknblknb xkrraxbradck gfadldxb angdwxkccdlknxb# wyac{zzdxbwa zkr cdldeeabr zdrxk xrd cd iank hkc wkgbcb AV k ac wkgbcb VAA. Eca wx{ha fdnnb wbxxbca,nkdxb gblk cd zrkwknpd hkcck wxr{xx{rk rkcaeabwk w{c xkrraxbrab k c‑kybc{pabnkanwkhadxayd ibwwkrb h{k iknblkna wxrkxxdlknxk gbcckedxa k gfk# wbzrdxx{xxb xrd awkgbca V k VAA# cd zrald wke{awwk cd wkgbnhd nkcc‑dloaxb hkccd rkxk hkcck ibrxaia,

gdpabna ha ibnhdpabnk b gbnxrbccb waenbrack k ykwgbyack8.Nkc gdwb ha Ykrrbnk ‗ ibrwk {n ibnhb zraydxb ckedxb d zdrxark hdc VAA wkgbcbdccd idlaecad hk Ykrbnb ; ‗ cd zrkwknpd ha {nd wxr{xx{rd ibrxaiagdxd dxxkwxdxd hdecawgdya drgfkbcbeaga an {n xklzb dnxkgkhknxk dc VAAA wkgbcb 9# kzbgd an g{a ac«gdwxr{l ykrbna½ gblzdrk nkcck ibnxa wgraxxk &4?6?!# hkyk dykr idybraxb c‑dxxrd,pabnk ha ibrlk anwkhadxayk r{rdca d gdrdxxkrk wzdrwb k cd gbnwke{knxk ibnhd,pabnk# an {n‑drkd wbcgdxd hd {nd idwgad ha zkrgbrwa 5 wkgbnhdra gfk hbykydnb gbc,ckedrk Ykrgkcca gbn Lbnerdnhb k ha t{a dxxrdykrwb ac Gdndykwk dccd Ydcckh‑Dbwxd 6# hkc xax{c{w b rkxxbrad ha nbwxrb anxkrkwwk# nbn æ hdxb d wdzkrwa wk w{harkxxd gbllaxxknpd ik{hdck# dngfk wk zcd{waoaclknxk azbxappdoack.

Hkclb Ckobck nkccd w{d bzkrd w{ccd Gfakwd oakcckwk nk iawwd an yad azbxkxagdcd ibnhdpabnk dc V wkgbcb# w{ccd wgbrxd hkcc‑dndcawa hkccd l{rdx{rd dngbrd yawa,

oack nkc wbxxbxkxxb hkcck ndydxk cdxkrdca hawzbwxd «dh bz{w angkrx{l½ gbn zakxrkarrkebcdra 1. [n‑awzkpabnk hkc wbxxbxkxxb hkcck ndydxk gknxrdck k cdxkrdck wanawxrd#ck {nagfk dggkwwaoaca# fd lkwwb an c{gk cd zrkwknpd ha h{k erdnha idwa k ha haykrwk

4 Gdxdwxb wdod{hb hkc 45?1 k gdxdwxbirdngkwk hkc 46:?.

? D_LB# O{ekccdk 418;# ybc. A# hbg.VYAAA# gbc. ;5# z. 74.

7 Aoahkl.8 G. YABCDNXK# Zakya k zdrrbggfak nkcc‑A,

xdcad gknxrbwkxxknxrabndck h{rdnxk a wkgbca VA k VAA # an Ck awxax{pabna kggckwadwxagfk hkccd–wbgakxdw gfrawxadnd“ nka wkgbca VA,VAA. Hab,gkwa# zakya k zdrrbggfak# Lacdnb 4155# zz.987,511= D. GDWXDENKXXA# C‑brednappdpabnk

hkc xkrraxbrab r{rdck nkc lkhabkyb. Gargbwgra,pabna kggckwadxagfk k gayaca nkccd –Cdnebodr,had“ k nkccd –_bldnad“# Obcbend 416?.

; X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 8; wee.# kX. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# Ac gdwxkccb ha

Wdnhaecadnb# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gd,wxkcca oakcckwa # Lacdnb ?::4# zz. 4:7,444# anzdrxagbcdrk zz. 4:7,4:9.

9 E. ZDNXß# Yaxd gdwxkccdnd k wxr{xx{rkhaiknwayk hkc Oakcckwk hdcck ibnxa drgfkbcbea,gfk# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa #Lacdnb ?::4# zz. 45,74# an zdrxagbcdrk# zkrac gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# zz. ?8,?6.

5 Ac gbngkxxb ha drkd ha wxrdhd# zrbzbwxbhdccd graxagd nkeca {cxala yknx‑dnna dggdnxb

dc zañ rkgknxk gbngkxxb ha c{beb ha wxrdhd#nked c‑ahkd gfk ck yak lkhakydca ibwwkrb gd,rdxxkrappdxk hd {n zkrgbrwb okn hkianaxb#ld oknwã hd {n xkrraxbrab an g{a a zkrgbrwadykydnb xrdggadxa ydradoaca haiiagaclknxk zrk,gawdoaca. Gir. E. WK_EA# C{befa ha wxrdhd nkc

Lkhabkyb. Ird ac Zb# ac ldrk k ck Dcza bgga,hknxdca # Xbranb 4119# k _. E_KGA &d g{rd ha!#[n‑drkd ha wxrdhd0 c‑Klacad bggahknxdck nkc

Lkhabkyb. _agkrgfk wxbragfk k raickwwabna lk,xbhbcbeagfk# Dxxa hka Gbnykena ha Zdrld kha Gdwxkcc‑Drt{dxb , nbyklork 4115# Obcb,end ?:::.

6 Hbykyd xrdxxdrwa ha {n axankrdrab wkgbn,hdrab ha braeana rbldnk gfk hd T{anxbYkrgkcckwk zbrxdyd an harkpabnk ha Oakccd kLbnerdnhb# angrbgadnhb zrbzrab nka zrkwwaha T{anxb c‑alzbrxdnxk idwgad ha zkrgbrwagfk# xrdlaxk Nbydrd k Ykrgkcca# gbcckedyd cdzadn{rd zdhdnd d Ayrkd k t{anha da ydcagfadczana. Gir. Y. YADCK# Ykrgkcca k ac Ykrgkcckwknkcc‑dnxagfaxê. Zrbiacb wxbragb# raxrbydlknxa knbxapak# Ykrgkcca 4154# z. ;4= E. EDNHANB#Zkr {nd ckxx{rd hkc lkhabkyb oakcckwk# an E._ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# L{wkb hkc xkrraxbraboakcckwk. _agkrgfk k zrbzbwxk# Oakccd 411:# z.5:= I. YK_GKCCD ODECABNK# Ac zkrgbrwb hkccdwxrdhd Ykrgkcca,Ayrkd an kxê rbldnd k lkhak,ydck# an «OWOW½# VG &411?!# zz. 947,977=I. YK_GKCCD ODECABNK# Dcg{nk gbnwahkrd,pabna w{c zkrgbrwb ykrgkcckwk hkccd wxrdhdZdyad,Xbranb an kxê rbldnd k lkhakydck# an«OWY½# VVAA &4117!# n. 4# zz. ;,8?# k anbc,xrk E. ZDNXß# Wxr{xx{rk k bwzaxdcaxê d Ykr,

gkcca nkc Lkhabkyb. Hdxa drgfkbcbeaga. Ck yakhkc Lkhabkyb# Dxxa hka Gbnykena ha Xbranbhkc ?: bxxbork 4118 k hkc 49 bxxbork 4119#Xbranb 4116# zz. 14,445.

C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkccd Zdrrbggfadckxrd Lkhabkyb kh Kxê LbhkrndDnxbnkccd Zkran



4:8 DNXBNKCCD ZK_AN

Dcokrb eknkdcbeagb hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# wkgbcb VYAA# zdrxagbcdrk hkccd Zdrrbggfadckgbcckpabnk zraydxd



C‑ D_GFAXKXX[_D HKCCD ZD__BGGFADCK X_D LKHABKYB KH KXÊ LBHK_ND 4:;

razrkwk gfk cd haiiagbcxê ha ckxx{rd nbn zkrlkxxk ha hdxdrk gbn xdck zrkgawabnk.W{ccd wgbrxd hkccd wklzcagk ydc{xdpabnk w{cck l{rdx{rk c‑anhagdpabnk gfk nk z{ÿhkraydrk æ t{kccd ha {n –zrald“ k {n –hbzb“. Cb wxdhab zañ dnxagb ‗ gdrdxxk,rappdxb hd gabxxbca nbn an gbrwa rkebcdra ckedxa hd ldcxd ‗ hbykyd hkcalaxdrk cbwzdpab ha {nd wxr{xx{rd ha halknwabna gbrrawzbnhknxa dcc‑angargd dcck zralk h{k

gdlzdxk hkccd ndydxd gknxrdck# ibrwk {nd gdzzkccd. Wkooknk t{kwxb hdxb zbwwdkwwkrk anxkrkwwdnxk anhapab hkccd zrkwknpd ha {nd wxr{xx{rd dnxkgkhknxk dccd iankhkc VAAA wkgbcb 4:# kwwb dzzdrk dngbrd xrbzzb eknkragb wk nbn w{zzbrxdxb hddcxra kcklknxa hkraydoaca hd {n racakyb dgg{rdxb hkcc‑khaiagab k hkccd zdrxk l{rd,rad# hd wdeea w{a zacdwxra wbxxbwxdnxa k hd anhdeana drgfkbcbeagfk# {xaca zkr ibr,l{cdrk {nd wgdnwabnk grbnbcbeagd ybcxd d zrkgawdrk ldeeabrlknxk cd wxrdxaiagd,pabnk hkc gbwxr{axb.

Ac yangbcb xrd a Yadcdrha k Ykrrbnk ‗ hbg{lknxdxb zkr cd zrald ybcxd nkc4?55 ‗ hbykxxk hkxkrlandrk n{bya dwwkxxa k xrdwibrldpabna hkcck xrdggk ldxk,radca zrkwknxa w{c xkrraxbrab &wxr{xx{rd ibrxaiagdxd k gfakwd! gfk# gblk eaê ragbr,hdxb# dccb wgdhkrk hkc VAAA wkgbcb dzzdabnb zkr cd zrald ybcxd an dxxkwxdpabnawgraxxk 44. Nkccd wgbnwbcdnxk dwwknpd ha ldxkradck hbg{lknxdrab 4? ck zbgfk gdrxk

odwwblkhakydca# zkr cb zañ nblank ha rkxxbra# kyahknpadnb {n harkxxb gbnxrbccbwaenbrack. Ac ckedlk xrd a Yadcdrha k cd gfakwd 47 æ dggkrxdoack gbn gbnxan{axê d zdr,xark hdc 4789 48# nkc 47;4 &lklbrad hkccd ibnhdpabnk hd zdrxk cbrb hkccd gdz,zkccdnãd ha Wdnxd Ldrad! 4;# nkc 4794 49 k bcxrk 45= {n zdxrbndxb t{dwa kwgc{wayb#h{rdxb ianb dc 4675 46 k kwzrkwwb dxxrdykrwb cd hbxdpabnk iandcappdxd dccd rkdcap,pdpabnk ha bzkrk drgfaxkxxbnagfk# alzrkwk hkgbrdxayk k drrkha iawwa.

D zdrxark hdccd lkxê hkc VAY wkgbcb k an wke{axb da zkragbca angbloknxa w{cOakcckwk# xkrraxbrab wbxxbzbwxb dccd zrkwwabnk hkcck lark kwzdnwabnawxagfkwdod{hk# a Yadcdrha gblk dcxrk idlaecak ik{hdca dxx{drbnb {nd zbcaxagd ha rdiibr,pdlknxb hkccd cankd ha haikwd ha zadn{rd# gkhknhb a okna an zbwapabnk rackydxd0klockldxagd d t{kwxb zrbzbwaxb i{ c‑dcakndpabnk hka okna k hkc gdwxkccb haLbwwb &4785!. Nk hkrayÿ# xrd Xrk k T{dxxrbgknxb# ac radwwkxxb hka gdwxkcca ha

Wdnhaecadnb# ha Qwknedrhd k ha Ykrrbnk# nbngfá cd ibnhdpabnk hkc ragkxxb haGdnhkcb# gbwxr{axb w{ xkrrkna ha cbrb zrbzrakxê 41. Ac ea{rdlknxb ha ikhkcxê daWdybad hd zdrxk ha Walbnk# iaecab ha _bcdnhanb ]Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk\ hkc 41 iko,ordab 4757 ?: hbykxxk dyyadrk zkr Ykrrbnk {n zkrabhb ha ldeeabr xrdnt{accaxê#awbcdnhb ac ik{hb hd t{kc xbrlknxdxb gcald zbcaxagb k lacaxdrk gfk zbrxÿ dcc‑dn,nkwwabnk wdod{hd ha Oakccd nkc 4751 k ha Ykrgkcca nkc 48?5 k hkxkrlandnhb {ngcald idybrkybck dc rannbydlknxb drgfaxkxxbnagb gfk anxkrkwwÿ a h{k zbca hkczbxkrk waenbrack0 cd rkwahknpd ibrxaiagdxd ?4 k cd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb# anxkwdgblk c{beb kckxxb d wkzbcgrb idlaecadrk.

_agkrgfk rkgknxa fdnnb kyahknpadxb nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc Xrkgknxb {ndzrkwknpd gbwxdnxk hka Yadcdrha d Ykrrbnk xdnxb hd w{zzbrrk {nd rkwahknpd wxd,oack ??. Nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc VAY wkgbcb# dggdnxb da ik{hdxdra# raw{cxd zba dxxk,

wxdxd {nd Gbl{naxê gfk lkhadnxk a w{ba rdzzrkwknxdnxa iae{rd nkeca dxxa z{o,ocaga ?7# idxxb gfk zrkw{zzbnk c‑kwawxknpd ha {n anwkhadlknxb hda gdrdxxkra beeanbn zañ ragbwxr{aoaca zkr ldngdnpd ha xrdggk iawagfk. [nb wxdnpadlknxb zrbxkxxb&wkgbca VAAA,VAY! ha g{a wbnb wxdxk anhayah{dxk xrdggk gargbwxdnxa ac n{gckbwaenbrack zañ dnxagb ?8# k ibrwk zaggbca n{gcka r{rdca gfk hbykxxkrb hkxkrlandrkc‑d{lknxb ha alzbrxdnpd hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb k c‑dww{npabnk hd zdrxk hakwwd hka haraxxa zdrrbggfadca &hkgalk# wkzbcx{rk k dllanawxrdpabnk hka wdgrd,lknxa!# iknblknb zcd{waoaclknxk drraydxb d {n o{bn erdhb ha ldx{rdpabnk nkcXrkgknxb an wke{axb dc cknxb hkgcanb ha Z{cadgb ?; an idybrk ha Wdc{wwbcd ?9# anwk,hadlknxb h‑dcx{rd ibrxaiagdxb nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc VAY wkgbcb ?5# wbrxb dxxbrnbdccd gfakwd ha Wdnxd Ldrad Dww{nxd haykn{xd wkhk ha gbcckeadxd nkc 4847 ?6. Hdt{kwxb zrbgkwwb ‗ dwgrayaoack dccd cknxd hawerkedpabnk hkc wawxkld zakydnb okn

hkcankdxd zkr cd habgkwa ha Ykrgkcca hd Dchb Dnekcb Wkxxad ?1 ‗ hbykxxk anwbrekrkc‑kwaeknpd ha {n anerdnhalknxb hkcc‑khaiagab rkcaeabwb# an {n lblknxb an g{awxdyd zkr gblzakrwa t{kc zkrgbrwb gfk dyrkook zbrxdxb dcck gargbwgrapabna

1 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # Oakccd4151# z. 985.

4: Cd hdxdpabnk hkccd l{rdx{rd d gabxxbcahawzbwxa arrkebcdrlknxk raw{cxd haiiagack an{n‑drkd gblk ac Oakcckwk hbyk c‑{wb hkccdzakxrd nkccd zrbh{pabnk drgfaxkxxbnagd gd,

rdxxkrappd haykrwa wkgbca. Walacax{hana zbw,wbnb kwwkrk rawgbnxrdxk gbn cd l{rdx{rdhkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Wkgbnhb ha Ldendnbrawdcknxk dc wkgbcb VA. Zkr {n‑dndcawa hkcckl{rdx{rk an zkrabhb rbldnagb nkc Oakcckwk#gir. H. HK OK_ND_HA IK__K_B# C‑drgfaxkxx{rdrbldnagd nkccd habgkwa ha Oakccd# Oakccd 41;1.

44 X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 8; wee.

4? C‑Drgfayab Zdrrbggfadck# dngbrd gbn,w{cxdxb hd Obrkccb# raw{cxd beea hawzkrwb.

47 Dgfacck Obrkccb# zba razrkwb hd HkclbCkobck &[n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkccklklbrak ha Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb rayawxk kh deeabrndxk hd Lbnw. Hkclb Ckobck# Yaecad,nb Oakcckwk 4115# z. ?; ‗ rawx. dndwxdxagd ha

D. OB_KCCB# Ykrrbnk orkya lklbrak wxbra,gfk# Oakccd 41?9 ‗= H. CKOBCK# Cd Gfakwd

Oakcckwk nkccd Wxbrad k nkcc‑Drxk# Oakccd 419?#z. 41;! ragbrhd {nd hbxdpabnk hkccd gfakwdha Wdn Cbrknpb hd zdrxk hkccd idlaecadYadcdrha nkc VAA wkgbcb w{ccd wgbrxd hkcckanhagdpabna razbrxdxk hd C. Xkxxbna k I.Wdcdhana nkc Xkdxrb Drdchagb# anhagdpabnkgfk dyrkook zbx{xb raykcdrwa waenaiagdxaydzkr wxdoacark ac nkwwb zañ dnxagb xrd a Yadcdr,ha k c‑khaiagab rkcaeabwb# wk {n‑dxxknxd dndcawahkc xkwxb nbn dykwwk kyahknpadxb c‑kwxrkldeknkragaxê hkcc‑anibrldpabnk &C. XKXXBNA# I.WDCDHANA# Xkdxrb Drdchagb byykrb _dggbcxdEknkrdck hkcck Drla kh Anwkenk eknxacapakhkcck zañ acc{wxra k nboaca gdwdxk gfk kwawxk,rbnb {n xklzb k gfk x{xxbrd iabrawgbnb an

x{xxd c‑Axdcad# Lacdnb 4685# ybc. YAA# Idla, ecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# Wdnhaecadnb# Lbn, erdnhb kgg .# w.n.z.!. C‑dnxagfaxê hkc zdxrb,ndxb Yadcdrha w{ Wdn Cbrknpb æ anykgk zañdxxknhaoaclknxk hbg{lknxdxb hd {nd cdza,hk wkxxkgknxkwgd &45?8! dngbrd gbnwkrydxdan gfakwd0 ]…\ HYBHKGALB YCX_DWKGYCB EYAHDCD_HB_YL YK_BNAHBLANB_YL EYAHDCD_HYW# FBGGBWZAGYYL XK_ DNXATYYL# KXZ_BZAYL DYYB_YL WDGKCCYL DN,XBNAYW OK_ND_HANYW# I_DNGAWGAOK_ND_HA# KV GBNHBLANAW YK_B,NA# KX Z_ALYW YK_BNA# WZCKNHAHKB_NDYAX# KX _KNBYDYAX ]…\.

48 OWl Xbranb# lw. Xbrkcca # dxxb hkc 47

wkxxklork 4789 an g{a _bcdnhb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk nbland Eadgblb Wdzzkccdna rkx,xbrk hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb k anbcxrkDW Oakccd# Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#ldppb 4# idwg. ?. C‑anhagdpabnk hkcck nbla,nk hkc 4789 k 4794 æ gbnxkn{xd nkccd wkn,xknpd hkc ?8 eknndab 4;1: gbnxrb cd idla,ecad Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa ha Ldwwkrdnb zrkxkn,hknxk dngf‑kwwd ac `{wzdxrbndxb hkccd gfakwdha Ykrrbnk.

4; OWl Xbranb# lw. Xbrkcca # dxxb hkc 47hagklork 47;4 an g{a cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykr,rbnk k a Yadcdrha nblandnb dccd gckragdx{rdha Wdn Cbrknpb Irdnganb ha _bcdnhanb haYkrrbnk.

49 Aoahkl# dxxb hkc 4? nbyklork 4794

gbn g{a a Yadcdrha nblandnb dccd rkxxbrad haWdn Cbrknpb ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna hk Dwxi{ Zakxrb ha Ykxxaená.

45 Aoahkl# dxxb hkc 7: ldrpb 4768 an g{a



4:9 DNXBNKCCD ZK_AN

zdrrbggfadca hkcc‑kxê lbhkrnd k w{ccd wxr{xx{rd wa krd zbcdrappdxb ac rannbydxbanxkrkwwk hkccd idlaecad hkc waenbrk# wxdoaclknxk anwkhadxd nkc gdwxkccb.

C‑awzkpabnk hkc wbxxbxkxxb fd lkwwb an kyahknpd d gargd 5 lkxra hdc iacb hkccdgbnxrbidggadxd {nd nkxxd gkw{rd xrd cd l{rdx{rd cdzahkd an gabxxbca hawzbwxa arrk,ebcdrlknxk k {n dzzdrkggfab l{rdrab hdccd xkwwax{rd rkebcdrk gbwxax{axb hdc,c‑dcxkrndnpd ha gbrwa an cdxkrapab k idwgk an gabxxbca# gdrdxxkrappdnxk ac l{rb h‑dl,oaxb hkccd ndydxd gknxrdck ian nka zrkwwa hkcc‑dxxdggb hkccd g{rydx{rd hkcc‑dowahkdxx{dck# hawzbwapabnk l{rdrad hbg{lknxdxd dngfk nkc gdwxkccb k hdxdxd hdEdorakccd Zdnxÿ nkcc‑dloaxb hkc VAY wkgbcb w{ccd wgbrxd hka ldxkradca gkrdlagaranykn{xa nkccb wgdyb 7:. H{nt{k c‑khaiagab wklord zrkwknxdrk {n‑alzbrxdnxkidwk ha xrdwibrldpabnk xrkgknxkwgd 74# hdxdoack zañ zrkgawdlknxk dcc‑{cxalbt{drxb hkc wkgbcb k cd zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb w{ggkwwayb zkr ck rdeabna wbzrddhhbxxk. An t{kwxb zkrabhb c‑khaiagab i{ dcc{nedxb ha h{k gdlzdxk# yknnkrbgbwxr{axk kv nbyb cd pbnd zrkwoaxkradck,dowahdck# ck h{k ndydxk cdxkrdca ‗ ibrwkrkdcappdxk an xklza haykrwa d gd{wd hkccd ldrgdxd hawzdraxê halknwabndck &ndydxdhkwxrd gargd ?#;: l# ndydxd wanawxrd gargd 7#?: l! ‗ k razcdwldxd cd idggadxd. Acraw{cxdxb hkcc‑anxkryknxb gbangawk erbwwb lbhb gbn cb wzdpab bhakrnb0 {nd wxr{x,

x{rd d xrk ndydxk# wzdrxaxk hd rbo{wxa zacdwxra gbn wklagbcbnnk dhhbwwdxk gfkrkeebnb drgdxk d wkwxb radcpdxb# rdggbrhdxk dc wbwxkenb xrdlaxk {n dwxrdedcb kwl{wwdxk deca dnebca nkc z{nxb ha gbnxdxxb gbn t{kwx‑{cxalb d wal{cdrk ck ibrlkha {n gdzaxkccb g{oagb wgdnxbndxb dccd odwk. Cd ndydxd gknxrdck k ck ndydxk cdxk,rdca raw{cxdnb gbzkrxk hd ybcxk d grbgakrd nbn gbwxbcbndxk.

Cd ckxx{rd hkcc‑khaiagab wklorkrkook raykcdrk {n gdnxakrk zrbxrdxxb nkcxklzb k rkdcappdxb zkr ea{wxdzzbwapabna ha g{a æ xkwxalbnadnpd ac wawxkld wxr{x,x{rdck hkcck ndydxk cdxkrdca# gbwxr{axk dhhbwwdnhb da zacdwxra zdrdwxk d wbwxkenbhka wbxx‑drgfa xrdwykrwdca. Cd pbnd zrkwoaxkradck,dowahdck bhakrnd æ ir{xxb ha {ndrazcdwldpabnk dyykn{xd nkc VYAA wkgbcb &ragbwxr{pabnk hkccd gbngd dowahdck khkccd ybcxd hkc zrkwoaxkrab! 7?# ld wa fd rdeabnk ha zknwdrk gfk a l{ra h‑dloaxbha t{kwx‑{cxalb rawdcednb dngbrd dcc‑anxkryknxb xdrhb ebxagb. Nkc wbxxbxkxxb hkc

cbgdck wax{dxb an xkwxd dccd ndydxd wanawxrd ‗ gbwxr{axb dccb wgdhkrk hkc wkgbcb VYAk dhaoaxb d wdgrkwxad an wbwxax{pabnk hkccd wxdnpd dccd odwk hkcc‑dnxagb gdlzdnackianb d t{kc lblknxb wkhk ha hkzbwaxb hka zdrdlknxa k hka rkcat{dra 77 ‗ wa æ

a Yadcdrha nblandnb dccd gckragdx{rd hkccdgfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnabha Iacazzb Yadcdrha zkr ac xrdwikralknxb ha

Eabydnna hk Dwx dccd gfakwd ha Wdn Eabreabha Ykxxaená. Anbcxrk wa ykhd dngfk cd zkred,lknd hkc ?6 c{ecab 4769 an DW Oakccd an g{aa Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk nblandnb Irdngkwgfa,nb# iaecab ha Eadgblb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#dccd gckragdx{rd awxax{axd nkccd gfakwd ha WdnCbrknpb ydgdnxk hbzb ac ldxralbnab hkcgfakragb E{ecakclb &DW Oakccd# IdlaecadYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# zkredlknd ;!.

46 A irdxkcca gbnxk Dlkhkb k gdydcakrD{e{wxb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk gkhbnb ac zd,xrbndxb da gbna{ea ]Dnxbnab\ Ld{rapab kBcalzad P{ldecana g{a dykydnb yknh{xb acgdwxkccb h{k dnna zrald &DG{Y Oakccd# Zrb,yawabnkw oknkiagadradk# ybc. 61!. _an{ngaddndcbed krd eaê wxdxd idxxd nkc 46?8 hdc cbrbzdhrk# ac gbnxk Okrndrhb Wkrdianb &DG{YOakccd# Hkgrkxd Kzawgbzbr{l# ybc. AY# i.46:!.

41 L. GDWWKXXA# X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHA,ECADNB# Qwknedrhd k a w{ba waenbra # an C.WZAND &d g{rd ha!# Gdnhkcb k ac _agkxxb# La,cdnb 411:# zz. ;4 wee.

?: Y. YDA# Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk d Gdwd Wdybad# an t{kwxb ybc{lk#zz. ;4 wee.

?4 W{ t{kwxd azbxkwa raw{cxd gbngbrhk dn,gfk Zdxrapad Gdngadn gfk gbccbgd cd ragb,wxr{pabnk hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk hbzb c‑dn,nkwwabnk wdod{hd &Z. GDNGADN# Ac Gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa # Lacdnb ?::4# zz. 474,475# an zdr,

xagbcdrk zz. 474,47?!. Anbcxrk# zkr {ndwgdnwabnk hkcck idwa gbwxr{xxayk hkc gdwxkccbk an zdrxagbcdrk w{ t{kccd xrd xdrhb ‑7:: k‑8::# gir. D. CBNEFA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc gd,wxkccb nkc zdkwdeeab ibrxaiagdxb w{odczanb# ant{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 91 wee.

?? X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 8; wee.

?7 E. OBCKNEB# Ck zkredlknk Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an «Drgfaya k Wxbrad½# 4117# n. 1,4:# zz. 475,4;8.

?8 D. CBNEFA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc gdwxkccbnkc zdkwdeeab ibrxaiagdxb w{odczanb# an t{kwxbybc{lk# zz. 91 wee.

?; Nkc 4786 cd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb haYkrrbnk raw{cxd dzzdrxknkrk dccd gargbwgra,pabnk zakydnd ha Z{cadgb. Gir. D_LB# O{,ekccdk 418;# ybc. A# hbg. VVVAY# _keawxrbhkcck hkgalk alzbwxk hd Zdzd Gcklknxk YA krawgbwwk zkr ck gfakwk# ck gdwk rkcaeabwk hkccd

Habgkwa ha Ykrgkcca # gbc. 414# z. 16.?9 Nkc 488: c‑«Kggckwad Ykrbn` k cd gd,

zkccd gdwxra Ykrbn` dnkvd kwx hagxk kggckwak½raw{cxdnb dzzdrxknkrk dccd «zckow Wdc{pbcakg{l w{aw gdnbnaga kx kggckwa`w wal{c {naxawwacagkx kggckwad W. Ekrydva`# kggckvad Z{cadgfakggckwad Drra kx Zraydxk½. Gir. D_LB# O{,ekccdk 418;# ybc. A# hbg. GAV# Kckngb hka oknkiaga kggckwadwxaga hkccd habgkwa ha Ykrgkcca gbn kwxalb hka rawzkxxaya gbnxrao{xa wanbhdca rkhdxxb zkr brhank hkc ykwgbyb lbnw. E{,

ecakclb Hahakr # gbc. 8;1# z. ?7?.

?5 L. ZDG[GGA# Oakccd k ac w{b xkrraxbrab0angdwxkccdlknxb xrd lkhabkyb kh kxê lb,hkrnd# Xkwa ha cd{rkd# Zbcaxkgnagb ha Xbranb#Idgbcxê ha Drgfaxkxx{rd# d.d. 411;"4119#

Ykrrbnk# Zdrrbggfadck# idggadxd



C‑ D_GFAXKXX[_D HKCCD ZD__BGGFADCK X_D LKHABKYB KH KXÊ LBHK_ND 4:5

wgbzkrxb {n irkeab wbxxberbnhd an ldxxbna hawzbwxa d wgdckxxd &wkgbca VAY,VY!gfk d zdrxark hdcc‑dxxdggb hkccd g{rydx{rd hkcc‑dowahk wa zbnk an gbnxan{axê gbnt{kccb dngbrd beea yawaoack hdcc‑kwxkrnb. C‑dnxagb gdlzdnack# doodxx{xb nkc ‑5::zkrgfá zkragbcdnxk# wbrekyd w{c cdxb hkwxrb hkc zrkwoaxkrab lknxrk ac cdxb wana,wxrb hbykyd raw{cxdrk caokrb hd aneblora k cd ndydxd# d xkrlandpabnk zadxxd# krdacc{landxd hd {n bg{cb gargbcdrk wxrblodxb# beea xdlzbndxb ld dngbrd yawaoackhdcc‑kv wdgrkwxad gant{kgknxkwgd# dxx{dclknxk dhaoaxd d cbgdck gdchdad. Cd idg,gadxd bhakrnd gbn {n zrbiacb d wdcaknxa gbrrawzbnhk dcc‑alzbwxdpabnk xdrhbebxagdk hbykyd raw{cxdrk an braeank acc{landxd wbcb hdccd iankwxrd gargbcdrk zbwxd wbzrdc‑anerkwwb# waxb xrd a h{k gbnxrdiibrxa d gdzz{ggab dlzadlknxk razcdwldxa# gfkhkcalaxdnb ac gdlzb gknxrdck k hkn{ngadnb ac wawxkld wxr{xx{rdck anxkrnb.

Cd gbccbgdpabnk hkcc‑anxkryknxb an {n zrkgawb gbnxkwxb g{cx{rdck nbn raw{cxddekybck zkr h{k brhana ha lbxaya0 an zralb c{beb zkr cd haiiagbcxê nkc ckeekrkzdrxk hka gdrdxxkra braeandra# gdngkccdxa hdcck hklbcapabna hkc zdwwdxb# ld xdc,ybcxd dngfk hda rkwxd{ra zañ rkgknxa gfk fdnnb dlldnxdxb cd wxr{xx{rd ha {nbwzkwwb wxrdxb ha anxbndgb# anbcxrk zkr cd ldngdnpd ha {n t{dhrb eknkrdck w{c,c‑drgfaxkxx{rd ebxagd hkc Zaklbnxk dngbrd beea zkr cd ldeeabr zdrxk ankhaxd.

_kgknxa wbnhdeea rkcdxaya dcc‑drkd bggahknxdck78

k dc Gdndykwk7;

‗ z{r nkccd gbl,zckwwaxê hkeca anxrkgga g{cx{rdca d g{a gbrrawzbnhbnb a haykrwa gdnxakra ‗ fdnnbanhayah{dxb nkcc‑dloaknxk cblodrhb k an t{kccb xrdnwdczanb# an zdrxagbcdrk nkcebxagb icdlobqdnx obrebenbnk# a h{k raikralknxa zrangazdca# ldxraga g{cx{rdca andcg{na gdwa zrkwknxa nkccb wxkwwb khaiagab 79# drraggfknhb dxxrdykrwb n{byk zrb,wzkxxayk ha dndcawa {n iacbnk ha ckxx{rd eaê dyyadxb hd Xbkwgd 75 k hdccd Obwwdecad 76.Nkc gdwb hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb a ckedla zbwwaoaca wklordnb anharappdoacaykrwb c‑dloaknxk cblodrhb zkr ck gdrdxxkrawxagfk wzdpadca gfk ldnaikwxdnb {ndyagandnpd dccd gbngkpabnk rbldnagd wbzrdxx{xxb nkc hawcaykccb hkcc‑alzbwxdhkcck ndydxk cdxkrdca rawzkxxb dccd gknxrdck k zkr ac rahbxxb wcdngab an ykrxagdck.Ck ybcxk d grbgakrd zknwaca gfk wbyrdwxdnb t{kwx‑{cxald ‗ ibrwk rkdcappdxk nkcT{dxxrbgknxb dydnpdxb ‗ hkcalaxdnxa dlzak wzkggfadx{rk ha l{rb zrayk ha

ibnxa ha c{gk# {n‑acc{landpabnk harkxxd zrbyknaknxk hdcck ndydxk cdxkrdca# hdccdidggadxd k zcd{waoaclknxk hdcc‑dowahk braeandrad# {n wawxkld ha wbwxkena{naibrlk# cd xkrlandpabnk zadxxd hkccd ndydxd cdxkrdck anh{gbnb dh dggbwxdrk

rkc. G. Obndrha# z. ?7:# rkekwxb hka hbg{,lknxa rkcdxaya d Wdc{wwbcd0 7: dzrack 475;#Dnxbnab hk Oagfakrd ha Lbnxkgdzakccb racd,

wgad t{akxdnpd d Odrxbcblkb Wgdecad# gfad,ydrb ha Oakccd# ha ;8: iabrana h‑brb hby{xahdc Gbl{nk dc Ykwgbyb zkr ibrxaiagdrk acgdwxkccb k ac obreb ha Wdc{wwbcd.

?6 H. CKOBCK# Cd Gfakwd Oakcckwk nkccd Wxbrad k nkcc‑Drxk# gax.# z. 4;;.

?1 D. D. WKXXAD# Grawa k dhke{dlknxb hkc,c‑brednappdpabnk kggckwadwxagd nkc Zaklbnxkodwwb lkhakydck# an Zakya k zdrrbggfak an Axd,cad nkc odwwb lkhabkyb &wkgbca VAAA,VY!# Dxxahkc Gbnykenb «Wxbrad hkccd gfakwd an Axd,cad½# _bld 4168# ybc. AA# zz. 94:,9?8# rak,haxb gbn ac xaxbcb C‑brednappdpabnk kggckwad,wxagd hkc Zaklbnxk odwwblkhakydck# an D. D.WKXXAD# Gfakwk# wxrdhk k ibrxkppk nkcc‑Axdcadlkhakydck# _bld 4114# zz. 777,786# an

zdrxagbcdrk zz. 778,784.7: E. ZDNXß# Yaxd gdwxkccdnd k wxr{xx{rkhaiknwayk hkc Oakcckwk# gax.# zz. ?4,?7.

74 Cd idwk xrkgknxkwgd æ wkendcdxd dngfkhd H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk.

Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# z. 985.7? Nkcck Yawaxk Zdwxbrdca# nbn kwzcagaxk an

zrbzbwaxb# æ gkrxb gfk hbzb ac 4996 cd pbnddowahdck nbn yaknk zañ hkianaxd gblk dne{,wxd &aoahkl# z. 9;4!.

77 DG{Y Ykrgkcca# Yawaxk Zdwxbrdca # ybc.?:,?4# Ykrrbnk# ii. 4;?,4;7y# gbnw{cxdxd angbzad zrkwwb DW Ykrgkcca# Yawaxk Zdwxbrdca #oboand n. 48. Cd Yawaxd Zdwxbrdck hkc 4º ha,gklork 4;15 hkwgrayk w{c cdxb wanawxrbrawzkxxb dcc‑dcxdrk cd «wdgrkwxad rkgknxkr gbn,wxr{gxd wdxaw gbner{d wkh gdrkx cbgb cdydxab,naw ldn{{l dg drldrab hkgknxa zrb zdrd,lknxaw½. Nkccd wxkwwd rkcdpabnk ha yawaxd waxrbyd cd wke{knxk kwzrkwwabnk0 «fdoknx{r anfdg kggckwad t{ahdl wdgrk rkcat{ak ]…\angc{wk an xdokrndgbcb dnxat{b an gdlzdnaca{oa krdx wdgrawxad ykx{w ]…\½.

78 G. XBWGB# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd rkcaeabwd nkc,c‑kxê ha Dlkhkb YAAA # an L. YAECANB HDYA,GB# G . XBWGB &d g{rd ha!# Drgfaxkxx{rd k an,wkhadlknxb nkc xdrhblkhabkyb an Zaklbn,xk# Xbranb ?::7# zz. 54,448.

7; L. WZANA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc xkrraxbrabhabgkwdnb hdc H{kgknxb dc T{dxxrbgknxb# anE. G_DGGB# Wxbrad hkccd gfakwd ha Ayrkd hdcckbraeana dc VY wkgbcb# _bld 4116# zz. 5:5,581.

79 Wa ragbrhdnb eca kwklza ha Wdnxd Ldradd Gfakra k ha Wdnxd Ldrad Dww{nxd dGfadwwb.

75 Z. XBKWGD# Ac Xrkgknxb# Xbranb 41;4#zz. 65,61.

76 _. OBWWDECAD# Zkr {n zrbiacb hkc ebxagb zaklbnxkwk. Ck gfakwk hkeca brhana lknha,gdnxa nka wkgbca VAAA k VAY # an «Zdccdhab½#41;8# n. 4,?# zz. ?5,87# k _. OBWWDECAD# Ckgfakwk hkeca brhana lknhagdnxa nkc VY wk,gbcb# an «Zdccdhab½# 41;8# n. 8# zz. 468,466.

Ykrrbnk# Zdrrbggfadck# anxkrnb



4:6 DNXBNKCCD ZK_AN

c‑khaiagab d {n cane{deeab wyac{zzdxbwa nkcc‑drgb hkc ‑7::# ld zkrh{rdnxk c{nebac wkgbcb w{ggkwwayb# nkcc‑drkd bggahknxdck hka hblana yawgbnxka 71= dngfk c‑{wbhkeca drgfkxxa zknwaca d zaknb gknxrb angrbgadxa# rdrdlknxk {xacappdxa an drkd oakc,ckwk wk nbn an zbgfa kwklza xrd g{a wa ragbrhd ac Wdn Eadgblb hkc Zadppb ha Oakccd&wkgbcb VAY! 8:# hkn{ngad {n raikralknxb anhayah{doack nkccd wxkwwd harkpabnk 84.

Cd gbnwdgrdpabnk dyykn{xd ac 46 debwxb 4;:7# wkgbnhb t{dnxb razbrxd acgdrxaecab hazanxb w{c cdxb anikrabrk hkwxrb hkcc‑diirkwgb ha Eabw{æ Bchbna rdiia,e{rdnxk cd Gargbngawabnk k cd Zrkwknxdpabnk ha Ekwñ dc xklzab8?# z{ÿ kwwkrk gbn,wahkrdxd zcd{waoaclknxk lblknxb ha dydnpdxb gblzckxdlknxb drgfaxkxxbnagb kdyyab ha {nd idwk ha hkgbrdpabnk xkwxalbnadxd hdcc‑diirkwgb rdiiae{rdnxk cd

Ldhbnnd an xrbnb dccdxxdnxk k wdn Wkodwxadnb &zralb hkgknnab hkc wkgbcb VYA!87

k hdc hazanxb wxkwwb# hdxdxb 4;46# zdrxk ha {n gagcb zañ ydwxb beea zkrh{xb.Nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc wkgbcb VYA wa aniaxxawgk cd hbg{lknxdpabnk hawzb,

naoack# zkr cb zañ Yawaxk Zdwxbrdca# gfk an dcg{na gdwa hkwgraybnb dxxknxdlknxkcb wxdxb hkcc‑khaiagab k hka w{ba drrkha. Dccd iank hkc ‑;:: c‑alldeank gfk wk nkragdyd æ t{kccd ha {nd wxr{xx{rd an o{bnk gbnhapabna wxdxagfk an g{a ac zdxrbga,nab hka Yadcdrha# hbykxxk kwzralkrwa an {nd wkrak ha anxkryknxa ybcxa dccd rkdcap,pdpabnk ha hkgbrdpabna dh diirkwgb deca dcxdra ha Wdnx‑Dnxbnab k hka WdnxaWkodwxadnb k Idoadnb ha cbrb zdxrbndxb. _aw{cxd hkgbrdxd dh diirkwgb dngfkc‑dowahk# gbnxrb ac g{a l{rb krd zbwapabndxb c‑dcxdr ldeeabrk88# k c‑dcxdrk ha WdnEabydnna Odxxawxd8;# lknxrk wbcb t{kccb hkccd Okdxd Ykreank zba hkccd Ldhbnndhkc _bwdrab nkc 4;57 wa zrkwknxdyd «g{l agbnk wdxaw hkgknxa kx kckednxa brnd,

x{l½89. Eca anxkryknxa drgfaxkxxbnaga zrblbwwa an wke{axb da hkgrkxa hkcck YawaxkZdwxbrdca wbnb zkr cb zañ ragbnh{gaoaca dccd ybcbnxê hka ykwgbya ykrgkcckwa harknhkrk i{npabndck c‑brednappdpabnk hkcc‑khaiagab w{ccd wgbrxd hkcck anhagdpabnagbnxkn{xk nkcc‑ Anwxr{gxabnkw idoragdk kx w{zzkcckgxacaw kggckwadwxagdk# khaxb nkc4;55 d Lacdnb k cdredlknxk haii{wb dngfk nkccd habgkwa ykrgkcckwk e{ahdxd xrdac 4;5? k ac 4;65 hd Eabydnna Irdngkwgb Obnbla# pkcdnxk anxkrzrkxk hkclbhkccb kzawgbzdck obrrbldagb85. Anhagdxaya d t{kwxb zrbzbwaxb i{rbnb cd ragb,wxr{pabnk hkccd wdgrkwxad an xkwxd dccd ndydxd wanawxrd k cd gbccbgdpabnk w{cc‑dcxdrldeeabrk hkc xdokrndgbcb wbrrkxxb hd dnekca86# anxkryknxb t{kwx‑{cxalb rkdcap,pdxb an i{npabnk dcc‑kwdcxdpabnk hkc lkwwdeeab k{gdrawxagb gfk kook gblk gbn,wke{knpd cd razcdwldpabnk hkccd pbnd dowahdck an wbwxax{pabnk ha t{kccd dnxagdgbnwahkrdxd xrbzzb dne{wxd. Nkccd Yawaxd Zdwxbrdck hkc 4;15 yknnk gbldnhdxd

cd rkdcappdpabnk ha {n zbrxagb ha irbnxk dccd gfakwd hd rkdcappdrwa wkgbnhb ckanhagdpabna ibrnaxk hdccd rkcdpabnk «w{zkr zaccaw h{bo{w wdcxkl cdxkraxa`w½81. Waxrdxxd hkc zaggbcb zrbxarb gfk dngbrd beea gdlzkeead ha irbnxk dcc‑anerkwwb#

71 W{ccd hkianapabnk ha {n lbhkccb gfkzrkwknxd haykrwk hkgcandpabna hd kwklzad{caga d kwzrkwwabna zañ zrbyangadca# gir. D.L. _ BLDNANA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd ebxagd an Cbl,odrhad# Lacdnb 4198# ybc. A# zz. 875,871.

8: Zkr {nd wblldrad wgfkhdx{rd hkecakhaiaga rkcaeabwa ebxaga an drkd oakcckwk# gir. G.EDYDPPA# Z. LK_CB# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd ebxagd nkc,cd habgkwa ha Oakccd# Oakccd 416:.

84 Zkr {n raikralknxb dccd g{cx{rd cbl,odrhd hkccd idggadxd ha Wdn Eadgblb dcZadppb# gir. E. G. WGABCCD# Ac oakcckwk hdc

Lkhabkyb dcc‑Bxxbgknxb# Drxawxa , gbllax,xknxa , gdnxakra # Xbranb 416:# z. ;;.

8? W{cc‑diirkwgb hkcc‑Bchbna# gir. Y. ND,XDCK# Cd ykxrdxd hkccd Dhbrdpabnk hka Ldea k ck hkgbrdpabna # an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 444wee.

87 Aoahkl.88 Yawaxd Zdwxbrdck hkc 4;57# gbnw{cxdxd

nkccd xrdwgrapabnk rkhdxxd hd Hkclb Ckobck0«Dcxdrk lda{w an ndya lkhad zrbzk l{r{lan ibrnagk hkdcodxd# g{l cdzahk ldenb ldr,lbrkb an lkhab lknwk angc{wb g{l erdh{w{zrd cdxkraxab wank agbnd g{l t{ahdl nagadiae{raw hkgknxao{w zagxd ]…\½ &H. CKOBCK#

Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxa,l{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# z. 9;:!.

8; Aoahkl.89 Aoahkl.85 Z. GBPPB# Ac ykwgbyb Obnbla k a hkgrkxa

gbnxrbraibrldxa # an Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca. Ac Gan,t{kgknxb# Oakccd ?::7# zz. 4;7 wee.

86 Ac xdokrndgbcb hkcc‑k{gdrkwxad wbcaxd,lknxk rkdcappdxb an ckenb hbrdxb# zkr t{dnxbrae{drhd ck rkdcappdpabna ha anic{knpd cbl,odrhd xrd iank ‑;:: k zralb ‑9::# gbwxax{ayd{nd hkcck rkdcappdpabna gbldnhdxk irkt{kn,xklknxk nkcck Yawaxk Zdwxbrdca. T{kccb ha WdnCbrknpb ha Ykrrbnk raw{cxd eaê rkdcappdxb nkc49:9 k hkwgraxxb an {n anyknxdrab hkc 4586gblk «xdokrndgbcb anhbrdxb k h{k Dneabcazkr zdrxk gbn dcxra brndlknxa½. Gir. H. CK,OBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# zz. 9;? k 9;8.

81 DWGY Ykrgkcca# Yawaxk Zdwxbrdca # Yawaxdha Wdn Cbrknpb ha Ykrrbnk hkc 4º hagklork4;15 &wa ykhd cd gbccbgdpabnk h‑drgfayab annbxd 77!.

Ykrrbnk# Zdrrbggfadck# wkzbcx{rk hkaYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# rkwxa {ldnaibxb Dnxbnkccd Zkran



C‑ D_GFAXKXX[_D HKCCD ZD__BGGFADCK X_D LKHABKYB KH KXÊ LBHK_ND 4:1

gbwxr{axb zrbodoaclknxk dcc‑anapab hkc VYAA wkgbcb# anxkryknxb gfk gbnxd kwklzadndcbefa nkc Oakcckwk0 t{a wa ragbrhd cd Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdnxd Ldrad Dww{nxd dWdc{wwbcd# hbyk cd wxr{xx{rd dnhÿ dh dzzbeeadrwa d {nb wxrdbrhandrab zbrxdck anibrlkcck an gbxxb d wxdlzb d lbxaya ykekxdca# hdnnkeeadnhbcb an erdn zdrxk.

Nkc 455?# gbn c‑awxax{pabnk hkccd habgkwa ha Oakccd# cd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb

ha Ykrrbnk yknnk angc{wd nkccd n{byd gargbwgrapabnk habgkwdnd. A hkgrkxa hkccdYawaxd Zdwxbrdck hkc zralb ykwgbyb lbnw. Yadngana &4558! wxdoacarbnb {nd rah{,pabnk hkeca dcxdra &hd gant{k d xrk!# cd gbwxax{pabnk ha {n n{byb galaxkrb an ykgkha t{kccb dnxagb xrbzzb dne{wxb# k cd ragbwxr{pabnk hkccd wdgrkwxad zkrgfálandggadnxk rbyand ;:# gbwã gblk c‑dnxagb gdlzdnack# hkgrkxdxb andeaoack hdccdGbl{naxê nkcc‑dh{ndnpd hkc 1 ea{enb 456: ;4. Nkeca dnna w{ggkwwaya yknnk wxkwbac zrbekxxb hkccd n{byd wdgrkwxad dxxrao{aoack dc gdzbldwxrb Eabydnna HblknagbZkrkxxa# w{ccd wgbrxd ha {n zdedlknxb zkr ac hawkenb hkccd wdgrkwxad «hk cdZdrbgfad ha ykrbnk½ &4568! ;?. Ac hawkenb# beea g{wxbhaxb zrkwwb c‑{iiagab hkc zdr,rbgb# lbwxrd cd zadnxd hkc n{byb idooragdxb k ac zrbwzkxxb an g{a raw{cxd wkpab,ndxd {nd zbrpabnk hkcc‑khaiagab. Cd n{byd wxr{xx{rd wbrwk w{c waxb hkc ykggfabgdlzdnack# ha g{a æ dngbrd ckeeaoack c‑dxxdggb hkccd wgdcd d gfabggabcd nkc zdw,

wdeeab xrd cd gfakwd k cd wdgrkwxad. Ac gdlzdnack bhakrnb yknnk ragbwxr{axb nkc,c‑{cxalb yknxknnab hkc VYAAA wkgbcb w{c cdxb bzzbwxb d t{kccb braeandrab.Nbnbwxdnxk ck xrdwibrldpabna w{oaxk nkcc‑drgb ha haykrwa wkgbca cd gfakwd ha

Wdn Cbrknpb fd gbnwkrydxb cd w{d wzdpadcaxê xdrhb ebxagd# dwzkxxb gfk yd wdcyd,e{drhdxb k ydcbrappdxb an t{dnxb xkwxalbnadnpd ha {n‑alzbrxdnxk idwk ha yaxdhkcc‑khaiagab an {n zkrgbrwb kybc{xayb gfk# dclknb ianb dc xdrhb Lkhabkyb#dzzdrk zkr lbcxa ykrwa zdrdcckcb d t{kccb hkc gdwxkccb# zkr xknhkrk d haydragdrwaan kxê lbhkrnd t{dnhb dccd gbllaxxknpd waenbrack ‗ {nagd ibrpd an eabgb ianbd t{kc lblknxb ‗ wa dggblzdend c‑anapadxayd ykwgbyack nbrldxd hdc n{byb gcaldg{cx{rdck raibrldxb. Gdllanb gfk gbnh{gk an kxê gbnxklzbrdnkd d kwaxa haiik,rknxa0 c‑annkwgb hka zrbgkwwa ha cknxb hkerdhb hkc gdwxkccb k zkr gbnxrb c‑dyyabha {nd wkrak ha anxkryknxa an –nkb“ dccd gfakwd &zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb VV!# ragb,

nbwga{xd gblk zbcb {naiagdnxk hkccd gbcckxxayaxê an wke{axb dc hkgrkxb ha –caokrdgbccdpabnk“ gbnwke{knxk dccd ran{ngad dc `{wzdxrbndxb hd zdrxk hka Yadcdrha. Accdybrb anxkrhawgazcandrk wybcxb nkcc‑dloaxb ha t{kwxb ybc{lk zbxrê ibrnark {ndzrald gfadyk ha ckxx{rd hka ckedla zkrh{xa xrd ck h{k wxr{xx{rk# gfakwd k gdwxkccb#gfk wdngawgbnb cd rdeabnk wxkwwd hkcc‑kwawxknpd k hkc hayknark wxbragb hkccdGbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk.

;: [n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkccklklbrak ha Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb# gax.# zz.49,45.

;4 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakc,ckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.#zz. 9;;,9;9.

;? Aoahkl# z. 9;;.

Ykrrbnk# Zdrrbggfadck# wbxxbxkxxbwbzrdwxdnxk cd wdgrkwxadgant{kgknxkwgd# zdrxagbcdrk hkc irkeabwbxxberbnhd

DZ Ykrrbnk# zrbekxxb zkr cd n{bydwdgrkwxad# gargd



444

CD YKX_DXD HKCCD DHB_DPABNK HKA LDEA

I{ _bggdyaccd nkc 41:; d hdrk zkr zralb nbxapad hkcc‑kwawxknpd nkccd Zdr,rbggfadck ha Ykrrbnk ha {nd ykxrdxd rdiiae{rdnxk cd Ykreank gbc Odloanbk W. Ea{wkzzk 4. C‑alldeank dccbrd z{oocagdxd ?# zkr t{dnxb ha lan{wgbck

halknwabna# hbg{lknxdyd {nd wax{dpabnk walack dcc‑dxx{dck# ld gbn cd ykwxkhkccd Ykreank# beea yawxbwdlknxk cdg{nbwd# dngbrd zkrikxxdlknxk gbnwkrydxd. Acldn{idxxb wa gblzbnk ha {nd zdrxk anikrabrk# byk æ anwkraxb {n bydck gfk rdg,

gfa{hk cb wxklld hka Yadcdrha knxrb {nd gdrxkccd d ybc{xk# k ha {nd zdrxk zran,gazdck rdiiae{rdnxk c‑Dhbrdpabnk hka Ldea . Cd wgknd zrkwknxd an rkdcxê {nb wbcbhka rk# aneanbggfadxb nkcc‑dxxb ha biirark {n gbidnkxxb ragbclb ha lbnkxk h‑brb#dccankdxk gbn wawxkldxagb brhank knxrb ac zrkpabwb gbnxknaxbrk. Cd Ldhbnnd gbcOdloanb an erklob æ wkh{xd wbxxb {n odchdggfanb# ac g{a xknhdeeab ykrhk#dyybcxb anxbrnb d {nd hkcck h{k gbcbnnk cdxkrdca# æ wxdxb wgbwxdxb zkr zkrlkx,xkrk cd yawabnk hkccd wgknd. Ea{wkzzk wa diidggad dcck cbrb wzdcck# dzzbeeadxb d{n l{rkxxb bcxrk dc t{dck cd ykh{xd wa dzrk w{ccd wanawxrd ykrwb gbcbnnk k {n drgban rbyand k# zañ an cbnxdndnpd# ykrwb {n obreb ibrxaiagdxb.

Wklzrk _bggdyaccd hkwgraykyd cd ykxrdxd nkccd gdzzkccd hkccd ndydxd cdxkrdckwanawxrd byk wdrkook raldwxd dclknb ianb dc 4151# t{dnhb raw{cxdyd anwkraxdknxrb c‑dlzad gbrnagk d ibecadla ha idxx{rd xdrhb bxxbgknxkwgd# gfk dngbrd cã wa

gbnwkryd# beea dggbzzadxd# gbn raw{cxdxa ha h{ooad kiiagdgad# d {nd xrdwzdrknpdibxberdiagd lbhkrnd. Cd zdrxk zañ dnxagd hkcc‑anwaklk æ wxdxd nkc irdxxklzbragbykrdxd# zkr lbxaya ha wag{rkppd zañ gfk ea{wxaiagdxa ha irbnxk dccd zrkpabwaxêhkcc‑beekxxb# an {n dloaknxk ha wkryapab.

_bggdyaccd dykyd dggbwxdxb c‑bzkrd dcck ykxrdxk hazanxk dccbrd dngbrd gbn,wkrydxk an zdcdppb Xkrnkneb dc Zadppb k beea dc L{wkb ha Zdcdppb Ldhdld7# kraxknkyd c‑d{xbrk ha braeank Ykrgkcckwk= t{dcgfk dnnb hbzb wa wdrkook wzanxb dazbxappdrnk cd idxx{rd hd zdrxk ha t{kccb wxkwwb Eabw{æ Bchbna ha g{a dykyd ran,ykn{xb cd iarld nkc gbrb8. C‑beekxxb wklord t{anha kwwkrk wxdxb halknxagdxb zkrdcg{na hkgknna# ianb d gfk Ldccá nbn cb lawk gbrrkxxdlknxk an rkcdpabnk gbn {ner{zzb ha ykxrdxk gfk wa hayahbnb xrd c‑dowahk k cd ndydxd hkccd gdxxkhrdck haDbwxd# c‑dowahk hkccd gfakwd ha Wdnx‑Brwb nkccd wxkwwd gaxxê k ac L{wkb ha ZdcdppbLdhdld d Xbranb# gbn zrbyknaknpd hdc gdwxkccb ha Awwbenk ;. T{kwxb gbccked,lknxb æ wxdxb hd dccbrd {ndnaldlknxk dggkxxdxb hdccd graxagd# gfk wa æ zkrÿ dc{neb hayawd w{ccd dndcawa wxbragb,drxawxagd hkc er{zzb. Wbwxdnpadclknxk ac haodx,xaxb fd yawxb anapadclknxk xdc{nb kyahknpadrk wbzrdxx{xxb braknxdlknxa ykrwbc‑drxk irdngkwk9 b irdngb,wyappkrd5# dcxra knidxappdrk za{xxbwxb cd zrkwknpd haanic{knpk ikrrdrkwa# gbn ragfadla dccd zaxx{rd zaklbnxkwk k d Ldrxanb Wzdnpbxxaan zdrxagbcdrk6# k dcxra dngbrd gargbwgraykrk a ckedla wbzrdxx{xxb dcc‑drxk cbgdckydchbwxdnd1.

Zañ rkgknxklknxk cd ykxrdxd ha Ykrrbnk# t{kcck ha Zdcdppb Ldhdld k dcg{nkha t{kcck ha Dbwxd wbnb wxdxk gbcckedxk dc nblk ha Zakxrb Ydwkr# hbg{lknxdxbgblk idgxbr ykrrkradr{l zrkwwb ac gdwxkccb ha Awwbenk k zrkwwb Wdnx‑Brwb ha

Dbwxd hdc 4816 dc 4;:8 zkr Eabreab ha Gfdccdnx# ik{hdxdrab hkc gdwxkccb k dodxkgbllknhdxdrab ha Wdnx‑Brwb4:. Ac nblk Ydwkr# gbl{nk d haykrwa drxawxa dxxaya dEankyrd h{rdnxk ac T{dxxrb k c‑anapab hkc Gant{kgknxb# zkrlkxxk ha azbxappdrk

4 D. _ BGGDYACCD# C‑Drxk nkc Oakcckwk# Oakc,cd 41:;# z. 48:.

? Aoahkl# iae. ?:; z. 471.7 C. LDCCÁ# L{wkb Gayagb ha Xbranb. Yk,

xra# ykxrdxk# eadhk# grawxdcca ha rbggd k zakxrkh{rk# Xbranb 4154# zz. ?51,?57= Y. NDXDCK#Gbllaxxknpk k drxawxa d Oakccd nkccd zraldlkxê hkc wkgbcb# an Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!#

Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca. Ac Gan,

t{kgknxb# Oakccd ?::7# zz. ?4,;8# an zdrxa,gbcdrk z. 84.

8 D. _ BGGDYACCD# Dcxrk bzkrk ha dnxagfa zaxxbra ykrgkcckwa nkc Oakcckwk# an «Cd _ayawxdOakcckwk½# AY &41?8!# zz. 49,45.

; C. LDCCÁ# [nd ykxrdxd wzdnpbxxkwgdankhaxd d Ykrrbnk Oakcckwk# an «Oakccd½# A &ha,gklork 419?!# w.n.z.

9 Y. YADCK# Ebxagb k _andwgalknxb an Zak,lbnxk# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd# Xbranb4171#zz. ??4,???= L. OK_ND_HA# Ac L{wkb Gayagbh‑drxk dnxagd ha Zdcdppb Ldhdld d Xbranb#Xbranb 41;8# zz. 96,91.

5 Z. XBKWGD# Dbwxd# gdxdcbeb hkcck gbwkh‑drxk k ha dnxagfaxê# d g{rd hkc Lanawxkrb

hkccd Z{oocagd Awxr{pabnk# _bld 4144# z.14# nbxd 44?# k z. 4?9.6 N. EDO_AKCCA# _dzzrkwknxdpabna wdgrk k

zrbidnk nkc gdwxkccb ha Awwbenk k cd zaxx{rdnkccd ydcck h‑Dbwxd dccd iank hkc 48:: # Xbra,nb 41;1# zz. 97,14= C. LDCCÁ# [nd ykxrdxdwzdnpbxxkwgd ankhaxd d Ykrrbnk Oakcckwk# gax.=C. LDCCÁ# L{wkb Gayagb ha Xbranb. Ykxra# yk,xrdxk# eadhk# grawxdcca ha rbggd k zakxrk h{rk#gax.# zz. ?98,?99.

1 D. L. O_APAB# Ck ykxrdxk hkccd Gdxxk,hrdck k hkccd Gbcckeadxd ha W. Brwb dh Dbwxd #an Cd Ydcck h‑Dbwxd. _kcdpabna k gbl{nagd,pabna zrkwknxdxk dc VVVA Gbnerkwwb wxbragbw{odczanb# Dbwxd 1,44 wkxxklork 41;9# Xbra,nb 41;6# zz. 79;,751.

4: O. B_CDNHBNA# Cd zrbh{pabnk drxawxagddh Dbwxd h{rdnxk ac xdrhb lkhabkyb# an L.G[DP &d g{rd ha!# Dbwxd. Zrbekxxb zkr {ndwxbrad hkccd gaxxê# Dbwxd 4165# z. ??1# nbxd4;8 &gbn zdrpadck raxrdxxdpabnk an O. B_CDN,HBNA# Drxaeadna k drxawxa an Ydcck h‑Dbwxdhdc VAAA wkgbcb dcc‑kzbgd ndzbckbnagd# Ayrkd4116# zz. 761,71:!= K. _ BWWKXXA O_KPPA#wgfkhd ;5# an W. ZKXXKNDXA# E. _ BLDNB &dg{rd ha!# Ac xkwbrb hkccd gaxxê# Gdxdcbeb hkccdlbwxrd# Xbranb 4119# z. ;5= ld wbzrdxx{x,xb wa ykhd K. HBCANB# Ck ykxrdxk# an O.B_CDNHBNA# K. _ BWWKXXA O_KPPA &d g{rd ha!#

Wdnx‑Brwb ha Dbwxd# Dbwxd ?::4# zz. ?:;,?46.

Cd ykxrdxd hkccd Dhbrdpabnk hka Ldeak eca diirkwgfaYaxxbrab Ndxdck



44? YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

Zakxrb Ydwkr &2!#

Dhbrdpabnk hka Ldea # gargd#Zdrrbggfadck ha WdnCbrknpb



CD YKX_DXD HKCCD DHB_DPABNK HKA LDEA K ECA DII_KWGFA 447

Zakxrb Ydwkr# Hawz{xd ha Ekwñ ird a Hbxxbra= I{ed an Keaxxb# # Xbranb#L{wkb Gayagb h‑Drxk Dnxagd kZdcdppb Ldhdld



448 YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

{nd dzzdrxknknpd eankyrand dngfk zkr ac nbwxrb drxawxd# dzzdrxknknpd w{eekraxddngfk hdcc‑dndcawa hkccb wxack hkcck bzkrk an gbnwahkrdpabnk. Dcg{na kcklknxaanidxxa# k ird t{kwxa ck g{rabwk hkibrldpabna iawabnblagfk gfk gbngbrrbnb d rkn,hkrk wzrbzbrpabndxdlknxk dlzad d Ykrrbnk cd irbnxk hkccd Ykreank# wbnbgbl{na dccd zrbh{pabnk ha drkd xkhkwgd# gbnirbnxdoaca dh kwklzab gbn dcg{nkwg{cx{rk caenkk zrbhbxxk nkcc‑broaxd hkc orawwankwk Fdnw Mcbgmkr 44# k cd gaxxêwyappkrd wa gdrdxxkrappÿ zrbzrab gblk gknxrb ha gbde{cb ha haiikrknxa gbrrknxadrxawxagfk# zrbyknaknxa dngfk hdcc‑drkd xkhkwgd bcxrk gfk iadllaned k obreb,enbnd.

Ck diianaxê zañ kyahknxa ‗ nkcck iawabnblak# nka zdnnkeea wgfkeeadxa kzrbibnha# nkeca kcklknxa drgfaxkxxbnaga# nkcck alzrbyyawk dggknwabna grbldxagfkird cd zrkzbnhkrdnpd hka eraea# nkcck wxkwwk halknwabna ‗ {nawgbnb cd ykxrdxd haYkrrbnk dccd I{ed an Keaxxb k dccd Hawz{xd ha Ekwñ nkc xklzab ha ZdcdppbLdhdld# zrbyknaknxa# gblk dooadlb yawxb# hd Awwbenk. Gdrdxxkrk lbcxb yaganbfdnnb dngfk dcg{na zdrxagbcdra an Wdnx‑Brwb# hbyk {n gbnirbnxb z{ÿ kwwkrk awxa,x{axb wbzrdxx{xxb gbn ac wdn Eabydnna Odxxawxd# nkccd zdrxk anikrabrk hkc t{dck axknhdeea gfk wgbzrbnb cb wxklld Gfdccdnx wa dnnbhdnb anxbrnb dcck gbcbnnk anlbhb walack d Ykrrbnk. Lknb dzzdrawgknxa# ibrwk dngfk zkr cb wxdxb wgblzb,wxb k irdllknxdrab ha dcg{nk ykxrdxk# ck ahknxaxê ha ldnb gbn ac gagcb hkccd gdx,xkhrdck.

T{kwxk wblaecadnpk wxrkxxawwalk fdnnb zbwxb# k zbnebnb x{xxbrd# ac zrb,ockld hkccd zrbyknaknpd hkccd ykxrdxd ha Ykrrbnk. [nd braeandrad dzzdrxknknpddccd Zdrrbggfadck æ dwwda alzrbodoack# dngfk an gbnwahkrdpabnk hkcck gdrdxxkra,wxagfk drgfaxkxxbnagfk hkccd gfakwd. H‑dcxrbnhk cd zdrxk zañ dnxagd hkccd ykxrdxd#gfk zbwwadlb hdxdrk anxbrnb dc 4;::# fd wag{rdlknxk w{oaxb# gblk dooadlbyawxb# dclknb {n dhdxxdlknxb h{rdnxk cd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAV# k ibrwk{n zralb gblzckxdlknxb h{rdnxk cd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc Gant{kgknxb= d t{k,wx‑kzbgd rawdck# zrkw{laoaclknxk# cd gbnikpabnk hkccb wxklld Yadcdrha wbxxb,wxdnxk# gfk zbxrkook kwwkrk dyykn{xb an cbgb.

W{ccd odwk ha t{kwxk gbnwahkrdpabna æ wxdxd dydnpdxd c‑azbxkwa ha {nd zrbyk,naknpd hkcc‑beekxxb hdccd Ydcck h‑Dbwxd. Kcknd _bwwkxxa Orkppa fd x{xxdyad rkgkn,xklknxk zbx{xb kwgc{hkrk# zkr gbnwahkrdpabna ha gdrdxxkrk wbzrdxx{xxb agbnb,

erdiagb# gfk cd ykxrdxd zbxkwwk gblzckxdrk nkccd gdzzkccd hkc gdwxkccb ha Awwbenkac gagcb d g{a dzzdrxknkydnb dngfk a h{k kwklzcdra hkc L{wkb ha ZdcdppbLdhdld. Lbxaya dndcbefa rknhbnb alzrbodoack dngfk {nd gbccbgdpabnk an

44 Gir.# ird ck dcxrk# cd Ldhbnnd gbc Odl,oanb eaê w{cc‑dcxdrk ldeeabrk hkccd gfakwd

hka Wdnxa Yaxxbrk k Gbrbnd d Gdnbnagd# anK. GDWXKCN[BYB &d g{rd ha!# Aldeb caenkd. Wg{cx{rk caenkk nkc Xrknxanb hdc VAAA dc VYA wkgbcb# Xrknxb 4161# iae. z. 467.

Eabw{æ Bchbna# Gargbngawabnk=Zrkwknxdpabnk ha Ekwñ dc xklzab# #Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb



CD YKX_DXD HKCCD DHB_DPABNK HKA LDEA K ECA DII_KWGFA 44;

Wdnx‑Brwb. Nbn zbwwadlb t{anha dxx{dclknxk kwgc{hkrk# d gd{wd hkccd ldn,gdnpd ha gkrxkppk w{ {nd zkrxanknpd ydchbwxdnd# gfk c‑ Dhbrdpabnk hka Ldea haYkrrbnk# okngfá bzkrd ha {n drxawxd eankyranb dxxayb zrkydcknxklknxk an Ydcckh‑Dbwxd# k nbnbwxdnxk c‑dwwknpd ha gbnyangknxa gbnirbnxa nkc Oakcckwk# zbwwdzrbyknark hd {n khaiagab wdgrb hkc gargbnhdrab oakcckwk. A rdzzbrxa ird Oakccd k

cd Ydcck h‑Dbwxd hbykxxkrb hkc rkwxb kwwkrk x{xx‑dcxrb gfk anirkt{knxa# gblkhalbwxrd dngfk cd wbzrdyyayknpd an gbcckpabnk zraydxd ha h{k wxdx{k caenkk eaêan Wdn Ekrldnb d Xbcckenb# ha zkrxanknpd ydchbwxdnd k rawdcknxa dccd wkgbnhdlkxê hkc T{dxxrbgknxb 4?. Bcxrk d gaÿ# a iaxxa rdzzbrxa hbg{lknxdxa nkeca {cxalahkgknna hkc T{dxxrbgknxb xrd a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k cd Wyappkrd# k an zdrxagb,cdrk gbn _b{eklbnx# nkc Okrnkwk lkrahabndck# hkcankdnb {nb wgkndrab haharkxxd gbnbwgknpd hkccd g{cx{rd h‑bcxrdczk gfk zbxrkook da{xdrga k lkecab gbl,zrknhkrk c‑kggknxragd zrkwknpd hkccd ykxrdxd hkccd Zdrrbggfadck 47.

ECA DII_KWGFA HA EABW[Æ BCHBNA

Zdrxagbcdrk anxkrkwwk zkr cd wxbrad hkccd gfakwd raykwxbnb eca diirkwgfa gfkbrndnb c‑{cxald c{nkxxd wanawxrd hkccd ndydxd gknxrdck. Kwwa wbnb dggblzdendxahd {nd awgrapabnk# rkdcappdxd w{ {nd gdrxkccd gfk wa ianek kckednxklknxk dzzkwddc gbrnagabnk gbn {n ndwxrb wybcdppdnxk# gfk nk hbg{lknxd cd idxx{rd hd zdrxkha Eabw{æ Bchbna nkc 4;460 4;46 HAK ?6 " @[NAA L]DEAWXK_\ @BW[K " HKBCHBNAO[W Z]ANVAX\48. Cd wgraxxd krd eaê wxdxd rackydxd hd _bggdyaccd# t{dnhbzkrÿ ck rdiiae{rdpabna wbzrdwxdnxa krdnb dngbrd wbxxb wgadcob k nbn yawaoaca# kt{anha raikraxd krrbnkdlknxk da h{k wdnxa Cbrknpb k Hblknagb gfk brndnb cdyagand gdzzkccd cdxkrdck 4;. Eca diirkwgfa hkccd c{nkxxd i{rbnb anykgk ralkwwa anc{gk nkc 41;649 k wa zrkwknxdnb beea# hbzb c‑{cxalb rkwxd{rb hkc 411?# an gbn,hapabna ha gbnwkrydpabnk nbn bxxaldca# ld nbn xdca hd raw{cxdrk xbxdclknxk accke,eaoaca. Kwwa rdiiae{rdnb# knxrb gbrnaga gfk alaxdnb {n ndwxrb anxrkggadxb k gfk

wzdrxawgbnb an h{k cb wzdpab# d wanawxrd cd Gargbngawabnk k d hkwxrd cd Zrkwkn,xdpabnk ha Ekwñ dc xklzab. Nkccd wgknd ha wanawxrd ac Odloanb æ brlda nkcck ldnahkc wdgkrhbxk# gfk kwke{k cd hkcagdxd bzkrdpabnk# k hkcck w{k dwwawxknxa# lknxrkda cdxa Ldrad k Ea{wkzzk# ragbnbwgaoaca zkr c‑d{rkbcd hbrdxd# dwwawxbnb dc raxb. Dhkwxrd anykgk Walkbnk wbrrkeek xrdlaxk {n zdnnb oadngb ‗ zrbodoack zrkiae{,rdpabnk hkccd wanhbnk k hkc ldrxarab ‗ Ekwñ# gfk eca æ wxdxb zrkwknxdxb hdccdYkreank k hd Ea{wkzzk# wke{axa hd {nd dngkccd gbn {n gdnkwxrb ha yalana# gbn,xknaxbrk hkccd xrdhapabndck biikrxd hkcck h{k xbrxbrk. Zrbodoaclknxk ac hazanxb æwbcb cd zdrxk w{zkrwxaxk ha {n gagcb gfk# hkhagdxb dccd yaxd ha Grawxb# hbykydhawxrao{arwa dngfk c{neb ck dcxrk c{nkxxk hkccd gfakwd.

T{kccd ha Ykrrbnk æ dxx{dclknxk c‑{nagd bzkrd nbxd ha Eabw{æ Bchbna# ldhaykrwa hbg{lknxa h‑drgfayab# rdggbcxa zkrcbzañ hd Dckwwdnhrb Od{ha haYkwlk45# ga xrdwlkxxbnb nbxapak ha nbxkybck anxkrkwwk w{ t{kwxb drxawxd. Keca krdiaecab hkc zaxxbrk lacdnkwk Obnaibrxk# rkwahknxk d Ykrgkcca dclknb hdc 489?# kdykyd {n gbnwahkrkybck n{lkrb ha irdxkcca gfk kwkrgaxdydnb# gblk c{a# aclkwxakrk hkc zdhrk0 dcg{na ndxa hd {n zralb ldxralbnab &Krgbck# Habikob#Kckdpdrb!# dcxra hdccd w{d wxkwwd ldhrk &Kirdal k Awldkck!. Cd zrald nbxapad haEabw{æ rawdck dc 4866 k cb ykhk# gaxxdhanb rkwahknxk d Ykrgkcca# wxknhkrk xkwxd,lknxb an zrkyawabnk ha {n yadeeab «an cbneant{dw zdrxkw _blk½. Eabw{ædyrkook t{anha gblza{xb h{rdnxk cd eabyknxñ {n yadeeab d _bld# {n yadeeabzrkw{laoaclknxk ibrldxayb# dccd wgbzkrxd hkcck ykwxaead hkcck dnxagfaxê gcdwwagfkgfk gbwxax{aydnb dccbrd {n odedecab ibnhdlknxdck zkr {n drxawxd gfk ybckwwkzkrwke{ark cd zaxx{rd –lbhkrnd“. Cd w{d zaxx{rd# gblk ykhrklb za{xxbwxb

braknxdxd ykrwb cd g{cx{rd cblodrhd# nbn ga rkwxax{awgk xrdggk an erdhb ha gbn,ikrldrk c‑kiikxxayb wybcealknxb ha {n wbeeabrnb rbldnb. Ac idxxb gfk w{b ird,xkccb Awldkck# an t{kccb wxkwwb dnnb# wxacdwwk dngfk c{a xkwxdlknxb zrald ha

4? Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca. Ac Gant{kgknxb# gax.# z. 84k nbxd 51 z. ;?.

47 Dnxbnab hka Waenbra ha Ykrrbnk i{ zrab,rk ha _b{eklbnx# nkc gblaxdxb ha Er{qærk#hdc 486? dc 4865. Nkc zralb dxxb hkc w{bzrabrdxb &486?! gblzdabnb gblk xkwxa h{k

hka w{ba irdxkcca# Okrndrhb# Wkerkxdrab haWxdxb nkc 4867# k Zakxrb# dlodwgadxbrk hdc485; hkc gbnxk Irdngkwgb ha Er{qærk# ldrk,wgadccb hkc h{gd ha Wdybad. [n dcxrb irdxkccb#Eadgblb# i{ gdwxkccdnb ha _b{eklbnx hdc4815 dc 4816. Dngbrd nkc 4817 Zakxrb i{ xk,wxk dccd hbndpabnk hkc zdkwk ha Ldnnknokredccd gaxxê ha Okrnd hd zdrxk ha Gcd{hk hkWkqwwkc d nblk hkc iaecab ha Irdngkwgb AA#gbnxk ha Er{qærk. DYhWI# Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# wgfkhdx{rd XYW.

48 [n gdnhahdxb dc r{bcb ha gbllaxxknxkhkeca diirkwgfa æ Okrndrhb Yadcdrha ha Ykr,rbnk# iaecab ha Okrndrhanb &gir. nbxd 47!#gfk wzbwd d Ykrrbnk Ldhhdcknd ha Wdnha,ecadnb nkc 4;46. Hdccd zdrxk bzzbwxd hkc,

c‑diirkwgb gbrrawzbnhk anykgk cd wke{knxk

Edwzdrk Ibrnkrab hd Zbnhkrdnb krkwxd{rdxbrk hkc wkgbcb VV# Ldhbnndan xrbnb dccdxxdnxk k wdn Wkodwxadnb# gargd# Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb



449 YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

rkgdrwa «an zdrxao{w Irdngak kx dh cbneant{dw zdrxkw½ wklord gbccbgdrk t{kwxayadeea dcc‑anxkrnb ha {nd okn wx{hadxd wxrdxkead idlaecadrk ha deeabrndlknxbhkccd g{cx{rd iae{rdxayd hkccd obxxked. Awldkck gblzdrk gbl{nt{k ha n{byb eaêd Ykrgkcca nkc 481: k Eabw{æ nkcc‑dzrack hkc 4817# an h{k dxxa zdrxagbcdrlknxkwaenaiagdxaya. Ac zralb ga anibrld gfk ac zaxxbrk æ n{bydlknxk an zrbganxb ha

dwwknxdrwa «d gayaxdxk Ykrgkccdr{l kx dh cbneant{dw zdrxkw dggkhkrk½# ac wkgbnhbcb ykhk an gblzdenad ha C{hbyagb hk Hbndxa# zrbodoack irdxkccb hkeca wg{cxbraan ckenb Eabydnna Dlorbeab k Eabydnna Zakxrb# zaxxbrk ha braeank lacdnkwk gfkrawakhkxxk d Ykrgkcca hdc 4814 dc 4818 gblk gbccdobrdxbrk ha Kckdpdrb Bchbna.Nkc 4816 zba Eabw{æ dgt{awxd hda irdxkcca {nd gdwd d Lacdnb k wa caokrd gbn,xklzbrdnkdlknxk ha zrbzrakxê ykrgkcckwa# zkr wzdrark hda hbg{lknxa cbgdca ianbdc wkxxklork hkc 4;45# zbgb zrald ha anapadrk d cdybrdrk d Ykrrbnk. Xdnxa zag,gbca anhapa gfk zbrxdnb x{xxa ykrwb Lacdnb k cd Cblodrhad# hbyk Eabw{æzbxrkook dykr wbeeabrndxb d c{neb# ibrwk# gblk dngfk c‑dwzkxxb hka w{ba diirk,wgfa cdwgkrkook w{zzbrrk# an rdzzbrxb gbn C{hbyagb hk Hbndxa.

Z{r gbn t{dcgfk wbzrdyyayknpd ha e{wxb zañ zrbyangadck# gblk ac yawxbwbhkgbrb d lkcberdna {xacappdxb zkr ac xkww{xb nkccd Gargbngawabnk# k nbnbwxdnxk acgdrdxxkrk kydnkwgknxk ha zdrxk hkcck rdiiae{rdpabna# Eabw{æ wa halbwxrd anidxxadeeabrndxb w{ccd gbkyd zaxx{rd cblodrhd# gblk halbwxrdnb cb wi{ldxb dxxknxbhkeca angdrndxa# ha hkraydpabnk ckbndrhkwgd# k ck idxxkppk b a zrbiaca hka ybcxa# gfkxrbydnb nbn gdw{dck gbrrawzbnhknpd nkccd zrbh{pabnk ha C{hbyagb hkHbndxa 46.

ECA DII_KWGFA HA EDWZD_K IB_NK_AB HD ZBNHK_DNB

An gdzb dccd ndydxd hkwxrd wa xrbyd {n diirkwgb# hbyk æ ragbnbwgaoack cd Ldhbnnd an xrbnb dccdxxdnxk# iadngfkeeadxd hd wdn Wkodwxadnb. Ac hazanxb æ wxdxbrkgknxklknxk hkx{rzdxb hd {n –rkwxd{rb“ gbnhbxxb wknpd graxkrab nkc 4169# gfk

fd anxkrdlknxk razdwwdxb cd rdiiae{rdpabnk# gbn raw{cxdxa d xrdxxa xdnxb alzrbod,oaca hd dzzdrark rahagbca# gblk nkc gdwb ha {nd wbrxd ha dcokrkccb gfk id gdzb,canb hd {nd iankwxrd# hkc ikwxbnk randwgalknxdck dggbwxdxb dh drgfaxkxx{rk dngbrdwbwxdnpadclknxk xdrhbebxagfk# b ha t{kccd zkrd# ykrhk {naibrlk# dzzbeeadxd w{cxrbnb. Zkr dndcappdrk ac hazanxb wdrê t{anha bzzbrx{nb {xacappdrk za{xxbwxb c‑al,ldeank# zrkgkhknxk cb wgklzab# gfk razrbh{gkyd Ckobck nkc 4151# dxxrao{knhbc‑bzkrd an zrald odxx{xd d «{nb hka xdnxa zaxxbra ha wg{bcd nbydrkwk# gfk dwwdabzkrdrbnb nkc Oakcckwk nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc ‑8:: k dcc‑anapab hkc wkgbcb w{g,gkwwayb½41. C‑diirkwgb raw{cxdyd eaê dccbrd cdg{nbwb nkccd zdrxk anikrabrk# hbyk cdzkhdnd hkc xrbnb nbn xrbydyd gbngc{wabnk# k wgbrgadxb wad an gbrrawzbnhknpdhkc cdxb wanawxrb# hbyk c‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc xrbnb dzzdrk anxkrrbxxd# wad hkc cdxb

hkwxrb# hbyk gblzdabnb cd ldnb oknkhagknxk k zdrxk hkc zayadck ha {n wdnxbykwgbyb. Ck zkrhaxk i{rbnb zrbodoaclknxk zrbybgdxk hd {n gbnwbcahdlknxbl{rdrab hkccd zdrkxk# ibrwk kwke{axb# gblk w{eekrawgk Dnxbnkccd Zkran?:#t{dnhb i{ doodxx{xb ac gdlzdnack lkhakydck zbwapabndxb nkccd zdrxk rkxrb,wxdnxk# gdlzdnack hkgrkxdxb andeaoack nkc 456:.

Okngfá aenbrdxb nkcck zañ rkgknxa z{oocagdpabna hkhagdxk d t{kwxb zaxxbrk#c‑diirkwgb dzzdrk dxxrao{aoack d Edwzdrk Ibrnkrab hd Zbnhkrdnb# gblk zrbzb,wxb {cxaldlknxk dngfk hd Ckobck?4. T{kwxb drxawxd# cd g{a dxxayaxê æ dxx{dclknxkhbg{lknxdxd hdc 4864 dc 4;?6# rdggbecak an wkhk cbgdck c‑krkhaxê hka irkwgdnxa#dcg{na hka t{dca ha braeank nbydrkwk# dxxaya nkccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc T{dxxrbgknxbnkc Oakcckwk# k ird t{kwxa wbzrdxx{xxb hkc gbwahhkxxb Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccdHblknagd. A gbnirbnxa zañ zkrxanknxa wbnb awxax{aoaca gbn ck zralk bzkrk hbg{,

lknxdxk ha Edwzdrk0 c‑ Dnn{ngadpabnk hkc wdnx{drab hkcc‑Dnn{npadxd d WdcdOakcckwk# hdxdxd 4818 # zkr ac gdrdxxkrk dngbrd xdrhbebxagb hkcck drgfaxkxx{rk hdcwbiiaxxb d cdg{ndra dcck iankwxrkcck boc{nefk gfk wa dzrbnb w{ccb wibnhb??= k eca

wgraxxd0 4;:7 HAK 46 DYE " GY]N\WK,G_DXD IYAX KGG]CKWAD\ " AWXD Z. _.H. H. AYCAYL " EDCD_ KZ]AWGBZ[L\WDCBNK]N\WK]L\= ac raikralknxb æ d Ea{,cab Edacdrha# zrkzbwxb nbydrkwk gfk i{ yk,wgbyb hkccd habgkwa erkgd ha Wdcbnk. Wbxxbc‑anxbndgb hazanxb diiabrdnb# nkcc‑dnebcb an,ikrabrk wanawxrb# xrdggk ha {nb wxrdxb zañdnxagb# dngf‑kwwb brndxb hd {nd obrh{rd.

4; D. _ BGGDYACCD# Dcxrk bzkrk ha dnxagfa zaxxbra ykrgkcckwa nkc Oakcckwk# gax.# z. 49.

49 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # Oakccd4151# z. 985.

45 ]D. OD [H A H A YKWLK\# Wgfkhk Ykwlk. C‑Drxk an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 416?# ybc. AY#zz. 4;45,4;71.

46 Wa ykhd an zdrxagbcdrk ac Gblzadnxb hkcL{wák h‑Drx kx h‑Fawxbark ha Eankyrd &L.NDXDCK# Zkanx{rkw axdcaknnkw h{ VYAk d{

VYAAAk waægck# Eankyrd 4151# xdy. 88!.41 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk.

Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# iae. z.98; k zz. 985# 9;9.

?: D. ZK_AN# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkccd Zdrrbg,gfadck xrd Lkhabkyb kh Kxê Lbhkrnd# ant{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 4:7 wee.

?4 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# Oakccd 4118# ybc. YAAA# z.7;6.

?? H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# Oakccd 411?# ybc. YAA# z.?64 k iaee. zz. ?68,?6;.



CD YKX_DXD HKCCD DHB_DPABNK HKA LDEA K ECA DII_KWGFA 445

diirkwgfa hkcc‑brdxbrab ha Wdnxd Ldrad hkcck Erdpak d Oknnd# hdxdxa 4;:4# hbykæ zdcldrk cd wblaecadnpd hkc wdn Wkodwxadnb# ahknxagb nkccd zbwd# dngfk wk wzk,g{cdrk?7.

ECA DII_KWGFA HDCCD OBXXKED HKECA DCCDWAND

An gdzb dccd ndydxd hkwxrd# hdccd zdrxk bzzbwxd deca diirkwgfa ha EdwzdrkIbrnkrab hd Zbnhkrdnb# wbnb yawaoaca dcxra diirkwgfa. T{a cd Yawaxd Zdwxbrdck hkc4;57 gaxd cd zrkwknpd ha {n dcxdrk hkhagdxb dccd Ykreank# gfk nkccd YawaxdZdwxbrdck hkc 4;15 raw{cxd dykr gdloadxb hkwxandpabnk zkr bwzaxdrk cd gblzd,enad hkc _bwdrab k hbyk æ hbg{lknxdxd nkc 4586 cd zrkwknpd ha {nd wxdx{dcaenkd hkccd Ldhbnnd?8. W{ccd zdrkxk wbnb rdiiae{rdxa wdn Cbrknpb k wdn Hblknagb# anwkraxa dcc‑anxkrnb ha h{k ianxk naggfak gfk iadngfkeeadnb cd gdyaxêgknxrdck. Cd zrkwknpd ha wdn Hblknagb æ hd gbnnkxxkrwa dccd hkhagdpabnk hkccd

gdzzkccd dccd Ldhbnnd hkc _bwdrab# hkccd g{a gblzdenad c‑Brhank hblknagdnbkrd gbnwahkrdxb ibnhdxbrk. Dngfk t{kwxa diirkwgfa fdnnb w{oaxb t{dcgfkrkgknxk anxkerdpabnk lanbrk# ld dzzdabnb wbwxdnpadclknxk# gblk gbnikrld ac

?7 H. CKOBCK# C‑brdxbrab hkccd Ldhbnndhkcck Erdpak ha Oknnd k a w{ba diirkwgfa gan,t{kgknxkwgfa # an «Wx{ha k ragkrgfk w{c Oakc,ckwk½# Obcckxxanb Hbgoa# 411?# zz. 441,4?9.

?8

H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk.Zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# zz. 985,9;6.

d wanawxrd0

Obxxked hkeca Dccdwand#Wdn Cbrknpb# ,#Zdrrbggfadck ha WdnCbrknpb

d hkwxrd0Obxxked hkeca Dccdwand#Wdn Hblknagb#,# Zdrrbggfadckha Wdn Cbrknpb



?; Aoahkl# iaee. zz. 9;7,9;8= c‑dxxrao{,pabnk d «wg{bcd ykrgkcckwk hkc wkg. VYA½zrbzbwxd hd Ckobck nbn æ gbnhayawaoack.

?9 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck Gbnirdxkrnaxk# Oakccd 4154# ybc. A# nbxd4: z. 71;.

?5 Zkr {nd alldeank hkcck h{k bzkrk# wa

ykhd H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakc,ckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# ybc. YAAA# gax.# z.VVVAV.

?6 [n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkccklklbrak ha Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb rayawxk kh deeabrndxk hd Lbnw. Hkclb Ckobck# Yaecad,nb Oakcckwk 4115# zz. 8; k ;6 &rawx. dndwxd,xagd ha D. OB_KCCB# Ykrrbnk orkya lklbrakwxbragfk# Oakccd 41?9!.

446 YAXXB_AB NDXDCK

gbnirbnxb gbn ck alldeana zrkgkhknxa c‑anxkryknxb?;# okn gbnwkrydxa k ckeeaoaca.Ck iae{rk kyahknpadnb wxr{xx{rk dcc{nedxk k gbrzbwk# gfk wklordnb dngbrdrawknxark hkccd g{cx{rd xdrhbldnakrawxd ha Obnaibrxk Bchbna# ld raykwxaxk eaê hazdnnkeea xknhknpadclknxk rahbnhdnxa# lbhkccdxa hd blork zrbibnhk# gfk rayk,cdnb {nd idxx{rd wkagknxkwgd. Wk bwwkryadlb an zdrxagbcdrk ac wdn Hblknagb# ac

lbhb an g{a ac ldnxb yaknk xrdxxkn{xb wbxxb ac ordggab wanawxrb zkr ragdhkrk ragb,zrknhb zdrpadclknxk ac caorb xkn{xb an ldnb# b cd zbwapabnk hkc ordggab hkwxrb#wbcckydxb d rkeekrk ac eaecab# ga dggbreadlb gfk zkr cd idxx{rd ha t{kwxb hazanxbi{ alzakedxb {n gdrxbnk zrkzdrdxbrab zañ ybcxk {xacappdxb nkccd obxxked haDccdwand. [nd iae{rd hkc x{xxb dndcbed# dngfk ‗ l{xdxaw l{xdnhaw ‗ nkcc‑dnhd,lknxb hkcck wanebck zakefk hkcck ykwxa k nkcc‑dwzkxxb hkccd naggfad an g{a æ anwk,raxd# wa raxrbyd dcc‑anxkrnb hkccd gfakwd ha Wdnxd C{gad d Yaecadnb. Wa xrdxxd ha {ndwdnxd Lbnagd# kwke{axd nkc 4989 hdccd obxxked hkeca Dccdwand# zrbodoaclknxk hdEabydnna Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Dnwkclb?9. D w{d ybcxd t{kwxd rdiiae{rdpabnk fd{n zdcldrk zrkgkhknxk an {nd okdxd Ldrefkraxd ha Wdybad gfk brnd# w{ xkcd# acgbrb hkccd gfakwd hkccd Wdnxawwald Xranaxê d Oakccd?5. Ac wdn Hblknagb k ac wdn Cbrknpb wbnb t{anha bzkrk gfk zbwwbnb kwwkrk ragbnhbxxk dccd xdrhd dxxayaxê# andnna zrbodoaclknxk zrbwwala dc 4989 ha Yaecadnb# hkccd obxxked ha Dccdwand. Xdcazaxxbra# dxxaya nkc Oakcckwk nkc gbrwb hkccd zrald lkxê hkc Wkagknxb# hbykydnbkwwkrk dzzrkppdxa d Ykrrbnk hd xklzb. Zkr t{dnxb wad haiiagack beea ea{hagdrkzkr cb wxdxb gdhdykragb an g{a æ ea{nxb ianb d nba# grkhb anidxxa gfk {n anha,wzknwdoack rkwxd{rb zkrlkxxkrkook ha rkwxax{ark dh Dnwkclb Dccdwand# an dnnanbn cbnxdna hdcck zrbyk ha Wdc{wwbcd &4977 k zbgb hbzb!# dngfk c‑diirkwgb gfkrdiiae{rd cd Ldhbnnd gbc Odloanb nkccd gdzzkccd hkccd Ldhbnnd hkcck Erdpak khka Wdnxa Erdxb k K{rbwad. Cd gdzzkccd# gblk nbxb# i{ khaiagdxd wbcb nkc 45?;#ld anecbodnhb {n zacbnk zañ dnxagb ?6.



441

Dc ibnhb hkccd ndydxd hkwxrd hkccd Zdrrbggfadck ha Ykrrbnk c‑dxxknpabnk ægdxx{rdxd hdccd wzcknhahb odxxawxkrb. Cd zardlahk caenkd# an kwwknpd hanbgk ndx{rdck# zbeead w{ dgt{dwdnxakrd ha zakxrd gbn zakhk t{dhrdneb,

cdrk lbhdndxb# h{k nbha gbn dlzab i{wxb d o{cob anxkrgc{wb k ydwgd wydwdxd#gbn hkgbrdpabnk d odggkccdx{rd k idwgad xkrlandck.

C‑anwaklk hkc gbrzb caenkb# ha zadnxd kwdebndck# zrkwknxd h{k cdxa c{nefa kt{dxxrb orkya. Ac cdxb c{neb dnxkrabrk lbwxrd {nd wxr{xx{rd xrazdrxaxd an wknwbykrxagdck= dc gknxrb æ yawaoack {nd ibrlkccd lbhdndxd# an ibrld ha rkxxdnebcb ykr,

xagdck# hkgbrdxd hd eardca ha ibecak h‑dgdnxb diirbnxdxa an wknwb hkwxrd"wanawxrd kdcxb"odwwb# k gbn bydck anxkrlkhab gbn z{xxb. W{a h{k iadngfa hkccd ibrlkccdh{k z{xxana xkcdlbna# rkeeknxa gdzaxkcca abnaga# zbeeadnb w{ lknwbck gbn lbxaybd ndwxrb razakedxb d wzardck= anikrabrlknxk erdnhk gkwzb h‑dgdnxb z{rk ha dnhd,lknxb d wzardck.

A cdxa orkya wbnb gbwxax{axa hd {nd ibrlkccd lbhdndxd gbn dcc‑anxkrnb lbxaybykekxdck walack dc zrkgkhknxk# wyac{zzdxb wklzrk wan t{dwa d wdx{rdrnk ac gdlzb.Nkccd idggad irbnxdck kh an t{kccd ha wanawxrd ya wbnb zdrxa angkrnakrdxk# zkr gbn,wknxark c‑dzkrx{rd w{ccd wbxxbwxdnxk ydwgd# gbnxknknxk c‑dgt{d odxxkwaldck.

Cd zdrxk w{zkrabrk hkccd wxr{xx{rd kwdebndck brd hkwgraxxd æ gbwxax{axd hd {ndrgfaxrdyk gbn rbwkxxd an gbrrawzbnhknpd hkcck ckwknk &cdxa c{nefa! kh dc gknxrb

lbxayb d efarcdnhd= w{a cdxa orkya dngbrd lbxayb d efarcdnhd. Bcxrk c‑drgfaxrdykæ {n irbnxbnk g{ryacankb w{ gadwg{nb hka cdxa c{nefa# k ibrxk gbrnagabnk lbhd,ndxb w{ t{kcca orkya.

Dc ha wbzrd hkc gbrzb kwdebnb æ zrkwknxk {n‑khagbcd d odwk t{dhrdxd# gbndrgb d x{xxb wkwxb# gbrnagabnk brappbnxdck k wbyrdwxdnxk grbgk gbn ordgga xracb,odxa. A lbnxdnxa hkeca drgfa wbnb an ibrld ha ckwknd gbn wzkggfadx{rd hkgbrdxdd gdwgdxd# gbn ibecak k ir{xxa. Dcxrd wzkggfadx{rd hkgbrdxd xrd cd ckwknd kh ac gbr,nagabnk. Knxrb c‑khagbcd# er{zzb wg{cxbrkb rdiiae{rdnxk ac Odxxkwalb ha Grawxb.W{a h{k iadngfa# iae{rk ha dnekca ha deerdpadxk lbyknpk.

Cd c{ned hkwgrapabnk w{ccd t{dck dooadlb anh{eadxb ybrrkook ibrnark a gbn,nbxdxa wdcaknxa ha {nd xazbcbead ha wxr{xx{rd anxdecadxd za{xxbwxb gblzckwwd k hag{a wbcxdnxb gbnirbnxa razkx{xa k dndcaxaga zbwwbnb dc lkecab hazdndrk cd gcdwwa,iagdpabnk wxacawxagd k c‑dloaxb ha zrbh{pabnk# gbn gbnwke{knxk nkgkwwaxê hahawxanpabna ha zdrxa k ha lbxaya hkgbrdxaya.

T{kwxb odxxawxkrb raw{cxd eaê z{oocagdxb wan hdc 41:; hdc _bggdyaccd4 gbnhdxdpabnk dc wkgbcb VYA# zkrgfá raxkn{xb an gbnnkwwabnk gbn alzbrxdnxa cdybrak rkwxd{ra nkccd gfakwd# kiikxx{dxa d zdrxark hdc 4;46. Kwwb æ zba zrkwknxdxb hdcCkobck? gbn hdxdpabnk dc 4918# gblk raw{cxd hdc xkwxdlknxb hkcc‑6 dzrack 4918

an g{a ac gbnxk Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha# waenbrk hkc gdwxkccb k rkeeknxk# gblkhd xrdhapabnk# ac zdxrbndxb hkccd gfakwd# cdwgad {n ckedxb ha cark 4:: zkr «alzak,edrk hkxxd wblld nkccd gbnwxr{xxabnk k idooragd h‑{n Ibnxk Odzxkwaldck nkccdw{hkxxd Zdrbgfadck½7. Gbnxkwx{dclknxk# yaknk dydnpdxd {n‑dxxrao{pabnk da Xkl,zad ha Lbrxaecakneb# w{ccd odwk hkccd w{d wblaecadnpd gbc ibnxk ha Oadnpæ.

Dcxrbyk# nkccb wxkwwb xkwxb8# wa zrkgawd gblk nkc 4915 eca wxkwwa Xklzad dykw,wkrb wgbczaxb dngfk ac odxxawxkrb hkccd Zdrrbggfadck ha Ldenbnkybcb# z{nxb hazdrxknpd zkr kwxknhkrk cd cbrb dpabnk# zkr yad ha gbnirbnxb wxacawxagb# da odxxawxkra

4 D. _ BGGDYACCD# C‑Drxk nkc Oakcckwk#Oakccd 41:;# z. 67.

? H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # Oakccd4151# z. 984.

7 Aoahkl# z. 984 k nbxd 61 z. 999.Braeandck an DG{Y Oakccd.

8 Aoahkl# zz. 5 k ;96.

Ac Odxxawxkrb hka Xklzad ha LbrxaecaknebIrdngb E{dcdnb



4?: I_DNGB E[DCDNB

Ibnxk odxxkwaldck#wkgbcb VYA,VYAA#Zdrrbggfadck ha WdnCbrknpb



AC ODXXAWXK_B HKA XKLZAD HA LB_XAECAKNEB 4?4

ha Ykrrbnk# ha Hbrpdnb# nbngfá dc z{czaxb k lboaca ha wdgrkwxad nkccd Zdrrbg,gfadck ha Gdydecaê.

W{ t{kwxa wg{cxbra# hkc rkwxb# ac lkhkwalb wx{habwb dykyd eaê an zrkgkhknpd ;

rdggbcxb {nd wkrak ha nbxapak# zañ dlzadlknxk anhagdnhb nkc odxxawxkrb kh dcxracdybra kwke{axa zkr cd gfakwd ha Oadnpæ# d zdrxark hdc 4919# a xkrlana ha gbnirbnxbhbg{lknxdxa zkr dcxra rawdrgalknxa hkccd cbrb dpabnk drxawxagd.

C‑kwdlk hkc ldn{idxxb# hbooadlb hark# wbhhawid zakndlknxk c‑brappbnxkh‑dxxkwd gbwxax{axb w{ccd odwk hkcck nbxapak wbzrd raikraxk# wad zkr t{dnxb gbn,gkrnk cd hdxdpabnk# wad zkr cd zrbzbwxd h‑dxxrao{pabnk.

Æ anidxxa t{dwa byyad bwwkrydpabnk gfk# lknxrk {nd hdxdpabnk gant{kgknxk,wgd z{ÿ okn raw{cxdrk zkrxanknxk zkr cd odwk an zakxrd# ha xazbcbead dwwda cankdrkk nbn lbwxrdnxk ck xazagfk hkgbrdpabna ykekxdca gblzckwwk# gbn efarcdnhk# wxrdg,gkxxa zknhknxa# xkwxank ha z{xxa gfk iae{rdnb zañ ha irkt{knxk nkcck dndcbefkbzkrk hkc wkgbcb w{ggkwwayb# cd zardlahk caenkd æ rkdcappdpabnk dwwda zbwxkrabrk#gfk h{nt{k w‑dzzbeead dh {nd ydwgd ha rkalzakeb. Cd wax{dpabnk æ hkc rkwxbdndcbed dc gdwb ha Ldenbnkybcb k okn haykrwd hd t{kccd hkcck ydwgfk wkgknxk,wgfk ha Oadnpæ b ha Wdc{wwbcd.

Æ zba ea{wxb rackydrk# zkr cd zdrxk caenkd# gblk x{xxd t{dnxd cd zbrpabnk

anikrabrk hkc ldn{idxxb# wanb dc xalzdnb gblzrkwb# hka h{k odxxawxkra haYkrrbnk k Ldenbnkybcb raw{cxa lbcxb walack zkr alzbwxdpabnk &dngfk wk gbnnbxkybca ydradnxa hkgbrdxayk!# dh kggkpabnk hkccb pbggbcb gbn zcanxa# gfk nbn

; H. CKOBCK# Cd Gfakwd Oakcckwk nkccd Wxbrad k nkcc‑Drxk# Oakccd 419?# ybc. AA# w.n.z.]ld z. 1\.

Irdxkcca Xklzad ha Lbrxaecakneb#zardlahk caenkd anxdecadxd# #Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb



4?? I_DNGB E[DCDNB

gblzdrk d Ykrrbnk. Cd zdrxk w{zkrabrk dzzdrk x{xxdyad hkc x{xxb hawwalack nkcw{b hawkenb# ná ck iae{rk d x{xxb xbnhb zdabnb rkdclknxk gbnirbnxdoaca# dlbxayb hkccd ldeeabr iankppd ha t{kcck ha Ykrrbnk. Zkr dcxrb ykrwb# a lbxaya ha

ibecak h‑dgdnxb raxbrxk d ybc{xd hkccd c{ned ibrlkccd zbwxd dc gknxrb h‑bena cdxbhkccd zardlahk ha Ykrrbnk zdabnb zañ yagana# wad gblk hawkenb gfk gblk gdrdx,xkra h‑anxdecab# d t{kcca hkcc‑blbcbed ibrlkccd hkc odxxawxkrb ha Hbrpdnb 9# gfkraw{cxd anykgk za{xxbwxb haiikrknxk gblk xazbcbead eknkrdck.

Æ gbl{nt{k nkcc‑anwaklk hka lboaca hkccd gfakwd ha Oadnpæ# wk rkdclknxk#gblk zdrk# hbg{lknxdxa da Xklzad d zdrxark hdc ‑19# gfk wa raxrbykrkookrb#wzdrwk xrd ac odxxawxkrb# cd gdxxkhrd hka wdgkrhbxa# ac z{czaxb# lbxaya xazbcbeaga kgdrdxxkra h‑anxdecab xdca hd idr rkdclknxk angcandrk dh {n‑dxxrao{pabnk da Xklzadha Lbrxaecakneb dngfk zkr ac odxxawxkrb ha Ykrrbnk# k gbn okn zbgb ldreank hah{ooab. Nka h{k odxxawxkra# cd wxr{xx{rd eknkrdck lbwxrd anh{ooadlknxk cbwxkwwb lbhb h‑anxknhkrk ac ldn{idxxb# nkccd w{d i{npabnk rdzzrkwknxdxayd kgkckordxayd# gbn ydradnxa gfk wklordnb xkwxalbnadrk zañ gfk dcxrb cd caokrxê k

cd idnxdwad gblzbwaxayd hkcc‑doacawwald obxxked. Ac lbxayb hka z{xxa xkcdlbna#haykrwb nkcck lbyknpk k nka zdrxagbcdra ha gbnxbrnb# raykcd x{xxdyad kyahknxa ckwblaecadnpk h‑anxdecab# k iandngfk ha iawabnblad hka ybcxa yaydga. _aykcdxbrk æ

9 H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # gax.# z. 487.

Irdxkcca Xklzad ha Lbrxaecakneb#zardlahk caenkd anxdecadxd#zdrxagbcdrk gbn ac Odxxkwalb haGrawxb# Zdrrbggfadck ha Wdn Cbrknpb



AC ODXXAWXK_B HKA XKLZAD HA LB_XAECAKNEB 4?7

dngfk c‑{xacappb ha gkrxa hkxxdeca hkgbrdxaya# gblk ck rbwkxxk k ck zaggbck efar,cdnhk dcc‑dcxkppd hkc gbrnagabnk. Cd wxkwwd ibrlkccd hkc cdxb dnxkrabrk raykcdahknxaxê ha wkenb k lkhkwalb raxlb gblzbwaxayb# z{r nkccd haykrwd kcdobrd,pabnk.

Okn zañ cbnxdna wklordnb anbcxrk raldnkrk# d gbnirbnxb# a wdeea cdwgadxa

hd dcxrk z{r nbxkybca zkrwbndcaxê hkccd pbnd# gblk dh kwklzab OdrxbcblkbXkrlank nkc odxxawxkrb5 ha Wdn Eabreab d Ykrendwgb# dcxrd cbgdcaxê zrbwwald# khdnpa anxkrlkhad xrd Ykrrbnk k Ldenbnkybcb# byk ragbrrbnb walaca lbxaya deardca# b Zakxrb Ea{wkzzk D{rkeab nkc z{czaxb k grkhknpbna6 hkccd gfakwd hkaWdnxa Eadgblb k Wxkidnb d Zkxxankneb# an t{dcgfk lbhb dyyagandoack zkr az{xxa aen{ha hkcck zdrxa iae{rdxk. Ná ya wbnb kcklknxa w{iiagaknxa dh azbxappdrk#t{a# c‑dxxayaxê h‑{n dcxrb ldkwxrb nbn dngbr ragbnbwga{xb.

Nbn ya wbnb z{rxrbzzb dngbrd# dcc‑dxx{dck wxdxb hkeca wx{ha# nbxapak w{a ydragblzbnknxa hkccd idlaecad hka Xklzad# ndxaya ha Lkppdnd Lbrxaecakneb# nkccdidwgad zrkdczand xrd Oakccd k _bldendnb Wkwad# ld ha g{a cd wanbrd ldngdxdgbnbwgknpd hka nbla ha odxxkwalb fd alzkhaxb cd ragkrgd ha ldeeabra anibr,ldpabna# gfk gbnwknxdnb ac raikralknxb dh {n wanebcb kwkg{xbrk za{xxbwxb gfk

dh {n dcxrb# w{ccd odwk ha gbnirbnxa rkcdxaya dcck zrkikrknpk gblzbwaxayk# harkzkrxbrab b ha wxrkxxa dwzkxxa ha ldn{dcaxê. Ld nkcc‑anwaklk# bwwkrydnhb a gbl,zckwwa ha g{a wa æ raikraxb# klkrek gfadrb an kwwa {n zrbiacb ha anxdecadxbra ha t{d,caxê# xdnxb gdzdga ha alzbwxdrk gbn erdnhk wag{rkppd wxr{xx{rk gfk {nawgbnbokcckppd k i{npabndcaxê# t{dnxb ha ldnkeeadrk gbn hawanybcx{rd {n ydradxbrkzkrxbrab hkgbrdxayb d gdydccb# zkr har gbwã# xrd cd xrdhapabnk ldnakrawxagd k cknbyaxê hkcc‑kzbgd odrbggd. Nbn dcxralknxa wa hkybnb anxknhkrk a xdnxa lbxayazrkwknxdxa gbn angawayaxê nka ldn{idxxa kwdlandxa# gbn cd iank hkeca dnna ‑1: hkcWkagknxb gblk kzbgd h‑{n xrdzdwwb ibrwk gr{gadck ykrwb {n hkgbrdxayawlb zañdnaldxdlknxk odrbggb# dclknb nkccd zardlahk ha Oadnpæ# hbyk wa lbcxazcagd cdzrkwknpd ha kcklknxa ykekxdca# wdck c‑dnaldpabnk hkcck ibrlk# k nkcck iae{rk aclbxb w‑dggrkwgk wan t{dwa d hayknar zdwwb ha hdnpd. Ck ibrlkcck d eardca hkccdgdxxkhrd ha Oadnpæ wbnb nkccb wxkwwb wzaraxb# ld dngbr zañ knkreagfk# lknxrkw{a gdrdxxkra hkc z{czaxb dyrkllb t{dcgfk ldeeabrk h{ooab# d lknb hadllkxxkrk# nkcc‑át{azk# cd zrkwknpd ha drxawxa ha ldnb k ha e{wxb dngfk za{xxb,wxb haykrwa.

Gkrxb# dccd ragkrgd ha hkgbrdpabna gfk wa zbwwdnb anykgk dggbwxdrk ianb anibnhb da okccawwala z{xxana xkcdlbna ha Ykrrbnk# gdrdxxkrappdxa hd {nd ibrxkkwzrkwwayaxê# zkr c‑anxdecab zdrxagbcdrlknxk lbroahb k zcdwxagb kh a gbnnbxdxaha dndxblad dgg{rdxa bcxrk ac wbcaxb# nbn æ wklzcagk raldnkr wbhhawidxxa0 wkgblk xazbcbead &angc{hknxk dngfk a wbyrdwxdnxa gdzaxkcca abnaga! zañ yaganazdabnb za{xxbwxb t{kcca hkccd gdxxkhrd ha Oadnpæ# æ zkrÿ kyahknxk ac hawcaykccb hat{dcaxê# d x{xxb ydnxdeeab hkc nbwxrb ldn{idxxb. Zkr nbn hark hkccd caokrxê k

lbhkrnaxê ha dxxkeeadlknxb hkeca dneabckxxa zbwxa wbzrd ac gbrnagabnk# gfk waidxagd d gbccbgdrk xrd t{kcca hkcck dcxrk bzkrk walacdra# b zkr dcxrb ykrwb hkcc‑k,hagbcd zbwxd bcxrk ac gbrnagabnk# ha kckednxk# gcdwwagd ibrl{cdpabnk# ldcerdhbcd hkgbrdpabnk hknwd# k gdrdxxkrappdxd hdcck ikrlk# dwwbrxk iae{rk hkc Odxxawxd khkc Grawxb# ha hawkenb t{dwa dngbr ldnakrawxagb# gfk raldnk t{dwa {n {nag{lha g{a wdrkook anxkrkwwdnxk raxrbydrk zañ harkxxk dwgknhknpk.

Dccd rkwd hka gbnxa# y‑æ nkc odxxawxkrb ha Ykrrbnk {nd gbrzbwaxê h‑anxdecab#{nd naxahkppd ha ibrlk# {nd gblzbwxkppd lbn{lknxdck gfk wklordnb ykrd,lknxk dxxanekrk dc gdzbcdybrb# anxkwb dngfk gblk gcdwwagd law{rd# wk wa z{ÿhar gbwã# z{r nkccd zdwwabnk zkr c‑brndxb g{ryacankb k raggb. Cd gbllaxxknpd yazrbzbnk h{nt{k {n‑bzkrd ha rdneb# an erdhb ha wxdggdrwa hdc caykccb z{rdzzrkppdoack hkeca dcxra ldn{idxxa hkccd Zdrrbggfadck# gblk ac z{czaxb b eca

drldha ha wdgrkwxad.[n‑bzkrd h{nt{k zrayackeadxd# k gdzdgk# zkr t{dcgfk yad# ha raxrbydrk ac zañ

gbnwgab k zkrw{dwayb {xacappb ha xkla an g{a ibrwk zañ wgfakxxdlknxk gfk dcxrbyk

5 Hdxdxb dc 491?.6 Hdxdxb dc 45:5,45:6.



4?8 I_DNGB E[DCDNB



1 Gir. Wxbrad ha Lacdnb# ybc. V# zdrxkYAAA# Ck drxa lanbra hdccd lkxê hkc wkgbcb

VYA dc 497: # gbn cd gbccdobrdpabnk ha E._ BWD# Lacdnb 41;5# zz. 6?5 wee.

4: C. LDCCÁ# Wxbrad hkcck drxa iae{rdxayk anZaklbnxk# Xbranb 4158# ybc. AA# z. 488.

44 E. _ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Drbnd wdgrd.

C‑kzbgd hka Obrrblkb# Drbnd 4155# xdyy.85,86 k ;9 wee. k rkcdxayk wgfkhk d g{rd haE. EKNXACK.

4? D. ZKH_ANA# Ac lboacab# eca dloaknxa k ckhkgbrdpabna nka wkgbca VYAA k VYAAA an Zak,lbnxk# Xbranb 41;7# iae. 877.

47 D. E_AWK_A# Axankrdrab ha {nd zrbyangad#G{nkb w.h. ]ld 4158\# xdy. ?:?. [n dcxrbgdzb h‑bzkrd gdzdgk ha biirark haykrwa z{nxaha gbnxdxxb gbc nbwxrb odxxawxkrb æ ac gbrbhkccd gfakwd doodpadck ha Wdn Zakxrb d Wd,yaecadnb# eaê dwwkendxb d Eabreab k ZakxrbObxxb &D. BCLB# Drxk an Wdyaecadnb# Wdya,ecadnb 4156# z. 55!# ld {cxaldlknxk nbn dgdwb ragbnhbxxb d Odrxbcblkb Xkrlank &E.EKNXACK# Wg{cx{rk k wg{cxbra d Wdyaecadnb# an

E. _ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# _kdcawlb gdrdyde, ekwgb k zrbhaeab odrbggb. Hd Lbcankra dXdraggb nkccd Erdnhk Zrbyangad# Wdyaecadnb4116# zz. ???,??7!.

AC ODXXAWXK_B HKA XKLZAD HA LB_XAECAKNEB 4?;

wa anxrdykhbnb# wad z{r hkgcandxa an ibrl{ck zdrxagbcdrlknxk dggcaldxdxk nkccdpbnd oakcckwk# dcg{na hka laecabra gdrdxxkra ndxaya ha dcxrd zrkgkhknxk kwzk,raknpd0 dcc{hadlb d x{xxb ac lbnhb hkccd idnxdwad zcdwxagd cblodrhb,c{ednkwk#idxxd ha z{xxa# gdrxaeca# ybc{xk# hknwk efarcdnhk k ikwxbna ha ir{xxd gfk# dzz{nxbxrd Ldnakrawlb k Odrbggb# wa kwxkwk zrberkwwaydlknxk hdc h{gdxb lacdnkwk

dngfk dcck rkeabna yagank# nbn kwgc{wa a xkrraxbra zaklbnxkwa. K an t{kwxb wknwbwbnb ibrwk ldeeabrlknxk gblzrknwaoaca dngfk gkrxa dwzkxxa hkcck hkgbrdpabnak hkcck iae{rk hkc Odxxkwalb ha Grawxb ha Ykrrbnk# gfk zdabnb gbnwkrydrk t{dc,gfk kgb hkccd xrdhapabnk lacdnkwk ha wg{cxbra gblk a Xd{ran b hkcc‑dccakyb k gbn,xan{dxbrk Hdnakck Ikrrdra# kwzralknxawa gbn kwklza raggfawwala kh kw{okrdnxk,lknxk iae{rdxa an gblzckwwa gblk t{kccb hkeca wxdcca gbrdca hkc h{blb haLacdnb# gfk gbnxd dngfk iae{rk wanebck kckednxklknxk dxxkeeadxk# b t{kccbhkccd wdgrkwxad ha Wdn Ikhkck1.

Ibrxk kh kwxkwd i{ gbl{nt{k cd gdzdgaxê ha arrdhadpabnk ha t{kwxb wxrdbr,handrab zdxralbnab hkgbrdxayb# an c{ned wxrdxaiagdpabnk xklzbrdck gdzdgk haangc{hkrk# gbn bzzbrx{na deeabrndlknxa ha ibrlk k ha wzaraxb# dngfk cd iae{,rdpabnk odrbggd.

Xrd eca kwklza ldeeabra# wk nk raxrbydyd dngbrd t{dcgfk xrdggad# nkccdnbwxrd pbnd# dngfk nkcck ibrlkcck gbn wgknk hkcck wxbrak ha Ldrad hkc wkxxk,gknxkwgb z{czaxb ha Zkxxankneb# zrbzrab an t{kwxb wknwb ha ldn{idxxb anh{,eadnxk xrd ck h{k gayacxê# d w{b xklzb# ragbrhdxb hdc Ldccá 4:# bzkrd ha t{kcZakxrb Ea{wkzzk D{rkeab eaê hd nba ragbrhdxb# anwaklk dh dcxrb kerkeab anxkr,zrkxk gblk Odrxbcblkb Xkrlank# ha g{a wa krd gaxdxb ac odxxawxkrb ha Ykrendwgb&491?!# t{dwa dngbr drgdagb nka w{ba hkgbra k iae{rk wzdpadxa k gdccaerdiaga.

Ac raw{cxdxb gblzckwwayb# gfk w‑dhhknwd# an lbhb ibrwk {n zb‑ raxdrhdxdrabgblk alzrbnxd# anxbrnb dccd iank hkc wkgbcb# zkr bzkrd ha t{kwxa kh dcxra d{xbradc lblknxb z{rxrbzzb dngbr lknb gbnbwga{xa# æ {n‑drxk gfk nkccd pbndanxbrnb d Oakccd wklord lbcxazcagdrk a w{ba wdeea w{ x{xxk ck bzkrk h‑drrkhb# zkrzba gbngknxrdrk {n‑dxxknpabnk zdrxagbcdrk w{a z{czaxa# gfk dww{lbnb xdcbrdcbgdclknxk gdrdxxkra ha ykrb k zrbzrab eaednxawlb# wad nkccd wxr{xx{rd gfk nkc,c‑dzzdrdxb hkgbrdxayb &odwxa hark hkc gdzbcdybrb ha Wdc{wwbcd! k w{cck zardlahahka odxxawxkra gfk# wk z{r zrkwknxa# byyadlknxk# dngfk dcxrbyk# fdnnb t{a {ndhknwaxê ha rkzkrxb kh {n alzkenb wxacawxagb hdyykrb gdrdxxkrawxaga.

Ld wk nk zbwwbnb gkrgdrk zañ dlzadlknxk a wkena e{drhdnhb xdnxb ykrwbnbrh# dh kwklzab nkccd pbnd ha Drbnd hbyk# nka rkzkrxbra eaê dzzrbnxdxa# wa rak,wgbnb d gbnirbnxdrk wydradxk xazbcbeak ha bzkrk# hda zaggbca rkcat{adra# da gbralbn{lknxdca# d anxkrkwwdnxa hawkena# eaê gbllknxdxa nkcck zkrw{dwayk wgfkhkha E{ahb Eknxack44# t{dnxb ykrwb w{h# wgknhknhb wanb dccd gdzaxdck wdod{hd kbcxrk# nka erdnha gdnxakra hkcck rkeek# ld nbn wbcb.

An t{kwx‑{cxald pbnd# xdnxb zkr kwklzcaiagdrk# wbnb wbzrdxx{xxb lbxaya

gblk t{kcca hka zañ ybcxk ragbrhdxa z{xxa xkcdlbna# gfk nkc Oakcckwk an eknkrkwbnb rdiiae{rdxa ibrwk zañ irkt{knxklknxk an doaxa k an idxxkppk ha {n‑alzrkga,wdoack dhbckwgknpd k# t{dnh‑dngfk an kxê anidnxack# wbnb wobppdxa an lbhb zañdwga{xxb# ld gfk anykgk d Ykrrbnk hka odloana zdabnb rkdclknxk zrbzbrrk aybcxa zdii{xa k cd xknkrd zane{khank hka gbrza# d xrbydrk gbnirbnxa hdyykrb wbr,zrknhknxa0 wa ykhdnb# dh kwklzab# nkc okccawwalb rkzkrxbrab ha D{e{wxbZkhrana4?# ck iae{rk hkeca drldha ha wdgrkwxad hka Wdnxa Ldrxara d Xbranb# ibrwkha t{dcgfk dnnb zañ xdrha# k an t{kccb ha Dnhrkand Erawkra47# t{kcck hkcck gdn,xbrak hkccd gfakwd hkccd Lawwabnk d Lbnhbyã. Wbnb zdrxagbcdra gfk gbnwknxbnb#zañ dngbrd ha lbxaya gblk t{kcca hkcck ybc{xk hkcck lknwbck# hka eardca h‑dgdnxbb hkcck hkgbrdpabna ha ir{xxa d gdwgdxd gfk zkrydhbnb ck wdck hka zdcdppa hkccdgbrxk# ha wbxxbcankdrk cd zkrw{dwayaxê k h{nt{k cd ibrpd h‑kwzdnwabnk h‑{n

rkzkrxbrab gkrxb ldeeabrlknxk gbnirbnxdoack# nkccb wzkgaiagb# d caykccb cbgdck#ld an erdhb ha biirark raldnha anxkrkwwdnxa k raykcdxbra dngfk d okn zañ cdrebrdeeab.

Irdxkcca Xklzad ha Lbrxaecakneb#zardlahk caenkd anxdecadxd#zdrxagbcdrk# hdc #Zdrrbggfadck ha Oadnpæ &Ykrgkcca!



4?9



4?5



4?1

C ‑Drgfayab Wxbragb hkc Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk gbnwkryd {nd nbxkybck wkrak hahbg{lknxa k rkeawxra gdxdwxdca gfk# anxkerdxd gbn dcxrk ibnxa# rkzkraoacawkendxdlknxk zrkwwb c‑Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb# gbnwknxk ha wke{ark#

gblk hdc yayb# c‑dxx{dpabnk an dloaxb cbgdck hkcck hawzbwapabna gfk ac ebykrnbwdod{hb kldnÿ nkc VYAA k nkc VYAAA wkgbcb nkc t{dhrb hkccd w{d zbcaxagd hazkrkt{dpabnk xrao{xdrad. Cb wgkndrab gfk nk raw{cxd cdwgad wgbrekrk dcxrkwã# nkc,c‑dpabnk hka wbeekxxa gbanybcxa ‗ eca anxknhknxa zrbyangadca# a cbrb hkckedxa# a rdz,zrkwknxdnxa hkccd Gbl{naxê# a xaxbcdra hkc ik{hb ha Ykrrbnk k dcxra zbwwahknxa# a

xkgnaga k a gbccdobrdxbra alzkendxa nkcck law{rdpabna k nkeca dccaordlknxa# ecadyybgdxa zdxralbnadca k a ldeawxrdxa anykwxaxa hkcck gbnxrbykrwak gbnnkwwk dcckgdxdwxdpabna ‗ ck kwzrkwwabna ha {nd g{cx{rd gblzckwwd k ha {nd wbgakxê wkendxdhd xknwabna k gbnxrdwxa d ydra caykcca. Gbnxkwx{dclknxk dcck haykrwk# w{ggkwwaykgdxdwxdpabna# eca dxxa hkcck gd{wk anxknxdxk hdccd Gbl{naxê dc iank ha bxxknkrk{n‑dlzad k zrbzbrpabndxd hawxrao{pabnk hka gdragfa gfk w{ ha kwwd erdydydnb# wãhd gblzrknhkrya# ha cê hdccd rawxrkxxd gkrgfad hka zrbzrakxdra dccbhadca gfk waragbnbwgkydnb nkcc‑awxax{pabnk gbl{ndck# dcg{na wbeekxxa gfk ydnxdydnb gbwza,g{k all{naxê ik{hdca# biirbnb anxkrkwwdnxa ykh{xk w{ccb wxdxb hkc zdkwk k hkaw{ba doaxdnxa# hdc hawdwxrbwb wzbzbcdlknxb zkrh{rdnxk zkr o{bnd zdrxk hkc‑9:: wanb dccd razrkwd wkxxkgknxkwgd. C‑anwaklk hkcck xkwxalbnadnpk klkreknxahdccd c{ned yagknhd acc{land gbwã {n gdzaxbcb nbn orkyk hkccd wxbrad hkc c{beb

k nk cdwgad dngfk anx{ark dcg{na zrkgkhknxa. A Yadcdrha# gbnwaenbra hkc ik{hb#gblzdabnb anidxxa t{dca xaxbcdra ha {nd ldwwd ha okna knbrlklknxk w{zkrabrkdcc‑anwaklk hka zbwwkhalknxa hka zdrxagbcdra cbgdca0 {nd ldwwd gfk# d gbngc{wabnkha t{ka ragbrwa# a ldeawxrdxa hkckedxa hdc wbyrdnb# nkc 45:8# dyrkookrb hagfad,rdxb x{xxd ha ndx{rd dccbhadck k t{anha nbn zañ gbzkrxd hdcck anykwxax{rk ik{hdcak hdcck zrkxkwk all{naxê= wk nk z{ÿ hkh{rrk {nd wax{dpabnk ha dnxagb hblanabzdxralbnadck# ld ck w{k braeana k a w{ba wyac{zza kw{cdnb hda calaxa ha t{kwxb gbn,xrao{xb.

Gbn brhank hkc 9 ldeeab 4;98 ac h{gd Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb hawzbwk gfk acxdwwb dnn{dck anxrbhbxxb xrk dnna dydnxa d gdragb hkcck Gbl{naxê ibwwk zrkck,ydxb nbn wbcb dxxrdykrwb {nd wkrak ha alzbwapabna anharkxxk ld dngfk# t{dcbrd

t{kwxk nbn odwxdwwkrb# wkgbnhb ac rkeawxrb b kwxalb ha wbchb k caord# gabæ w{ccdodwk hkc gdxdwxb an g{a krdnb rkeawxrdxa k dccaordxa a okna hka zdrxagbcdra # k wkgbnhbac t{dck yknaydnb razdrxaxk ck xdecak gbl{ndca 4. T{kwxd alzbwapabnk k ac w{bd{lknxb nkc 49?8 rkwkrb zañ kyahknxk c‑kwaeknpd ha wxdoacark gbn gkrxkppd t{dcaxkrrkna hbykwwkrb w{oark ac gdragb iawgdck ‗ gfk erdydyd harkxxdlknxk w{cckGbl{naxê zkr gbnxaneknxa k yknayd hd t{kwxk razdrxaxb w{a gbnxrao{knxa ‗ kt{anha ha gbnxrdwxdrk ck all{naxê do{wayk idgknhb wã gfk x{xxa a zbwwkwwbra haokna dccbhadca gbngbrrkwwkrb dcck alzbwxk. Gdrcb Kldn{kck A# gbn khaxxb hkc 8ldrpb 49:9 ?# hkgawk gfk# bcxrk da okna zkrxanknxa dc ik{hb k wbeekxxa da rawzkx,xaya boocaefa# k da okna dccbhadca# wbeekxxa dc rkeawxrb k da rawzkxxaya gdragfa# nbnrkwxdwwk «dcg{nd xkrpd wzkgak hk‑ okna hdcc‑{nb k hdcc‑dcxrb boocaeb kwknxa kxall{na# nbn bwxdnxk bena zrkwgraxxabnk# bwwkrydnpd# gbnw{kx{hank ha xklzb

allklbrdoack# kx bena gbnyknxabnk kx diirdngfalknxb kxadnhab gbn ck awxkwwkgbl{naxê gbnxrdrab½. Anxknxb hagfadrdxb# bcxrk dccd gkwwdpabnk hka gbnxrdwxaragbrrknxa an ldxkrad xrd ik{hdxdra k gbl{naxê# krd t{kccb ha d{lknxdrk ac

4 E. O_DGGB# Xkrrd k iawgdcaxê nkc Zak,lbnxk wdod{hb. Gbnxrao{xb zkr cd ragkrgd#Xbranb 4164# zz. ?; wee.

? I. D. H[OBAN# G. H[OBAN &d g{rd ha!# _dggbcxd zkr brhank ha ldxkrak hkcck ckeea#gabæ khaxxa# zdxknxa k ldnaikwxa kgg.# kldndxa nkeca Wxdxa ha xkrrdikrld wanb dcc‑6 hagklork4514 hd‑ wbyrdna hkccd rkdc gdwd ha Wdybad#Xbranb 4646,4691# xblb VV# caorb 44# ybc.??# zz. 87 wee. Zkr t{kwxk hawzbwapabna kzkr a zrbyykhalknxa an wke{axb gaxdxa# gir.dngfk H. OB_ABCA# L. IK__D_AW# D. Z_KLBCA#

Cd zkrkt{dpabnk hka xrao{xa nkc Zaklbnxkwdod{hb k cd rkdcappdpabnk hkccd raibrld

iawgdck nkccd zrald lkxê hkc VYAAA wkgbcb# an«OWOW½# CVVVAAA &416;# 4º wklkwxrk!# zz.474,?44.

Dxxrdykrwb a gdxdwxa dnxagfa hkc Gbl{nkE{ahb Eknxack



47: E[AHB EKNXACK



DXX_DYK_WB A GDXDWXA DNXAGFA HKC GBL[NK 474

n{lkrb hka gbnxrao{knx a# rah{gknhb a okna an t{kwxabnk wbxxb c‑{nd hkcck h{kwzkgak# hkc ik{hb b hkc rkeawxrb# wã hd rknhkrk «dc eknkrdck hkccb Wxdxb zañ cke,ekrb kx dekybck ac zdedlknxb# kx dccd Gdlkrd nbwxrd zañ idgack kx kwaeaoack cd gbn,wkg{xabnk hkcca hraxxa b zkr rdeabnk ha ik{hb b zkr rdeabnk ha rkeawxrb½. Ac h{gdwxdoacã t{anha gfk ibwwkrb gbnwahkrdxa dccbhadca k rkwxax{axa dc rkeawxrb a xkrrkna gfk

dc xklzb hkcc‑alzbwapabnk hkc xdwwb b wkwwdnx‑dnna zrald ya raw{cxdwwkrb awgraxxak gbngbrrknxa dc zdedlknxb hka gdragfa &gblzrkwa a okna gfk an hkxxb xklzb ibw,wkrb wxdxa ckydxa k gdngkccdxa hda rkeawxra an yarxñ ha diirdngdlknxa k ha gbngkw,wabna idxxk hdcck gbl{naxê!# lknxrk hbykydn raxknkrwa ik{hdca &k t{anha all{nahda gdragfa erdydnxa w{a okna rkeawxrdxa nka gdxdwxa! t{kcca gfk nka hkxxa xklzaraw{cxdwwkrb lknpabndxa nkcck anykwxax{rk b nka gbnwkendlknxa ik{hdca. Eca dcxraxkrrkna# nbn gblzrkwa nka hkxxa xklza nka rkeawxra k hd kwwa gblk wbzrd ckydxa kgdngkccdxa# k nkllknb lknpabndxa nkcck anykwxax{rk k nka gbnwkendlknxa# wdrko,okrb wxdxa gbnwahkrdxa &gbn {nd wbc{pabnk ha lkrb dggblbhdlknxb! gblk dccb,hadca k wbeekxxa d rkeawxrdpabnk nkc gdxdwxb# wk wa xrbydydnb an xkrrk harkxxdlknxkhazknhknxa hdc wbyrdnb# byykrb gblk ik{hdca# wk wa xrbydydnb nkcck xkrrk hkaydwwdcca anykwxaxa hkccd ea{rawhapabnk. Zkr Ykrrbnk a hkckedxa dcc‑kwkg{pabnk hkccd

n{byd ckeek wbzrd c‑dccbhadcaxê b ik{hdcaxê hka okna ha xkrpd wzkgak# gbn wknxknpdhkc 47 ldrpb 494:# dykydnb hagfadrdxb «ca okna gdlzkwxra dc zrkwknxk xkn{xahdcca waenbra ha Ykrrbnk ik{hdca½# t{anha# gblk xdca# wbeekxxa dc zdedlknxb hkccd{hklab k dc gbnwkendlknxb &gbccd rawzkxxayd ahknxaiagdpabnk an n{lkrb haeabrndxk# rkeabna k gbkrknpk! nkcck ldna hka gbllawwdra h{gdca da iana ha {ndrkebcdrk anykwxax{rd= kggkxx{dxa# zkrÿ# t{ka okna gfk cd Gbl{naxê zrbydwwk &nkcxkrlank ha t{anhaga eabrna! kwwkr rkeawxrdxa nkc w{b gdxdwxb hkc 4;;8= k t{kwxawdrkookrb wxdxa hagfadrdxa dccbhadca# rkeawxrdoaca k gbcckxxdoaca. Ld zba cdGbl{naxê dggkxxÿ {nd xrdnwdpabnk# gbngc{wd ac ; ldeeab 4944# zkr g{a yknaydnbhagfadrdxa all{na hda w{wwaha k hdcck gbxappdpabna a okna dccbrd zbwwkh{xa hdawaenbra hkc c{beb k gbwxbrb wbcb zkr a okna gfk w{ggkwwaydlknxk dykwwkrb dgt{a,wxdxb hd zraydxa dyrkookrb hby{xb gbngbrrkrk dc zdedlknxb hka gdragfa 7.

An wke{axb# ac ebykrnb h{gdck# zkr idybrark {nd zañ kiiagdgk k raebrbwd xkn{xdhka rkeawxra# gabæ hkc rackydlknxb k hkcc‑kwxalb hkcck xkrrk dccbhadca# deca kiikxxaiawgdca# dykyd wbcckgaxdxb ck Gbl{naxê d zrbyykhkrk d {nd n{byd law{rd k d{n‑deeabrndxd rkeawxrdpabnk hka xkrrkna. Nkc 4994 wa krd gbwxax{axd {nd hkcked,pabnk# xrdwibrldxd nkc 4997 an gbnwaecab ha Wxdxb hkckedxb# gbc gblzaxb ha«wbzrdanxknhkrk dc o{bn ebykrnb hka gbl{na hkcck zrbyangk ha t{ê hda lbnxa#dccd gbnwkrydpabnk k rkanxkerdpabnk hka cbrb rkeawxra# nbngfá dcc‑alzbwapabnk krazdrxapabnk hk‑ z{oocaga gdragfa½. Nkc 4996 t{kwxd hkckedpabnk i{ ragbwxax{axdk c‑dnnb wke{knxk i{ drxagbcdxd w{ odwk zrbyangadck.

An t{kc xbrnb h‑dnna cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk raklkrekyd d wxknxb hd {ndc{ned grawa gfk nk dykyd t{dwa gdngkccdxb c‑kwawxknpd. Nkc 4996 an Xbranb i{ z{o,

ocagdxb d wxdlzd {n Lklbradck d gdza dggbrhdxa hd w{d Dcxkppd rkdck dcca zbykra f{blana hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk nkc Ykrgkcckwk gblzrknhknxk ck gbngkwwabna bxxk,n{xk hdc wbyrdnb 8. Eca doaxdnxa ha Ykrrbnk ya kwzbnebnb gfk ck gdcdlaxê okcca,gfk w{wwke{axkwa an t{kc wkgbcb wan hdc 4945 k ac gbnxdeab hkc 497: dykydnb rkwbac c{beb «diidxxb hawfdoaxdxb½ dc z{nxb gfk ac xkwbrakrk zrbyangadck k ac zdxralb,nadck eknkrdck cb dykydnb gbnwahkrdxb ankwaeaoack# gabæ nbn w{wgkxxaoack ha kwd,pabna iawgdca. Brd# «kwwknhbwa rkzdxradxa hd t{dxxrb an gant{k gdza ha gdwd½#gbwxbrb z{r hkwahkrdnhb gblzbrxdrwa hd ikhkca w{hhaxa hkc h{gd# wa xrbydnb«ldngfkybca ha ibrpk zkr cd zbykrxê# gfk an cbrb rkend zkr ldngdnpd ha f{b,lana k okwxadla kx d gd{wd hkc ldngdlknxb ha t{kwxa ]zbwwbnb\ rdggbecakrk wbcbt{dcgfk zbgb ha lkcked k wkedcd½ ;. Ac h{gd# rawzbnhknhb dc lklbradck ac 46

hagklork 4995# gbngkhk deca {blana ha Ykrrbnk gfk ac xdwwb hd kwwa hby{xb wad

rahbxxb d {n xkrpb= anbcxrk rah{gk k zrbrbed dcxra xrao{xa. A w{zzcagdnxa gfakhbnbdcxrkwã «gfk hkxxb c{beb wa zbwwa rah{rrk an gbrzb ha Gbl{naxê ]…\ k wa zbwwayknar d gbenaxabnk# t{dca wadnb ca okna ik{hdca k t{dca eca dccbhadca# dxxkwb gfk ca

7 Zkr cd wknxknpd hkc 494:# gir. DW Xb,ranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx.67: # idwg. 19# dcckedxa dccd lklbrad dwxdlzd ‱‱Zkr rawbcykrk a h{ooa lbwwa zkrzdrxk hkccd gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk k hkc wa,enbr zdxralbnadck ha W. D. _. gbnxrb ac wa,enbr ydwwdccb Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdr,ha‰‰. Zkr cd xrdnwdpabnk hkc 4944# gir. aoa,hkl# idwg. 4:8# ‱‱Zkr ac _keab Zdxralbnabdwwawxknxk ac gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk gbnxrb caydwwdcca. Hawgbrwb ckedck zrb ykraxdxk‰‰. Anxdck hawgbrwb# hdxdoack deca {cxala dnna hkc‑9:: b da zrala hkc ‑5::# {n dyybgdxb zdxra,lbnadck nked cd ydcahaxê ha t{kccd xrdnwd,pabnk zbagfá ‱‱gbwxax{ar {nd gbwd hd dccb,hadck d ik{hdck# kx k gbnxrd# nbn æ hkc zbxkrzraydxb ld hkc rkedck hkc zrangazk‰‰.

8 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 88.

; A w{zzcagdnxa raikrawgbnb dcxrkwã gfk h{kzdrxa hkc xkrraxbrab wbnb ekroahk k alob,wgfaxk k gfk zkr rah{rck d gbcx{rd k gfk ir{x,xanb gbnyaknk idrck rbngdr k idr erdnha wzk,wk. Gfakhbnb t{anha gfk gbcbrb gfk zrkn,

hkrdnnb t{kwxa xkrrkna wadnb kwknxdxa hda xra,o{xa zkr ?: dnna. Ac h{gd angdragd cd Gdlkrdhka gbnxa ha hdrk ac w{b zdrkrk an zrbzbwaxb#wknxaxb ac harkxxbrk hkccd zrbyangad.

Gdxxdwxrb hkccd Gbll{naxê ha Ykrrbnk ibrldxb nkc dnnb # irbnxkwzapab#DGbl Ykrrbnk



47? E[AHB EKNXACK

ydwwdcca Yadcdrha nk zbwwkhbnb erdn t{dnxaxê# k t{dca wadnb t{kcca hkccd Gfakwddnxagfa# k wa zbwwa ibrldr {n rkeawxrb gbn c‑dccaordlknxb hk‑ okna dccbhadca k ibr,ldr t{anxkrnkxxa ]gabæ r{bca hkcck alzbwxk\ k alzbr cd xdecad d wbchb k card½# gabæan zrbzbrpabnk hka okna dccaordxa dc gdxdwxb. Zkr idr irbnxk dccd wzkwd bggbrrknxk

dccd law{rd hkc xkrraxbrab k dccd ibrldpabnk hkc rkeawxrb gfakhbnb ac gbnhbnb hah{k dnna ha xdwwk# ld ac h{gd rawzbnhk gfk «idrê wknxark dccd Gbl{naxê w{zzca,gdnxk eca kiikxxa hkccd w{d oknaenaxê½ d cdybra idxxa k w{ zrkwknxdpabnk ha nbxdhkcck wzkwk wbwxkn{xk 9. Zkrdcxrb «W{d _kdck Ldkwxê y{bck gfk w‑dooa rae{drhbdccd zbykrxê hk‑ w{zzcagdnxa k gbwã angdragd ac erdn gdngkccakrk k ac harkxxbrk hkccdzrbyangad ha ibrldr {n gbrzb ha Gbl{naxê nkc laecabr lbhb gfk wa zbxrê½. CdGdlkrd hka gbnxa# anxkrandnhb ac 48 c{ecab 4996 ck gbngkwwabna idxxk hdc h{gd#brhand gfk ac zdxralbnadck eknkrdck zrbgkhd dccd yawaxd hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnkk anwaklk w{obrhand {n anxkryknxb d x{xkcd hkccd Gbl{naxê gbnxrb ck lbckwxakhka w{ba grkhaxbra dccd gbnhapabnk gfk a gbnwaecakra halbwxranb cd hby{xd haca,eknpd nkcc‑alzbrrk ck xdecak k a gbnxrao{knxa nkc zdedrck.

Cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk# gbwã ragbwxax{axd# hdzzrald ikgk ragkrgd ha {n gdxd,wxb w{ccd odwk hkc t{dck wa zbxkwwk wdzkrk t{dca okna ibwwkrb dccbhadca «zkr zbxkridrk c‑alzbwxb hkc hkndrb h{gdck k lacaxdrk½0 wbcxdnxb wa ranyknnk zrkwwb ecakrkha hkcc‑deralknwbrk Eabydn Irdngkwgb Gdrbca d Oakccd {n rkeawxrb zrayb hkcckhkoaxk ibrldcaxê# gfk zdrkyd «idxxb wbcb zkr dykr cd gbenapabnk hkc ydcbrk hkaokna½# ld ldngdyd hkcc‑dccaordlknxb5.Wa angdragÿ t{anha c‑deralknwbrk Okrndr,hanb Debwxb ha Gdnhkcb ha zrbyykhkrk dccd law{rd hka okna dccbhadca k dccd ibr,ldpabnk ha {n n{byb rkeawxrb. T{kwxk bzkrdpabna i{rbnb kwke{axk knxrb c‑dzrackhkc 4954 6. C‑anxknhalknxb ha wbxxbzbrrk dccd gbcckxxdpabnk# gabæ dcck alzbwapabnahkccd Gbl{naxê k da zrkcakya iawgdca# x{xxa a okna dccbhadca kwawxknxa nkc xkrraxbrabannkwgÿ zkrdcxrb {n wklzrk zañ ibrxk gbnxknpabwb gbn gfa ydnxdyd rdeabna haall{naxê. Cd Gbl{naxê lbwwk caxk# cb wxkwwb dnnb# gbnxrb Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk handnpa dccd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa ha Zaklbnxk k nkc 495;# gbnzdxknxa hkc 7: ldeeab# ac h{gd Gdrcb Kldn{kck AA dybgÿ d wá cd gd{wd hkckedn,hbcd d {nd gbllawwabnk ha dcxa ldeawxrdxa0 Eabydnna Odxxawxd Nbydrand ha WdnWkodwxadnb zralb zrkwahknxk hkc Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk# Ldrg‑D{rkcab Ocdngadrhazralb zrkwahknxk hkccd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa ha Zaklbnxk# ac rkikrknhdrab Idykxxbharkxxbrk hkccd zrbyangad ha Ykrgkcca# g{a wa krdnb w{ggkwwaydlknxk deea{nxa acldrgfkwk Xbldwb Dhdcokrxb Zdccdyaganb# wkgbnhb zrkwahknxk hkccd hkxxdGdlkrd# k ac wkndxbrk Eabydnna Ldxxkb Zdwxbraw L{rd 1. Ld n{byk hawzbwapabnayknaydnb d angahkrk w{eca wyac{zza hkccd gbnxrbykrwad.

Wbxxb cd rkeeknpd ha Ldrad Eabydnnd Odxxawxd ha Wdybad,Nklb{rw# zkr hdrkn{byb yaebrk dccd raibrld k dccd gbnwkrydpabnk hka rkeawxra gbl{ndca# wa gbwxax{ãac Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbrhandrab zkr cd ra{nabnk hkc rkeawxrb# ac t{dck gbn ckxxkrk

zdxknxa hkc ; eknndab 4955 kldnÿ wawxkldxagfk hawzbwapabna zkr «{nd n{bydlaw{rd eknkrdck hk‑ okna hkccb Wxdxb ha t{d hda lbnxa k cd raibrld hka gdxdwxra½ 4:.Ac Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbrhandrab# raybceknhbwa da wanhdga# gbnwbca k dllanawxrdxbra ha

9 Ac eknkrdck ha iandnpk gbnxk Xr{gfadnnbxd w{ccd gbzad hkc lklbradck &brd gbn,wkrydxd an DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlk,rdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 86: # idwg. 88!# an hdxd41 ikoordab 495?# gfk ac h{gd# wk cdGbl{naxê dyrê wbhhawidxxb ck gbnhapabnahkccd zdxknxk ha erdpak# «ck idrê krbedrk 7::cark an da{xb hkccd ndrrdxd lawkrad½.

5 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 66. Hagfadrdpabnk hkcGbnwaecab Gbl{ndck ha Ykrrbnk an hdxd ?6ldrpb 4991. Gdcgbcdnhb ac ydcbrk hka oknawa hkw{lkyd gfk c‑dccaordlknxb b rkeawxrbdwgknhkwwk d wbcha 449.

6 Gir. nbxd hkcc‑deralknwbrk Debwxb# hkc,c‑6 dzrack 4954# an aoahkl# idwg. 88. C‑al,zbrxb hkccd wzkwd æ anhagdxb an cark 7::.

1 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Dxxa zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581# ldppb478"4# zdrder. 8?94.

4: I. D. H[OBAN# G. H[OBAN &d g{rd ha!# _dggbcxd zkr brhank ha ldxkrak hkcck ckeea#gabæ khaxxa# zdxknxa k ldnaikwxa# kgg.# gax.#xblb VV# caorb 44# ybc. ??# zz. 4? wee.

Gdxxdwxrb hkccd Gbll{naxê ha Ykrrbnk #zdrxagbcdrk hkc irbnxkwzapab# DGblYkrrbnk. Zdkwdeeab hkgbrdxayb gbnzrkw{laoack rdzzrkwknxdpabnk hkcgdwxkccb k ndyk drldxd an ldrkdeaxdxb# ibrwk walobckeeadnxk cdGbl{naxê




x{xxk ck gaxxê k xkrrk wbeekxxk dc h{gd ha Wdybad ha t{d hda lbnxa# brhandyd gfkknxrb {n dnnb wa zrbyykhkwwk dccd law{rd eknkrdck ha x{xxa a okna# gblzrkwa aik{hdca k t{kcca h‑dcxrd gbnhapabnk# gfk nbn ibwwkrb eaê wxdxa dggdxdwxdxa. X{xxa arawzkxxaya zbwwkwwbra hbykydnb kwwkrk gbnybgdxa zkr dwwawxkrk dccd nbland ha

deralknwbra «kwzkrxa k ikhkca½ k ha zkrwbnk ahbnkk k okn anibrldxk gfk wdzkw,wkrb anhagdrk a wanebca okna# gba cbrb gbniana k gbkrknpk. An wke{axb a zbwwkwwbrahbykydnb kwwkr gbnybgdxa zkr dwwawxkrk dccd law{rdpabnk hka rawzkxxaya okna kidrnk cd gbnwkend b hagfadrdpabnk zkr c‑awgrapabnk d gdxdwxb nkcck rawzkxxaykgbcbnnk b zdrxaxk anhayah{dca. Nkccd rannbydpabnk hkc gdxdwxb wa wdrkookrbhkwgraxxa d zdrxk a okna gfk raw{cxdwwkrb ha gbnhapabnk ik{hdck b zkr dcxrd rdeabnkall{na «nbn zkr dcxkrdr cd cbrb ndx{rd# ld zkr kyaxdr an dyyknark c‑angkrxkppdhka okna boocaedxa dc gbngbrwb hk‑ gdragfa½. Dh bena o{bn gbnxb a hkckedxa dccdlaw{rd eknkrdck# zrald gfk wa awgraykwwkrb nkc gdxdwxb a okna gfk wa zrkxknhk,ydnb all{na# hbykydnb dww{lkrk zrbyk wblldrak w{ccd cbrb gbnhapabnk kanibrldrnk hkxxdecadxdlknxk ac Ldeawxrdxb gfk dyrkook zba ibrnaxb ck awxr{pabnahkc gdwb. Ck gbnxrbykrwak gfk anwbrekwwkrb «wbyrd cd t{dcaxê hka okna½ # gabæ wkibwwkrb «gdxxdwxrdxa b gbcckxxdoaca½ &dwwbeekxxdoaca d alzbwxd!# hbykydnb kwwkrhkikraxk dc Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbrhandrab# gfk dyrkook zrbyykh{xb gbn brhandnpkwblldrak an zrkwknpd hka zrbg{rdxbra hkcck zdrxa anxkrkwwdxk. Wk nka n{bya gdxd,wxa nbn wa raxrbydydnb okna gfk raw{cxdwwkrb eaê hkwgraxxa nka ykggfa gdxdwxa wk nkhbykyd ibrnark wzakedpabnk dc iank ha kyaxdrk bena zrkea{hapab zkr ac rkeab zdxra,lbnab# gabæ zkr ac iawgb# k zrald ha dhark t{dcwadwa ldeawxrdx{rd zkr cd wdcyd,e{drhad b cd rkanxkerdpabnk hkc rkeawxrb &gabæ hkc gblzckwwb hka okna wbeekxxa dgbnxrao{pabnk! a gbl{na dyrkookrb hby{xb anibrldrnk c‑{iiagab hkc Zdxra,lbnadck &zrkzbwxb dccd x{xkcd hkeca anxkrkwwa zdxralbnadca k iawgdca hkccb Wxdxb!zkr dykrk ck awxr{pabna k ac wbwxkenb bggbrrknxa dcck cbrb dpabna.

Nbnbwxdnxk ck waenaiagdxayk annbydpabna zbrxdxk hd {nd xdck hawgazcand# nkeca

dnna wke{knxa zbgfk gbl{naxê bxxklzkrdydnb deca brhana hkc Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbr,handrab 44. Xrd t{kwxk# cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk wa dhbzkrdyd zkr deeabrndrk aczrbzrab gdxdwxb wkgbnhb cd nbrldxayd h{gdck. Eaê nkc 4955 kwwd zrkwknxdyd {ndw{zzcagd dccd h{gfkwwd rkeeknxk zkr cdlknxdrk gfk cd wzkrdnpd# dggkwdwa gbccdw{d ragbwxax{pabnk# ha idr gbngbrrkrk x{xxb ac rkeawxrb hka okna dccbhadca dcckalzbwapabna dykyd {rxdxb nkcc‑bzzbwapabnk ha ydra zkrwbndeea. Xrd gbwxbrb ac ydw,wdccb Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha dykyd dnpa razbrxdxb hda hkckedxa ha W. D. _.{nd wknxknpd d c{a idybrkybck# gfk hagfadrdyd cd ik{hdcaxê ha ydra okna hd c{a zbw,wkh{xa. Dcxra ‗ a gbnxa ha Xkrnkneb# Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ecakrkha ha Eabydnna Ldrad Yadcdrha ‗ zbwwkhkydnb okna gfk an dcxra xklza dyk,ydnb gbngbrwb dc zdedlknxb hka gdragfa# ld gfk brd kwwa zrkxknhkydnb kwwkrik{hdca# lknxrk cd Gbl{naxê zkr cd zkrhaxd hkcck w{k gdrxk k hka ykggfa gdxdwxa#

gd{wdxd hdcck e{krrk k hdcck gdcdlaxê# nbn zbxkyd halbwxrdrk gfk ibwwkrb wxdxagbcckxxdxa= xdcgfá kwwknhbwa ac rkeawxrb rahbxxb d zbgd gbwd# ac xdwwb k ck dcxrk hkoa,x{rk erdydydnb an lbhb anxbcckrdoack w{ zbgfa zdrxagbcdra# dc z{nxb gfk gbwxbrb

44 Nkc 4966 ac zdxralbnadck Ldrxankxxahagfadrdyd gfk «okn zbgfk gbl{naxê ]wakrdnb g{rdxk ha\ idr zrbgkhkrk dccd law{rdeknkrdck hk‑ okna kwawxknxa nka cbrb xkrraxbrak iandeea k idr ibrldrk n{bya gdxdwxa½. Gir.H. OB_ABCA# L. IK__D_AW# D. Z_KLBCA# Cd

zkrkt{dpabnk hka xrao{xa nkc Zaklbnxk wdod{,hb# gax.# z. 4;8.



478 E[AHB EKNXACK

wa dgganekydnb dh doodnhbndrk ac c{beb k a cbrb okna. A w{zzcagdnxa zrkedydnbzkrgaÿ cd _keeknxk ha gbwxranekrk# xrdlaxk ac Zdxralbnadck# x{xxa a zbwwkwwbra hka

okna anhkoaxdlknxk wbxxrdxxa dcck gbnxrao{pabna d zdrxkgazdrk deca bnkra iawgdca b#dcxralknxa# ha rah{rrk t{kwxa bnkra an lbhb gfk a zbgfa zdrxagbcdra ibwwkrb erd,ydxa an zrbzbrpabnk hkc cbrb lbhkwxb rkeawxrb k cd Gbl{naxê nbn ibwwk ykwwdxdd gd{wd hka rknaxknxa. Hkccd hkn{ngad cd h{gfkwwd rkeeknxk anykwxã ac 9 ldeeab4955 cd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa# k t{kwxd angdragÿ ac rkikrknhdrab hkccd gaxxê k zrb,yangad ha Ykrgkcca ha rkgdrwa d Ykrrbnk zkr anibrldrwa w{ccb wxdxb hkc rkeawxrb= w{t{dnxa okna nbn gbngbrrkwwkrb da gdragfa k zkr t{dca rdeabna= aniank# gbn t{dcalkppa wa zbxkwwk rkanxkerdrk ac rkeawxrb 4?. Ac ; c{ecab w{ggkwwayb# d Ykrrbnk#handnpa dc rkikrknhdrab gblzdraydnb Eabydn Zakxrb Edrappb k a gbnwaecakraEadgblb Zkydrdrb k Hblknagb Xdoad &d gblzckxdrk c‑brhandrab gbnwaecab ldn,gdyd Walbnk Wgbxbnk gfk zrbzrab t{kc eabrnb krd wxdxb gbnhbxxb nkcck gdrgkraha Oakccd zkr a hkoaxa hkccd Gbl{naxê! k zrkwknxdydnb {n rkeawxrb zrayb ha hdxd#

hkc nblk hkcc‑deralknwbrk gfk cb dykyd ibrldxb k ha d{xknxagdpabnk nbxdrack 47.Hd t{kwxb rkeawxrb wa ragdydyd gfk ac xbxdck dccaordlknxb hka okna hkwgraxxadllbnxdyd d wbcha ;; k hkndra 6# ld wbcb ?7 wbcha k 4: hkndra gbngbrrkydnb

4? DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# GdlkrdckZaklbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 87= aoahkl# Dxxa

zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581# ldppb 478"4# zdrder.8?9:.

47 Ac rkeawxrb krd wbcxdnxb wbxxbwgraxxb«zrb gbzad Gdrbca½0 wa xrdxxdyd ykrbwalac,lknxk hkccb wxkwwb g{a wa raikrayd cd hagfad,rdpabnk hkc 4991. Gir. nbxd 5.

Law{rdxbrk Gdrcb Eadganxb Ldiika#Ldzzd hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk # #DGbl Ykrrbnk. An dcxb# d hkwxrd# anwgdcd ldeeabrk# æ rdzzrkwknxdxbc‑doaxdxb gbc gdwxkccb



DXX_DYK_WB A GDXDWXA DNXAGFA HKC GBL[NK 47;

da gdragfa 48. Walbnk Okrxd k Eabydnna Bcadrb# eaê gbnwbck k gbnwaecakrk# rdggbn,xdydnb gfk hbzb ac 4996 hbhaga idlaecak krdnb xbrndxk dh doaxdrk d Ykrrbnk&bcxrk da ldwwdra hka waenbra! k zba dngbrd gant{k b wka zkrwbnk# gfk dykydnbgblangadxb d radxxdrk «dcg{nk gdw{zbck gfk krdnb zkr gd{wd hk‑ xklza dnhdxkharrbgdxk½. [n xkwxalbnk hkc c{beb ha Wdnhaecadnb# raikrayd gfk w{b zdhrk#

dzzdrxknknxk d {nd idlaecad ha ldwwdra# dykyd doaxdxb d Ykrrbnk wan hdc 4946gargd# t{dnhb «dxxknhkyd dcck wgfbck wbxxb cd hawgazcand hkc i{ hbn OdrxbcblkbWgbxxbnk½= nkc 4975 dykyd hby{xb zdrxarnk# gbwã gblk eca dcxra zdrxagbcdra hkcc{beb# gfk dykydnb doodnhbndxb gdwk k okna d gd{wd hka gbnxan{a dccbeeadlknxak hkcck dnefkrak zkrzkxrdxk hda lacaxdra# a t{dca dykydnb zrkwb ac okwxadlk gfknbn krd eaê wxdxb yknh{xb zkr zdedrk eca dccbeeadlknxa. Zba# zdwwdxk ck e{krrk#dcg{na ibrkwxakra wa krdnb wxdoacaxa nkc c{beb ragkyknhb hdccd Gbl{naxê waxa doodn,hbndxa zkr gbwxr{arya ck cbrb gdwk4;. T{dnhb ac zdhrk doaxdyd d Ykrrbnk g‑krdnbt{drdnxd k zañ idlaecak# gbn zañ ha 7: zdad ha o{ba k an zañ ?:: «obggfkobyank½. Brd a zdrxagbcdra zbwwkhkydnb dc zañ {n zdab ha o{ba. Cd xkrrd krd zakndha gdwk an rbyand= a gdlza krdnb haykn{xa ekroaha k wa krdnb gbzkrxa ha obwgfa# acgfk yknayd harkxxdlknxk gbnwxdxdxb hdc rkikrknhdrab. Eca anxkrzkccdxa zrbzbnk,

ydnb {n wbcb ralkhab0 wk ac wbyrdnb dykwwk dhhbwwdxb deca doaxdnxa {n rdeabnk,ybck gdragb# kwwa dyrkookrb zbx{xb gbcxaydrk k rknhkr zrbh{xxaya a xkrrkna doodn,hbndxa# eadggfá brd a cbrb rkhhaxa krdnb dwwbroaxa hdc xdwwb k hdcck dcxrk hkoax{rk.

N{byk xkwxalbnadnpk w{ccb wxdxb hkc c{beb i{rbnb rdggbcxk nkc 496:0 aczralb ikoordab# w{ awxdnpd hkccd Gbl{naxê# dcg{na zdrxagbcdra# dngfk hka yaganac{befa ha Oknnd k Wdnhaecadnb# dxxkwxdydnb kwwkr nbxbrab gfk Ykrrbnk «hd gan,t{dnxd k zañ dnna anhakxrb rkwxdyd zbz{cdxb k n{lkrbwb ha gdwk# idlaecak k gdzaha gdwd dwgknhknxa dc n{lkrb ha gknxb gargd ]zrbodoaclknxk knidxappdxb dc iankha hdrk kyahknpd dc w{ggkwwayb doodnhbnb\# k gfk zkr yad hka xklza dnhdxa wbnbx{xxk hkxxk idlaecak dowknxdxk kx kwxanxk½. A xkwxalbna ragbrhdydnb a nbla hahaykrwa xrd t{ka gdza ha gdwd# «cd ldeeabr zdrxk h‑kwwa gblbha gbn t{dnxaxê haokwxadla# gdwk# okna k zbwwkwwa. Ac hkxxb c{beb krd dobnhdnxk ha idoragfk x{xxkfdoaxdxk# ]ld brd\ ca okna hd g{a wbzrd zbwwkh{xa rkwxdnb cd ldeabr zdrxk angbcxak alobwgfaxa½. Hdc 495: an zba# d gd{wd hka gdragfa kggkwwaya# ydra zdrxagbcdra wakrdnb ha n{byb dccbnxdndxa# xdcgfá dc zrkwknxk# kwgc{wa a ldwwdra hka ydwwdcca khkccd gfakwd &hka t{dca h{k wbcxdnxb zbwwkhkydnb t{dcgfk oknk d rkeawxrb!#rkwxdydnb nbyk gdza ha gdwd# ha g{a h{k wbca ndxaya hkc c{beb# k eca dcxra haWdnhaecadnb k Oknnd49.

Dcck xkwxalbnadnpk gbwã ibrldcappdxk wke{ã cd rawbc{pabnk ha hkianark# gbn cdibrldpabnk ha {n n{byb gdxdwxb# cd wax{dpabnk hka okna kwawxknxa nkc xkrraxbrabgbl{ndck wbxxb ac zrbiacb hkccd cbrb gbcckxxdoacaxê# byykrb all{naxê. W{ awxdnpdhkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk# ac 4; ikoordab 496:45# ac Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk angd,ragÿ Eabydn Odxxawxd Ldrdnhbnb# hbxxbrk gbcckeadxb nkccd zrkikxx{rd &gabæ

zrkwwb ac xrao{ndck! ha Oakccd k hkckedxb zrbyangadck# ha wbyranxknhkrk d {ndn{byd law{rd hkc xkrraxbrab gbl{ndck k dccd rannbydpabnk hkc gdxdwxb wkgbnhbc‑brhank eaê gaxdxb hkc Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbrhandrab wbzrd cd ra{nabnk hkc rkeawxrb.Cd Gbl{naxê krd okn gbnwdzkybck hkcc‑bzzbrx{naxê ha dwwbgadrk ck zrbzrakawxdnpk da xknxdxaya ha raibrld hkc wawxkld iawgdck anxrdzrkwa hdc ebykrnbwdod{hb. Nkccd w{zzcagd dcc‑{bzb raybcxd dc Wkndxb diikrldyd anidxxa gfk cdlaw{rd eknkrdck krd «gbwd kyahknxklknxk ydnxdeeabwd ]wad\ dc rkeab zdxralbnabgfk dcc‑anxkrkwwk z{oocagb# zkr kwwkr obnd zdrxk ha hkxxb xkrraxbrab wxdxb wbx,xrdxxb hdcca {na dcca dcxra# gfk ]gabæ a zrala# eca dxx{dca hkxknxbra\ wbxxb krrbnkazrkxxkwxa# wknpd zkrÿ dcg{n ibnhdlknxb ha rdeabnk# nbn gbngbrrbnb dc zded,lknxb hka gdraefa½. Ykhrklb zañ dydnxa gblk {nd xdck wbxxrdpabnk# nkcck dreb,lknxdpabna hkccd Gbl{naxê# yknawwk alz{xdxd nbn eknkragdlknxk d wanebca wbe,

ekxxa gfk dggdlzdydnb rdeabna h‑all{naxê w{a okna ha ndx{rd dccbhadck hd kwwadgt{awaxa# t{dnxb# kwwknpadclknxk# da ik{hdxdra gfk dyrkookrb an xklza zañ klknb cbnxdna kwxkwb a cbrb zbwwkhalknxa. Zkrdcxrb ac gbwxb hkcc‑bzkrdpabnk

48 Deca kiikxxa hkcc‑kwxalb a xkrrkna krdnbhayawa an xrk wt{dhrk wkgbnhb cd cbrb zrb,h{xxayaxê0 nkccd zrald idgkydnb {n wbchbeabrndxk {nd k lkppd# nkccd wkgbnhd xrkeabrndxk# nkccd xkrpd wka eabrndxk.

4; An dcxrd xkwxalbnadnpd# hkc ?6 debwxb4955# a gbnwaecakra hagfadrdrbnb gfk «ac rkea,

wxrb hkc ibebcdrk½ gbnwawxkyd an {n hkndrbgfk wa deea{nekyd dccd gbcbnnd ha bena zdr,xagbcdrk0 an x{xxb wk nk ragdydydnb 7 wbcha k8 hkndra wkgbnhb eca doaxdnxa gfk krdnb zkrh{k xkrpa ibrkwxakra# ldwwdra k ldn{dca nbnzbwwahknxa okna.

49 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 56# «Anibrldxabnaea{wxaiagdnxa cb wxdxb hkcca dnna zdwwdxa hkcc{beb ha Ykrrbnk k cb wxdxb zrkwknxdnkb½.

45 T{kwxa dxxa k eca dcxra ha wke{axb gaxdxawbnb razbrxdxa nkc «Caorb b orbecadwwb hkccdnbyd k eknkrdc law{rd ha x{xxb ac xkrraxbrabhkc c{beb ha Ykrbnk# kwgc{wk wklzcagklknxkck odrdppk# waxb hkccd gfakwd k gdwxkccb# idxxdzkr lanawxkrb hdc waenbr Zakxrb Brpb dera,

lknwbrk z{ocagb kx dzzrbydxb ha Gdnhkc,cb½# gbnwkrydxb an DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk#Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 8;; # zdrder. 45# k#an gbzad# an DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4?.



479 E[AHB EKNXACK

zrkbgg{zdyd eca dllanawxrdxbra a t{dca# zkr wbwxknkrcd# gfakhkydnb k bxxknkydnbhdc wbyrdnb ac gbnhbnb ha lkxê hkc xdwwb d c{a hby{xb. Ac ?? ikoordab w{ggkw,wayb ac hkckedxb Ldrdnhbnb brhandyd d x{xxa a zbwwkwwbra ha xkrrkna ha t{dcwadwagbnhapabnk waxa nkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk ha gblzdrark hdydnxa d c{a ac zralbldrpb zkr dwwawxkrk dccd nbland ha {n deralknwbrk z{oocagb k ea{rdxb# nbngfá

hkeca dyyawdnxa b anhagdnxa gblk zrkyawxb hdcc‑brhank hkc Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbrhand,rab= wdrkook zba wke{axd zkr gadwg{nb hka zbwwahknxa cd nbxaiagdpabnk hkc xkrlankan g{a hbykyd dwwawxkrk dccd law{rd hkccd rkeabnk nkccd t{dck wa xrbydydnb a w{baokna# zkr anhagdrca ea{wxdlknxk k gbnwkendrca. T{kwxd gbnybgdpabnk yknayd odn,haxd w{cck zadppk ha Ykrrbnk k hka gbl{na ianaxala0 Ldwwdppd# Oknnd# Gkrrabnk#Wdnhaecadnb# Edecadnagb k Gdnhkcb. Ac hkckedxb dhhayknayd gbwã dccd nbland hkc,c‑deralknwbrk ea{rdxb k z{oocagb ha Gdnhkcb# Zakxrb Brwb &ibrnaxb ha zdxknxagdlkrdca gbngkwwk ac 1 ldrpb 4958!# hka zkrxagdnxa Dnxbnab Edrappb# EadgblbZbykrdnb# Dnxbnab Lanbxxb# Dnxbnab Zbppb# nbngfá hkeca anhagdnxa EabydnnaZkrranb k Walbnk Okrxd# «{blana hd oknk hkc zrkwknxk c{beb½.

Ac ?4 ea{enb c‑deralknwbrk Brwb zrkwknxÿ ac «orbecadwwb hkcck law{rk½ hdc{a rkhdxxb# hagfadrdnhb ha dykr x{xxb law{rdxb kggkxxb ck odrdeek k a okna

gbl{na k ha dykr razbrxdxb x{xxa a wanebca okna nkcck gbcbnnk hka rawzkxxaya zbw,wkwwbra. Zba# cb wxkwwb eabrnb# i{rbnb hkz{xdxa t{dca ydczdhbra # an deea{nxd dclaw{rdxbrk Zakxrb Brwb# Odrxbcblkb Obna k Hblknagb Ordyb# knxrdloa haOknnd# «kwzkrxa hka c{befa k hkccd t{dcaxê hka okna½# a t{dca ea{rdrbnb ha kt{d,lknxk zrbyykhkrk dccd cbrb wxald k zrkwknxdrbnb ac ? c{ecab 496: {nd «rkcdpabnkha ydczdeeab½# hkwxandxd d rkwxdrk {n ikrlb raikralknxb zkr ck gdxdwxdpabna dyyk,n{xk nka gknx‑dnna gfk wke{arbnb. Deca kiikxxa hkcc‑kwxalb k hkcc‑dccaordlknxb#wkgbnhb cd zrdwwa yaeknxk nka gdxdwxa zaklbnxkwa# a okna hbykydnb kwwkrk razdr,xaxa an «ydcok½ b «wt{dhrk½# wkgbnhb cd zrbh{xxayaxê hka xkrrkna46. Nkc gdwb ant{kwxabnk ck ydcok# b ydczk nkccd hapabnk cbgdck# i{rbnb anhayah{dxk gblk t{dx,xrb hawxanxk rkeabna xkrraxbradca# okn hkcalaxdxk k gbnxknknxa xkrrkna ha {nd wxkwwdzrbh{xxayaxê. A hkxxa «ydczdhbra½# dyknhb «yawaxdxb x{xxb ac xkrraxbrab k zbrxdn,hbwa d zakha k gdcgdxb wbzrd x{xxa ca ibnha h‑kwwb iandeeab# gbcxaya k rkeawxrdoaca0gdlza# dcxkna ]gbæ xkrrkna d gbcx{rd lawxd gbn iacdra ha yaend\# zrdxa# obwgfa# pkr,oaha k or{krk½# nk ydc{xdrbnb ac rkhhaxb k wxdoacarbnb# anhazknhknxklknxk hdcckgbcx{rk# {nd xdraiid gbwã erdh{dxd0 nkccd zrald ydcod wa dccaordydnb zkr {n wbchbha rkeawxrb xrk eabrndxk hd xdybck nbydnxdwka c‑{nd# nkccd wkgbnhd t{dxxrb eabr,ndxk= nkcck xkrpd bxxb eabrndxk k nkccd t{drxd hbhaga eabrndxk41.

An t{ka eabrna gblzdraydnb handnpa dc hkckedxb a nboaca Dnxbnab OkrndrhanbYadcdrha# Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Debwxanb Lkrgdnhack wbwxk,nknhb gfk a okna ik{hdca hd kwwa zbwwkh{xa nbn zbxkydnb kwwkr lkwwa d rkeawxrbk cd law{rd eknkrdck nbn zbxkyd zrkea{hagdrnk c‑all{naxê. Zañ dyykrxaxb# GdrcbYadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb kwaekyd gfk a okna hd c{a zbwwkh{xa d xaxbcb ik{hdck nbn

ibwwkrb dccaordxa# ld wbcxdnxb rkeawxrdxa# gblk hawzbwxb hdcc‑brhank hkc Ldea,wxrdxb# «wknpd dcg{n gdraedlknxb h‑kwxalb½. Zkr w{b gbnxb ac zdrrbgb Gkgahdnbwa bzzbnkyd dccd rkeawxrdpabnk hka okna wzkxxdnxa dccd gfakwd hkc c{beb k dc oknk,iagab hka Wdnxa Dzbwxbca Walbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb. Ac hkckedxb Ldrdnhbnbrawzbnhkyd d t{kwxk ralbwxrdnpk hagfadrdnhb gfk cd law{rd eknkrdck nbndyrkook zrkea{hagdxb ac rkealk hka okna gfk raw{cxdwwkrb all{na# zkrgfá ik{,hdca b kggckwadwxaga?:.

Hdc «Caorb b orbecadwwb hkccd nbyd k eknkrdc law{rd½?4 gbwã ibrldxb raw{cxdgfk a okna gknwaxa# an x{xxb 495? eabrndxk# zkr cd wxrderdnhk ldeeabrdnpd i{rbnbgbnwkendxa gblk all{na# k zrkgawdlknxk 4?59 eabrndxk an t{dnxb ik{hdca# k?79 an t{dnxb wzkxxdnxa dh knxa kggckwadwxaga t{dca cd zdrrbggfad hkc c{beb# acoknkiagab hka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd &gdzzkccd hkc gdwxkccb!# cd gbnirdxkrnaxd ha

Wdnxb Wzaraxb ha Ykrrbnk# cd zdrrbggfad ha Ykrendwgb# a zdhra ha Wdn Zakxrb haOakccd. D irbnxk# raw{cxdydnb dccbhadca k t{anha gbcckxxdoaca wbcxdnxb 49: eabrndxk.Zkrdcxrb# nkccd gbzad hkc Orbecadwwb gfk wa gbnwkryd nkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha

46 Zkr cd nbpabnk ha ydcod ‗ wt{dhrd bgcdwwk ha xkrrknb k rkeabnk xkrraxbradck gbn,xknknxk xkrrkna hkccd wxkwwd obnxê ‗ k cd w{dgbngrkxd dzzcagdpabnk# gir. E. O_DGGB# Xkr,rd k iawgdcaxê nkc Zaklbnxk wdod{hb# gax.# zz.7:,77.

41 Gir. ck xkwxalbnadca ha rkcdpabnk ha ydc,zdeeab anwkraxk nkc «Caorb b orbecadwwbhkccd nbyd k eknkrdc law{rd ha x{xxb ac xkrra,

xbrab hkc c{beb ha Ykrbnk½# gax.?: Hdeca dxxa razbrxdxa nkc «Caorb b orb,

ecadwwb hkccd nbyd k eknkrdc law{rd ha x{xxbac xkrraxbrab hkc c{beb ha Ykrbnk½# gax.#raw{cxd dngfk gfk ac gbnxk k dodxk Erblb haXkrnkneb# Irdngkwgb Ldrad Wdnhaecadnb# ecakrkha ha Gdrcb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# aczakydnb Gkgahdnb# Debwxanb Lkrgdnhack kh{k zdrxagbcdra ha Oakccd gbnxkwxdydnb ac ydc,zdeeab gfk wa krd dwwkendxb da cbrb okna.C‑dyybgdxb Ldrdnhbnb hagfadrdyd cd rkeb,cdraxê hkccd law{rdpabnk k hkc ydczdeeab kralkxxkyd eca anxkrkwwdxa dc rkdc Wkndxb zkr cdhkianapabnk hka cbrb ragbrwa.

?4 DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4?. C‑braeandck#d{xknxagdxb hdc nbxdab k wkerkxdrab gbl{,

ndck Ldppbnk ac ?: ea{enb 496:# zkryknnkdccd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa ha Zaklbnxk kh ægbnwkrydxb an DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk#Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 8;; # zdrder. 45.

d hkwxrd0

Ldzzd gdxdwxdck hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk ## DGbl Ykrrbnk. Irdllknxb ha{nd gbzad gbkyd gbn ac zdrxagbcdrk ha{nd zbrpabnk hkc xkrraxbrab haYkrrbnk gbniandnxk gbn Edecadnagb k

Wdnhaecadnb




Ykrrbnk# an gdcgk d gadwg{nd hkcck gbcbnnk gbnxknknxa okna hagfadrdxaall{na hda gbnwaenbra hkc c{beb yknnk dnnbxdxb gfk ac Zdxralbnadckha W. D. _.# nkccd caxk wbrxd gba ydra xaxbcdra ha t{kwxa okna# zrkxknhkydgfk t{kwxa ibwwkrb an erdn zdrxk dccbhadca.

T{kwxk dnnbxdpabna wbxxbcankdnb {nd wbwxdnpadck annbydpabnk nkccd

wxr{xx{rd k nkccd i{npabnk hkc gdxdwxb0 wk a gdxdwxa xrdhapabndca krdnb angkrxb wknwb hbg{lknxa anxkrna hkccd Gbl{naxê gfk ca ibrldyd dc iankha razdrxark eca bnkra gbl{naxdra k ac gdragb iawgdck w{a zbwwkwwbra haokna dccbhadca waxa nkc w{b xkrraxbrab??# ac n{byb gdxdwxb# ibrldxbwkgbnhb ck harkxxayk alzdrxaxk hd {n brednb wxdx{dck# wa zrkwknxdydgblk {nb wxr{lknxb iawgdck wbeekxxb d {n gbnxrbccb w{zkrabrk# nkct{dhrb hkccd zkrkt{dpabnk zkrwke{axd hdc ebykrnb wdod{hb# lardnxkd gbanybcekrk okna gfk wanb dh dccbrd ibwwkrb wxdxa wbxxrdxxa dccd gbnxra,o{pabnk. Gaÿ zbxkyd idybrark# kyahknxklknxk# {nd gbnykreknpd h‑an,xkrkwwa k ha anxkryknxa xrd cd Gbl{naxê k cd zbcaxagd iawgdck hkccb Wxdxb.

Zkrdcxrb cd gd{wd lbwwd hdccd Gbl{naxê nkc 496:?7 zkr gbnxkwxdrkcd zrkxkwd all{naxê hka okna hagfadrdxa gblk ik{hdca nkc n{byb gdxd,

wxb nbn kook w{ggkwwb0 a ea{haga hkckedxa hdc h{gd# raidgknhbwa dcck zdw,wdxk hkgawabna# wknxknpadrbnb ac ?7 ea{enb 4967 gfk x{xxa okna zbwwk,h{xa hda ydwwdca k caxawgbnwbrxa krdnb «ik{hdca hkccd n{byd ckeek½. Ldcd Gbl{naxê razrkwknxdyd ck w{k awxdnpk dc wbyrdnb k ac ?9 hagklork491; ac gbnxk Eabydnna Odxxawxd _aggdrha anxknhknxk hkccd zrbyangad haYkrgkcca yknayd angdragdxb ha yawaxdrk ac c{beb ha Ykrrbnk k ha kwdla,ndrk ac rkeawxrb# a t{anxkrnkxxa kwdxxbradca# nbngfá ck gbnwkenk hkcckobggfk {ldnk k hkc okwxadlk. Hdcck xkwxalbnadca ha xrdwikrxd zrkwkn,xdxk hdc _aggdrha dccd iank hkc eknndab wke{knxk?8# w{ccd odwk hkc wbzrdc,c{beb k hkcck hagfadrdpabna rdggbcxk zrkwwb eca {iiagadca hkccd Gbl{naxêk a gdza ha gdwd# klkrek {n t{dhrb dwwda zdrxagbcdrkeeadxb hkccd wax{d,

pabnk cbgdck# nbn wbcxdnxb wbxxb ac zrbiacb hkcck rawbrwk gbcckxxdoaca k ha t{kcckgfk wa wbwxknkydnb all{na. Cd Gbl{naxê dnnbykrdyd ?:: obggfk {ldnk ha kxêw{zkrabrk da wkxxk dnna &ldngdyd ac n{lkrb hka lanbra!?;. A zdrxagbcdra &kwgc{waa ldwwdra! zbwwkhkydnb xrd x{xxa ?; zdad ha o{ba# ld lbcxa nk krdnb wzrbyyawxa.A wanebca n{gcka idlaecadra yknaydnb hkwgraxxa nkccd cbrb zrkgawd gblzbwapabnk# ckcbrb rawbrwk k ac rawzkxxayb rkeawxrb0 hdeca dooaknxa ‗ a ydwwdcca DnxbnabOkrndrhanb# zrabrk Eabydnna Eadgblb k Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ‗ gba idla,ecadra# a wkrya# a ldwwdra k ac okwxadlk# wanb d gbcbrb gfk nbn zbwwkhkydnb dcg{noknk?9. Ac h{gd Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA hbykxxk rkwxdrk alzrkwwabndxb hdcck raw{c,xdnpk hkcc‑anhdeank k# gbn zdxknxk hkc ?? ikoordab# hkgawk gfk wa zrbgkhkwwk dccdrkyawabnk ha x{xxk ck wknxknpk zrbn{ngadxk w{cc‑dnxagd t{kwxabnk. Cd Gbl{naxê#dzzbeeadxd hdc Zdxralbnadck eknkrdck# wbwxknkyd gfk t{kwxk zrbn{ngk krdnb

wxdxk wxdxk yapadxk hd krrbra ha idxxb gbngkrnknxa c‑kiikxxayd gbnhapabnk hka oknagbnxrbykrwa?5. Wkgbnhb a ragbrrknxa a okna zbwwkh{xa hda ydwwdcca krdnb dccbhadca kt{anha gbcckxxdoaca dclknb nkccd law{rd an g{a nbn krdnb wxdxa gbnwkendxa dwke{axb hkccd wknxknpd hkc 494:. Wa zrbh{gkyd t{anha gbzad hkcck zdrgkcck gbn,xknknxa t{kwxd gbnwkend k {n dxxb hd g{a raw{cxdyd gfk nkc 4945 a nboaca gbn,gbrrkydnb zkr {n xkrpb hkc rkeawxrb. Anwaklk wa idgkyd rackydrk gfk cb wxdxb hkcrkeawxrb gbcckxxdoack hkccd Gbl{naxê xrd ac 4945 k ac 49?: krd wgkwb hd ?:: d 4?:

wbcha= anykgk a okna hagfadrdxa nka gbnwkendlknxa ik{hdca krdnb ykn{xa grk,wgknhb. Wa hawg{wwk t{anha ha yagknhk w{ggkwwbrak k ha dgt{awxa. Xkwxalbna zrb,hbxxa hdccd Gbl{naxê dwwkrarbnb gfk# h{rdnxk cb wzbzbcdlknxb wke{axb dccke{krrk k dc gbnxdeab# a waenbra dykydnb bgg{zdxb xkrrk dccbhadca. Cd wkrak hkecadxxa lknpabndxa k zrbhbxxa# wkgbnhb ck lklbrak hkcck zdrxa k eca wxdxa hkccd gd{wd#

krd gblzckwwd k cdg{nbwd. Wa hawg{wwk hkccd ydcahaxê k hkccd wgblzdrwd ha hbg{,lknxa rackydnxa?6. Ld nkccb wyac{zzb hkcck dcckedpabna ac Zdxralbnadck# w{zkrdnhbck zralk ragfakwxk# kwxkwk ck w{k gbnxkwxdpabna d x{xxa a okna zbwwkh{xa an Ykrrbnk

??

E. O_DGGB# Xkrrd k iawgdcaxê nkc Zak,lbnxk wdod{hb# gax.# z. ?6.?7 Cd gd{wd krd wxdxd hkckedxd# ac ?? wkx,

xklork 496:# d {nd gbllawwabnk gbwxax{axdhdc zralb zrkwahknxk Ocdngadrha# hdc ldr,gfkwk Zdccdyaganb# hda wkndxbra Xbrana#Zdwxbraw k _agfkcla. Gir. cb wxdxb hkccd gd{wdan DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 5?= anbcxrk# nkccbwxkwwb drgfayab# Dxxa zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581#ldppb 478"?# zdrder. 8?94.

?8 T{kwxk xkwxalbnadca wbnb anwkraxk xrddxxa ha gd{wd an DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk#Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Dxxa zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581#ldppb 478"?# zdrder. 8?9?. C‑braeandck hkcgdxdwxb raw{cxÿ kwwkr wxdxb xrdwlkwwb ac ??hagklork 491; dc zrbg{rdxbrk eknkrdck Ld,rdnhbnb w{ w{d ragfakwxd. Nbn wa krd dngbribrldxb {n rkeawxrb hkcck l{xdpabna b ybc,x{rk# zkrgfá# dwwkraydnb ac gbnwbck k a gbnwa,ecakra# nbn wk nk krd hdxd cd nkgkwwaxê.

?; Gargd c‑ahbnkaxê hkccd zbzbcdpabnk dacdybra deragbca ac _aggdrha ibrnayd cb wx{zk,idgknxk rdee{decab0 «nbn gbnbwgbnb dcg{nfdoaxdnxk alzbxknxk dcc‑deragbcx{rd zkrgfáan t{kwxb zdkwk d gd{wd hkcc‑drad anikxxd nbngdlzdnb lbcxb½.

?9 Hd {nd xdck rdwwkend wa zbxrkookrbragdydrk rdee{deca dwwda anxkrkwwdnxa w{ccdgblzbwapabnk hkcck idlaecak k w{cck cbrbrawbrwk. Dh kwklzab# ac xknbrk ha yaxd hkc zañraggb xrd a ydwwdcca# ac gbnxk Dnxbnab Okrndr,hanb Yadcdrha# nbn raw{cxd zdrxagbcdrlknxk

deadxb= fd t{dcgfk wkryaxbrk# {nd grkdhd k {nwbcb gdydccb0 wanxbla ha {nd zdrxagbcdrk zdr,walbnad b ha {nd gbnhapabnk nbn hbyapabwdt{dnxb dccd rkwd hkcck w{k ldwwdrak2



476 E[AHB EKNXACK

hda ydwwdcca. T{kwxa dykydnb hd {cxalb zrbhbxxb c‑dxxb ha hkhapabnk hkc 4757 zkrwbwxknkrk c‑kwknpabnk hd bena xrao{xb xrdnnk t{kccb# dccbrd zdxx{axb gbc gbnxk haWdybad# ha {n lkppb iabranb h‑brb zkr i{bgb d gdragb wad hka waenbra gfk hkeca{blana cbrb w{hhaxa. Ac Zdxralbnadck nk dre{ayd anykgk gfk eaê an dccbrd hbykydkwawxkrk {n rkeawxrb zkr ac razdrxb ha t{kwxb xrao{xb= cd hawg{wwabnk wa wzbwxÿ

t{anha w{cc‑dxxb hkcc‑anykwxax{rd hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk gbngkwwd ac 4: ea{enb48;8 hdc h{gd C{hbyagb da Yadcdrha# nkc t{dck wa dwwag{rdyd gfk eca dcxra cbrbokna wdrkookrb rkwxdxa caokra k dccbhadca &«gkxkrd hagxbr{l nboaca{l obnd ik{,hdcad lanalk gknwkdnx{r ibrk idgxd# wkh an faw wxdx{ kx erdh{ caokrd kx dccbhad,cad rkldnkdnx an t{ao{w krdnx dnxk zrkwknxkl anykwxax{rdl½!?1. Ac Zdxralbnadcknk xrdkyd cd gbngc{wabnk0 a ydwwdcca «nbn dyknhb okn ik{hdca dnxagfa ld oknadiikxxa dc gdxdwxb wkwwdnxd k zañ dnna dydnxa c‑alzbwapabnk hkc xdwwb# ná gbn,wxdnhb gfk anha wadnb wxdxa ckydxa# nbn wa zbwwbnb dyydckrk hkccd n{byd ckeek hkc49:9½. Zkrxdnxb x{xxa a xkrrkna hd cbrb zbwwkh{xa d Ykrrbnk hbykydnb kwwkr gbn,wahkrdxa gblk dccbhadca.

Dc gdhkrk hkc VYAA wkgbcb cd zbcaxagd wdod{hd ybcekyd d wydnxdeeab hkcckzrkxkwk all{naxê. Eaê eca brhana hkc Ldeawxrdxb wxrdbrhandrab hkc 495; lard,

ydnb d idybrark cd rkanxkerdpabnk hkc rkeawxrb hkcck Gbl{naxê k# gblk wa æ yawxb#zrkykhkydnb c‑anxkryknxb hkc Zdxralbnadck zkr a zrbgkhalknxa ea{hapadra gfk wawdrkookrb anxrdzrkwa d xdck kiikxxb. Gbn zdxknxa hkc 4? ea{enb 4915 da hkckedxazrbyangadca krd wxdxb gbnikrldxb ac gblzaxb ha g{rdrk cd gbnwkrydpabnk k cd rkan,xkerdpabnk hka rkeawxra gbl{ndca# k gbwxbrb ragfakwkrb dcck Gbl{naxê ha wkend,cdrk x{xxa a zdxralbna gfk ebhkydnb ha all{naxê. Zba# xrd ac 4916 k ac 4544# acebykrnb wdod{hb# lardnhb dccd zkrkt{dpabnk hka gbnxaneknxa xrao{xdra xrd ckGbl{naxê k dcc‑dggkrxdlknxb hkcck cbrb gdzdgaxê gbnxrao{xayk# anxrdzrkwk {ndlaw{rd eknkrdck hka xkrraxbra# diiahdnhbcd harkxxdlknxk d zrbzra i{npabndra k dalaw{rdxbra hd t{kwxa angdragdxa. Wa hbykydnb gknwark dngfk a okna all{na# ik{,hdca kh kggckwadwxaga# anhagdnhbnk a rawzkxxaya xaxbcdra. Ck bzkrdpabna gbwã gbn,hbxxk d caykccb wxdx{dck nbn zrbh{gkydnb hka gdxdwxa# «ld wbcb {nb wxr{lknxbha gfadrkppd kt{axdxayd an ldxkrad iawgdck½7:= ac cbrb wgbzb krd ha «gbnbwgkrk acn{lkrb ha eabrndxk dzzdrxknknxa d gadwg{n xkrraxbrab zkr zbxkr wgbzrark ckbgg{cxdpabna ha rkeawxrb= dggkrxdrk ac rkhhaxb hkccd zdrxk hblanagdck gfk gbn,gbrrkyd dc zdedlknxb hka gdragfa z{oocaga½74. Nkc gbnxklzb kyahknpadydnbc‑knxaxê hka okna all{na b zrkxkwa xdca nkcc‑dloaxb hka rawzkxxaya xkrraxbra gbl{,ndca. An kiikxxa# «cd erdnhk edlld ha kwknpabna# hkraydnxa wad hd dnxagfa zraya,ckea# wad hd gbngkwwabna rkgknxa b hd dzkrxk {w{rzdpabna# ragdhkyd an ldnakrdwzrbzbrpabndxd w{cck eaê wbyrdggdragfk Gbl{naxê cbgdca½7?. Zbwwadlb t{anhaw{zzbrrk gfk ck xknhknpk awzardnxa cd zbcaxagd hkccd zkrkt{dpabnk# z{r nbndngbr ea{nxk dcck cbrb {cxalk ldnaikwxdpabna# anic{awwkrb ha eaê an t{dcgfk lbhbw{cc‑kwaxb iandck hkccd gbnxrbykrwad xrd cd Gbl{naxê k a ydwwdcca ha Ykrrbnk.

Ac 45 ldeeab 45:8 yknnk z{oocagdxd cd hkgawabnk gbn g{a ac h{gd# ac ?7dzrack# gbc ybxb k zdrkrk hkc erdn gdngkccakrk ldrgfkwk ha Okcckedrhk# hkc zralbzrkwahknxk hkc Wkndxb Ckbnk# hkc zrkwahknxk hk E{okrndxaw# hka wkndxbraOdckenb# _agfkcla# Edpkcca nbngfá hkcc‑dyybgdxb _aggdrha ckxxbrk zrkwwbc‑[naykrwaxê# dggbecaknhb c‑awxdnpd ha rkyawabnk ha x{xxk ck wknxknpk eaê kldndxkw{ccd gbnxrbykrwad an t{kwxabnk# hagfadrdyd «x{xxk ck xkrrk k zbwwkwwabna hkc xkr,raxbrab ha Ykrrbnk caokrk k dccbhadca# gdxxdwxrdxk b gdxdwxrdoaca# gblzrknwayd,lknxk dcca ]okna\ xkn{xa k zbwwkh{xa hdcca hkxxa ydwwdcca kx dcxra caxkgbnwbrxa½. Aydwwdcca Yadcdrha ‗ Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb# zrabrk Eabydnna Eadgblb# gbllkn,hdxbrk Xbldwb ‗ k eca dcxra caxawgbnwbrxa krdnb t{anha gbnhdnndxa «d gbnwkendrkk rkeawxrdrk dc gdxxdwxrb ha hkxxd Gbll{naxê hkxxa okna hd cbrb rkwzkxxaydlknxkzbwwkh{xa# hd hkwgraykrwa dccd gbcbnnd ha gdh{nb h‑kwwa d zrbzbrxabnk hkcc‑k,

wxalb kh dccaordlknxb hdxb da okna zbwwkh{xa hdec‑dcxra zdrxagbcdra rkeawxrdnxaan kwwb xkrraxbrab# kx an wke{axb d zdedr h‑fbr an dyknark zkr kwwa okna x{xxa cagdragfa gfk hd hkxxd Gbl{naxê wdrdnnb hby{xa kx alzbwxa# dngfk zkr ck gd{wk

?5 Cd gd{wd i{ hkckedxd dc zrkwahknxkZdccdyaganb k da wkndxbra Odckenb# Hknxaw#Bnhab k Erdnkra. Eca dxxa wbnb gbnwkrydxa anDW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Dxxa zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581# ldppa 478"4k 478"?# zdrder. 8?9?.

?6 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,

lbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 55. Ac zakydnb Eab,ydnna Gkgahdnb hagfadrÿ ac ?; ea{enb 4919ha kwwkr oknawwalb anibrldxb gfk cd Gbl{,naxê krd wxdxd wzbecadxd ha x{xxa a w{ba gdxdwxak t{anxkrnkxxa gblzrbydnxa ck xdecak eaêzdedxk hda ydwwdcca hkc c{beb zkr ac cbrb rkea,wxrb dccbhadck. Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrhaeca dykyd idxxb gbnw{cxdrk# zkr cd ragbena,pabnk hka okna hkccd gfakwd# {n gdxdwxb ibr,ldxb xrd ac 49:8 k ac 49:9. Cd zrboaxê k c‑dx,xknhaoacaxê hkc zdrrbgb krdnb gbnikrldxkhd xkwxalbna. Keca wdrkook anbcxrk ea{nxb dhdiikrldrk gfk a ea{haga hkckedxa gfk dykydnbklkwwb c‑{cxald wknxknpd widybrkybck zkr cdGbl{naxê krdnb wxdxa w{eekwxabndxa hdcc‑dy,ybgdxb eknkrdck Iragfaenbnb# zkr ac gfk# an{n‑dcckedpabnk zkr zdrxk ha Dnxbnab Okr,

ndrhanb Yadcdrha# ac zakydnb Gkgahdnb krdxdggadxb ha dnalbwaxê k ha zdrpadcaxê ykrwb{n zdrknxk# gfk krd xrd a ldeeabra rkea,wxrdnxa ha Ykrrbnk.

?1 Hd zdrxk hka ydwwdcca wa wbwxknnk gfk cdcaokrxê gbwã wdngaxd waenaiagdyd wbcxdnxb c‑k,wknpabnk hd bena xrao{xb ik{hdck &gir. DWXbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk#

Drx. 67: # idwg. 19# «_awzbwxk hdxk hdccawaenbra Ydwwdcca ha Ykrrbnk dcck dcckedpabnahkc Zdxralbnadck# dcckedpabnk d wxdlzd anxa,xbcdxd Zkr rawbcykrk a h{oaa lbwwa zkr zdrxkhkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk k hkc waenbrZdxralbnadck ha W. D. _. gbnxrb ac waenbrydwwdccb Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha½!# ldac Zdxralbnadck dykyd o{bn eabgb d wbxxbca,nkdrk c‑dccbhadcaxê hka okna dzzdrxknknxa dawaenbra k rackydyd gfk cd eknkragd lknpabnkha xkrrk ik{hdca idxxd an {n‑anykwxax{rd hkc4;64 krd hd anxknhkrwa wa t{dk wanx # nbngbnwxdnhb gfk an zrkgkhknpd a ydwwdcca dykw,wkrb gbwxax{axb an ik{hb dngfk a cbrb okna.Gir. DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdlkrdck Zak,lbnxk# Drx. 67: # idwg. 57 k idwg. 4:8# «Idxxbnkccd gd{wd hkccd gbl{naxê ha Ykrbnk gbn,xrb ca waenbra ydwwdcca Yadcdrha k dcxra½ &zbwxc{ecab 45:?# d iarld hkcc‑dyybgdxb Ea{,wkzzk Obnd{ha hkc _keab Zdxralbnab kIawgb!.

7: A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß# Zkrkt{dpabnk k gdxd,wxb an Zaklbnxk nkc wkgbcb VYAAA # an Gaxxê k

zrbzrakxê allboacadrk an Axdcad nkeca {cxala h{k wkgbca # Lacdnb 4164# z. 475.

74 H. OB_ABCA# L. IK__D_AW# D. Z_KLBCA# Cd zkrkt{dpabnk hka xrao{xa nkc Zaklbnxkwdod{hb# gax.# z. 497.

7? E. WQLGBV# C‑kxê ha Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA # an Z. LK_CAN# G. _ BWWB# E. WQLGBV# E._ AG[ZK_DXA# Ac Zaklbnxk wdod{hb. Wxdxb k xkr,raxbra an kxê lbhkrnd# an Wxbrad h‑Axdcad#harkxxd hd E. EDCDWWB# ybc. YAAA# xblb A# z.741.




dnxkgkhknxa d t{kwxd wknxknpd nbwxrd nkcc‑awxkwwb lbhb gfk dc zrkwknxk gbngbr,rbnb k gbngbrrkrdnnb ec‑dcxra rkeawxrdnxa an kwwb c{beb zkr a cbrb okna gdxdwxrdxa]...\. Zkr gd{xkcd hk‑ t{dca gdragfa rkwxdrdnnb diikxxa ca w{hkxxa okna dccd zkrzk,x{d fazbxkgd ykrwb hkxxa Gbl{naxê k Zdxralbnadck nbwxrb zbrxdxd hdcc‑khaxxbhkcca t{dxxrb ldrpb lacckwkagknxbwka# rkakxxd bena ik{hdcaxê k zrkxkwd all{naxêgbnyknxabndxd# gbnw{kx{handrad b zrkwgraxxd# kggkxx{dxa wbcb hd hkxxd gdxxdwxrd,pabnk {naykrwdck ca okna k zdwgbca gbl{na nbn gdxxdwxrdxa wanb dc zrkwknxk k nbnrahbxxa d gbcx{rd dccd lknxk ha hkxxb khaxxb½77. K t{dnxb {nd xdck wknxknpdhbykwwk raw{cxdrk kykrwayd rae{drhb dccd zrdwwa xrdhapabndclknxk wke{axd nka gbn,wkendlknxa ik{hdca k nkc rannbydlknxb hkcck anik{hdpabna78 raw{cxd# ird c‑dcxrb#hdcc‑kwwkr ragbnbwga{xb gfk ac zrabrk k ydwwdccb Eabydnna Eadgblb Yadcdrhadykyd xaxbcb zkr ragfakhkrk cd rkwxax{pabnk hkccd wblld d w{b xklzb ykrwdxd zkrbxxknkrk# gbn zdxknxa hkc ?1 debwxb 4918# c‑anik{hdpabnk ha okna gfk brd ykna,ydnb hagfadrdxa dccbhadca# ld nbn zkr gbnxkwxdrk cd hkgawabnk iandck hkc wbyrdnb.

D wke{axb ha t{kwxd wknxknpd a hkckedxa ha W. D. _. w{ccd gd{wd ha Ykrrbnk anXbranb wkhknxa hawzbnkydnb ac ?; ea{enb 45:8 gfk ac harkxxbrk hkccd gaxxê k zrb,yangad ha Oakccd Dnxbnab Ea{wkzzk Ykrgkccbnb gbnybgdwwk a ydwwdcca k a zdrxagb,cdra caxawgbnwbrxa d rkeawxrdrk a cbrb okna dc gdxdwxb hkccd Gbl{naxê# ibrldxb nkc496:. Cd gaxdpabnk hkeca anxkrkwwdxa k cd gbnwkend hka okna hd kwwa zbwwkh{xahandnpa dc hkckedxb Ykrgkccbnb# dc gbnwbck Wkodwxadnb Zkykrdrb k dc gbnwaecakrkEdwzdrk Gkgahdnb an rdzzrkwknxdnpd hkccd Gbl{naxê# nbn wke{arbnb wknpdgbnxrdwxa. Ac Ykrgkccbnb landggaÿ da gbnx{ldga cd rah{pabnk d ldna hkc wbyrdnbhka okna gfk nbn yknawwkrb gbnwkendxa k rkeawxrdxa gblk wxdoacaxb hdccd wknxknpd.

Lknxrk dcg{na hkeca anxkrkwwdxa wa dhke{dydnb dccd hkgawabnk wknpd gbnxkwxdrcd#dcxra nkedydnb cd w{d ydcahaxê k bzzbnkydnb ikrlk rawkryk. Xrd gbwxbrb# ac zañyaydgk &k ac zañ ibrnaxb ha okna hd hkn{ngadrk!# Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha#

77 C‑awxr{pabnk ibrnaxd dc gbccdxkrdck Ob,nd{hb d wke{axb hkcc‑khaxxb hkc 8 ldrpb49:9 zrkgawdyd gfk a okna gfk wkryaydnb wbc,

xdnxb dh {wb gbl{nk hka zdrxagbcdra nbn wagblzrknhkydnb nkc gbnxb hkccd zkrkt{d,pabnk# lknxrk t{kcca gfk zrbh{gkydnb rkh,haxb ya hbykydnb knxrdrk. Gir. H. OB_ABCA#L. IK__D_AW# D. Z_KLBCA# Cd zkrkt{dpabnkhka xrao{xa nkc Zaklbnxk wdod{hb# gax.# z. 487.

78 Ck gbnwkenk k ck gbnwke{knxa anik{hd,pabna ha okna ha dwwkraxd gbnhapabnk ik{hdckw{wwke{axkwa nkc gbrwb hkc ‑9:: d idybrk hkaydwwdcca raw{cxdrbnb arrackydnxa deca kiikxxaiawgdca d irbnxk hkcc‑braeandrad ndx{rd ha t{k,wxa okna. Eaê h{rdnxk ac zrbgkwwb gbngc{wbwawidybrkybclknxk zkr cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrb,nk nkc 4967 krd klkrwb gfk zdrxk hka oknagfk Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha dwwkraydall{na zkrgfá ik{hdca nbn krdnb wxdxa hdc{a gbnwkendxa k t{anha ac Yadcdrha# gfk wa

ea{wxaiagdyd zkr t{kwxd blawwabnk zkrgfádyykn{xd h{rdnxk cd w{d lanbrk kxê# zkr kya,xdrk cd hkybc{pabnk ha t{kwxa okna dcwbyrdnb yknayd d{xbrappdxb d idrnk rkebcdrk

Law{rdxbrk Gdrcb Eadganxb Ldiika#Caorb iae{rdxb hk xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk ## DGbl Ykrrbnk._dzzrkwknxdpabnk ekblkxragd khkwgrapabnk hka wanebca dzzkppdlknxagfk gblzbnebnb ck rkeabnahkcc‑Dnhradnd# hkccd Wdcydppd k hkcYdccbnk



48: E[AHB EKNXACK

gblzdrknhb ac 48 c{ecab# hagfadrÿ gfk nbn krd dgt{akwgknxk dccd wknxknpd k gfkanxknhkyd gfakhkrnk dc wbyrdnb cd rkyawabnk. Zkr bookhark dcc‑anea{npabnk ragk,y{xd keca krd hawzbwxb d gbnwkendrk {nd zdrxk hka w{ba okna k d hawlkxxkrnk dcxra0cd Gbl{naxê wk ca zrknhkwwk k nk idgkwwk t{kc gfk ybckyd# wdcyb zba hbykrecakcarkwxax{ark wk c{a# ac ydwwdccb Yadcdrha# dykwwk razbrxdxb gbnikrld hkccd xrdhapabndck

all{naxê. Zba# ac 41 c{ecab# Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb gblzdryk n{bydlknxk k gbwxa,x{knhb {n w{b zrbg{rdxbrk wzkgadck zkr cd gbnwkend hka w{ba okna &ac t{dck xrkeabrna hbzb dyrkook rkeawxrdxb d w{b nblk {n gblzckwwb gbwzag{b ha xkrrkna!zrkgawÿ gfk gaÿ idgkyd# wkooknk nbn wa gbnwahkrdwwk boocaedxb# «zkr kyaxdrk ckrkh{gabnk wbcdlknxk# k nbn dcxralknxa= k d w{d ea{wxaiagdpabnk deea{nwk0 dccdt{dck ]rah{pabnk\ landggad hkxxb waenbr harkxxbrk idr zrbgkhkrk# wk oknk c{afdooa lda raia{xdxb ha idrk hkxxd gbnwkend zkr bookhark d‑ rkdca gbldnha# k wkwan t{a fd hkcbnedxb wa æ cd gd{wd zkr kwwkr hkxkn{xb an ckxxb hd ikork xkrpdndk lbcxb xrdydecadxb hd ebxxd½. Hdcck hagfadrdpabna hkeca anxkrkwwdxa klkrek aneknkrdck gfk krd anydcwd {nd wbwxdnpadck gbni{wabnk xrd ac zrkxkwb rkealk ik{,hdck hka okna k cd cbrb ekwxabnk zraydxawxagd# kwwknhb anxkrykn{xk# wknpd d{xb,rappdpabnk hkc wbyrdnb# ydrak gkwwabna k zkrl{xk &anxkwk dngfk d {n zañ bzzbr,

x{nb dggbrzdlknxb hka xkrrkna! k zkrwanb cd gbwxax{pabnk ha {n zdxralbnabkggckwadwxagb k ha {nd hbxk lbndgdck7;. Xrd eca dcxra# ac zrabrk k ydwwdccb EabydnnaEadgblb Yadcdrha# hbzb dykr dwwkraxb gfk dyrkook gbnwkendxb a okna ha g{a dw{b xklzb dykyd bxxkn{xd anykwxax{rd gbn c‑dzzrbydpabnk hkccd Gdlkrd hkagbnxa# t{dnhb eca ibwwk wxdxb rkwxax{axd cd wblld ha 8::: cark dcc‑{bzb ykrwdxd#ragbrrkyd dc h{gd zkr cdlknxdrk gfk# d wke{axb hkccd rkgknxk wknxknpd# cdGbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk ybckyd rknhkr gbcckxxdoaca a okna hd c{a krkhaxdxa k dwwbe,ekxxdrcb dc zdedlknxb hkcck xdecak# wknpd dcg{n rae{drhb zkr cd w{d all{naxêkggckwadwxagd= wa hagfadrdyd zrbnxb d zdedrk ac xdwwb# ld w{zzcagdyd ha yakxdrk dccdGbl{naxê ha alzbreca dcxra gdragfa79.Dh bena lbhb xrd ac 4; k ac ?7 c{ecab 45:8

wa wybcekyd ac gbnwkendlknxb# hd zdrxk ha ydra wbeekxxa75# ha {nd ldwwd gbnwa,hkrkybck ha okna# gfk yknnkrb awgraxxa k dccaordxa dc gdxdwxb hkccd Gbl{naxê haYkrrbnk# hbzb gfk c‑deralknwbrk Eabydnna Dnxbnab Brwb ha Gdnhkcb nk kookykraiagdxd cd law{rd.

Ac ybc{lk braeandck hkc gdxdwxb ibrldxb nkc 496: k dcckedxb an bggdwabnkhkccd gbnxrbykrwad rkwxdyd gbnwkrydxb an braeandck zrkwwb cd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa kan gbzad zrkwwb cd Gbl{naxê. Cd zrbh{pabnk ha {nd xdck gbzad eaê dykyd gd{,wdxb t{dcgfk gbnxkwxdpabnk an bggdwabnk hka gbnwkendlknxa anxkrykn{xa nkc45:8= anbcxrk t{kwxa n{bya gbnwkendlknxa krdnb wxdxa hbg{lknxdxa gbn dxxawkzdrdxa. Zkr deeabrndrk an {n n{byb rkeawxrb gdxdwxdck c‑dwwkxxb k cd xaxbcdraxêhka xkrrkna# d wke{axb ha x{xxk ck ydradpabna dyykn{xk nkc irdxxklzb# an lbhb gfk«x{xxa ca okna rkwxanb gdxxdwxrdxa k gbngbrranb dc zdedlknxb hk‑ gdraefa½# cdGbl{naxê bxxknnk ac ?1 ldrpb 45?9 hdcc‑anxknhknxk hkccd gaxxê k zrbyangad ha

Oakccd cd hkwaendpabnk ha {n hkckedxb d gbnh{rrk {nd n{byd law{rd eknkrdck kgdxdwxdpabnk hka okna. Ac hkckedxb gbwã nblandxb# Gdrcb Eabydnna Odxxawxd hkEknbyd# nbxdab gbcckeadxb ha Wdnhaecadnb# ea{hagk k zbhkwxê brhandrab haOknnd# Gdnhkcb k _bdwab# gbnybgÿ a zbwwahknxa hka okna waxa nkc xkrraxbrab haYkrrbnk nkc c{beb wbcaxb hkc xrao{ndck# «wbxxb ac zralb zbrxbnk nkcc‑anerkwwb hkcgdwxkccb h‑kwwb c{beb½= t{anha zrbgkhkxxk dccd nbland hkcck zkrwbnk angdragdxkhkcck bzkrdpabna0 ac nbxdab gbcckeadxb K{wkoab Xdladxxa hkc c{beb ha Gkrrabnk# acz{oocagb deralknwbrk zdxknxdxb Eabydnna Dnxbnab Brwb# iaecab hkc i{ ZakxrbBrwb# ha Gdnhkcb# xrk anhagdnxa k h{k xrdo{ggdnxa x{xxa hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk. Xrdac 4? k ac 7: debwxb kook c{beb cd ragbenapabnk hka gbniana gbl{ndca gbc zadn,xdlknxb hka xkrlana. Deca kiikxxa hkcc‑kwxalb yknnk dhbxxdxd cd hkxkrlandpabnkhkcck ydczk b ydcok eaê hkianaxd nkccd «rkcdpabnk ha ydczdeeab½ hkc ? c{ecab 496:

gfk zkrxdnxb iae{rd xrdwgraxxd nkc n{byb gdxdwxb ibrldxb nkc 45?1.Hdc ragdyb hkcck xdybck hkc rkeawxrb rkeabnk zkr rkeabnk k dngfk hkcc‑kggck,

wadwxagb# gbc xbxdck hkc c{beb# gblzrkwk ck odrdppk kh kwgc{wk ck wxrdhk k waxa hkcck

gbnwkend# wknpd zkrÿ gfk t{kwxd zbxkwwkzrkea{hagdrk ck rdeabna hkccd zdrxk dyykrwd khkc Zdxralbnadck. Gir. DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{,naxk# Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Dxxa zkr ik{ha#

Drx. 581# ldppb 478"4# zdrder. 8?94.7; Æ ac gdwb hagfadrdxb hdc zrabrk Deb,

wxanb Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb gfk ac 4; k 49

c{ecab 45:8 gbnwkend# bcxrk d 5: eabrndxkkrkhaxdxk hdccd ldhrk Ldrefkraxd Yadcdrha#eabrndxk yknxa gargd gfk cd wxkwwd dykydgbwxax{axb an w{b zdxralbnab gckragdck= dcxrdzdrxk hka okna ldxkrna krd zbwwkh{xd hdcgbllknhdxbrk Xbldwb# irdxkccb ha Deb,wxanb# anbcxrk 45 eabrndxk krdnb zbwwkh{xkhd brlda xrknxdgant{k dnna hdc lbndwxkrbha Wdnxd Gdxkrand ha Oakccd# g{a krdnb zkr,ykn{xk gblk hbxk wzarax{dck ha Dnnd IkcagkYadcdrha# wbrkccd hkc gblzdrknxk. C‑angbl,zdxaoacaxê ha t{kwxk hawzbwapabna gbccd zrk,xkwd gbnhapabnk ik{hdck hka okna æ xbwxbrackydxd hdc gbnwbck Wkodwxadnb Zkykrdrb khdc gbnwaecakrk Edwzdrk Gkgahdnb gfk dwwa,wxbnb d t{kwxk hagfadrdpabna.

79 W{zzcagd dcckedxd dc idwgagbcb hka gbn,

wkendlknxa brd gaxdxb. Ac wbyrdnb ac 48 deb,wxb 45:8 rawzbnhkyd hawzbnknhb gfk acYadcdrha ibwwk gaxdxb d gblzdrark handnpa dcWkndxb zkr kwzbrrk ck w{k rdeabna k# nkccdzknhknpd hkc ragbrwb# yakxdyd gfk ac w{zzca,gdnxk k a w{ba ldwwdra ibwwkrb hd gfa{nt{klbckwxdxa. Ac Yadcdrha dykyd dcxrkwã idxxbragbrwb dccd g{rad ha Ykrgkcca gfk ac ?9 c{ecabdykyd klkwwb dndcbed anaoapabnk.

75 Krdnb Dnxbnab Ldrad k Zdbcb BrdpabYadcdrha hka waenbra ha Ykrrbnk# DebwxanbGkgahdnb hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk k HbrbxkbWdnhaecadnb hka waenbra ha Wdnhaecadnb#Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab Lkrgdnhack hkc c{beb kac gbllknhdxbrk Xbldwb Yadcdrha hka wa,enbra ha Wdnhaecadnb k Obrradnd# Gdrcb

Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha hka waenbra ha Ykrrbnk# aczdxralbnadck Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab Ldrxankxxak ac nazbxk Dckwwdnhrb Dlkhkb knxrdloa haXbranb# C{hbyagb Dybedhrb hka waenbra haGkrrabnk# Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha hkawaenbra ha Ykrrbnk# ac zrabrk Debwxanb Yad,cdrha hka waenbra ha Wdnhaecadnb.




gfakwk k dngfk hkc gdwxkccb k w{b dxxbrnb wa rackyd gfk# hkhbxxk ck wxrdhk haYkrrbnk k Oknnd# a xkrrkna dccaordxa dllbnxdnb d 48;.181 xdybck76# zkr {n rkea,wxrb ha wbcha ?66= a okna kggckwadwxaga nbn dccaordxa d 4:.954 xdybck= ck odrdeekgbl{na d 9;.895 xdybck.

Ac ybc{lk braeandck hkc Gdxdwxb hkc 45?171# rkgd {n g{rabwb irbnxawzapab# nkct{dck# wbxxb ac xaxbcb# d lb‑ ha hkgbrdpabnk# iae{rd {n zdkwdeeab ha ldnakrd# zrb,odoaclknxk nbn zrayb ha {n w{b waenaiagdxb klockldxagb. D wanawxrd ya gblzdrk{n dlzab khaiagab gbn dcxd xbrrk# nkc t{dck wa z{ÿ ragbnbwgkrk ac gdwxkccb haYkrrbnk0 {nd zadnxd grkwga{xd w{ccd xbrrk ha cê hdcc‑kiikxxb zaxxbrkwgb ibrwkdcc{hk arbnagdlknxk dccd ykx{wxê hkcc‑khaiagab# wk nbn d t{kccd hkcck zrkxkwk hagfa cb zbwwakhk. D hkwxrd# an {nd lbwwd hawxkwd h‑dgt{k angkhk {nd ndyk drldxdha gdnnbna0 ya wa z{ÿ wgbrekrk t{dwa {n‑alzrkwd hkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk# yax,

xbrabwd nkcc‑dnxagd gbnxrbykrwad gba ydwwdcca rae{drhb dccd rkeawxrdpabnk hka cbrbokna k ibrxk hkccd wknxknpd hkc 45:8.

Dngfk an t{kwx‑bggdwablk# zkrdcxrb# cd gdxdwxdpabnk i{ dggblzdendxd hd

76 Zbagfá wkgbnhb cd xdraiid dhbxxdxd zkrc‑kwxalb cd eabrndxd ydckyd 19 xdybck c‑dcca,ordxb nkc 45?1 gbrrawzbnhkyd d gargd 4;?:eabrndxk gbnxrb ck 49: ha okna gbcckxxdoaca#an t{dnxb dccbhadca# raw{cxdnxa hdc gdxdwxb hkc491:.

71 DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxdwxrb hkc,cd gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk ibrldxb nkc dnnb45?1 an wke{axb dccd law{rd eknkrdck idxxdhdeca deralknwbra Eabydnna Dnxbnab Brwb

ha Gdnhkcb k gbcckeadxb K{wkoab Xdladxxa haGkrrabnk nkc 45?9 k nkc 45?5½. Nkccd zraldgdrxd hbzb ac irbnxawzapab iae{rd {n xaxbcbzañ kwxkwb0 «Gdxdwxrb hkccd gbl{naxê haYkrrbnk ibrldxb nkcc‑dnnb 45?1 wbyrd cdlaw{rd eknkrdck idxxd hd nba wbxxbwgraxxaderalknwbrk Eabydnna Dnxbnab Brwb haGdnhkcb kx nbxdab gbcckeadxb K{wkoab Xd,ladxxa ha Gkrrabnk hk‑ okna kwawxknxa anhkxxb c{beb nkeca dnna 45?9 kx 45?5. Ant{dc gdxxdwxrb wa wbnb hkwgraxxa x{xxa ca zdrxa,gbcdra zbwwahknxa okna an kwwb c{beb haYkrrbnk gbn x{xxk ck zkppk# rkeabna k gbfk,rknpk ha gdh{nd zkppd gblk z{rk ac rkeawxrbgfk gdh{nd h‑kwwk gblzbnk# t{kwxb rkeb,cdxb dc ydcodlknxb idxxb nkc gdxxdwxrb hkccdlkhkwald gbl{naxê hkc 496: ]…\. An t{dcgdxxdwxrb wa wbnb z{rk hkwgraxxa ca okna kggck,wadwxaga gbn ac rkeawxrb h‑kwwkrk rawzkxxb dt{kcca gfk wa wbnb ea{hagdxa dccbhadca kxdngfk cd law{rd hka okna gbll{na b wadnbodrdppk h‑kwwb c{beb ]...\½. Wke{k cd wbxxb,wgrapabnk hkc hkckedxb Gdrcb EabydnnaOdxxawxd hk Eknbyd k hkc wkerkxdrab gbl{,ndck Ldppbnk an hdxd ?; bxxbork 45?1.Zrkwwb DGbl Ykrrbnk# o{wxd 4?# «Law{rdeknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab# ibrldpabnk hkc gdxd,wxb k hkccd ldzzd½# 455;,4556# wa gbnwkr,ydnb dngfk a hbg{lknxa rkcdxaya dccd «La,w{rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrbnk#45?5½# eca «Dxxa eknkrdca hkccd law{rd hkciandeeab k xkrraxbrab idxxa nkcc‑dnnb 45?9½#nbngfá ac «Caorb b waa orbecadwwb hkccdlaw{rd eknkrdck idxxd dh awxdnpd hkccdgbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk hd nba wbxxbwgraxxb#deralknwbra Eabydnna Dnxbnab Brwb haGdnhkcb k nbxdab gbcckeadxb K{wkoab Xd,ladxxa ha Gkrrabnk ]…\½.

Dxcdw zdrgkccdark hkc gdxdwxb hkcGbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk# # DWXbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdxdwxb irdngkwk #Ldzzk# Dcc. O# n. # Wkgxabn D# xdy. .Zbrpabnk hkc xkrraxbrab gbl{ndckgbrrawzbnhknxk d t{kccd g{a wa

raikrawgbnb ck rdzzrkwknxdpabnagdxdwxdca hkc



48? E[AHB EKNXACK

{nd gbnxrbykrwad gba ik{hdxdra# gfk i{ zbrxdxd handnpa dccd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa.Zkr t{dnxb gbngkrnkyd cd ibrldpabnk hkc n{byb gdxdwxb cd ykrxknpd angahkydw{cc‑anxaxbcdpabnk hkcck odrdeek. Nkc 45?? Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha# an caxkgbn cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk &dxxragk! dxxbrnb dc ebhalknxb hkcck odrdeek# dykydbxxkn{xb hdc Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk {nd wknxknpd# an hdxd ?; debwxb# erdpak dccd

t{dck krd «ldnxkn{xb nkc zbwwkwwb ha anxrbh{rrk k zdwgbcdrk okwxadla ibrkwxakraha t{dc wa wad wbrxk# nkccd rawkryd hkcck gdzrk# k deea{wxdrnk ac zdedlknxb hkczdwgbcb nkcck gbl{na# gbn gaÿ gfk hkxxb gbnxk nbn nk do{wdwwk k nbn zbxkwwkgbn cagknpd alzkhark d‑ zdrxagbcdra rkeawxrdnxa ac zdwgbcdlknxb nk w{hhkxxaokna½8:. An wke{axb# dcc‑kzbgd hkccd ibrldpabnk hkc n{byb gdxdwxb ha Ykrrbnk# cdGdlkrd hka gbnxa# gbn brhandnpd hkc ? hagklork 45?9 dykyd hagfadrdxb kwwkrckgaxb dccd gbl{naxê gbnxan{drk cd law{rd hkc xkrraxbrab ld wknpd zrkea{hagdrkcd zrbzrakxê k ik{hdcaxê hkcck odrrdppk. Nkc ea{enb 45?5 ac gbnxk gbllknhdxbrEa{wkzzk Dckwwdnhrb Bceadxa84 zrbg{rdxbrk ha Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Ea{wkzzkYadcdrha8? k a ydwwdcca Zakxrb Dnxbnab k Edwzdrk C{hbyagb Yadcdrha# zdrxkgazdnxadc t{drxb gbcbnnkccdxb hkccd gdwdxd87# {naxdlknxk dccd ldhrk cbrb g{rdxragk#Grawxand Dybedhrb88# ibnhdnhbwa w{a zdxxa ha hkhapabnk hkc 4757# w{cck irdngfa,

eak hkc 48;8# w{a odnha gdlzkwxra zrbl{cedxa nkc 4;;6# w{ ydrak wknxknpk k xrdn,wdpabna wke{axk hdc 4;5: dc 45:5# zrkwknxdrbnb dc hkckedxb gfk haraekyd cd gdxd,wxdpabnk {nd gblzdrwd anxkwd d wbwxknkrk gfk a ik{hdxdra dykydnb ac zbwwkwwb kcd zrbzrakxê hkcck odrdppk# gbc haraxxb ha zrbaoark c‑kwxrdpabnk ha ckendla k hawxrdlk. Cd Gbl{naxê xrdlaxk a gbnwaecakra Ea{wkzzk Lkrgdnhack k DnxbnabLbrrd rkzcagdyd gfk ck wgraxx{rk zrbhbxxk krdnb gbwk dnxagfk idxxk ird dcxra#wknpd cd w{d zdrxkgazdpabnk# cd zrbzrakxê k c‑{w{ir{xxb ck wzkxxdydnb do allk,lbrdoaca# gbccd idgbcxê ha ir{ark hkc zdwgbcb k ha kwxrdrrk ckend# kh deea{nekydnb{n‑dreblknxdpabnk ha gdrdxxkrk wxbragb &k beea harkllb dngfk drgfkbcbeagb!0«ldwwalk gfk ac xkrraxbrab ha t{kwxb c{beb nk‑ wkgbca zdwwdxa krd gblzbwxb haxrkgknxb k zañ i{bgfa# gblk nk gbrrk ybgk z{oocagd zkr xrdhaxabnk hkeca dnxk,ndxa kx dngfk d rkcdxabnk hkc i{ waenbr ydwwdccb Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrharagdydxd hdcck wgraxx{rk dnxagfk gfk dzzrkwwb wá raxrbydnwa an t{kwxb gdwxkccb# kxwk nk ykhbnb dngbr ck ykwxaeead hkcck gdwk harbggdxk an zañ zdrxa ha t{kwxb c{beb#t{dca fdyknhb ]eca fblankw hkc c{beb\# hbykydnb fdykrk ca nkgkwwdra zdwgbca#hbykydnb dngbr dykr cd zrbzrakxê h‑kwwk odrdppk½. Zba «i{ halan{axb k rahhbxxban {nd wkwxd zdrxk ac zbzbcb w{hhkxxb k rkwb ac lkhkwalb lawkrdoack= dccbrd hkxxawaenbra wa wbnb idxxa zrkzbxknxa# gbl‑anidxxa fdykydnb bgg{zdxb t{dwa x{xxa caokna ha t{kwxb xkrraxbrab an xklza ha e{krrd k gbnxdeeab k t{kcca zrkxknhkydnball{na= rkwxdyd ac zbgfawwalb rkeawxrb hk‑ zdrxagbcdra k t{dwa gblk zkrh{xd cdGbl{naxê# gdraedxd ha x{xxa ca zkwa k xdecak anwbzzbrxdoaca d hkxxb rkeawxrb½. Ldaniank cd wknxknpd hkc 45:8 dykyd hagfadrdxb c‑dccbhadcaxê hka okna zbwwkh{xa hdazdrxkgazdnxa dc ik{hb ha Ykrrbnk# k gbwxbrb nkccd rkeawxrdpabnk ha t{kwxa okna

nbn dykydnb lknpabndxb ck odrdeek# gfk t{anha hbykydnb gbnwahkrdrwa zrbzrakhkccd Gbl{naxê. Ac hkckedxb wa calaxÿ d gbngkhkrk xkwxalbnadca zkr ck hagfadrd,pabna kwzrkwwk hdcck zdrxa# gfk yknnkrb razbrxdxk xrd eca dxxa zrklkwwa dc n{bybGdxdwxb# k cd ykrxknpd gbnxan{ÿ d rawbrekrk nkc gbrwb hkc ‑5::.

Dccd lkxê hkc wkgbcb c‑anxknhknxk Ocdngabxxa# nkcc‑dloaxb hkccd rkcdpabnkhkccd zrbyangad ha Oakccd# rkhdxxd zkr cd wxdxawxagd eknkrdck hkc rkenb# ibrnayd cdwke{knxk hkwgrapabnk hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk8;. Ac ik{hb dzzdrxknkyd an wbcahb dcgbnxk Yadcdrha# gfk ya doaxdyd. Ac xkrraxbrab89 zrbh{gkyd ir{lknxb# wkedcd#lkcaed# cke{la k yanb «ha anikrabrk t{dcaxê½. Ac x{xxb odwxdyd dc idooawbenbcbgdck k dnpa zdrxk hkccd lkcaed yknayd yknh{xd w{a lkrgdxa ha Gdnhkcb k Oakccd#lknxrk ac yanb krd kwzbrxdxb d {wb hkeca doaxdnxa ha Nkxrb# ha Hbndxb k hkc ldn,hdlknxb ha Lbwwb. Cd zbzbcdpabnk# hkhaxd kwgc{waydlknxk dcc‑deragbcx{rd#

gbwxax{ayd 68 n{gcka idlaecadra b i{bgfa # gbn 76: ldeeabra ha dnna 5 k 8: lanbra.T{dnxb dcck raw{cxdnpk gdxdwxdca cd rkcdpabnk zrkgawd gfk ac xkrraxbrab gbcckxxdoackdllbnxdyd d 45;7 eabrndxk850 zañ hkccd t{dnxaxê anhagdxd nkc gdxdwxb hkc 45?186.

8: DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Wkndxb ha Zak,lbnxk# Wknxknpk gayaca # rke. 479# 4545,45?7#g. 756.

84 Ldraxb ha _bwd Hadnd Yadcdrha ha Ykr,rbnk &DYhWI# Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#wgfkhdx{rd XYW!.

8? Irdxkccb ha _bwd Hadnd# zralb gbnxk ha

Ykrrbnk &4571!# waenbrk ha Lbnx`bykx k«ldenb zbxkwxdxk Lbnxawerdnha½ &aoahkl!.

87 Hkxxb hka _bcdnhana. A t{dxxrb gbcbn,nkccdxa &hka _bcdnhana# hk Z{xfkb b hk Lbw,wb# hkccd Gdwd Erdnhk k hkccd Zbrxd! kookrbbraeank hdccd hayawabnk an t{dxxrb zdrxa hkc,c‑anhayawb hka okna# xbrrk# gdwxkccb k hblanabha Ykrrbnk hkcc‑44 nbyklork 4716 idxxddccd lbrxk ha Walbnk# iaecab hkc i{ _bcdn,hanb ha Ykrrbnk &DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb 74#zkredlknd 4!.

88 Lbecak hkc i{ Zdbcb Brdpab Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk# lbrxb nkc 4546 &DYhWI# IdlaecadYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# wgfkhdx{rd XYW!.

8; DW Oakccd# Anxknhknpd ha Oakccd# «_kcd,pabnk hkccb wxdxb hkccd zrbyangad ha Oakccd½#gblzacdxd xrd ac 45;: k ac 45;; hdcc‑anxkn,hknxk Zakxrb Dnxbnab Ocdngabxxa.

89 Ac xkrraxbrab gblzrknhkyd gdlza&74?.99 eabrndxk!# zrdxa gfk cd rkcdpabnkzrkgawd kwwkrk dwga{xxa &87;.77 eabrndxk!#dcxkna &7;7.69 eabrldxk!# obwgfa h‑dcxbi{wxb &41: eabrndxk!# obwgfa gkh{a &8:7.4;eabrndxk! k zdwgbca &;6.64 eabrndxk!. Aczdxralbnab pbbxkgnagb æ anhagdxb an eabefab zdad ha o{ba 46= obyank hd xarb 4?= obyanknbn wkryaknxa dc eabeb 4;4= okwxak hd wbld?:= okwxak cdnakrk :.

85 Xbxdck hkcck eabrndxk gfk gblzbnebnbac xkrraxbrab gbcckxxdoack 45;7.64. Xbxdck hkawbcha gfk gblzbnebnb cd ldwwd hkc rkeawxrbgbcckxxdoack ?5?.9. Eabrndxk gfk wa ragfak,

hbnb zkr ibrldrk {n wbchb ha rkeawxrb idxxd{nd gbl{nk hkcck ydcok 9.86. Alzbrxb hkc,c‑alzbwapabnk gfk wa zded zkr bena wbchb harkeawxrb hkhbxxa ca rkhhaxa gbl{na k c‑alzb,wxd wxrdbrhandrad0 xkrrakrk 9.47= ibrdwxakrk5.4;.8.

86 Wkgbnhb ac gdxdwxb hkc 45?1 c‑dccaordxbdllbnxdyd d 48;.181 xdybck gfk# wk cbgdc,lknxk cd eabrndxd ydckyd 19 xdybck gblkanhagdxb nkccd xdraiid hkcck ydcok# gbrrawzbn,hkrkookrb d gargd 4.;?: eabrndxk# lknxrk ck9;.895 xdybck ha odrdeek gbl{na kt{aydck,ydnb d gargd 96? eabrndxk= t{kwxa ydcbrawdrkookrb byyadlknxk lanbra wk wa dww{,lkwwk ac rdzzbrxb ha gknxb xdybck zkr eabr,ndxd.




Wa z{ÿ w{zzbrrk gfk gaÿ ibwwk dngfk hkxkrlandxb hdccd gkwwabnk d zdrxagbcdra hadzzkppdlknxa hkcck odrdeek# gfk kwwknhb zrald hkwxandxa dcc‑{wb gbl{nk nbnkrdnb wxdxa dccaordxa nkc gdxdwxb zrkgkhknxk.

Zkr gfa ybecad wx{hadrk ck yagknhk hkccd zrbzrakxê ibnhadrad nkc xkrraxbrab ant{kwxabnk# la calaxb d wkendcdrk gfk nkcc‑Drgfayab Wxbragb Gbl{ndck wa gbnwkryd

dngfk ac «Caorb hka xrdwzbrxa½ b l{xdpabna ibrldxb nkc 459781

w{ccd odwk hkcgdxdwxb hkc 45?1. D t{dnxb raw{cxd# cd Gbl{naxê zrald ha dccbrd hbykyd kwwkrkzrayd ha {n xdck wxr{lknxb# zkrgaÿ ac gbnwaecab ;: angdragÿ ac law{rdxbrk EabydnnaEa{wkzzk Hdnkwk k ac wkerkxdrab _bnha ha rkhaekrk {n rkebcdrk caorb ha xrdwzbrxaibrldnhb ck gbcbnnk hka rawzkxxaya gbnxrao{knxa# t{dca raw{cxdydnb d t{kccd hdxdzkr kiikxxb hkcck ydradpabna dyykn{xk nkc irdxxklzb rawzkxxb dccd gdxdwxdpabnk hkc45?1 ;4. A xrdwzbrxa xrd ck rawzkxxayk gbcbnnk b zdrxaxk gfk an wke{axb ya wbnb rkea,wxrdxa gbnxan{dnb wanb deca dnna ‑5: hkc VYAAA wkgbcb. D t{kwx‑kzbgd# ac gdxdwxbhkc 45?1 k ac gbnnkwwb «Caorb hka xrdwzbrxa½ hbykydnb raw{cxdrk hd xklzb and,hke{dxa dccd zañ rkgknxk nbrldxayd k dccd n{byd xazbcbead hka gdxdwxa zaklbnxkwa.

Ac zrbekxxb ha zkrkt{dpabnk wyac{zzdxb wbxxb Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA gbn cdlaw{rd hka okna dwwbeekxxdoaca d gbnxrao{pabnk t{dck odwk ha {n kt{b razdrxbhkc gdragb iawgdck xrd ck gbl{naxê# krd anxkerdxb hdc rkeab khaxxb hkc ; ldeeab4574 «zkr cd zkrkt{dpabnk eknkrdck hka xrao{xa nkcck zrbyangk hkc Zaklbnxk½#gfk hawzbnkyd cd ibrldpabnk ha n{bya gdxdwxa ;?. Yknaydnb dwwbeekxxdxa d gbcckx,xdpabnk x{xxa a okna wanb dh dccbrd zbwwkh{xa do{waydlknxk gblk ik{hdca#rkwxdnhb anxkwb gfk x{xxa «a okna# ca t{dca nbn gblzdraydnb wã nk‑ gdhdwxra hkccdGbl{naxê# gfk nkcck anykwxax{rk k gbnwkendlknxa hkccd Gdlkrd ]...\ hbykydnbdykrwa zkr dccbhadca½. Eca anxknhknxa dyrkookrb alzdrxaxb ck awxr{pabna bggbrrknxazkr cd ibrldpabnk hka n{bya gdxdwxa# an g{a wa hbykydnb hkwgraykrk x{xxa a oknakwawxknxa nkc xkrraxbrab# kggkxxb ck gdwk gfk «ibrldnb gbrzb ha Gbl{naxê b hac{beb½# gabæ a gbngknxraga hkeca doaxdxa. Ck rkebck zkr cd ibrldpabnk hka n{byagdxdwxa i{rbnb zba wxdoacaxk gbn rkeab oaecakxxb hkc ; ldrpb 4571. Cd rackydpabnk

hka okna hbykyd dyyknark w{ccd odwk hkccd «zdrgkccd½ ‗ zbrpabnk ha xkrrknbdzzdrxknknxk d {n wbcb zrbzrakxdrab k dyknxk {nb wxkwwb xazb ha gbcxaydpabnk.C‑anwaklk hkcck zdrgkcck gbwã anhayah{dxk yknayd rdzzrkwknxdxb an {nd ldzzdekblkxragd hkcc‑anxkrb xkrraxbrab gbl{ndck. Cd Gbl{naxê# gbcc‑d{xbrappdpabnkhkcc‑anxknhknxk hkccd zrbyangad# hbykyd nblandrk {n ekblkxrd gfk# wbxxb cd wbr,ykecadnpd ha {n hkckedxb hkcc‑anxknhknpd# kwke{ayd cd law{rdpabnk gbn c‑dwwa,wxknpd ha anhagdnxa. Ck wanebck zdrgkcck# hkcalaxdxk an gbnxrdhhaxxbrab xrd a zrb,zrakxdra k a gbniandnxa# ragkykydnb {n n{lkrb hawxanxayb. Zkr cd rackydpabnk ekb,lkxragd wa {wdyd cd xdybckxxd zrkxbradnd ‗ {n zadnb w{c t{dck c‑deralknwbrk# wxd,oacaxd {nd odwk an wgdcd# wkendyd gbn {n raefkccb d xrde{drhb a z{nxa wdcaknxa hkczkralkxrb hka xkrrkna hd rackydrk ‗ k hkccb wt{dhrb deralknwbrab# wxr{lknxbxrdhapabndclknxk {wdxb zkr wgblzbrrk k rackydrk ck iae{rk arrkebcdra w{c xkrrknb.T{anha cd wxald hka okna hbykyd dyyknark zkr ydcok# gabæ zkr pbnk blbeknkkgbnxknknxa zdrgkcck dyknxa {nb wxkwwb erdhb ha obnxê. Dcck bzkrdpabna gbwã gbn,hbxxk k hkwgraxxk eabrndclknxk nkc «caorb hkcck wxdpabna½ hbykyd wke{ark cd ibr,ldpabnk hka wke{knxa wxr{lknxa0 ac «wblldrabnk½# caorb an g{a ck zdrxagkcck wbnbanhagdxk an brhank n{lkragb gbc nblk hka rawzkxxaya zbwwkwwbra# hkccd w{zkriagak#t{dcaxê k gbkrknpk= ac «gdxdwxb½# gbnxknknxk wbxxb ac nblk hka zbwwkwwbra cdgbcbnnd b zdrxaxd hka rawzkxxaya okna# hkwgraxxa gbn cd cbrb {oagdpabnk# ck gbk,rknpk# cd w{zkriagak k cd wxald= cd ldzzd ekblkxragd w{hhayawd an zdrgkcck= ac«caorb iae{rdxb½# nkc t{dck wbnb rdzzrkwknxdxk zbrpabna hkc xkrraxbrab gbn ckzdrgkcck an kwwk gblzrkwk k cd cbrb hkxxdecadxd hkwgrapabnk= ac «caorb hkcck l{xd,pabna½# brednappdxb gblk ac gdxdwxb an zdrxaxk b gbcbnnk anhayah{dca k hkwxandxb

dccd rkeawxrdpabnk hka gdloadlknxa ha zrbzrakxê. Cd zrbgkh{rd k ck zrkwgrapabnaxkgnagfk i{rbnb zba {cxkrabrlknxk wzkgaiagdxk gbn ac rkebcdlknxb dnnkwwb dcrkeab oaecakxxb hkc ; hagklork 455; ;7.

81 «Caorb hkc xrdwzbrxb k l{xdpabnk harkeawxrb ibrldxb h‑brhank hkccd Gbl{naxêha Ykrbnk an yaebr ha brhandxb hkcca 48 lde,eab 459? k ?5 c{ecab 4597# dzzrbydxb hdc,c‑biiagab hkccd rkead Anxknhknpd k hkwbnxbhdc z{ocagb gdhdwxrb {w{dck ha t{kwxdgbl{naxê# ibrldxb nkcc‑dnnb 45?1 an bggd,wabnk hkccd law{rd eknkrdck ha t{kwxb xkrra,xbrab½.

;: DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# «Brhandxa45;1,455:½# gg. 49 wee.# brhandxb hkc 48ldeeab 459?# k gg. 7: wee.# brhandxb hkc ?5c{ecab 4597.

;4 Gblzdabnb gbwã xrd a Yadcdrha waenbrahkc c{beb Ea{wkzzk Okrndrhb iaecab hkc i{Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb# a irdxkcca Zakxrb Dn,xbnab k Edwzdrk C{hbyagb hkc i{ ZdbcbBrdpab# eca krkha ha Gdrcb Irdngkwgb gfkxrdwlkxxbnb cd cbrb nbn gbwzag{d zrbzrakxêdc wdnx{drab ha Brbzd# eca krkha ha EabydnnaEadgblb gfk hawzbnebnb zdralknxa d id,ybrk hkc Wdgrb Lbnxk ha Erdecad= zba cdGbl{naxê k a zdrxagbcdra= xrd a rkeawxrdnxaibrkwxakra# ac oakcckwk gbnxk Okrxbhdnb#

Krgbck Erblb ha Xkrnkneb# eca krkha haC{hbyagb Dybedhrb= xrd eca knxa kggckwad,wxaga# bcxrk da h{k wdnx{dra gaxdxa# cd zdrrbg,gfad ha Ykrrbnk# ac oknkiagab hka WdnxaWalbnk k Ea{hd an gdwxrb# cd gbnirdxkrnaxdhkc _bwdrab ha Ykrrbnk# a zdhra ha WdnZakxrb ha Oakccd.

;? A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß# L. GD_DWWA# A gdxdwxa zaklbnxkwa hkc VYAAA k VAV wkgbcb hd wxr{,lknxb ha zbcaxagd iawgdck d hbg{lknxb zkr cdgbnbwgknpd hkc xkrraxbrab# an G{cx{rd iae{rd,xayd k drgfaxkxxbnagd nkeca Wxdxa hkc _k ha Wdr,hkend# 4557,4694# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd dg{rd ha K. GDWXKCN[BYB# L. _ BWGA# Xbranb416:# zz. 4468,4417= A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß#Gbnbwgknpd# lklbrad# ekwxabnk hkccd Xkrrd

nkccd rdzzrkwknxdpabnk gdxdwxdck# an Drxk kwgaknpd zkr ac hawkenb hkc Lbnhb# Gdxdcbebhkccd lbwxrd &Xbranb 4167!# Lacdnb 4167#zz. 465,414= H. OB_ABCA# L. IK__D_AW# D.Z_KLBCA# Cd zkrkt{dpabnk hka xrao{xa nkc Zaklbnxk wdod{hb# gax.# zz. 468 wee.

;7 «_kebcdlknxb dzzrbydxb hd W. L.zrkwgrayknxk cd ibrld k ac lbhb ha zrbgk,hkrk dcck law{rk xkrraxbradca nka _keaa Wxdxaha xkrrdikrld ha t{d hd‑ lbnxa½# an I. D.H[OBAN# G. H[OBAN &d g{rd ha!# _dggbcxd zkr brhank ha ldxkrak hkcck ckeea# gabæ khaxxa#

zdxknxa k ldnaikwxa# kgg.# gax.# xblb VV#caorb 44# ybc. ??# zz. 766,715.



488 E[AHB EKNXACK

Nkc 455; cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk dykyd rackydxb cd nkgkwwaxê ha rannbydrkcd law{rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab zkr gbrrkeekrk x{xxa eca krrbra gfk klkrekydnbnkc gdxdwxb an {wb# ld c‑anxknhknxk ha Oakccd# Yaccdxd# dykyd ybc{xb dggkrxdrk hat{dca ibnha cd Gbl{naxê zbxkwwk dcc‑{bzb hawzbrrk= c‑dnnb dzzrkwwb# zkrÿ# wbc,ckgaxdyd c‑anyab ha gbzad hkc n{byb gdxdwxb# wkgbnhb ac rkebcdlknxb dzzrbydxbhdc rk gbn zdxknxa hkc 9 ea{enb 455;. Ac Gbnwaecab Gbl{ndck hkcaokrdyd t{anhaha zrbyykhkrk d {nd n{byd law{rd eknkrdck# zkr cd wzkwd zrkw{nxayd ha ?:::cark ;8. Wa angdragdyd gbwã ac law{rdxbrk Gdrcb Eadganxb Ldiika# ha Erdecad# ha zrb,gkhkrk dcck bzkrdpabna nkgkwwdrak# k an zralb c{beb dccd hkxkrlandpabnk hkccdcankd ha gbniank xrd ac xkrraxbrab hkc Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk k a ianaxala# gbcc‑dwwa,xknpd hkc wkerkxdrab k gdxdwxdrb nbxdab Aendpab Hdnkwk# nbngfá hkc gbnwaecakrkEabydnna Dnhrkd Obggd# t{dck anhagdnxk ;;. Ac Ldiika# wgr{zbcbwdlknxk# hbzbck law{rdpabna k zrald ha zrbgkhkrk dccd rkhdpabnk hkc gdxdwxb# hkc caorb iae{,rdxb k hkc caorb hka xrdwzbrxa# gfakwk gfk cd Gbl{naxê rawzbnhkwwk d ydra t{k,

waxa# gfk i{rbnb zbrxdxa an Gbnwaecab ac ?? hagklork 4555. D iana hkcc‑dccaord,lknxb wa hbykyd ldnxknkrk cd ydcodpabnk xrdhapabndck# gblk wxdoacaxd nkc gdxd,wxb hkc 45?12 Ac Gbnwaecab gbnikrlÿ zrkgawdnhb gfk c‑dccaordlknxb hbykyd

;8 DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb ?# «_keawxrbhkcck zrbzbwxk 455;,4556½# g. 44# brhandxbhkc ?7 ikoordab 4559.

;;

Aoahkl# g. ?:# brhandxb hkc ; nbyklork4559. Gir. dngfk aoahkl# ldppb 4?# «Law{,rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab# ibrldpabnk hkcgdxdwxb k hkccd ldzzd½# 455;,4556# gbn,xrdxxb hkc 8 nbyklork 4559 wxaz{cdxb gbclaw{rdxbrk Ldiika.

Dxcdw zdrgkccdark hkc gdxdwxb hkcGbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk# # DWXbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdxdwxb irdngkwk #Ldzzk# Dcc. O# n. # Wkgxabn G .Gdzbc{beb k gdwxkccb



DXX_DYK_WB A GDXDWXA DNXAGFA HKC GBL[NK 48;

kwwkrk kiikxx{dxb wkgbnhb cd idgk k t{dcaxê ha bena zkppd. Dccd ydcodpabnk k dcc‑dc,caordlknxb hbykydnb dwwawxkrk ac wkerkxdrab Hdnkwk k ac wanhdgb &b ac zralb gbn,waecakrk an w{d dwwknpd!. Hbykyd ac law{rdxbrk hkwgraykrk dcck rawzkxxayk gbcbnnkhka zdrxagbcdra zbwwkwwbra ck zkppk ha odrdeead gfk gbwxbrb wa hagkyd dykwwkrbdgt{awxdxb wknpd cd hkoaxd anxkrandpabnk hkcc‑anxknhknpd k wknpd wxaz{cdpabnk ha

wxr{lknxa2 Hbykyd dngfk dwwkendrk da rawzkxxaya rkeawxrdnxa eca dggrkwgalknxarawgbnxrdxa nkcck zkppk dxxae{k dcck odrdeek# dcck wxrdhk k da waxa ha z{oocagd zkr,xanknpd2 K ac gbnwaecab hawzbwk gfk ac law{rdxbrk rkhaekwwk {nd hawxanxd ha x{xxkck zkppk an t{kwxabnk# hd xrdwlkxxkrk dcc‑anxknhknxk zkr a zrbyykhalknxa ha w{dgblzkxknpd ;9. Ac ?1 ldeeab 4556 ac law{rdxbrk zrkwknxÿ cd ldzzd braeandck hkcxkrraxbrab hd c{a kcdobrdxd. Ac Gbnwaecab rackydyd gfk hbykyd anbcxrk zrbh{rrk#gblk zrkyawxb hdc rkebcdlknxb hkccd law{rd eknkrdck# ac gbcbnndrab# b caorbhkcck zdrxaxk# ac caorb iae{rdxb# k x{xxa eca dcxra caora k lklbrak ha gdlzdend= acx{xxb hbykyd kwwkr ykraiagdxb hd {n gbccd{hdxbrk hkz{xdxb hdcc‑Anxknhknpd ;5. Acgbccd{hdxbrk hd t{kwxd hkwaendxb# K{wkoab Gbcbloanb# hkhagÿ dcck bzkrdpabnaha gbccd{hb 41 eabrndxk k# zrald ha raikrarnk c‑kwaxb dcc‑anxknhknxk# wkendcÿ dcgbnwaecab gbl{ndck dcg{na racakya0 xrd c‑dcxrb# wa hbykyd hdrk dxxb ha {nd hawgbr,

hdnpd hkccd ldzzd xkwxá ibrldxd hd t{kccd hkc Gbl{nk ha Ldwwdppd rae{drhbda gbniana= nbn dzzdrayd wkzdrdxd cd w{zkriagak hkcck dak k hkeca brxa hd t{kccdhkcck idooragfk= nkccd ldzzd k nkcck xdybck hkc caorb iae{rdxb ldngdyd ac hawk,enb hka gdndca k hka ibwwa hayawbra ;6. Hbzb gfk ac Ldiika kook kiikxx{dxb ck gbr,rkpabna gbwã zrkwgraxxkeca ac Gbnwaecab hkcaokrÿ ac ?4 hagklork gfk cd ldzzd ibwwkz{oocagdxd gbn c‑anxkryknxb hkc wanhdgb b hkc zralb gbnwaecakrk. An iank# cdldzzd i{ gbccdpabndxd gbn x{xxa a caora zrkwknxdxa hdc Ldiika dh bzkrd hkc law{,rdxbrk hkwaendxb hdcc‑Anxknhknpd# Zakxrb Irdngkwgb Okcxrdlb ha Oakccd# cd g{arkcdpabnk i{ t{anha dzzrbydxd hdcc‑anxknhknxk gbn hkgrkxb hkc ?7 ldrpb 4551.Ac ?9 w{ggkwwayb# ac Gbnwaecab gbl{ndck# hawzbnknhb cd cat{ahdpabnk hkcck gbl,zkxknpk hkc Ldiika# rackyÿ gfk «hkxxa caora gblk wbyrd# hd hkxxb waenbr Ldiikazrkwknxdxa# rkwxdnb wcaedxa k ck ldzzk wknpd g{wxbhad½# k t{anha brhanÿ dcc‑kwdx,xbrk,xkwbrakrk ha gbrrawzbnhkrk dc wanhdgb cark ;: zkrgfá ya zrbyykhkwwk.

C‑Drgfayab hkc Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk gbnwkryd {nd raggd hbg{lknxdpabnk hax{xxk ck bzkrdpabna kiikxx{dxk zkr cd law{rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab nkeca dnna455;,4556 ;1. Ac Gbl{nk gbnwkryd anbcxrk {n kwklzcdrk anxkerb# rkgknxklknxkrkwxd{rdxb# hkccd Ldzzd hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrbnk# ha gl 497#;v444#; gargd# dccdwgdcd &{w{dck an dndcbefa hbg{lknxa! ha ll 4?1 < 4:: xrdo{ggfa &zdra d 40?.57?!. Ac law{rdxbrk Gdrcb Eadganxb Ldiika# an {nd ckeknhd an zdrxk hkckxd#hdxdxd 4551# dxxkwxd gfk t{kwxb kwklzcdrk i{ hd c{a hkw{nxb «ikhkclknxk khkwdxxdlknxk½ hdccd ldzzd ha gdlzdend hd c{a ibrldxd an bggdwabnk hkccdlaw{rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab. Ck wanebck zdrgkcck wbnb hawxanxk hd {n n{lkrbgfk gbnwknxk ac rawgbnxrb gbn a rkeawxra gdxdwxdca. [nd wgfkldxagd walobcbead

hawxane{k a gdlza# eca dcxkna &gbn iacdra ha yaxk xrd a gbcxaya!# a obwgfa# ck odrdeek=eca khaiaga r{rdca wbnb wanxkxagdlknxk hkcankdxa an zadnxd. Ac gbngknxragb æ rdz,zrkwknxdxb d zdrxk an wgdcd ldeeabrk. Ac hawkenb d zknnd æ wboradlknxk gbcb,rdxb dh dgt{krkccb nka gbniana hkc xkrraxbrab# nka gbrwa h‑dgt{d# nkc xrdggadxbhkcck wxrdhk. Anwaklk gbcc‑kwklzcdrk br gaxdxb wa gbnwkryd {n gbwzag{b cdgkrxbha {n‑dcxrd gbzad hkccd wxkwwd ldzzd# an wgdcd {e{dck0 cd rdzzrkwknxdpabnk wal,obcagd hkc zdkwdeeab r{rdck# rawzbnhknxk dc rkzkrxbrab an {wb zrkwwb a xbzberdiazaklbnxkwa hkcc‑dydnpdxb Wkxxkgknxb# dzzdrk kwke{axd gbn zdrxagbcdrk g{rd kgbn {nd yaydgk gbcbrax{rd. Wa xrdxxd# ykrbwalaclknxk# hkccd gbzad okccd gfkhbykyd kwwkrk anyadxd dccd rkead Gdlkrd hka gbnxa# gbwã gblk ikgkrb lbcxagbl{na zaklbnxkwa &ck rawzkxxayk ldzzk wbnb brd gbnwkrydxk zrkwwb c‑Drgfayabha Wxdxb ha Xbranb!= d t{dnxb zdrk# cd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk nbn bxxklzkrÿ d

t{kwxd hawzbwapabnk# ekcbwd ibrwk hkc okc zrbhbxxb xbzberdiagb kcdobrdxb hdclaw{rdxbrk Ldiika# ld# gaÿ nbn bwxdnxk# c‑{wb gfk wa ikgk ha t{kwxd okccd ldzzdd lbxayb hkccd w{d erdnhk kyahknpd# bzz{rk {nd xrdwg{rdxd gbnwkrydpabnk#

;9 DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb ?# «_keawxrbhkcck zrbzbwxk 455;,4556½# g. 77# brhandxbhkc 4? hagklork 4555.

;5 Aoahkl# g. 81# brhandxb hkc ?1 ldeeab4556.

;6 Aoahkl# g. 81y# brhandxb hkc ?9 ea{enb4556# k# wxkwwb drgfayab# ldppb 4?# «Law{rd

eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab# ibrldpabnk hkc gdxd,wxb k hkccd ldzzd½# 455;,4556. «_kcdpabnkeknkrdck hkc law{rdxbrk Gbcbloanb zkr cdgbccd{hdpabnk hkccd law{rd eknkrdck hkc xkr,raxbrab ha Ykrrbnk hkcca ?7 debwxb 4556½. AcGbcbloanb rackyd anbcxrk dcg{na krrbra halaw{rdpabnk k ha gdcgbcb k ac Ldiika zrby,ykhk dcck nkgkwwdrak rkxxaiagfk.

;1 DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # ldppb 4?#«Law{rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab# ibrldpabnkhkc gdxdwxb k hkccd ldzzd½# 455;,4556. Xrdc‑dcxrb0 «Dxxa ha hkxkrlandpabnk hkccd cankdha gbnxbrnb hkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk½#455;= «Caorb hkcck wxdpabna k iae{rk hkcckzkppk ibrldxb an gdlzdend nkcc‑bggdwabnkhkccd law{rd eknkrdck nkcca dnna 4555 k

4556½= «Caorb hkccd xraebnblkxrad hkccdlaw{rd eknkrdck hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrrbnk½#an g{a æ xrdggadxd bena zkppd gbn ck w{klaw{rdpabna.



489 E[AHB EKNXACK

wbzrdyykn{xd an kzbgd lknb dnxagd t{dnhb cd ldzzd wkxxkgknxkwgd zkrwkalzbrxdnpd rawzkxxb d n{bya wxr{lknxa gdxdwxdca# cd gbnhdnnÿ d {nd t{dwa xbxdckhawxr{pabnk.

Anwaklk gbccd ldzzd k gbc gbcbnndrab# b rkeawxrb hkcck zdrxaxk anhayah{dca#an g{a# wbxxb ac nblk hka rawzkxxaya zbwwkwwbra# wbnb hkwgraxxk ck wanebck zkppk#

gbc rawzkxxayb n{lkrb ha ldzzd# cd law{rd k c‑dccaordlknxb9:

# ac law{rdxbrkLdiika kcdobrÿ dngfk {n nbxkybck «Caorb iae{rdxb hkc xkrraxbrab ha Ykrbnk½#x{xxbrd gbnwkrydxb zrkwwb ac Gbl{nk94. Ac xkrraxbrab ya dzzdrk rdzzrkwknxdxbxbzberdiagdlknxk nkccd wxkwwd wgdcd hkccd ldzzd# zkr zbrpabna b rkeabna# w{zdeank ha gl ;4#;v79. Ck gbrrkhd d irbnxk cd hkwgrapabnk hkcck wanebck zkppk#anhayah{dxk gbc n{lkrb# c‑dzzdrxknknpd# cd t{dcaxê# cd law{rd k c‑dccaordlknxb.[n zrbwzkxxb rakzacbedxayb# dcck zdeank 449,4?4# radww{lk cd gbnwawxknpd hkczdxralbnab ibnhadrab cbgdck hayawb zkr wzkgak k gbnhapabnk &okna dccbhadca k oknaall{na9?! gbc rawzkxxayb dccaordlknxb0

gdlza eabrndxk 714 xdybck 98 zakha 44gdlza gbn yaxa &dcxkna! eabrndxk 8;6.65

zrdxa eabrndxk 851.51.8obwgfa k ekroaha eabrndxk 1:1.5;.1

idooragfk k dak eabrndxk 44.?6.1

okna all{na eabrndxk ?:5.7# rkeawxrb wbcha 76# hkndra 7# z{nxa 4okna dccbhadca eabrndxk ?:88.7?.1# rkeawxrb wbcha 7;7# hkndra 8# z{nxa 7# wkwxa 8

xbxdck0 eabrndxk ??;4.7;.1# rkeawxrb wbcha 714# hkndra 6# z{nxa :# wkwxa 8.

Cd law{rd eknkrdck kiikxx{dxd nkeca dnna 4555,4556 hkxkrlanÿ an kiikxxac‑dggkrxdlknxb ha wax{dpabna arrkebcdra k ckwayk hkc zdxralbnab gbl{naxdrab. Aclaw{rdxbrk Ldiika k ac nbxdab Aendpab Hdnkwk zrkwknxdydnb ac 5 c{ecab 4556 {ndhawxanxd hka zraydxa gfk raw{cxdydnb dykr dlzcadxb a cbrb zbwwkhalknxa d wgdzaxbhka xkrrkna gbl{na zkr {n xbxdck ha gargd wka eabrndxk k lkppd# k ac 1 c{ecab {nbwxdxb hk rkeawxrdnxa gfk dykydnb dgt{awxdxb hdccd Gbl{naxê zdrxa hkcck odrdeekgbl{na# eaê rawkrydxk dc zdwgbcb k dc «obwgdrkeeadlknxb½# zkr gargd 1 eabrndxk#ld nbn dykydnb dngbr zdedxb ac zrkppb# oknwã {n gdnbnk dnn{dck97. Ld dcxrdgbnxrbykrwad anwbrekyd nka gbnirbnxa hkc ik{hdxdrab rae{drhb dc rkealk hkazdwgbca k hkcck odrdeek. Ac gbnxk Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha waenbrk ha Lbnerdnhb kha Ykrrbnk kwzbnkyd ac ?1 hagklork 4556 gfk xrd a haraxxa gblzbrxdxa hdcc‑anyk,wxax{rd hkc ik{hb ha Ykrrbnk# ragky{xd ac ? ldeeab 4599# krdnb gblzrkwa a odnhagdlzkwxra &gabæ c‑kldndpabnk ha nbrlk ha zbcapad r{rdck k c‑arrbedpabnk ha l{cxkzkr hdnna dcck gdlzdenk! nbngfá ck «rdeabna hk‑ zdwgbca k odrdppk ha t{kc xkr,raxbrab½. Ac Yadcdrha wa raidgkyd dccd wknxknpd wkndxbrad hkc 45??# gbn cd t{dck

c‑dyb Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb krd wxdxb ldnxkn{xb nkc zbwwkwwb hkccd idgbcxê haanxrbh{rya okwxadlk dngfk ibrkwxakrb# wknpd zrkea{hapab zkr c‑{wb hd zdrxk hkazdrxagbcdra rkeawxrdnxa. D wke{axb ha t{kwxd wknxknpd# wbwxknkyd Okrndrhanb Yad,cdrha# wdrkook wzkxxdxd dc gbnxk cd idgbcxê ha zrbaoark bena dcakndpabnk# diiaxxd,lknxb b gbngkwwabnk hkcck odrdeek gbl{na# gbwã gblk bena gbcxaydpabnk# xdecabha obwgb b or{ggb# dwzbrxdpabnk ha wxrdlk# wdcyb ac lkrb {wb hd zdrxk hka zdr,xagbcdra. Ac gbnxk# lknxrk wa ibrldyd ac n{byb gdxdwxb# dykyd zrkxkwb gfk ya walknpabndwwkrb a haraxxa d c{a wzkxxdnxa an odwk dccd wknxknpd an t{kwxabnk# kh brdgaxdyd cd Gbl{naxê zkr eca do{wa k ck dcakndpabna wke{axk nka xkrrkna gbl{na. Anwbwxdnpd ac Yadcdrha ydnxdyd# rawzkxxb dccd Gbl{naxê# {n gbnhblanab w{ t{kwxaxkrrkna. Zkr gbnxrb cd Gbl{naxê dwwkrayd ha dykr hd xklzb allklbrdoack ac zbw,wkwwb k cd zaknd zrbzrakxê hka okna gbl{na. Cd gbnxrbykrwad i{ zbrxdxd handnpa

dccd Gdlkrd hka gbnxa ha Zaklbnxk k t{kwxd# gbn brhandnpd hkcc‑44 hagklork4551# anaoã d idybrk hkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk «bena lbckwxad wbyrd ck gbl{nkk odrdppk ha hkxxd Gbl{naxê nkc rae{drhdnxk ac gbnhblanab k zrbzrakxê hk‑

9: Gir. an DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxd,wxrb bwwad orbecadwwb gbccbnndrab ibrldxb anwke{axb d law{rd eknkrdck½# 4555,4556. Ikr,ld rkwxdnhb cd ykggfad hkxkrlandpabnkhkcck ydcok# cd xdraiid ha dccaordlknxb hkccdeabrndxd# zdra d 19 xdybck# æ kwzrkwwd anhkndra 8 zkr cd zrald ydcod# 7 zkr cd wk,gbnhd# 4#; zkr cd xkrpd# {nb zkr cd t{drxd.

94 D z. 4?? hkc gaxdxb «Gdxdwxrb bwwadorbecadwwb gbccbnndrab ibrldxb an wke{axb dlaw{rd eknkrdck½# ac law{rdxbrk Gdrcb Ead,ganxb Ldiika hagfadrd an hdxd ?9 ldrpb4551 ha «dykr zrbgkh{xb dccd law{rd eknk,rdck k dykr z{rk hkwbnxb k ibrldxb ac zrk,wknxk Caorb iae{rdxb zrkgkhknxk ibrld,pabnk ha ldzzd wbxxbwgraxxd k d{xknxagdxdgblk hdc ykrodck hkcca 1 nbyklork 4556# act{dc iae{rdxb w{hhkxxb gbnxaknk cd iae{rdhalbwxrdxayd k cd hkwgraxxabnk ha x{xxk ckzkppk an kwwb xkrraxbrab kwawxknxa ]…\ kx æ anx{xxb k zkr x{xxb rkcdxayb k gbrrawzbnhknxkdccd ldzzd w{hhkxxd k dcxra caora z{r ibrldxahazknhknxklknxk dh kwwd eknkrdck law{rd½.

9? Wa xrdxxdyd ha okna wzkxxdnxa da Yadcdrha

k da Okrxbhdnb# nbngfá ha okna kggckwadwxagadzzdrxknknxa dccd zdrrbggfad hkc c{beb# dt{kccd ha Ykrendwgb# dc wdnx{drab ha Brbzdk dc gbnyknxb ha Wdn Zakxrb ha Oakccd.

97 DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 7# «Dxxa ydrarkcdxaya dccd Gbl{naxê 4556,46;:½. Ac ?4nbyklork ac Gbnwaecab hkcaokrdyd ha ragbr,rkrk dcc‑anxknhknxk zkr cd rkanxkerdpabnk hkaokna gbl{naxdra gfk raw{cxdydnb {w{rzdxa&DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb ?# «_keawxrb hkcckzrbzbwxk 4556,456:½# gg. 4,?!.




lkhkwala eaê zrkxkwa hdc waenbr gbnxk Yadcdrha zkr ck rdeabna hkc ik{hb½ khagfadrÿ ckgaxb dccd Gbl{naxê ha anxaxbcdrk t{kwxa okna nkc gdxdwxb {cxaldlknxkibrldxb gbwã gblk a w{ba rdzzrkwknxdnxa dykydnb ragfakwxb dc hkckedxb hkc,c‑Anxknhknpd an bggdwabnk hkccd z{oocagdpabnk hkccd ldzzd# ac 1 hagklork4556 98.

Ac gdxdwxb ibrldxb nkeca dnna 4556,4551 krd hkwxandxb d c{ned yaxd. Wbxxb acrkealk ndzbckbnagb# nkc 46:?# zbgb hbzb c‑dnnkwwabnk hkc Zaklbnxk dccdIrdngad# wa anxrdzrkwk# gbn c‑alzkenb ha deralknwbra hazknhknxa hdeca {iiaga gdxd,wxdca hazdrxalknxdca# cd ibrldpabnk ha {n gdxdwxb «zkr ldwwk ha gbcx{rd½# anxkwbd hkianark t{dcaxê k gbnwawxknpd hka xkrrkna ha bena gbl{nk t{dck odwk zkr cdhkxkrlandpabnk hkc gbnxaneknxk ha gbnxrao{pabnk ibnhadrad d t{kwxb dwwk,endoack 9;. Nkc ibnhb gdxdwxdck hkcc‑Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb wa gbnwkryd cdykcand hkc «Zcdn eáblkxrat{k hk cd gbll{nk hk Ykrbnk½ 99 zkrxanknxk d t{kwxbrackydlknxb k xkrlandxb ac 41 debwxb 46:5. Ya dzzdabnb rdzzrkwknxdxk# dccdwgdcd ha 40;:::# ck ldwwk ha gbcx{rd gblk pbnk blbeknkk# hkwaendxk gbn {ndn{lkrdpabnk zrberkwwayd k gbn ck ckxxkrk X zkr «xkrrk cdob{rdock½# Y k XY zkr«yaenk½ k «yaenk kx xkrrk cdob{rdock½ &c‑dnxagb dcxknb!# Z zkr «zrá½# ZD zkr

«zïx{rk½# O zkr «obaw xdaccaw½ &gkh{b!= a eadrhana wbnb gbcbrdxa ha eadccb. Ldzbgb dzzrkwwb a rackydlknxa zkr ldwwk ha gbcx{rd yknnkrb doodnhbndxa k dngfkzkr Ykrrbnk wke{ã cd ibrldpabnk ha {n gdxdwxb zdrxagkccdrk. Dc rackydlknxbdxxkwk ac ekblkxrd hkc Gdxdwxb ha zrald gcdwwk Hk Wxkidnaw# {n xkgnagb gfk z{rdhke{dnhbwa dcck n{byk harkxxayk yaeknxa zkr cd ibrldpabnk hkcck ldzzk &ckydxkgbn raebrbwd lkxbhbcbead w{ccd odwk ha {nd rkxk xraebnblkxragd! nbn dykydhalknxagdxb# nkccd rdzzrkwknxdpabnk hka xaza ha gbcx{rd k nkcck wgraxxk dzzbwxkw{cc‑braeandck hkccd ldzzd hd c{a kcdobrdxd# cb wxack brndxb k yayahb hka xbzberdiagdxdwxdca zaklbnxkwa hkc wkgbcb zrkgkhknxk 95. Wad c‑Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb 96

wad ac Gbl{nk ha Ykrrbnk zbwwakhbnb gbzak ha t{kwxd ldzzd# gbnhbxxk gbn {nderdiagd zañ irkhhd k ckedxk an ibrld ha dxcdnxk. Ac xkrraxbrab gbl{ndck raw{cxdhayawb an wkpabna# rdzzrkwknxdxk an ibeca ha ldzzd dccd wgdcd ha 40?;:: k hbxdxkgadwg{nd ha {nd zrbzrad n{lkrdpabnk zdrxagkccdrk# g{a wa deea{nek {n «xdockd{h‑dwwklocdek½ 91 dccd wgdcd ha 404::::. Dcck bzkrdpabna ha rackydlknxb hkccdldzzd k dccd ibrldpabnk hka rkeawxra dh kwwd rkcdxaya dwwawxá an t{dcaxê ha ldark]Ea{wkzzk\ Wkrdianb Yadcdrha# hawgknhknxk hkeca dnxagfa ydwwdcca# g{a wzkxxÿ acr{bcb wxbragb ha gbccdobrdrk dccd rkdcappdpabnk# nkc w{b Gbl{nk# ha {n gdxdwxbzkr gbwã hark ke{dcaxdrab# {n gdxdwxb gfk# zkrdcxrb# nkccd idxxawzkgak# nbn rawzkg,gfaÿ yawxbwdlknxk eca kiikxxa hkcc‑anxkrykn{xd dobcapabnk hkeca dnxagfa zrayackeaik{hdca# wklzcagklknxk zkrgfá cd erdn ldwwd hka okna {n xklzb zrkxkwa all{nazkr xdc gbnhapabnk krd eaê wxdxd awgraxxd gblk gbcckxxdoack nkc rkeawxrb ha Ykrrbnknkc 45:8. D gd{wd hkccd gdh{xd hkc rkealk ndzbckbnagb ac n{byb gdxdwxb nbn i{dxxaydxb k dccd _kwxd{rdpabnk ck ldzzk k a hbg{lknxa zrbhbxxa i{rbnb raxardxa

hdcc‑dllanawxrdpabnk wdod{hd. _kwxÿ gbwã an {wb c‑{cxalb gdxdwxb wkxxkgknxkwgb#w{ccd g{a odwk wa gbnxan{drbnb d rkeawxrdrk a xrdwzbrxa b ybcx{rk hka xkrrkna xrd ckgbcbnnk hka rawzkxxaya gbnxrao{knxa.

98 C‑brhandnpd hkccd _. Gdlkrd hka gbnxaæ razbrxdxd d g. 4; nkc «Caorb iae{rdxb½ hag{a dccd nbxd 94. Nkc gbnxklzb ac zrbg{rd,xbrk hkc gbnxk Yadcdrha krd anyaxdxb d zrb,h{rrk c‑{cxald anykwxax{rd hd t{kwxa bxxk,n{xd# gblk ragfakwxb hdc zrbg{rdxbrk hkccdgbl{naxê. Cd gbnxrbykrwad zrbwke{ayd nkc4564# t{dnhb cd gbl{naxê wa bzzbwk d gfkac gbnxk kldndwwk hka odnha gdlzkwxra kanxrbh{gkwwk nka zdwgbca gbl{na okwxadlkibrkwxakrb &gir. DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 7#«Dxxa ydra rkcdxaya dccd Gbl{naxê 4556,46;:½!.

9; W{ccd gdxdwxdpabnk hkcc‑kxê ndzbckbnagdan Zaklbnxk# gir. A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß# L. GD,_DWWA# A gdxdwxa zaklbnxkwa hkc VYAAA k VAV wkgbcb# gax.# zz. 4417,441;= A. _ AGGA LDWWD,Oß# Gbnbwgknpd# lklbrad# ekwxabnk hkccdXkrrd nkccd rdzzrkwknxdpabnk gdxdwxdck# gax.#zz. 414,417.

99 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gdxdwxb irdn,gkwk# Dcc. F# n. 94:# «Hkzdrxklknx hk cdWkwad. Drrbnhawwklknx gbl{ndc hk Oakccd#Gdnxbn hk Gdnhkcb. Zcdn eáblkxrat{k hkcd

gbll{nk hk Ykrbnk ckyá kn kvkg{xabn hkc‑drràxk h{ eb{ykrnklknx h{ 4? or{ldarkdn 44 kx xkrlaná hkc 4: dbýx 46:5 d{xknxa,gdxb hd Lblb eáblæxrk kn gfki hkc hazdr,xalknxb k hd Obrrdna eáblæxrk wkgbnhdark.Wgdcd 40;:::½.

95 _axkneb gfk t{kwxb braeandck wad ahkn,xaiagdoack gbn cd ldzzd an wkxxk ibeca &wka zkrck wkpabna k {nb zkr cd xdybcd h‑anwaklk!gbnwkrydxd an DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Gd,xdwxb irdngkwk# Dcc. D# n. ?:.

96 Aoahkl# Gdxdwxb irdngkwk# Dcc. O# n. 89.91 «Xdockd{ h‑dwwklocdek hk cd gbll{nk

hk Ykrrbnk# házdrxklknx hk cd Wkwad# drrbn,hawwklknx gbll{ndc hk Oakccd# ckyá ê c‑kvk,g{xabn hk c‑anwxr{gxabn hk w.k. ck Lanawxrkhkw Iandngkw kn hdxk h{ zrklakr hágklork46:5 zdr l. Hkwxkidnaw eáblæxrk h{ gdhd,wxrk hk zrklaærk gcdwwk kx ykraiaá zdr l.c‑aneának{r ykraiagdxk{r áxdnx ldark hk cdGbll{nk l. Yadcdrha Wkrdzfan# nb{w anek,nak{r ykraiagdxk{r h{ gdhdwxrk dqdnx ykraiaácd zrkwknxk gbzak dykg cd lan{xk ckyák zdrck w{whagx eáblæxrk gbngbrhk. Ykrgkac ck ?;

`{an 464:# Lblb½.



4 D. CBNEFA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc gdwxkccbnkc zdkwdeeab ibrxaiagdxb w{odczanb# an t{kwxbybc{lk# zz. 91 wee.

? X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# z. 8; nbxd 8.

7 D. ZK_AN# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkccd Zdrrbg,gfadck xrd Lkhabkyb kh Kxê Lbhkrnd# ant{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 4:7 wee.# k H. CKOBCK#

Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # Oakccd 4151# zz. 974,999.

8 Cd zrald gaxdpabnk hkc gdwxr{l æ an {ndxxb hkc ?6 ikoordab 4?6? rbedxb an gdwxrbYkrbna hdc nbxdab Obn{wabfdnnkw hk Ldr,gab &C. OB_KCCB# D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxk hkc,c‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd zrald hkc 4751 # OWWW# GAAA &41?5!# ybc. A# hbg.GVVYAAA# zz. ?4;,?49!# lknxrk cd Zdr,rbggfadck gblzdrk zkr cd zrald ybcxd nkc,c‑kwxalb hkcck gfakwk# oknkiaga k lbndwxkrahkccd habgkwa ha Ykrgkcca zkr ck hkgalk zd,zdca hkc 4?16 & D_LB# O{ekccdk 418;# ybc.A# hbg. VYAAA!# anwaklk dccd gfakwd b gdz,zkccd hka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd.

; 44 c{ecab 4;4;# Gdydecaê an DW Oakccd#Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# zkredlknd?7= gbzad gdrxdgkd an DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb41# idwg. 5.

9 Y. YDA# Cd hkhapabnk hka Yadcdrha ha Ykr,rbnk d Gdwd Wdybad# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz.4;4 wee.

5 Aoahkl# Dzzknhagk# zz. ;; wee.6 Cd Gbl{naxê krd rdzzrkwknxdxd hd {nb

b h{k gbnwbca gfk ea{rdydnb nkcck ldna hkczbhkwxê nblandxb hda Yadcdrha. A gbnwbcakrdnb diiadngdxa hdc gbnwaecab hkccd Gbl{,naxê# cd grkhknpd. Cd yagandnpd# b dwwklockdhka gdza ha gdwd &yagana!# wa ra{nayd wbcaxd,lknxk zkr xrdxxdrk eca diidra ha ldeeabr rack,ydnpd.

1 Ac ea{rdlknxb æ zrkwknxdxb ac ?7 ldrpb4;46 «dh odngf{l a{raw½. Nkccd zkred,lknd wbnb razbrxdxa dxxa ha caxk zkr cd zrk,wknxdpabnk &DW Oakccd# Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# zkredlknd ?8!.

C‑DCOD HKCCD GBL[NAXÊ

Z brrk an {nd gbccbgdpabnk wzdpab,xklzb c‑braeank ha Ykrrbnk k t{anha hkaw{ba fblankw# dccb wxdxb dxx{dck hkcck ragkrgfk# æ alzbwwaoack zkrgfá nbnya wbnb kcklknxa drgfkbcbeaga k hbg{lknxdca an erdhb ha ibrnark hdxa

gkrxa# ld zdrxknhb hd h{k zbca zrkgawa dngbrd kwawxknxa# ac gdwxr{l k cd gfakwd# wazbwwbnb zrbzbrrk hkcck azbxkwa# wk nbn w{cc‑braeank# dclknb w{ {n zralblblknxb kybc{xayb.

Dcg{na kcklknxa dngbrd ckeeaoaca hkc gdwxr{l zrbzbnebnb {n zbcb haiknwaybndxb w{c ianark hkc wkgbcb VA 4# {n rkganxb ibrxaiagdxb d zrbxkpabnk ha gbwk k fbla,nkw wxdnpadxa w{c xkrraxbrab# zdrxk d wkryapab hkc waenbrk k zdrxk zaggbca deragbc,xbra caokra. Ac gdwxr{l# zkr cd w{d i{npabnk ha haikwd b t{dnxb lknb ha gbnnbxd,pabnk ha {n hblanab# æ gbwxr{axb eknkrdclknxk hbyk zrkkwawxk {n anwkhadlknxbdoaxdxayb# ac gfk w{eekrawgk ac ianark hkc wkgbcb V gblk zrald ibrldpabnk haYkrrbnk. Eca fblankw nbn d wkryapab hkc waenbrk angblangadnb dh bgg{zdrk ecawzdpa yaganb ck l{rd# wbcahb z{nxb ha raikralknxb# an {n zralb xklzb gbngbwxr{pabna zrkgdrak gfk yad yad wa wxr{xx{rdnb nkccd ibrld ha {nd gdwd xazb#hdnhb braeank dh {n anwkhadlknxb zañ gbnnbxdxb dngbrd angkrxb nka w{ba gbn,iana. T{kwxd xrdwibrldpabnk zbrxd dngfk dh {n‑kybc{pabnk hkc zbcb wdgrb# hdc

wklzcagk galaxkrb dccd gbwxr{pabnk ha {nd gfakwd calaxrbid?# cd Zdrrbggfadck haWdn Cbrknpb# cd g{a ibnhdpabnk z{ÿ kwwkrk zbwxd xrd VA k VAA wkgbcb 7.Ykrrbnk wa hkianawgk t{anha gblk anwkhadlknxb doaxdxayb wxdoack xrd a wkgbca

VA k VAA# wkgbnhb ac zkrabhb an g{a wa zbnebnb cd ibnhdpabnk hkccd gfakwd k hkcgdwxr{l# lknxrk c‑azbxkwa hkccd w{d idwk ibrldxayd dnxagd z{ÿ kwwkrk gbccbgdxd an{n lblknxb ha zbgb zrkgkhknxk ac V wkgbcb.

Ac gdwxr{l k cd gfakwd wbnb hbg{lknxdxa hdccd iank hkc H{kgknxb8# lknxrk ac«zbhkrab Ykrbna dg xkrraxbrab½ wa gbnnbxd gbn a w{ba gbniana wbcb hdc ‑8:: nkecabldeea ha ikhkcxê da h{gfa ha Wdybad# gfk cb hdnnb gblzrkwb «… do {nd zdrxkiankw Ldwwdpak kx Oknk do dcad iankw Wdc{pbcak do dcad iankw Ykrendwgfa do dcadiankw Edcadnaga do dcad iankw Wdnhacadna kx do dcad iankw Gdnhkca …½ ;.

Lblknxb ha wybcxd zkr cd Gbl{naxê æ ac 41 ikoordab 4757# t{dnhb anWdnxfaê a Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk wxaz{cdnb gbn ac gbnxk Dlkhkb YA a zdxxa k ck gbn,yknpabna gfk zbrxdnb ac zdkwk nkcc‑drkd h‑anic{knpd wdod{hd# xrdwibrldnhb {ndzrbzrakxê ibnhadrad zraydxd an {n ik{hb ea{rahagdlknxk wxr{xx{rdxb9. An t{kwxbdxxb cd Gbl{naxê k eca fblankw Ykrbna nbn wbnb zrkwknxa0 gbcbrb gfk ya doaxdnbk t{kcca gfk ya wa wxdoacardnnb wbnb {blana hka Yadcdrha# wxrkxxdlknxk yangbcdxada nboackw gfk wbnb a hkwxandxdra hka zbxkra gbngkwwa k eca {naga oknkiagadra hkazrayackea5.

Æ an t{kwxb lblknxb gfk cd Gbl{naxê anapad d brednappdrwa# nbn xdnxb zkr{nd wzanxd anxkrnd# ld zkr c‑kwaeknpd hka waenbra ha hdrk wbcahaxê z{oocagd dczrbzrab hblanab dxxrdykrwb cd zrblbpabnk ha {n –dcxrb zbxkrk“# t{kccb hkecafblankw# gbn ldeawxrdx{rk k brednawla rdzzrkwknxdxaya zrbzra6# gbl{nt{k

dngbrd awxax{pabndclknxk w{obrhandxa. Hkeca bldeea zrkwknxdxa hdccd Gbl{naxêda waenbra raldnk {nd xkwxalbnadnpd harkxxd xdrhd# x{xxdyad ac idxxb gfk cd zrk,wknxdpabnk dyykned lbrk wbcaxb ragfadld gbnw{kx{hana dnxagfk1. H‑dcxrb gdnxb ac

Eca –Fblankw Ykrbna“Erdpadnd Obckneb

481



4: «_kgbenaxab hblanbr{l Ykrbna½ nkcckldna ha Iacazzanb hk _axaaw ha Wdcdwgb gbl,lawwdrab hkccd zrangazkwwd Abcdnhd# x{xragkhkc h{gd Iacaokrxb ha Wdybad# 4? ldrpb 4858«an gdwxrb Ykrbna½ &DW Oakccd# IdlaecadYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# idwg. 4# «Dxxaha hkhapabnk# anykwxax{rk# ragbenapabna …½.

44

DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca # rke. ;1# i. 48y. Eca fbla,nkw gfk zdrxkgazdnb dccd rkgbenaxab «nblankw{b kx dcabr{l fblan{l Ykrrbna½ wbnbZkxr{w hk Dnhd k Dnxbna{w _bkr.

4? Cd hkhapabnk xrknxknndck ha Oakccd æhkc ?5 bxxbork 4751 &C. OB_KCCB# Ck gdrxkhkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd zrald hkc 4751 # OWWW# GVVVYA &4177!# ybc. AY# hbg.VCYA# zz. 44?,446! k wdrê rannbydxd an zkr,zkx{b ac ?4 nbyklork 48:6 &DGbl Oakccd#wkrak zrald# ldppb 44!.

47 Eadgblb i{ Irdngabxxb# Irdnganb i{_bcdnhanb# Zakxrb i{ _bcdnhb# Zakxrb i{Eabydnna k Debwxanb i{ Ldrxanb.

48 A gdza ha gdwd.4; C‑dxxb æ rbedxb hdc nbxdab Eadgblb hk

Lbroabcab ha Gdnhkcb &DW Oakccd# IdlaecadYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# zkredlknd ;!.

49 Cd «_kgbenaxab gbl{naxdxaw kx fbla,n{l Ykrbna½ dyyaknk d Ykrrbnk# «yahkcagkxan rbykccanb dz{h zbrxdl gdwxra hagxa cbga½#ac 47 ldrpb 4857 &DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb ?7#idwg. ?!. Cd zkredlknd æ l{xacd nkccd zdrxkw{zkrabrk zkr g{a cd hdxd raw{cxd acckeaoack= annbxd hbrwdck yaknk hdxdxd 5 ldrpb 48;8# kr,rdxd an t{dnxb ac wanhdgdxb hkccd Gbl{naxêrazbrxd gfadrdlknxk cd hdxd 47 ldrpb 4857.[nd gbzad gbn ydradnxa nbxkybca wbzrdxx{xxbnkcc‑dxxb ha wanhdgdxb æ an DW Oakccd# Id,laecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# idwg. 4#«Dxxa ha hkhapabnk# anykwxax{rk# ragbenapabna

…½# g. 8:r.45 Cd ragbenapabnk hka i{bgfa æ razbrxdxd

dc xkrlank hkcc‑dxxb zrkgkhknxk k nbn ægblzckxd zkr cd rbxx{rd hkccd zkredlknddngfk nkccd zdrxk anikrabrk# ld æ w{iiagaknxkzkr hdrk {n‑ahkd hkcc‑brhank ha erdnhkppdhkcck Gbl{naxê0 Wdnxfaê 747# Wdn Ekrld,nb 469# Xrbnpdnb 9:# Obreb Dcagk 446# Ga,ecadnb 95# Yaccdrkek ?9# Gdrawab 9:# Drobrab8?# Gdwandck hk Obwgb 49# Erkeeab ?6# Lbn,ibrlbwb ?4# Yaccdrobax 4:# Odcbggb 49# Gdn,hkcb 8:.

46 ?6 eknndab 4858 &DW Oakccd# _X # ldp,pb 74# zkredlknd 6!.

41 Ac ibgdeeab raldnk iawwb an x{xxk ck ragb,enapabna hka wkgbca VY,VYA. Ac ibgdeeab# b

ibgdxagb# krd {nd gbnxrao{pabnk harkxxd acg{a gdragb yknayd w{hhayawb an odwk dc n{,lkrb hka gbnxrao{knxa &i{bgfa!. Bena Gb,l{naxê krd erdydxd ha {nd wblld zrbzbr,pabndxd dccd zbzbcdpabnk &lbhkrdpabnk! k#dcc‑anxkrnb# w{hhayawd xrd ck idlaecak.

?: Xdrhayd lklbrad hkc ik{hdckwalb gd,rbcaneab# t{dnhb cd Gbl{naxê hbykyd ibr,nark dc zrbzrab waenbrk {n gkrxb n{lkrb ha{blana drldxa zkr {n xklzb zrkhkxkrla,ndxb# an gdwb ha gdlzdend biiknwayd w{a xkr,raxbra yagana. Dc xklzb hkc hbg{lknxb ga,xdxb# t{kwxb boocaeb krd wxdxb wbwxax{axb hdwkryapa gfk dnhdydnb hdccd ldn{xknpabnkhkcck ibrxaiagdpabna d t{dcgfk eabrnb ha x{r,nb ha e{drhad.

?4 Hkraydxb hdcc‑bwx gdrbcaneab# c‑boocaebgbanybcekyd ac waenbrk gfk hbykyd edrdnxarkdc zrbzrab ydwwdccb ldeeabrk# rk b alzkrd,xbrk# {n gbnxaneknxk ha gdydcakra k {blana d

4;: E_DPADND OBCKNEB

hblanab gbngkwwb da Yadcdrha raw{cxd gfadrdlknxk hdcck ragbenapabna nkcck t{dcayaknk gbnwkendxb ac ik{hb «… nboack caeea{l dnxag{{l# dyax{l kx zdxkrn{l…½ gbn «… fblankw fbldeead kx iahkcaxdxkw t{br{lg{lt{k gbcbnbr{l angb,cdr{l kx fdoaxdxbr{l zrkhagxa cbga Ykrbna g{l zrkhagxa lkra lavxa alzkraa dgblnalbhk a{rawhagxabnaw klbc{lknxaw zrkrbedxayaw kx zrklanknxaaw# odlzna,

wt{k zknaw kx l{cgxaw dgg{waw kx gbllbhaxdxao{w t{ao{wg{lt{k kv zrkhagxawlkrb lavxb alzkrab dg blnalbhd a{rawhagxabnk zrbyknaknxao{w g{l zcknd kxcaokrd zbxkwxdxk an azwb cbgb Ykrbna# a{hagkl# gdwxkccdn{l# zbxkwxdxkl kx wgra,odl dg dcabw t{bwg{lt{k biiagadrabw gbnwxax{knha# xknknha# zbnknha# d{iik,rknha kx anxkerdnha dg kxadl gbnwxax{knha# xknknha# zcdnxdnha dg zcdnxdra kx gbn,wxr{a idgaknha i{rgdw# zcbxbw# zacbnbw# zdxao{cd kx dcad t{kyaw w{zcagabr{l drxaia,gad dh kvkrgaxa{l zrkhagxk a{rawhagxabnaw nkgkwwdrad …½4:.

Ac 7 ldrpb 475144 a h{k rdzzrkwknxdnxa hkeca fblankw Ykrbna gfk d Wdnxfaê#gbn Walbnk Yadcdrha# zdrxkgazdnb gblk wbeekxxa dccd ragbenapabnk# xkwxalb,nadnb c‑anapab ha {n rdeer{zzdlknxb awxaxax{pabndck gfk hd ibrld zañ dlzad dchblanab gbwxax{axb hda Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk gbn a zdgxd hkc 4757# d irbnxk hkcn{byb zbcb zbcaxagb gfk wa wxd deerkednhb dxxbrnb d Oakccd4?. Hd t{kwxblblknxb a hbg{lknxa# z{r cdg{nbwa# angblangadnb d ibrnark hdxa gfk rknhbnbzañ gbngrkxd cd wxbrad0 cd Gbl{naxê kwawxk# dngfk wk dngbrd cbnxdnd hdcc‑dykrk{nd gbwgaknpd hkc zrbzrab kwwkrk. Gbnxan{d dngbrd d gdllandrk an wxrkxxbckedlk gbn a waenbra dclknb ianb d x{xxb ac VYA wkgbcb k cd w{d angahknpd nkardzzbrxa gbn ck rkdcxê gargbwxdnxa æ lanald. Ld kwawxk k ac w{b zralb dxxb gbn,wkrydxb æ hkc ?6 c{ecab 4769# t{dnhb nkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb wa ra{nawgbnbgant{k lklora hkccd idlaecad Yadcdrha47 a t{dca# anwaklk dc gbnwbck OkrxbchbIkrrdrab k da yagana48# hagfadrdnhb ha dykrk ac «`{w kx zbwwkwwab kcaeknha kx zrk,wknxdnha gckrag{l½# nblandnb Irdngkwgfanb iaecab ha Eadgblb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk dccd gckragdx{rd awxax{axd nkccd gfakwd wxkwwd# ydgdnxk hbzb ac ldxralb,nab hkc gfakragb E{ecakclb4;.

A yagana zrkwknxa wbnb hbhaga0 z{r gbnwahkrdnhb gfk nbn rdzzrkwknxanb acxbxdck# kwwa hkybnb gbl{nt{k rdzzrkwknxdrk cd ldeeabrdnpd hka gdza ha gdwdgfk t{anha zbwwadlb gdcgbcdrk xrd 4; k 46.

Nkc 4857 wa ra{nawgbnb «an zcdxfkd dz{h gdwxr{l hagxa cbga½ h{k gbnwbca#wka gblzbnknxa cd grkhknpd k hagadwwkxxk yagana «t{a w{nx idga{nx kx gbnwxax{{nx{cxrd h{dw zdrxkw fblan{l kx gdzax{l hblbr{l azwa{w cbga½ zkr hdr ldnhdxbda zrbzra rdzzrkwknxdnxa ha zrkwknxdrk cd gbnwkend dc gbllawwdrab hkccdh{gfkwwd Abcdnhd49. [nd Gbl{naxê lkhab,zaggbcd# gblk wa kyangk hdccd ragb,enapabnk hka i{bgfa idxxd nkc 487? hda gbllawwdra h{gdca Zakxrb Ldw{kraa kDnxbnab _bodna# gfk dwwkend d Ykrrbnk ibgd yaeanxanbykl xdwwdxa d yknxah{k iab,rana45. Dh kwwa wa diiadngdnb a hakga i{bgfa nboacadra ragbnbwga{xa hdccd h{gfkwwdAbcdnhd nkc 4858 «… t{ad ykrawalacaxkr azwbr{l nboaca{l hblbw nbn zbww{nxkwwk t{k ldvalk fdokdnx {nhk yaykrk {cxrd hkgkl …½46# gfk an yarxñ hka zdxxahkc 4757 zdednb lkppb iabranb c‑{nb.

Bcxrk dc ibgdeeab gfk yknayd zdedxb bena dnnb dc gfadydrb hkc gdzaxdnb haWdnxfaê dccd ikwxd ha Wdn Ldrxanb41# cd Gbl{naxê ragbnbwgk c‑boocaeb ha gdydc,gdxd?: k# t{dnhb ragfakwxb# hkcc‑kwkrgaxb?4 dccb wxkwwb lbhb hkcck dcxrk xkrrk hkcgdzaxdnkdxb ha Wdnxfaê?? k cd gbrrkwzbnwabnk ha h{k zdrxa ha yknxa iabrana h‑brbb h{gdxa zkr ac wdcdrab hkc gdzaxdnb ha Wdnxfaê hd zdedrk da waenbra ha Ykrrbnk#lkxê ac 4º eknndab k lkxê dccd ikwxd ha Wdn Zakxrb Dzbwxbcb?7.

T{dnhb nkc 4;46 ac zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk Gblanb Wgdrkccd hkxxb Odrokraa haGdnhkcb gbnybgd eca fblankw «dh odngf{l a{raw½ zkr zrkwknxdrk c‑bldeeab haikhkcxê da waenbra Yadcdrha# bcxrk a h{k gbnwbca# wbnb zrkwknxa 9? gdza ha gdwd. Cd

Gbl{naxê æ grkwga{xd k wa æ gbnwbcahdxd nkc zkrabhb ha zdgk wke{axb deca dggbrhaxrd Iacazzb Ldrad Yawgbnxa k Dlkhkb YAAA?8# dnna nka t{dca dngfk a Yadcdrha wazrkbgg{zdnb ha radiikrldrwa rdiibrpdnhb cd zrbzrad alldeank dxxrdykrwb cd



zakha ckydxa xrd cd zrbzrad Gbl{naxê# zañ blknb kckydxb wkgbnhb ac zrbzrab rdneb. Dhaiikrknpd hkccd gdydcgdxd# c‑bwx h{rdyd x{xxbac xklzb hkccd gdlzdend lacaxdrk.

?? Ac gdzaxdnkdxb ha Wdnxfaê æ awxax{axb nkc4756.

?7 Ck h{k zdrxa ha wdcdrab wbnb gkh{xk zkr9:: iabrana «zdrya zbnhkraw½ da waenbra haYkrrbnk hdc h{gd C{hbyagb ha Wdybad ac 4:ea{enb 48;8 &DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb 74# zkr,edlknd 8# k# an gbzad# aoahkl# Idlaecad Yad,cdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# idwg. 4# «Dxxa hahkhapabnk# anykwxax{rk# ragbenapabna …½# g.4:y!.

?8 Dggbrha ha Xbranb hkc ? hagklork48?5.

?; Zkr ac gdwxkccb k cd w{d xazbcbead kybc{,xayd# gir. D. CBNEFA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc gd,wxkccb nkc zdkwdeeab ibrxaiagdxb w{odczanb# ant{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 91 wee. Cd gfakwd wdrêragbnwdgrdxd ac 46 debwxb 4;:7 &gir. D.ZK_AN# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkccd Zdrrbggfadck xrd

Lkhabkyb kh Kxê Lbhkrnd# an t{kwxb ybc{,lk# zz. 4:7 wee.!.

ECA –FBLANKW YK_BNA“ 4;4

rawxr{xx{rdpabnk ha zdrxk hkc gdwxkccb# brd gbn i{npabnk ha zdcdppb k c‑dlzcad,lknxb hkccd gfakwd ha zdxrbndxb# byk wbnb a wkzbcgra idlaecadra ?;.

Eca dxxa ian t{a gaxdxa razbrxdnb a nbla ha gbnwbca# grkhknhdra k yagana# hdn,

hbga nbxapad hkcck idlaecak gfk doaxdnb Ykrrbnk0

4769 Okrxbchb Ikrrdrab# Dnxbna{w _bxdra{w# Dnxbna{w _dlzbn{w# Zkxr{w hkZrbck# Zkxr{w kx Ordnh{w hk Hblanagd# @bfdnnkw hk Gargd# Zkxr{w hk ]kv @bfdnnkw [okrx{w\ Drh{anan{w# @bfdnnkw H{rdnx{w# Ldrgava{w Zbxar{whk Kchd# Dnrag{w hk Kgckvad# Bxanb Okpbnb

4857 Ekbrea{w hk Bpad# Dnxbna{w Eda`d# [okrxan{w Wgbxbnb# @bfdnnkw hkLdrxankxb# Hblanag{w Gfbd# Okrxbcan{w hk Odrdngab# @bfdnnkw Ikrrdraa# @bfdnnkw Grdgfa# @bfdnnkw Wgbxbnb# Nagbcan{w hk Odrdngab# E{ahkx{wDrdch{w# Gblan{w Odrokra{w# Oadea{w Grdgfb# Dnhrkdw Bcadra{w# LagfdkcGrdgfb# Gblan{w hk Oaecb# @bfdnnkw Cd{rknxan{w# @bfdnnkw hk _agbnb#

E{acakcl{w Drdch{w# Odrxbcblk{w hk Cd{rkngab# Ykrgkccan{w Cdngad#ldeawxkr Hblanag{w Wdrxbr# D{e{wxan{w H{rdnh{w# [okrxan{w H{rdnh{w#Walbn Grdgfb

_kgbenaxab fblan{l hk Ykrbnbdh Dlkhkb YA ha Wdybad# #DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca # rke. # i. y



4;46 ]Xdnax{w\ hk Cbgad# Okrndrh{w hk Obrdngab# Irdngawg{w Drdch{w#Dnxbna{w E{dppkra{w# ldeawxkr Okrndrh{w Drdch{w# Okrndrh{w hk_bngfb# E{ecakclb Drdchb# _bcdnh{w Okrndi{wd# Okrxbh{w Bcadra{w# @dgbo{w Edqd# Walbn Drdch{w# Dnxbna{w Drdch{w# Gblan{w hk Wgbxbnb#Ldrxan{w hk Zkranb# @dgbo{w Drdch{w# Ldrxan{w Gd{hd# Ldrxan{w hk

Oaeab# Iacazz{w Grdgf{w# Dnxbnan{w hk Zkranb# Ocdwa{w Gd{hd# @bfdnnkwGd{hd# Cd{rknxa{w hk Cbrdnganb# Ldrxan{w hk Lbwgbnb# Gblan{wH{rdnh{w# Cd{rknxa{w Bcadra{w# Walbn Grdgf{w# Okrndrh{w hk Eaecbnb# @bfdnnkw hk Wgbxbnb# Walbn H{rdnh{w# Edwzdr hk Okrxd# OdzxawxdGd{hd# Cd{rknxa{w Ikrrdra{w# Nagfbcan{w hk Obrdngab# Dnxbna{w Drdch{whagx{w Zaccbx{w# [okrxan{w Drdch{w# @bfdnnkw hk Cbrdnganb# [okrxan{wEaod# Eacbn{w hk Eacbnb# Gblan{w hk Okrxd# Eacdrh{w Gd{hd#Cd{rknxa{w Gd{hd Nkead# ldeawxkr Gblan{w Odrokra{w# Ldrgfabn hkWgbxbnb# @dgbo{w hk Eackxb dcadw Grdgf{w# Dnxbnab hk Obrdngab# Odz,xawxd Ikrrdra{w# Walbn hk Odrckxb# Dnxbna{w Gd{hd dcadw Nkead# Odzxawxdhk Lbwgfbnb# Odzxawxd Eaod# Walbn hk Okrxd# Dnxbna{w hk Ldrxankxb#E{acckcl{w Ikrrdra{w# Lagfdkc hk Obrdngab# Okrndrh{w Edqd# Ldrxan{w

Bcadra{w# Okrndrh{w Gd{hd# Gblan{w _dzzd# Ldrxan{w hk Obrckxb#Dnxbna{w hk Cbrdnganb hagx{w Lbrkx{w# Dnxbna{w hk Okrxd# ldeawxkrXfbldw Grdgf{w

Hdc cbrb gbnirbnxb wa kyahknpad# xrd ac 4769 k ac 4857# {n rannbydlknxbt{dwa gblzckxb hkccd zbzbcdpabnk# n{lkragdlknxk rdhhbzzadxd. H{k wbcagbenbla gblzdabnb an x{xxa k xrk a hbg{lknxa0 Ikrrdrab,Ikrrdra k H{rdnh{w,H{rdnx{w. Ac l{xdlknxb dyyaknk nkc gbrwb hkccd zrald lkxê hkc VY wkgbcb kcb wa zkrgkzawgk hdccd gbnwkend hkcck xkrrk# wkhala k obwgfa hkcck gfakwk ha WdnCbrknpb k ha Wdn Walbnk# rkwd ac 7 hagklork 4875 d ragfakwxd ha _bokrxb iaecabha E{ecakclb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# rkxxbrk ha Wdn Cbrknpb# gfk lkxxk an kya,hknpd# xrd eca dcxra# nbla n{bya0 Ldrg{w hk _dlzbnb &4769!# Dnxbna{w X{bn{w#Eacbn{w hk Kgckvaw &4769!# [okrxan{w Gf{ekra iaca{w t{bnhdl Dnxbna Bpk&4857 hk Bpad!# @bfdnnkw iaca{w t{bnhdl [okrxana Grdgfa &4857!# Okrxbcan{wiaca{w t{bnhdl @bfdnnkw Ikrrkra &4769,4857!# Ldrg{w hk Gfbd &4857! kxLagfdkc hk Drdchaw &4857!?9.

Xrd cd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc ‑8:: k cd zrald hkc ‑;:: wa gbnikrld c‑angrklknxbhkccd zbzbcdpabnk k wk nk gbnwbcahd cd wxdnpadcaxê= wbcb xrk hka gbenbla anhagdxankc 4857 nbn gblzdabnb nkc 4;460 Cdngad# hk _agbnb k Wdrxbr# gfk anhagd aclkwxakrk ha wdrxb ha ldeawxkr Hblanag{w. Eca dcxra wbnb x{xxa zrkwknxa dngfk wkgbn ydradnxa0 hk Bpad,hk Cbgad# Gfbd,Gd{hd# hk Oaecb,hk Oaeab# Cd{rknxan{w,hk Cbrdnganb.

Ac irdeack ckedlk gbl{naxdrab# {naxb dccd zbykrxê kgbnblagd hby{xd dh

{n‑dxxayaxê deragbcd ha zbgb w{zkrabrk dccd wklzcagk w{wwawxknpd kh kwkrgaxdxdt{dwa xbxdclknxk w{ xkrrkna waenbraca# zbrxd nkccd zbzbcdpabnk gbnxan{a l{xd,lknxa rkwa zañ kyahknxa xrd cd lkxê hkc wkgbcb VYA k t{kccd hkc VYAA hdc zkr,h{rdrk hkcck e{krrk k hdc wbzrdeea{nekrk ha kzahklak.

Nkc orbecadppb hkc 496:# xrd a t{drdnxd rkwahknxa gfk rkeawxrdnb okna# xrb,yadlb dngbrd Eda`d# Cbrknganb# Wgbxbnb# Lbwgbnk k Bcadrb= Eda`d k Lbwgbnkxrd a xrknxdnbyk hkc gdxdwxb hkc 45?1 k wbcb Ed`d xrd a gant{dnxdwka ha t{kccb hkc4551?5. Gbnxklzbrdnkdlknxk angblangadnb dh anwkhadrwa {blana n{bya zrbyk,naknxa hda xkrraxbra yagana# a g{a gkzza idlaecadra wbnb dngbr beea zrkwknxa0T{drkend &4956!?6# Edrappb# Lbwgd &496:!# Obggd# Erbnhd &45?1!# Obrra&4551!.

Nbn wbnb zkrykn{xa hbg{lknxa dnxagfa d xkwxalbnadnpd ha gblk dyyknayd

cd wgkcxd hka rdzzrkwknxdnxa hkccd Gbl{naxê# ld wa z{ÿ w{zzbrrk gfk cd xrdha,pabnk wad t{kccd razbrxdxd nkeca brhandxa h‑anapab ‑5::. Ac 7 eknndab 45?4# w{ccdzadppd z{oocagd# hdydnxa dc zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk Irdngkwgb Ldrad Cdnpd ha

?9 C‑dxxb æ rbedxb hdc nbxdab IacazzbYadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb &DW Oakccd# IdlaecadYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# zkredlknd 1!.

?5 Zkr a gdxdwxa k cd cbrb ibrldpabnk# gir.E. EKNXACK# Dxxrdykrwb a gdxdwxa dnxagfa hkc Gbl{nk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz. 4?1 wee.

?6 DZ Ykrrbnk# Caora hka odxxkwala k hka

lbrxa .

4;? E_DPADND OBCKNEB



Wdnhaecadnb# gblzdrk «Zakxrb Dnxbnab Eda`d gbnwbck hkccd Gbl{naxê hkc zrk,wknxk c{beb nkcc‑dnnb fbr wgbrwb t{dc zrbzbnk h‑fdykr c{a ac eabrnb ha W.Ldrxanb {nhkga hkc zrbwwalk zdwwdxb lkwk ha nbyklork gbnibrlk ac wbcaxbkckxxb k nblandxb zkr lbhkrnb gbnwbck zkr c‑dnnb gbrrknxk gfk fd zrangazadxbac w{hhkxxb eabrnb ha W. Ldrxanb ldwxrb Irdngkwgb hkc i{ Eabydnna Okrxrdlb

ha t{kwxb c{beb gfk t{aya zrkwknxd d g{a gfakhk hdrwa ac hby{xb k wbcaxb ea{rd,lknxb zkr c‑kwkrgapab w{hkxxb dgaÿ dooa wkgbnhb ac wbcaxb wxack d rkibrldrk c‑br,handrab gbnwkecab k zrbykhkrk gbc wbcaxb n{lkrb hk gbnwaecakra dec‑{reknpk knkebga` ha t{kwxb z{oocagb … Anha gblk gfk rkwxd h‑dnxagd gbnw{kx{hank gfkac gbnwbck lbhkrnb hkyk kcckeekrk k hkz{xdrk ca xrk gbnwaecakra gbwã gbnxan{dnhbac wbcaxb wxack fd hkxxb lbhkrnb gbnwbck kcckxxb k nblandxb zkr gbnwaecakra hahkxxd Gbl{naxê Zakxrb Dnxbnab Eda`d# Edwzdrk Wt{anxbnk k Hblknagb Idcdt{aya zdralknxk zrkwknxdxa …½?1.

Eca {blana ha Ykrrbnk ibrldnb# h{nt{k# {nd Gbl{naxê r{rdck# wxr{xx{rdxdwklzcagklknxk# blbeknkd hdc z{nxb ha yawxd wbgadck gfk# ha idxxb# yayk wknpdgbnicaxxa anxkrna dclknb ianb dc VYAA wkgbcb.

Xrd a yagana hkc 4857# eca kwkrgknxa dxxayaxê drxaeadndck wbnb h{k# Gblan{w

Odrokra{w k ldeawxkr Hblanag{w Wdrxbr# a g{a lkwxakra# odroakrk k wdrxb# wbnbwxdxawxagdlknxk a zrala an bena anwaklk {rodnb wxdoaclknxk gbwxax{axb. H{k wbnbdngbrd a ldeawxra nkc 4;46# Okrndrh{w Drdch{w k Xfbldw Grdgf{w# wknpd anha,gdpabnk hkcc‑dxxayaxê.

CD HKWBCDPABNK

Deca anapa hkc ‑9:: ck e{krrk k ck anydwabna dcck t{dca wa deea{nek ac «gbnxd,eab½ hkc 497:# cd zkwxk# zbrxdnb lbrxk# hawxr{pabnk k hkwbcdpabnk dngfk nkc xkr,raxbrab ha Ykrrbnk. Cd Gbl{naxê gfk dykyd dzzknd anapadxb ac gdllanb hkccdzrbzrad gbwgaknpd wbgadck wa widchd0 a xkrrkna# eaê nbn zdrxagbcdrlknxk rkhhaxapa#

nbn zrbh{gbnb zañ k cd zbykrxê zkwd lbcxb zañ hkc wknwb ha dzzdrxknknpd7:

.Ac 45 nbyklork 49?; ac zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb Yadcdrha gbn a gbnwbcaEabydnna Gfabranb k Eabydnna Cbrknpanb k ac wkgrkxdrb Eadgblb Zadnxanb yawa,xdnb Ykrrbnk gdwd zkr gdwd74. Cd rkdcxê æ hrdlldxagd0 «… wa æ raxrbydxd wkrrdxdcd gdwd ha Dnxbnab Ldrxankxxb hkc i{ Walbnk t{dc æ dnhdxb d wxdr d Wdc{pbcd …Zañ Odxxawxd Lbwgbnk t{dc æ dnhdxb wxdrk Ldwwdppd … Zañ Odrxbcblkb kx Ldradhk Gkrkxxd b wad Gfabrand t{dca wbnb dnhdxa wxdr d Lbnerdnhb … ZañHblknagb Zkranb t{dc æ dnhdxb wxdr d Oknd … Zañ Wxkidnb Erdgaw t{dc ædnhdxb wxdr d Gkrrabnk … Zañ Ldrgb Gfabranb t{dc æ dnhdxb wxdr d Wdc{pbcd …Kx zañ Odrxbcblkb Gblkccb t{dc æ dnhdxb wxdr d Gkrrabnk … kx zañ EabydnnaZakxrb Grdyad t{dc æ dnhdxb wxdr d Oknd … Zañ Zakxrb Cbrknpanb t{dc æ dnhdxbwxdr d Yaecadnb … kx lbcxa dcxra … ydnb zkrÿ dowknxdr ha eabrnb an eabrnb …½ 7?.

Hbhaga dnna hbzb# okngfá lbcxa wadnb raxbrndxa k dooadnb razrkwb d cdyb,rdrk a gdlza «… nbn fdnnb zañ ybc{xb idr Gbl{naxê nk gbnw{ca nk gbnwaecakralknb dggkxdr ca brhana hblanagdca nk idr t{kc xdnxb wbnb xkn{xa zkr wkryapab haW. D. _. k z{ocagb½. Ld a nboaca Yadcdrha gfk w{zzcagdnb ac h{gd Gdrcb Kldn{kckzkrgfá brhana wbxxb erdya zknk da «zdrxagbcdra gfk wa raxrbydnb nkc c{beb ha kccke,ekr ca gbnw{ca k gbnwaecakra kx ca kcckxxa ha kwwkrgar c‑biiaxab ha gbnwbcdxb kx dccadowknxdxa ha raxbrndr …½77# wbnb wxdxa ibrwk a zrala d lkxxkrk dc wag{rb t{dnxbzbxkydnb. Anidxxa# nkcc‑anyknxdrab ckedck gfakwxb nkc 4946 hd Eabydnna LdradYadcdrha78 wa ckeek0 «… nbn ya wbnb zañ lboaca dcg{na ná caneakrak ná wgraxx{rkhd anyknxdrapdrwa zkr kwwkrk gfk dccd ykn{xd hkcca analaga gabæ hkcca xrknxanai{rbnb dwzbrxdxa yad …½. Zbagfá hdccd yawaxd nbn raw{cxd gfk ac gdwxkccb wad wxdxbwdggfkeeadxb# æ azbxappdoack gfk lboaca# «caneakrak½ k wgraxx{rk wadnb wxdxk zbr,

xdxk cbnxdnb hdeca «analaga½ hdeca wxkwwa zrbzrakxdra.Ac zdwwdeeab hkcck xr{zzk nbn i{ wag{rdlknxk anhbcbrk0 nkc 4941 a nboaca

Yadcdrha gbnwkendnb ;5? eabrndxk ha xkrrd# t{dxxrb gdwk# {n gdwbnk k nbyk

?1 DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# «_keawxrbhkeca brhandxa hkcaokrdlknxa ha xdecak# ldn,hdxa hkeca kwdxxbra k zdrgkcck hkec‑kwzbwxa kbzkrdxa hkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk hkecadnna 45?: 45?4 45?? 45?7 kx 45?8½ &rke.8:!# g. 8. Ac zralb brhandxb gbnwkrydxb æhdxdxb 8 ea{enb 4544 &rke. 71!. Cd Gbl{,naxê bcxrk d zbhkwxê# gbnwbck# gbnwaecakra kwkerkxdrab wxazknhadyd dngfk {n gdlzdna,wxd# {n wkryaknxk ha ea{wxapad k h{k zrbg{rd,xbra# {nb d Xbranb# c‑dcxrb d Ykrgkcca.

7: Dngbrd nkc 499;# zkr wbwxknkrk {nd caxkgbnxrb ac gbnxk ha Xkrnkneb# cd nbland hkczrbg{rdxbrk hkccd Gbl{naxê æ idxxd hd Wa,lbnk Okrxd# Wkodwxadnb Zbykrdrb# Eabydn,na Zkrranb# Dnxbnab Zkrranb# Walbnk Lb,wgbnk# Eabreab Lbwgd# Eabydnna Bcadrb#C{hbyagb Dydnhanb k Walbnk Wkzxbrk «x{x,xa {blana k zdrxagbcdra hkc zrkwknxk c{bebrdzzrkwknxdnxa ac z{oocagb k gbl{nk hat{kwxb c{beb ac t{dck zkr cd lawkrad ha hkxxbc{beb nbn rkwxd gblzbwxb ha gbnwbck nkgbnwaecakra½ &DW Oakccd# Idlaecad Erblb ha Xkrnkneb# ldppb 9:!.

74 Cd yawaxd æ gblza{xd an yarxñ hkcc‑khaxxb4: ea{enb 49?; nkc t{dck# dc gblld ?# wagbldnhdyd «d x{xxa a gdza ha gdwd fdoaxdnxankcca wxdxa nbwxra ha t{d hd‑ lbnxa# k ha cê hdgbcca# ha gbnxan{drk nkccd rkwahknpd hkcckwbcaxk fdoaxdxabna cbrb# kx aya xknkr gdwddzkrxd# lboacaxdxd gbnibrlk dccd gbnha,xabnk# k idgbcxê zkr ragkykrnk an kwwk ca wbc,hdxa# k gbngbrrkrk nkeca dcxra gdraefa brha,ndra k wxrdbrhandra# k d x{xxa eca dowknxdxa# kgfk fdnnb xrdwzbrxdxb ck gdwk# k fdoaxdxabnankcck gaxxê b dcxra c{befa i{bra ha zdwwdeeabha raxbrndrk d rafdoaxdrk nkcck xkrrk# k gdwkcbrb anhacdxdlknxk# ÿ ykrb ha idrk an kwwac{befa# xknkr gdwd dzkrxd# k zrbyawxd gbn,ibrlk dccd idgbcxê cbrb# ac x{xxb wbxxb zknd hawg{ha h{kgknxb h‑brb zkr gadwgfkh{nbh‑kwwa gfk gbnxrdyykrrê# k h‑dcxrd d nba droa,xrdrad½. Dc gblld w{ggkwwayb yknebnbkwknxdxa a lawkrdoaca k gbcbrb gfk zrkwxdnbwkryapab h‑drla zkr ac h{gd k wa brhand deca«brhandra hk‑ c{befa ha idrk anhacdxdlknxk#

k ha gblzdenad hk‑ wanhaga hacaeknxk ragkrgdha x{xxa a gdza ha gdwd# gfk fdykrdnnb hawfd,oaxdxb# anha irê hakga eabrna zrbwwala h‑an,yadrcd ê Xbranb½ &E. O. OB_KCCA# Khaxxa dnxa,gfa k n{bya hk‑ wbyrdna zrangaza hkccd _kdc Gdwd ha Wdybad# hkcck cbrb x{xraga# k hk‑ ldea,wxrdxa ha t{d hda lbnxa# rdggbcxa h‑brhank ha

Ldhdld _kdck hdc wkndxbrk Eab. Odxxawxd Obrkcca # Xbranb 4964# z. ;1;!.

7? DGbl Oakccd# wkrak zrald# ldppb 755.77 Aoahkl# ldppb 756. Ac 47 bxxbork 4975

yaknk brhandxb d Eabydnna Odxxawxd Wdnha,ecadnb ha hdr wke{axb dccd w{zzcagd.

78 DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. 89;# g. 4:5# «Anyknxdrab ckedckgfakwxb hd Eabydnna Ldrad Yadcdrha pabzdxkrnb k x{xbrk ha Okrndrhanb iaecab hkc i{Okrndrhb# lanbrk# zkr a okna zdxkrna gfknbn wa ybecabnb gbnibnhkrk gbn t{kcca zrb,yknaknxa hdcc‑krkhaxê ldxkrnd½# hkc ?? ea{,enb 4946# rkhdxxb an Wdnhaecadnb nkc gdwxkc,cb hkc Xbrrabnk zrkwwb ac zbnxk ha hkxxbgdwxkccb «dydnxa Eab Okrndrha b waa hk _bw,wa½ nbxdab h{gdck ha P{oaknd hkz{xdxb hdch{gd Gdrcb Kldn{kck A.




wkhala hka t{dca t{dxxrb or{gadxa7; k# dngfk an wke{axb# dcck xkrrk gfk a zrbzrak,xdra «wxdnxa ca ldca xklza zdwwdxa ha e{krrd fdooanb cdwgadxb ha t{kcca zbwwkhkr½79

wa dggblzdend wzkwwb c‑anhagdpabnk ha khaiaga drwa. Dccd e{krrd# gblk wa æ hkxxb#wa deea{nek nkc 497: cd zkwxk.

T{kwxb t{dhrb ha rbyand ea{wxaiagd cd wgblzdrwd hkeca drgfaya gbl{naxdra

dnxagfa# rkcaeabwa k gayaca0 eca dxxa ha odxxkwalb# ldxralbnab k lbrxk hkccd Zdrrbg,gfadck zdrxbnb hdc 495:75# hdxd gfk æ dngfk t{kccd hka zrala dxxa gfk gblzbn,ebnb c‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck0 gbnxa kwdxxbradca &4957!# gd{wdxa &4958!# gdxdwxa&496:!# gbxappa &45::!# gbnwkenk &45:8!# brhandxa &4544!76.

Nkc 497?# 49 gdza ha gdwd gfk rdzzrkwknxdnb cd t{dwa xbxdcaxê hkccdGbl{naxê anhkoaxdxd ha «haykrwk wbllk hk hkndra k erdna kx fbr kwwknhbaneabnxd ha zdedrk xrdxxd hkc alzbwwaoack dxxkwb gfk gblk æ nbxbrab an hkxxbc{beb ha Ykrrbnk nbn wa id zañ Gbl{naxê k cd ldeeabr zdrxk hkcca zdrxagbcdraw{bnb dowknxa hkc hkxxb c{beb k nbn z{bnb wbhawidr d xdca hkoaxa gbn alzbwa,pabna k xdecak …½# hkgahbnb ha yknhkrk okna hkccd Gbl{naxê k hka zdrxagbcdra«gbnibrlk d {nd cawxd idxxd zkr kwwa zdrxagbcdra bena{nb zkr w{d zbrxabnk zkrzdedrk w{hkxxa hkoaxa idxxa nkc xklzb gfk nbn krd Gbl{naxê …½71. [nd wkrak hadxxa xrd ac 495; k ac 4964 razbrxd cd gkwwabnk ha yknxat{dxxrb zkppk# bxxb waxahklbcaxa k {nd gdwd zkr {n xbxdck ha «cayrk gknxbwkwwdnxbxxb k wbcha xrkhaga½wzkwb an ldeeabr zdrxk zkr «wbwxknkr ck caxxa gfk xrd cd hkxxd Gbl{naxê k cawaenbra ha gbxkwxb c{befb ykrxawgdnb dydnxa c‑kggkccknxawwald gdlkrd hka gbnxa haWD_ gbngkrnknxa c‑dccbhadcaxê k ik{hdccaxê hk okna …½8:.

CD N[BYD GBL[NAXÊ

Cd iank hkc ‑9:: rdzzrkwknxd c‑anapab hkccd ragbwxr{pabnk hkc gbrzb gbl{na,xdrab. Ck xkwxalbnadca wke{axk dccd yawaxd gfk ac gbnxk _aggdrha# anxknhknxk hkccdzrbyangad ha Ykrgkcca# gblzak nkc hagklork hkc 491; hkwgraybnb {nd Gbl{naxê

gbnxdhand nbn raggd# ld nbn zañ dc calaxk hkccd w{wwawxknpd. Cd yawaxd æ {nd gbn,ybgdpabnk dccd zadppd hkc gdwxkccb ha gbnwbca# gbnwaecakra# gdza ha gdwd k gbcxayd,xbra hdcck g{a gbnwkenk yaknk rackydxb cb wxdxb hkc c{beb0 cd Gbl{naxê gbnxd ?8;zkrwbnk# 7 hkcck t{dca doaxdnb «i{bra½# {nb zkrgfá wkryaxbrk. A lanbra ha dnna5 wbnb ;8# eca {cxrdwkwwdnxknna 1# {nd iaecad fd «ac ldc gdh{gb½# lknxrk {ndidlaecad raw{cxd kwxanxd84. Xrd a gdza ha gdwd ga wbnb 9 ykhbyk k 4 ykhbyb. Bcxrka rkwahknxa# wa deea{nebnb 6 ibrkwxakra gfk rkeawxrdnb okna k dcxra 7 gfk hagfad,rdnb ha gbcxaydrk ck cbrb zrbzrakxê# h{k yknebnb hd Wdc{wwbcd gbn a cbrb dnaldca.Wbnb hagfadrdxa ?? eabefa &zdad ha o{ba! gbxappdxa8?# ha g{a 4: ha zrbzrakxê waenb,rack diiahdxa d ldwwdra k 4? ha zrbzrakxê zraydxd. W{ ;9 n{gcka idlaecadra# 1 nbnfdnnb o{ba k nbn gbnwkendnb nkzz{rk okna# lknxrk eca dcxra hagfadrdnb ;? ydg,

gfk gbn 48 yaxkcca &6 ha zrbzrakxê Yadcdrha# 44 diiahdxk an «wbgahd½

87

!# 4: gdydccak 4 z{ckhrb# 5 dwank# ? gdzrk# ?7 ldnpa &9 hka waenbra# ? hkc zakydnb k ? an«wbgahd½! k ?? ldadca. T{dnxb dcc‑dxxayaxê cdybrdxayd# wbnb hagfadrdxa ?? ldwwdra4? hka t{dca gbcxaydnb wad xkrrkna zrbzra gfk diiahdxa# ac gfk id w{zzbrrk zrb,zrakxê zkrwbndca lanalk# lknxrk {n ldwwdrb88 «doaxd gblk wxdiiakrk gbn cd zran,gazkwwd ha Ldwwkrdnb8; w{d ldxraend½. Zrbzrakxdra hkccd ldeeabr zdrxk hka xkr,rkna wbnb a Yadcdrha gfk doaxdnb ac gdwxkccb0 ]Dnxbnab\ Okrndrhanb gbn cd lbecakk {nd iaecad# 4 wkryb k 4 wkryd# ac zrabrk Eabydnna Eadgblb gbn 4 wkryd# GdrcbIrdngkwgb gbn cd lbecak# h{k iaeca k ac nazbxk Zdbcb Brdpab gfk rawakhk# zkrÿ#dh Drobrab# da t{dca wa deea{nebnb nboaca ibrkwxakra# knxa kggckwadwxaga k ac zak,ydnb89. Wk wa gbnwahkrd gfk cd yawaxd dyyaknk nkcc‑dloaxb hkccd hkianapabnk ha {ndcaxk gbn a Yadcdrha zkr c‑dggdxdwxdlknxb dccbhadck hka okna hd t{kwxa zbwwkh{xa k

gfk# zkrgaÿ# cd Gbl{naxê fd x{xxb c‑anxkrkwwk d hagfadrdrk {n xknbrk ha yaxdlbcxb odwwb# cd razrkwd kgbnblagd raw{cxd nkxxd.

Cd n{byd Gbl{naxê wa diirdngd yad yad hda zrbzra waenbra# dgt{awxdnhb

4;8 E_DPADND OBCKNEB

7; DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbyangad ha Oakccd# ldppb 5= gbzad an DYhWI. Gbn ac xkr,lank wkhalk yknayd gbl{nklknxk anhagdxd{nd zrbzrakxê r{rdck gblzrknhknxk dngfkkhaiaga dcg{na hka t{dca gbn i{npabna doaxd,xayk.

79 DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkr

zdkwa# ybc. ;88# g. 95# «Gkwwabnk ha rdeabnagbn t{akxdnpd hkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk dEabydnna Dnxbnab Wdzkccdnb zkr a gdragfahby{xa an zdwwdxb½# 44 dzrack 4957.

75 Dc wkgbnhb caorb hka odxxkwala æ dcck,edxb {n –zrbgkwwb ykrodck“ hkc ?4 hagkl,ork 46:; &VAY hkccd rkz{oocagd 7: iraldab!gfk wxbragappd t{kwxd wax{dpabnk.

76 Cb wxdxb hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ra,w{cxd wxbragdlknxk hbg{lknxdxb hd h{kanyknxdra wkxxkgknxkwgfa# «Anyknxdrb hkcckwgraxx{rk hkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk kwa,wxknxa nkcc‑Drgfayab h‑kwwd idxxb hd lk K{,wkoab Xdladxxa nbxdab gbcckeadxb hkc c{bebha Gkrrabnk k wkgrkxdrb h‑kwwd Gbl{naxêgbn anxkryknxb kh dwwawxknpd ha ldwxrbEadgblb Edraxab i{ Dnxbnab eaê gbnwbck hahkxxd Gbl{naxê k zrkwknxklknxk gbnwa,ecakrk d gaÿ dloa hkz{xdxa zkr brhandxb hkcca46 bxxbork 457:½ k «Anyknxdrb hkcck wgrax,x{rk kwawxknxa nkcc‑Drgfayab hkccd Gbl{naxêha Ykrrbnk ibrldxb hd lk nbxxdab Eab,wkzzk Aendpab Hdnkwk hkccd gaxxê ha Oakccdwkerkxdrb ha hkxxd Gbl{naxê nkcc‑dnnb4558½ gbn anxkryknxb ha Dnxbnab Obggdwanhdgb k gaÿ an wke{axb dh brhank ykrodckhkcc‑anxknhknxk Yaccdxxd. Ac hbg{lknxb zañdnxagb æ {nd yknhaxd hkc 4? bxxbork 4;?;#hd waenbra k Gbl{naxê dc gbnyknxb ha WdnZakxrb ha Oakccd.

71 DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. ?:6# g. ;4y.

8: Aoahkl# ybc. ;88. Ck caxa angahkydnb

zkwdnxklknxk w{c oacdngab hkccd Gbl{naxêk cd yknhaxd ha okna krd wzkwwb nkgkwwdradzkr idrya irbnxk= wa ykhd dngfk aoahkl# ybc.5:# g. ;:?# «Yknhaxd ha {n obwgb ha 4: wxdrdgargd d cark 74 hd alzakedrk an gd{wd gbnxrbEabydnna T{drkend dydnxa cd Gdlkrd hkaGbnxa½# ?; bxxbork 4915.

84 Ck idlaecak wbnb gbnybgdxk an odwk dc«t{anxkrnkxxb½ kwdxxbradck hkc 491;.

8? A gbxappa krdnb eca alzbwxa w{a zrbyknxahkraydxa hdcc‑dxxayaxê cdybrdxayd.

87 Cd wbggahd æ {nd ibrld ha gbnxrdxxbnkc t{dck h{k wbeekxxa# wbggahdnxk k wbgga,hdrab# wa dwwbgadnb zkr c‑dcckydlknxb k cbwir{xxdlknxb hkc okwxadlk razdrxknhbwa eca{xaca. Nka gdwa hagfadrdxa wa fd cd wbggahd

wklzcagk an t{dnxb ac okwxadlk æ gbnikraxbhdc wbggahdnxk dh {n dcckydxbrk.

88 Iaecab acckeaxxalb ha Gdrcb Okwwb Ikr,rkrb Iakwgfa.

8; Grawxand Azzbcaxd# lbecak ha Gdrcb Okw,wb Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa# iaecad acckeaxxald ha GdrcbKldn{kck AA ha Wdybad k ha @kdnnk Ldrak hkXrkgkwwbn# lbecak ha Ld{rapab Oknwb haGdyb{r.

89 DW Xbranb# Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Dxxa zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581# ldppb 478"?# zdrder.8?9?. Gir. E. EKNXACK# Dxxrdykrwb a gdxdwxa dnxagfa hkc Gbl{nk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# zz.4?1 wee.



{n‑d{xbnblad wklzrk ldeeabrk gfk wa l{byk zdrdcckcd dccd rabrednappdpabnkhkccb Wxdxb wdod{hb. Cd gbnwke{knpd æ cb wzbwxdlknxb hkcc‑dwwk ha raikralknxbhdc gdwxkccb d Xbranb# brd gknxrb hkc zbxkrk dllanawxrdxayb.

Ac 48 ldrpb 45:5 cd h{gfkwwd ha Wdybad Dnnd h‑Brcádnw# dggbecaknhb cdw{zzcagd hkccd Gbl{naxê# dggbrhd cbrb «cd rdeabnk k idgbcxê ha zbxkr nblandrk

zkr lkppb hkc w{b gbnwaecab brhandrab b wad hkcck zkrwbnk gfk ykrrdnnb kckxxkhdc lkhkwalb gbnwkecab … ca wanhaga hkccd Gbl{naxê h‑kwwb c{beb Ykrrbnk ...Ybcknhb gfk cd lkhkwald Gbl{naxê ebha anxakrdlknxk hk zrayackeaa idgbcxê wxa,zknhab hraxxa zrkrbedxayk kwknxabna all{naxê k dcxrk gbwk zbrxdxk hd hkxxbkhaxxb …½. Cd gbngkwwabnk nbn æ byyadlknxk erdx{axd kh æ racdwgadxd «lkhadnxkcd iandnpd ha cayrk gant{k gknxb bxxdnxd xrk wbcha ;.9.6½85.

C‑diirdngdlknxb hdc gdwxkccb wa kwzralk dngfk dxxrdykrwb t{kccb ybxayb k nkc4548 cd Gbl{naxê kraek d zrbzrak wzkwk86# nkccd rkeabnk odrdeeayd hkxxd ‱‱gdwxd,enk hbnnk‰‰# cd gdzzkccd ha Wdn _bggb gfk ac gdxdwxb ha iank ‑5:: anhayah{d dcldzzdck 98? gblk oknk hkccd Gbl{naxê81. Nbn kwawxbnb zañ hbg{lknxa w{cckbraeana ha Wdn _bggb k nkzz{rk t{kccb nkcc‑Drgfayab Zdrrbggfadck gaxdxb hd hbnObrkccb gfk razbrxdyd cd zrkkwawxknpd ha {nd gfakwkxxd gdlzkwxrk dnxagd# ibrwkdoodnhbndxd nkc ‑9:: k ragbwxr{axd dzz{nxb nkc 4548 «kv kcklbwanaw cbga½ anranerdpadlknxb zkr cd zrbxkpabnk dggbrhdxd hd wdn _bggb h{rdnxk {n‑kzahkladha okwxadlk gfk dykyd gbczaxb ac Oakcckwk ;:.

Ac zkrldnkrk ha {nd ibrxk gbngknxrdpabnk hkccd zrbzrakxê ibnhadrad an ldnbwaenbrack ;4 rdccknxd# dclknb ian w{c ianark hkc VYAAA wkgbcb# c‑diikrldpabnk ha {ndykrd k zrbzrad wxdnpadcaxê ckedxd dccd zaggbcd zrbzrakxê# odwk ndx{rdck ha {nd gbk,wabnk ibrxk ha Gbl{naxê. Dngbrd nkc 455: ac zakydnb Eabydnna Odxxawxd Odrack#nkccd w{d rkcdpabnk w{ccb wxdxb hkccd zdrrbggfad# diikrld «dookngfá ac zbzbcbwad zaggbcb ac galaxkrb nbn æ w{iiagaknxk zkr gdzark ]wag$\ a gdhdykra zkrgfá brha,ndrab y‑æ wklzrk {n xkrpb ha zañ ha t{ka gfk l{babnb gfk ha t{ka gfk ndwgbnbk wk nbn ibwwkrb a ibrdwxakra gfk yknebnb dh doaxdr w{oaxb t{kwxb c{beb nbn

dnhrkook d cbneb d hayknxdr hkwkrxb½ ;?.[n t{dhrb hkccd Gbl{naxê nkc ‑5:: wa ragdyd anxkerdnhb a hdxa hdccd rkcd,

pabnk hkcc‑anxknhknxk Ocdngabxxa ;7 gbn t{kcca hkcck gbnwkenk hkccd Gbl{naxê ;8.Nkc 45?9 cd ragbenapabnk hka ldwgfa dyyaknk zrkwwb 91 gdza ha gdwd# 7 hka t{dcawbnb Yadcdrha# ; wbnb ykhbyk k {nd n{oack. Hawxrao{knhb a ldwgfa gbnwkendxaan idwgk blbeknkk h‑kxê wa nbxd gfk a lanbra ha 48 dnna gbwxax{awgbnb gargd lkxêhkccd zbzbcdpabnk# 71 fdnnb lknb ha 5 dnna# lknxrk ac rkwxb hkeca doaxdnxa wagbngknxrd nkccd idwgad xrd a 4; k a ?1 dnna# hbzb ha gfk ac cbrb n{lkrb yd hala,n{knhb zkr drraydrk d wbcb 6 {cxrdwkwwdnxknna ;;0

kxê 4 , 48 4; , 41 ?: , ?1 7: , 71 8: , 81 ;: , ;1 bcxrk 9:

n. 5? 45 ?5 47 47 4; 6

C‑dnhdlknxb rawzkggfad d erdnha cankk t{kccb eaê rackydxb nkc 491;.Anxkrkwwdnxa raw{cxdnb ck gdrdxxkrawxagfk hkccd zbzbcdpabnk ldwgfack0 cd wxdx{rdzrkydcknxk æ xrd c‑brhandrad &85 wbeekxxa! k cd erdnhk &?5!# a odwwa wbnb 4;# a zag,gbca 5. Eca {blana wbnb an zrkydcknpd wdna# ld xrd a lanbra ha 4; dnna wa xrb,ydnb {nb wxbrzab ha 8 dnna# {nb pbzzb ha 9 k {nb «dct{dnxb wbrhb½ ha 44# lkn,xrk xrd eca dh{cxa wbnb rkeawxrdxa 7 pbzza# 7 wxbrza# 8 gbn ldck dcck edlok# 4wbrhb k 4 gbn xrk haxd dccd ldnb hkwxrd. Wbnb razbrxdxa gbn zrkgawabnk a lkwxakrak ck dxxrao{pabna hka wanebca0

Hd gdlzdend Ydggdrb Nkebpadnxk hd erdnb Wdrxb Gadodxxanb Dcxrb;5 44 1 7 8 4:

85 DW Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxk# Zdxknxa Gbn,xrbccb Iandnpk# rke. 47;# z. ?46. Cd gbngkw,wabnk dyyaknk an wke{axb dcc‑khaxxb 44 ea{enb45:8 gbn ac t{dck wa «kraek an {iiagab zkrzk,x{b kh dcakndoack hdcck iandnpk cd idgbcxê hanblandrk a Wanhdga hkcck Gbl{naxê# gbccdzrkikrknpd d t{kwxk½ &I. D. H[OBAN &d g{rdha!# _dggbcxd zkr brhank ha ldxkrak hkcckckeea# zrbyyahknpk# khaxxa# ldnaikwxa# kgg.

z{oocagdxa hdc zrangazab hkcc‑dnnb 4964 wanbdeca 6 hagklork 4516 wbxxb ac ikcagawwalbhblanab hkccd _kdc Gdwd ha Wdybad zkr wkr,yark ha gbnxan{dpabnk d t{kccd hkc wkndxbrk

Obrkcca# xblb AV# caorb 5# ybc. VA# z. 756!.86 An {nd _kcdpabnk rkhdxxd anxbrnb dc

455: wa razbrxd0 «kyya cd gfakwd ha wdn _bggbidooragdxd kh krkxxd hd t{kwxd Gbl{naxê#ldnxkn{xd hdccd zdrbgfad kzzkrgaÿ hazkn,hknxk hdccd lkhkwald &DZ Ykrrbnk# «HkccdGfakwd k w{d wgraxx{rd. _kcdpabnk ikhkcaw,wald hkccd zdrrbggfad ha Wdn Cbrknpb hkcc{beb ha Ykrbnk rkxxd hdcc‑dnnb 4596 hd lkEab Odxxd Odrack wdgkrhbxk hkc c{beb haXbckenb habgkwa ha Ykrgkcca an kxê brd ha

dnna 79 gbc xaxbcb ha zakydnb½!.81 DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxdwxrb bw,

wad orbecadwwb gbccbnndrab ibrldxb an wk,e{axb d law{rd eknkrdck½# 4555,4556.

;: [n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkccklklbrak ha Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb rayawxk kh deeabrndxk hd Lbnw. Hkclb Ckobck# Yaecad,nb Oakcckwk 4115# z. 85 &rawx. dndwxdxagd haD. OB_KCCB# Ykrrbnk orkya lklbrak wxbra,gfk# Oakccd 41?9!.

;4 Wk wa dww{lk d xaxbcb kwklzcaiagdxayb acGdxdwxb hkc 45?1# cd zkrgknx{dck ha zrb,zrakxê waenbrack raw{cxd hkc ;8#;?+ hawxra,o{axd xrd Yadcdrha &75+! k rkeawxrdnxa ibrk,wxakra t{dca Okrxbhdnb# Erblb# Wdnhaecad,nb# Ldgabxxd# kgg. &45#;?+!# g{a wa diiadngd

ac 4:#:4+ ha zrbzrakxê kggckwadwxagd. CdGbl{naxê rkeawxrd wbcb cb :#8;+# a zdrxagb,cdra hkc c{beb ac ;#89+# lknxrk ac ?1#;9+wbnb odrdppk gbl{na.

;? DZ Ykrrbnk# _kcdpabnk gaxdxd d nbxd86. Gbnirbnxdnhb ck wxdxawxagfk razbrxdxknka caora zdrrbggfadca wa fdnnb# dh kwklzab#xrd ac 4515 k ac 46:;# 8; ldxralbna# 4;?ndxa k 418 lbrxa.

;7 C‑anxknhknxk krd ac i{npabndrab zrkzb,wxb hdcc‑d{xbraxê rkead dc ebykrnb hkcck zrb,yangk. Zakxrb Dnxbnab Ocdngabxxa# anxkn,hknxk hkccd zrbyangad ha Oakccd# gblzacd xrdac 45;: k ac 45;;# nkc t{dhrb hkccd wxdxawxagdeknkrdck hkc _kenb# cd «_kcdpabnk hkccbwxdxb hkccd Zrbyangad ha Oakccd ...½ &DW

Oakccd# Anxknhknpd# ldppb 4!. ;8 Wa wbnb gbnwahkrdxk ck «Xkwxalbnadca ha

xrdwikrxd gbn gbnwkend ha x{xxa ca ldwgfah‑bena idlaecad hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk ...½hdxdxk 6 k 1 ldeeab 45?9 &DGbl Ykrrbnk#ldppb 47! k cd «gbnwkend½ hkc 4587 dccdt{dck fdnnb zrbgkh{xb ac wanhdgb WalbnkLbwgbnk k a gbnwaecakra Dnxbnab Edraxab kIrdngkwgb Lbwgd0 «An t{dc gbnwkendhagfadrdnb h‑dykr dy{xb ac hkoaxb rae{drhbd‑ zbykra k lawkrdoaca ha hkxxb c{beb zkrt{dnxb ec‑æ zdrwb gbnyknaknxk½ &DGblYkrrbnk# ldppb 4# «Caorb hkcck zrbzbwxk ...4584,4587½!. Wa xkned gbnxb gfk a hdxahkcck gbnwkenk hkybnb gbnwahkrdrwa dz,zrbwwaldxa# gbn {n ldreank anxbrnb dc 4:+zkr kggkwwb b zkr haikxxb d wkgbnhd hkcck

bggdwabna. Wa xrdxxd anidxxa ha hagfadrdpabnaha zraydxa gbnxrbccdxk# wbcaxdlknxk# wbcbhdcck d{xbraxê cbgdca gfk dykydnb x{xxb c‑an,xkrkwwk d halan{ark ac gdragb alzbwaxayb.

ECA –FBLANKW YK_BNA“ 4;;



C‑deragbcx{rd k a lkwxakra gbcckedxa wbnb ck bgg{zdpabna zrangazdca= xrd a wdrxa{nb raw{cxd dngfk «gdlzdenanb½# lknxrk a gadodxxana wbnb {n‑anxkrd idlaecad0 aIkrrdraw zrbyknaknxa hd Wgbzkccb an Ydc Wkwad. Ya wbnb zba ac zrbg{rdxbrk iawgdckDnxbnab Obnanb ha ?5 dnna zrbyknaknxk hdccd Odrdppd ha Oakccd# doaxdnxk hd 4?dnna zrkwwb ac gbnxk Yadcdrha t{dck w{b deknxk= ac lkwwb ea{rdxb _kndchb

Lkcgfabr ha 7; dnna zrbyknaknxk hd Gfakra# rkwahknxk hd wka lkwa dc gdwxkccb= ?wdgkrhbxa gkckordnxa# ac zakydnb dyybgdxb k xkbcbeb Eabydnna Odxxawxd Zbppb kZakxrb Dnxbnab ha Eabydnna T{drkend ha ?6 dnna ‱‱dcck wgbck an Xbranb‰‰# 4gfakragb Zakxrb Irdngkwgb ha Odrxbcblkb T{drkend ha 41 dnna= 4 g{bgb GdrcbIrdngkwgb Lkrgdnhack hd h{k dnna d Erdecad= ? wgbcdra ha 4? dnna# CbrknpbEda`d iaecab hkc nkebpadnxk hd erdnb Zakxrb Dnxbnab k Debwxanb Lkrgdnhackiaecab ha Ea{wkzzk gbnwbck k nkebpadnxk= 4 «wgraydnxk½ Ea{wkzzk DnxbnabIankccb ha ;9 dnna zrbyknaknxk hd Zadnkppd# k aniank 4 gfk odhdyd «d w{badiidra½. A ldwgfa dzzdrxknknxa dccd idlaecad hka waenbra Yadcdrha wbnb 80 ac gbnxkIrdngkwgb Okrndrhb ha dnna ?:# n{oack# an Wdrhkend gblk {iiagadck zbrxdanwk,enk nkc _keealknxb hka i{gacakra= Zakxrb Dnxbnab k Edwzdrk w{b irdxkccb kDnxbnab Ldrad# ldraxdxb# wbchdxb.

Nkc 4587 a gdza ha gdwd nbn wbnb d{lknxdxa k gbnwkendnb an xbxdck ?59 obg,gfk ;9 gbn ?5 eabefa= ck idlaecak zbykrk wbnb ; gbn 4; obggfk# ck lawkrdoaca ;gbn 6 obggfk= 7 hkcck zralk k 4 hkcck wkgbnhk fdnnb d gdzb ykhbyk. D lkxê‑5:: c‑anxknhknxk rkeawxrd 68 idlaecak gbn 76: zkrwbnk k 8: lanbra ha 5 dnna= aeabefa b zdad ha o{ba wbnb 46# ck obyank hd xarb 4?# ck dcxrk obyank 4;4# ck okwxakhd wbld ?:= nbn ya wbnb dnaldca hd cdnd. An xbxdck {nd lkhad ha ?,7 dnaldcazkr idlaecad. C‑dxxayaxê deragbcd gbnxan{d dh kwwkrk c‑{nagd rawbrwd.

Nkccd gbnwkend# dccd gbcbnnd hkcck drxa# wa gbnxd 4 «pdydxanb½ k d t{kccd hkankebpa 7 bwxa k ; lkrgdnxa «hd erdnb½# lknxrk cd xdokccd AAA hkccd rkcdpabnkrazbrxd gblk {nagb hdxb ac zrbhbxxb hka gbgfkxxa ;5 k nbn dcxrk dxxayaxê drxaead,ndca. Hdcck xdokcck Y k YA wa ragdydnb a hdxa hka zrbhbxxa hkccd gbcxaydpabnk# gfk«nbn wbcdlknxk odwxd zkr cd gbl{nk ldn{xknpabnk# ld kpadnhab ydra hkcca doa,xdnxa nk idnnb dngfk t{dcgfk hawdwxrb wzkgadclknxk ha zdrxk hkccd lkcagd w{ alkrgdxa ha Gdnhkccb k Oakccd k hkc yanb dh {wb hkcca doaxdnxa ha Nkxrb# Hbndxbk ldnhdlknxb ha Lbwwb½. Cd zrbh{pabnk# z{r anikrabrk d t{kccd hka zdkwa gbn,iandnxa# z{ÿ kwwkrk gbnwahkrdxd nkccd lkhad. Cd xdokccd wke{knxk zrknhk dhkwklzab cd zrbh{pabnk ha 7 zrbhbxxa wgkcxa xrd a zañ gbnwawxknxa an Ykrrbnk# rdz,zbrxdxd dccd zbzbcdpabnk k gbnwawxknpd xkrraxbradck hka zdkwa calaxrbia0

Xkrraxbrab Lkcaed oadngd Iaknb Yanb Zbzbcdpabnkan eabrndxk an wdggfa an xkwk an gdrrd bcxrk a 5 dnna

Ykrrbnk 419?.7; 6;: 4::: 948 76:Oknnd ??;9.7? 441; 475; 4:?: 81;

Edecadnagb 4847.;4 19: 4?5; 659 851Ldwwdppd ?167.:: 598 46:9 ??6 ?7:Wdnhaecadnb ?864.78 4?49 459? 46?; 5;4

Cd Gbl{naxê rkebcd cd zrbzrad yaxd an odwk dh {wa dnxagfa gfk edrdnxawgbnbwxdoacaxê nka rdzzbrxa anxkrna k zrbxkpabnk hdcc‑kwxkrnb# zkrlkxxknhb {nd o{bndekwxabnk hkc w{bcb gbn c‑alzakeb hkcck rawbrwk ndx{rdca dcc‑anxkrnb hkccdGbl{naxê wxkwwd. A odnha gdlzkwxra rdggbcebnb k brhandnb t{kwxd lbcxkzcagaxêha gbnw{kx{hana gbn cd i{npabnk ha ldnxknkrk dc lkecab c‑kt{acaorab xrd ckrdeabna kgbnblagfk hkcck Gbl{naxê k t{kcck ea{rahagfk hka waenbra zrald khkccb Wxdxb zba ;6.

An {n anyknxdrab hkcck wgraxx{rk eaê gbnwkrydxk nkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk hkc47 wkxxklork 45?; wbnb wkendcdxa okn ?? odnha xrd ac 4;14 k ac 45?8 ;1# hka t{dcank æ zkrykn{xb wbcb {nb ha gbngkwwabnk waenbrack# ibrldxb hdc gbnxk Ea{wkzzk

Gir. E. Z_DXB# Cd yaxd kgbnblagd an Zak,lbnxk d lkppb hkc wkgbcb VYAAA# an Hbg{,lknxa iandnpadra hkeca Wxdxa hkccd lbndrgfad

zaklbnxkwk# Xbranb 41:6# wkrak A# ybc. AA. ;; Cd ydc{xdpabnk yaknk idxxd w{ 49; hka

414 ldwgfa gbnwkendxa an t{dnxb ck xkwxa,lbnadca ldngdnb hkcc‑{cxald zdeand# ld ck

zkrgknx{dca wa zbwwbnb raxknkrk {e{dclknxkydcahk. ;9 Ck gbnwkenk nbn gblzrknhbnb wbcaxd,

lknxk a lanbra ha 5 dnna. A ibrkwxakra gfkgbngbrrbnb dc gbxappb zkrwbndck wbnb 49 kgbnwkendnb 7: obggfk k 7"8# lknxrk dcxra4? fdnnb zbgb rkeawxrb. Dcxrk 7: obggfkwbnb gbnwkendxk hdcck «zkrwbnk k gbrza zra,yackeadxa½0 Wdgrb Lbnxk ha Brbzd# WdgrbLbnxk ha Erdecad# zdhra ha Wdn Hblknagbha Oakccd# zdhra ha Wdn Zakxrb ha Oakccd# hbnEabydnna Grbwd zkr ac oknkiagab hkc gd,wxkccb# hbn Zakxrb Hblknagb Grbwd# a lana,wxra hkc Wdnxb _bwdrab ha Ykrrbnk.

;5 Gbgfkxxb &hadckxxdck gbgfæx! æ ac obp,pbcb hkc odgb hd wkxd &Y. HA WDNX‑DCOANB#Erdn hapabndrab zaklbnxkwk,axdcadnb# rawx.dndwxdxagd# Xbranb 419?# z. 758!. Ck dcxrkdxxayaxê gknwaxk d pkrb wbnb ac n{lkrb ha ibr,nkcckxxa hd wkxd# iacdxba hd wkxd# xkcdra zkrwxbiik ha wkxd k oanhkcca# xkcdra zkr xkck# xkcdrazkr hrdzkrak# lkrgdnxa hd wkxk zdnna kdcxrb# i{gank hd ikrrb# ldrxankxxa hd ikrrb#ldeca ha rdlk# xank zkr ck idooragfk hdgdrxd.

;6 L. NKA_KXXA# Hdeca wxdx{xa gbl{naxdra da odnha gdlzkwxra # an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!#

C‑Dczk k cd Xkrrd. A odnha gdlzkwxra oakcckwa nka wkgbca VYA,VAV # Oakccd 4115.

;1 «Orbecadppb hkcck wgraxx{rk anyknxdra,pdxk nkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk hdcc‑Acc. wae.gbnxk k gbllknhdxbrk H. Ea{wkzzk Dckw,wdnhrb Bceadxa gblk zrbg{rdxbrk eknkrdckhkcc‑Acc. wae. gbnxk Irdngkwgb OkrndrhbYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk½# an gbzad an DYhWI.C‑anyknxdrab rkekwxd ck gdrxk rdggfa{wk anh{k gbidna k {n zaggbcb gdwwbnkxxb zkr wb,wxknkrk ck rdeabna hkc gbnxk gbnxrb cdGbl{naxê k ydra zdrxagbcdra.

4;9 E_DPADND OBCKNEB



Wkrdianb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk dh awxdnpd hkccd Gbl{naxê. Hdxdxb ? ldeeab 4519#wa gblzbnk ha bxxb drxagbca gfk nbrldnb a haraxxa w{ obwgfa# gdlzdra# ldxkrakeknkrdca# ibrkwxakra# zdwgbcb# zadnxk k yknhkllad9:.

Xrd ac VYAA k ac VAV wkgbcb cd odwk wbgab,kgbnblagd hkccd zbzbcdpabnkraldnk anydradxd# dxxkwxdnhbwa anxbrnb dcck 7,8:: dnalk gbn {nd z{nxd ldwwald

ha 8;: nkc 455: k {nd lanald ha ?55 nkc 46:494

. Ac ckedlk xkrrd,Gbl{naxê h{rdd c{neb kh æ gbnikrldxb hda rkeawxra hka odxxkwala zkr c‑6::# ibnxk zrkpabwd zba,gfá razbrxdnb a lkwxakra hka eknaxbra k wzkwwb dngfk hka zdhrana hka odxxkppdnha.Wibecadnhb d gdlzabnk ac zralb k c‑{cxalb rkeawxrb# bwwkryadlb gfk nkc 4676 4;idlaecak w{ 49 fdnnb knxrdloa a gbna{ea gbnxdhana# an {nd cd lbecak æ wdrxd. Ckgbwk nbn gdloadnb nkc 469;# hbyk 1 idlaecak w{ 4: wbnb kwgc{waydlknxk gbn,xdhank k an {nd ac ldraxb æ idckendlk9?. Dngbrd nkc 41?9 hbn Obrkccb nkcck w{k Lklbrak# wgrayk0 «Eca doaxdnxa wbnb t{dwa x{xxa deragbcxbra k wbcb {nd zaggbcdzdrxk cdybrd nkcck idooragfk ha Yaecadnb k d Oakccd½97. Cd erdnhk xrdwibrldpabnkgfk alzcagfkrê {n rdzzbrxb haykrwb gbn cd xkrrd# zrbibnhb lbhaiagdxbrk hkccdwxr{xx{rd anxkrnd hkccd Gbl{naxê# dyykrrê wbcb hdccd wkgbnhd lkxê hkc ‑1::.

9: C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# C‑Dczk k cd Xkrrd. A odnha gdlzkwxra oakcckwa nka wkgbca VYA, VAV # gax. Ac ldnbwgraxxb# gblzbwxb ha 7gdrxk# æ gbnwkrydxb an DW Xbranb# Wkp._a{naxk# Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk# Anxkrandpabna

Wkndxb# ybc. 45,V,451;"4?,VAA,4515# g.49:r. A odnha raw{cxdnb anxkrandxa wknpdlbhaiagfk ac ?6 eknndab 4515.

94 Nkc 4;57 cd zdrrbggfad gbnxd 8: idla,ecak gbn 4;: dnalk hd gbl{nabnk. Nkc49:9 ck idlaecak wbnb 9: zkr {n xbxdck ha746 zkrwbnk. Nkc 4969 ck zkrwbnk wbnb?11# zkr wdcark d 79: nkc 457; k d 8;: nkc455:. A hdxa wbnb ragdydxa hdcck YawaxkZdwxbrdca # an DG{Y Ykrgkcca k hdc Caorb hka ldxralbna# Wxdxb hkcck dnalk# an DZ Ykr,rbnk. A hdxa hkc 46:4 wbnb ragdydxa hdc«T{dhrb wxdxawxagb hkcck gbl{na hkc Ha,zdrxalknxb hkccd Wkwad , Gargbnhdrab haOakccd½ &DW Oakccd# Gbl{nk ha Xdyaecadnb#ldppb 51!.

9? DGbl Ykrrbnk# _keawxra zdrrbggfadca &gbzad!.

97

[n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkcck lk,lbrak ha Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb# gax.# z. 9.




AC XK__AXB_AB

C d gbnwkend hkc 48754 anhayah{d a okna hazknhknxa hdcck gfakwk ha WdnCbrknpb k ha Wdn Walbnk k ibrnawgk {n zralb# zdrpadck# kckngb xbzbnb,ldwxagb0

dh odrckxdra{l dh lkrcckxban odpkccd dh lbdcdldh oankccdl an lbrkned

an obeaendnb dc zdxdan gdneabwwb dh zkrdxa{lan gdwxdenk hbznk an zrdxb gdp{cban gdwxkccdnb dh zrdx{l c{zadh gdydw an razdxabdh gfa{ww{l , gcd{ww{l kggckwak dh r{ngf{ldh gfa{ww{rkd , dh gcd{ww{rdl an r{wgdccd , dh gr{gkl r{wdcckd cd gfbd an wdcydxad , dh wdrykdlan gfbxrk an wkxbcban gr{gkl , dh grbwwdw an wxragxddh i{nxdndl an xdo{cdrawdh ldrgfkwwdndl an yaendcaan ldrxaendnb dh p{gf{l

Ac gdxdwxb hkc 45?1 ? razbrxd anykgk c‑kckngb xbzbnbldwxagb gblzckxb hkcckrkeabna. Ha dcg{na nbla wa æ zkrwd cd lklbrad# lknxrk dcxra gbnxan{dnb dngbrdbeea dh ahknxaiagdrk ac xkrraxbrab.

Dnhradnd Odgfkxxk OdppkccdOankccd Obradnanb ObwgdppbObwgfkxxk Obppaendnb GdlzdppbnkGdlzaecak Gdndeeab GdngfabwbGdrdrbcb Gdwwanbnk Gdwxdenk hbnnk

Gdwxkccdnb Gfabwkxxb Gfabwb hkccd GfakwdGfabwbnk Gbngd GbxrkGrbgk G{ggb HbwwaH{k Yak H{ka`ck IdybnkIbnxdnd Edrbndppb Ebrka`Erdnhdppd k ibwwb E{dnpank CdldppdC{krk Ldrknhd cbned LdrebnkLdrbna Ldrxaendnb LkrckxxbLanapbck Lbadwbcd LbrkccbNbgfab Nbwkxxd ZdxxdZkrb Zadnxand ZblkxxbZbrxk Zrd Gdp{cb Zrd hkccd Ydcck

Zrdeadrhanb Zrderdnhk ha wbzrd Zrderdnhk ha wbxxbZrdpkxxk Zrdppb Z{end_awkrk _bccka` _bngfa

4 7 hagklork 4875# A «xknklknxdra½ haxkrrk# wkhala k obwgfa hkcck gfakwk ha WdnCbrknpb k ha Wdn Walbnk ha Ykrrbnk gbn,wkendnb a okna w{ ragfakwxd ha _bokrxb iaecabha E{ecakclb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# rkxxbrkha Wdn Cbrknpb &DW Oakccd# Idlaecad Yad,cdrha ha Ykrrbnk# zkredlknd 1!.

? DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxdwxrb hkccdgbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk ibrldxb nkc dnnb45?1 …½ an wke{axb dccd law{rd eknkrdckidxxd hdeca deralknwbra Eabydnna DnxbnabBrwb ha Gdnhkcb k nbxdab gbcckeadxb K{wk,oab Xdladxxa ha Gkrrabnk nkc 45?9 k nkc45?5.

4;1

Ac xkrraxbrab# ac obreb# cd zadppd#cd Gdwd Gbl{nk# cd gdwgandErdpadnd Obckneb



_{wgdccd Wdcyda`d WdcydppdWkxxb Wxrkxxk Xd{ckrkXbwd Xrk Obwgb XrkgdnackXrkllb Xrblzka` XrblzkxxbX{bnb Ydcckxxd Ydccbnk

Ykrhkwd Yakrk YaendckYaenk Yaccd P{ggb

Zdrxagbcdrlknxk alzbrxdnxa wbnb ck odrdeek# xkrrkna nbn hawwbhdxa gfkgbwxax{awgbnb a gbl{na hbyk cd Gbl{naxê z{ÿ caokrdlknxk zdwgbcdrk ac okwxadlkk xdecadr or{gb k ckend# ydnxdnhb haraxxa dnxagfa wzkwwb gbnxkwxdxa hda nboacaYadcdrha gfk ck rayknhagdnb gblk zkrxanknpk hkc gdwxkccb7. An kiikxxa# {nd gbl,lawxabnk ha haraxxa gbnhayawa kwawxkyd dclknb ianb d x{xxb ac VYA wkgbcb0 nk æxkwxalbnadnpd ac hbg{lknxb zañ dnxagb gbnwkrydxb nkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck#hdxdxb ? bxxbork 4;?;# gbn ac t{dck a Yadcdrha k cd Gbl{naxê# zkr idr irbnxk dagrkhaxbra8# gkhbnb da zdhra ha Wdn Zakxrb ha Oakccd gknxb lbhad ; ha odrdeead zkrac zrkppb ha ;:: wg{ha h‑brb hkc wbck# gbn c‑kwknpabnk hd bena xdecad b bnkrk wad

zkr ac gbnyknxb gfk zkr a gbnxdhana gfk gbnh{rrdnnb a okna# wdcyb h{k wg{hah‑brb hkc wbck dnn{a hd hdrk «w{o`ga an gralandcao{w½ wbcb wk ya wdrdnnb ldw,wdra. Anbcxrk# eca wxkwwa irdxa b gbcbrb d g{a wdrdnnb diiahdxa a xkrrkna# zbxrdnnbebhkrk hka zdwgbca k hka obwgfa gbl{na dh {wb hkccd gdwd k hkeca khaiaga gfkkyknx{dclknxk wdrdnnb gbwxr{axa9.

A gdxdwxa wkxxkgknxkwgfa5 rkeawxrdnb wka c{befa hbyk kwawxbnb odrdeek zkr {nxbxdck ha 9;895.? xdybck nkc 45?1# rahbxxk d 75;.? eabrndxk nkc 45566.

Xrd a gbniana hkeca dzzkppdlknxa t{dxxrbgknxkwgfa wbnb gaxdxa dngfk hkaradca# zaggbca gbrwa h‑dgt{d beea haiiagaclknxk ahknxaiagdoaca# hka t{dca nbn ya æzañ xrdggad nka hbg{lknxa w{ggkwwaya0 «dgt{kh{gx{l t{a hagax{r _adck Grbwwk½an rkeabnk Ldrxaendnb= «_adck _kgdnacaw an {cxrd o{wgf{l k dh gdydw½ nka zrkwwa

hkccd odrdeead ha Wdnhaecadnb= «_adck _bpbck dh zrdx{l c{za½ kh dngbrd «_adckGdnacaw dh r{ng{l½# ibrwk {n dcxrb xrdxxb hkc _kgdnack. Wbcb h{k# ac _adck Kchkk ac _adck Odpkcck# wbnb dngbrd zrkwknxa nka gdxdwxa k razbrxdxa an t{kccb hkc 4556xrd a okna hkccd Gbl{naxê. Dccd zdrxagkccd 68? æ cd «Okdckrd Odppkccd hayahknxkt{kwxk iana hd t{kcck ha Oknnd½ k dccd zdrxagkccd 684 ac «_ayb z{oocagb hknb,landxb Khhd zrangazadnxk hdcck iana ha Wdnhaecadnb k ianaknxk nka obwgfa hkcXrblzk`k½1. T{kwxa gbrwa h‑dgt{d hkcalaxdnb eca wzdpa ndx{rdca gfk hkianawgbnbcd lbribcbead {rodnawxagd ha Ykrrbnk# lknxrk ac gdwxkccb k cd gfakwd wbnb dww{nxawbcb w{ggkwwaydlknxk gblk z{nxa ha raikralknxb.

Ac gbrwb hkcc‑Khhd4: gbwxax{awgk cd harkxxragk ha raikralknxb c{neb g{a wa rde,er{zzdnb ck gdwk hkc gdnxbnk Cdldppd# lknxrk t{kcck hkccd Yaccd b C{beb# zañn{lkrbwk# bgg{zdnb cb wzdpab dh kwx hkc gdwxkccb# dccankdnhbwa c{neb {n dwwk da

g{a kwxrkla wbnb ac gdwxkccb wxkwwb k# an zbwapabnk zañ awbcdxd# cd gfakwd 44# g{a wadiiadngdnb khaiaga gfk gbwxax{awgbnb {n {cxkrabrk zaggbcb n{gckb doaxdxaybhkwgraxxb hdccd gbnwkend hkc 4875 «... hblb {nd ... g{l wbcdrab gdlandxd zkn{zbrxag{ gfbt{d gdwwand kx t{ao{wg{lt{k dcaw w{aw fkhaiagaw brxb kx dqkrd … g{agfbkrkx galaxkra{l ...½4?. Cd wxkwwd hkwgrapabnk raldnk all{xdxd nka gdxdwxa w{g,gkwwaya.

AC OB_EB K CD GDWD,XAZB

Ac gdxdwxb hkc 4556 gbn cd ldzzd ha raikralknxb rkwxax{awgk ac obreb dnxagb0;1 gdwk wbnb hawxrao{axk xrd C{beb &85 gblzrkwk ck 1 an rkeabnk Ydcckxxd!#

Cdldppd &1!# Gfabwbnk &?! k Gdngfabwb &4!. Dh kwwk wa deea{nebnb ac n{gckbhkccd Zdrrbggfadck k cd Gdwd hkc Gbl{nk. Dcxrk 4? wa xrbydnb i{bra c‑doaxdxb#gblzrkwb ac Xrkgdnack gfk æ d rahbwwb hkc gdwxkccb w{c cdxb bykwx 47.

7 Wa ykhd cd rkcdpabnk ha z{oocagdpabnkgbn ck bzzbwapabna# aoahkl# «Gdxdwxrb hkccdgbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk ibrldxb nkc dnnb45?1 …½# k an E. EKNXACK# Dxxrdykrwb a gd,xdwxa dnxagfa hkc Gbl{nk# an t{kwxb ybc{lk#zz. 4?1 wee.

8 A nboaca k cd gbl{naxê krdnb hby{xa

ragbrrkrk dc zrkwxaxb ha {n‑aneknxk wblldhd zdedrk d Eabydnna hk C{ggd ldkwxrb hagdlzb k d Irdngkwgb Wklknxa gdzaxdnb hkc,c‑kwkrgaxb zkr eca drlaekra dwwkendxa dc gd,wxkccb ha Ykrrbnk hd Iacazzb ha Wdybad.

; A okna gkh{xa w{ g{a ykrrê gbwxr{axd cd«Gdwwand hk Irdxa½# wbnb an rkeabnk Xrbl,zkxxb &DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa !. Lbhad æzc{rdck ha lbeeab# dnxagd law{rd ha w{zkria,gak. Ck Xdybck ha rdee{decab hka zkwa k hkccklaw{rk an {wb nkcck ydrak Zrbyangak hkc _k,

enb# _. H. ?: ldeeab 4655 n. 7679# _bld4655# nbn cd anhagdnb xrd ck law{rk {xacap,pdxk nkc gargbnhdrab ha Oakccd. Æ {wdxd dNbydrd# hbyk ac lbeeab nbydrkwk æ gbrra,wzbnhknxk dh drk 7:#99:7;; &z. 89?!# k andcg{na zdkwa hkc Ykrgkcckwk# Xranb# Ibnxd,

nkxxb# Zdcdppbcb &z. 851!.9 Zkr a Yadcdrha wbnb zrkwknxa _bcdnhb i{

Zakxrb# K{wkoab i{ Walbnk# Eabydnna Okr,ndrhanb i{ Zakxrb# Eabydnna Xbldwb i{Eabydnna Ldxxkb# Hblknagb i{ EabydnnaOdxxawxd# k Eabydnna Ldrad i{ E{ecakclb#nbxdab rbednxk# d nblk zrbzrab k hkeca dcxragbnwbrxa. Zkr cd Gbl{naxê wbnb zrkwknxa agbnwbca Okrndrhb Gd{hd k Cbrknpb hkOdrckxxb kh a grkhknpakra Okrndrhb i{Cbrknpb hk Odrdnnb# Walbnk H{rdnhb kldwxrb Gblanb Odrokrab. A irdxa hdnnb {ndnxagazb ha 454 wg{ha h‑brb hkc wbck# rawkr,ydnhb ac wdchb d law{rdpabnk dyykn{xd.C‑dxxb ha zkrikpabndlknxb hkccd yknhaxdzbxrkook kwwkrk cd «Gbnykngxab kx xrdnwdg,xab anxkr yknkrdoackw hblanbw zrabrkl kxirdxrkw wdngxa Zkxra hk O{ekccd brhanaw wdngxaD{e{wxana kv {nd kx nboackw dg gbl{naxd,xkl Ykrbna kv dcad½ an hdxd 1 debwxb 4;76gaxdxd nkc «Orbecadppb hkcck wgraxx{rk anykn,xdrapdxk ]an hdxd 47 wkxxklork 45?;\ nkcgdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk hdcc‑Acc. wae. gbnxk kgbllknhdxbrk H. Ea{wkzzk DckwwdnhrbBceadxa gblk zrbg{rdxbrk eknkrdck hkcc‑Acc.wae. gbnxk Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk½# an gbzad an DYhWI.

5 Hdc orbecadppb hkc 496: wbnb kwgc{wkck odrdeek.

6 Lbcxa dzzkppdlknxa yknebnb yknh{xahdccd gbl{naxê d zraydxa hkc c{beb.

1 DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxdwxrb bwwadorbecadwwb gbccbnndrab ibrldxb an wke{axb dlaw{rd eknkrdck½# 4555,4556. Dccd zdrxa,gkccd ?56 æ anbcxrk rkeawxrdxb «dc Hbwwb okd,ckrd Lkrgfkwd zrangazadnxk hdcck iana haOknnd k ianknxk dcck iana ha Ldwwdppd½.

4: Beea ac gknxrb wxbragb ha Ykrrbnk ædxxrdykrwdxb hdc rab _adcbnk# gbrwb h‑dgt{dgfk wa hkrayd hdc rab Xkrpb Zrangazk# w{agbniana xrd Edecadnagb k Gdnhkcb. Zrald hadxxrdykrwdrk c‑doaxdxb ragkyk ac rab Ckhhdzrbyknaknxk hd Wdnhaecadnb. Ac _adcbnk zrb,wke{k d ydcck ykrwb ac gbniank gbn Ldwwdppdk# hbzb dykrnk wkendxb {n xrdxxb# gbnic{a,wgk nkc rab Drckxxd.

44 Nkc Gbnwaecab hkc ?4 ldeeab 467? dcg{a brhank hkc eabrnb æ cb wzbwxdlknxb hkcgalaxkrb wa ckeek gfk cd Gfakwd æ «… awbcdxd

kh d lkppdnbxxk hkc Zdkwk k hawxdnxk hdcckzañ yagank doaxdpabna zbwxk d wkrd hkc lkhk,walb xrknxd k zañ xrdo{ggfa …½ &DGbl Ykr,rbnk# ldppb 44# Xrdwcbgdpabnk hkc ykggfab

49: E_DPADND OBCKNEB



Hda gdxdwxa zrkgkhknxa zraya ha rdzzrkwknxdpabna erdiagfk# zrbzrab zkr t{k,wxb zañ z{nxdca hdc z{nxb ha yawxd hkwgraxxayb# wa zbwwbnb xrdrrk kcklknxa ha ahkn,xaiagdpabnk k ha gdrdxxkrappdpabnk hkcck zrbzrakxê.

Xrd ck gdwk d rkeawxrb hkc gbnxk Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Ea{wkzzk Yadcdrha# nkc45?1# dccd Yaccd wa xrbydnb cd Grbgk# cd Idybraxd# cd Gdwd Erdnhk k# dccd Ydcckxxd#

cd gdwgand Cd Yadrd# lknxrk {n‑dcxrd gdwgand# c‑Da`rdck# æ an Cdldppd. Nkc gdxd,wxb zrkgkhknxk xrbyadlb {n‑dcxrd gdwd Yadcdrha hkxxd Hkcc‑Dnekcb.Ac lbh{cb doaxdxayb xazb æ gbwxax{axb hd {nd gdwd gbn wxdccd# xrdydxd# gbrxk k

brxb48. T{kwxb lbh{cb# klorabnk hkccd gdwgand {rodnd# fd gblk kcklknxa wzk,gaiaga {nd wxdnpd «gdlandxd½ wbcaxdlknxk dc zadnb anikrabrk k {n «wbcdrb½ dcc‑{c,xalb zadnb zkr ck erdndecak# d g{a zbwwbnb deea{nekrwa {nd b zañ wxdnpk h‑doa,xdpabnk# cd «grbxxd½ k ac zbrxagb. Dcc‑kwxkrnb# bcxrk dcck xrdydxk nbn wklzrkgbzkrxk4;# ya wbnb wbyknxk {n zbrgack# {n zbccdab# d ybcxk {n ibrnb zraydxb zkrac zdnk gbn wbzrd {nd wxdnpd zkr wkggdrk k {n zbppb# eknkrdclknxk an gbl{nkxrd zañ zrbzrakxê k rdeea{neaoack dxxrdykrwb {n‑drkd gbn xbzzad49. C‑doaxdpabnkfd d iadngb {n gdnkzdck bzz{rk {n gdlzb b {n zrdxb zadnxdxb d yaxk d ybcxkganxdxb# rdrdlknxk {n eadrhanb.

Cd hkwgrapabnk ha {nd gdwd lkhad gbn ck rkcdxayk zkrxanknpk# ld xazbcbeagd,lknxk eaê xknhknxk dccd gdwgand {rodnd# wa xrbyd an {n dxxb rbedxb c‑6 ldeeab4951 zkr ac zakydnb Eabydnna Gkgahdnb gfk dgt{awxd hd Walbnk Wgbxbnk zkr88; cark ha Zaklbnxk {n «gbrzb ha gdwd d gbza gbzkrxb gbnxanknxk gant{k wxdnpkh{k ha wbxxb k xrk ha wbzrd gbn c{brb zbrxagb# zbppb k gbrxk dydnxa# gbn zañ h{kwxdcck z{r d gbza gbzkrxk {nd h‑kwwk ybcxdxxd k c{brb xrdodxk ha wbzrd zdralknxkgbn c{brb zbrxagb dydnxa# zañ ck xrdodxk d zdrxk dngfk gbzkrxk d gbza gfkrkwxdnb ha wbxxb cd zbrxknd anwaklk gbn c{brb gbrxk dydnxa# … zañ cd lkxxê hkccdgdnkzd hd yanb gfk rkwxd ha wbxxb cd wdcd ha hkxxb yknhaxbrk hdccd zdrxk ykrwb acgbrzb ha gdwd k zbppb w{hhkxxa gbn zañ {nb hkcca hba zbrgaca gfk rkwxdnb ha wbxxbac ibrnb# zañ cd gbl{nabnk ha hkxxb ibrnb ird hkxxa waenbrk dggblzrdxbrk kx ykn,

haxbrk k gbl{nabnk hkcc‑drd zkr odxkrk ac erdnb k zañ {n wxdrd ha xkrrd fbrxb bwad gdnkzdck hd o{drwa hd ldeabr zbppb ...½45.[n anyknxdrab hkc 49;: hka lboaca hkc i{ Eabydnna Ldrad Zkrranb# beekxxa

h‑{wb t{bxahadnb k zkr ac cdybrb hka gdlza# rdzzrkwknxd c‑drrkhb hkccd gdwd,xazbgfk zbwwadlb azbxkxagdlknxk gbccbgdrk d wkgbnhd hkccd cbrb i{npabnk460

G{gand0[nd xdybcd h‑dwwa ha nbgk k {nd grkhknpd z{rk ha nbgkH{k odngfk[nd c{gkrnd ha cbxxbnk[nd wkgfad[n «p{odrb½41

[n‑drgd hd idr zdnkT{dxxrb zadxxkcca# t{dxxrb xbnha kx h{k zaendxxk[n ldnagb hd zaendxxd[nd gdxknd hd ibeb[n lbrxdrb ha zakxrd[n ldnxack nbyb ha xrk ydwa k h{k ldnxacckxxkH{k gdwwak ha nbgk

Gdlkrd0[nd gbzkrxd hd ckxxb ha cdnd oadngd «drw{xd½?: kx {n ckxxb ha za{lanb[nd ckxkrd ha nbgk kx dcxrd ha zboadGdlawak h{k ha xkcd hk {nd lkhabgrk obnxê hd fblb kx dcxrk h{k ... hd hbnnd

Xrk gdwwak ha zboad ykggfak wknpd gbzkrxkHba canpbca xkcdDcxra hba canpbca ha xkcd gbl{nk

galaxkrb 467?,46;8!. Ac galaxkrb ykrrê wzb,wxdxb an rkeabnk Odpkccd wbcb nkc 4179.

4? DW Oakccd# Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk#zkredlknd 1.

47 DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxdwxrb bw,wad orbecadwwb gbccbnndrab ibrldxb an wke{a,xb d law{rd eknkrdck½# 4555,4556.

48 Aoahkl# «Gdxdwxrb hkccd gbl{naxê haYkrrbnk ibrldxb nkc dnnb 45?1 …½.

4; Ck gdwk gblk ck xrdydxk zbxkydnb kwwk,rk gbzkrxk gbn zdecad b gbzza. Cd gdwd gbz,zdxd yaknk wbcaxdlknxk wkendcdxd an t{dnxbcd gbzkrx{rd gbwxax{awgk {n ydcbrk deea{nxbhkccd zrbzrakxê.

49 Bcxrk dc gdxdwxb hkc 45?1 wa ykhdnb0DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkr zdkwa#ybc. 95# g. 1# «Hbxk ha Denkwand iaecad hkc i{Eabydnna Ldrad Ldrxankxb½# 4? eknndab4944= DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 6# «Hayawabnkhkcca irdxkcca Aendpab Irdngkwgb k ZakxrbEadgblb Gkgahdna hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk½#4; hagklork 4548.

45

DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. ;88# g. 77:y. Cd idlaecad Wgbxbnkæ {nd hkcck zañ dnxagfk# kook h{k zakydna#[okrxanb xrd ac 4;1: k ac 494: k Odrxbcblkbxrd ac 49?8 k ac 4986. Eabydnna Gkgahdnb hdGdldnhbnd i{ zdrrbgb xrd ac 4991 k ac454?. Lbrã d 57 dnna k i{ wkzbcxb nkc wkzbc,grb hkeca kggckwadwxaga hdydnxa c‑dcxdrk lde,eabrk. I{ dngfk gdzzkccdnb hkccd gfakwdgdwxrknwk hka Wdnxa Walbnk k Ea{hd &H.CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk# Ck

zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k Z{cadgb A # Oakccd 4151#zz. 984,987!. Gbn c{a wa wxdoacarbnb dYkrrbnk a irdxkcca Edwzdrk k Debwxanb gbn cdlbecak Brwbcd k a iaeca Aendpab Irdngkwgb#nbxdab k zkr dcg{na dnna wkerkxdrab hkccdgbl{naxê# k Zakxrb Eadgblb &DGbl Ykrrb,

nk# ldppb 4?# «Caorb b wad Orbecadwwb hkccdnbyd k eknkrdc law{rd ha x{xxb ac xkrraxbrabhkc c{beb ha Ykrbnk kwgc{wk wklzcagklknxkck odrdppk# waxb hkccd Gfakwd k gdwxkccb idxxdzkr lanawxkrab hkc wae. Zakxrb Brwb dera,lknwbrk z{ocagb kx dzzrbydxb ha Gdnhkcb½#?: ea{enb 496:# k aoahkl# ldppb 6# «Haya,wabnk hkcca irdxkcca Aendpab Irdngkwgb kZakxrb Eadgblb Gkgahdna hkc c{beb ha Ykr,rbnk½# 4; hagklork 4548!.

46 DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. ?:1# g. 41?# «Xkwxalbnadca h‑dg,g{wdxd gbnx{ldgad gbn hkz{xdpabnk bzzb,wapabnk hkwgrapabnk hka okna gbn kwxald,pabnk k gbngkwwabnk ha ckxxkrk zkr cd z{o,ocagdpabnk h‑anyknxdrab ckedck d ragfakwxd haLdrxanb Zkrranb ha Ykrrbnk½# ?1 ldrpb49;:.

41 Erbwwb ldwxkccb.?: Zbykrd.

AC XK__AXB_AB# AC OB_EB# CD ZADPPD # CD GDWD GBL[NK# CD GDWGAND 494



Wbcdrbnk0Klank?4 xrk lkcaed rbwwd

Grbxxd b gdnkzd0[n ydwwkccb ha gdzdgaxê ha obxxdcca hba gbn t{dxxrb gkrgfak ha ikrrbDcxrb ydwwkccb ha gdzdgaxê ha orknxk h{k gbn xrk gkrgfak ha ikrrb

H{k xank ha gdzdgaxê ha xrk obxxdcca zkr gdh{nd gbn hba gkrgfak ha ikrrb Wxdccd0[nd ldwwd k {n gbxrb ir{wxa??

[n zdr obya gabk {nb ha zacb rbwwb k {n dcxrb gdnhahb[nd ydgd

Xrdydxd0[nd odrbppd ianaxd ld zbgb obnd

Lbcxa beekxxa wbnb zbrxdxa nkccd gdwd hdccd i{x{rd wzbwd# eaê {wdxa zkrgfáxbcxa hdccd gdwd zdxkrnd# zañ rdrdlknxk n{bya. Nkcc‑dxxb ha hbxk ha DnxbnadEda`d# lbecak ha Eabydnna Ldrad Zkrranb nkc 4978# xrbyadlb {nd «ckxkrd ha

nbgk lkppdnd# {n ckxxb k {n g{wwanb ha za{ld# {n lbrxdrb ha zakxrd# xrkgdlawwk# xrk canpbca k {n ldnxack an xrk½ gfk wa raxrbydnb nkcc‑anyknxdrab zbwxlbrxkl# bcxrk «{nd xrdz{nxd {wdxd# {n zdrbcb e{dwxb h‑drdlk# {nd zdhkccd halkppb drdlk½?7. Zañ raggd cd hbxk ha Denkwand Ldrxankxxb# lbecak ha IrdngkwgbDydnhanb nkc 4944# gfk zbrxd an hbxk «{nd xand gbn {n gkrgfab ha ikrrb ir{wxd#xrk ydwwkcca d xkn{xd ydrad gbn gkrgfa ha ikrrb# h{k obxxdcca# {nd zkwd ir{wxd k e{d,wxd# {n zdrbcb wknpd ldnaeb# {n wgdchdckxxb# {nd bccd hd bcab# {nd gdwwad ha nbgkwknpd gfadyk k gfadydh{rd# {nd gdhknd ha ikrrb hd ibgb# xrk idcpkxxa# {n ckxxb haza{ld gbn w{b g{wwanb# {nd gbzkrxd oadngd hd ckxxb# gant{k canpbca# {nd drgd hanbgk hd alzdwxdrk# {n orbnpb# {nd zdhkccd hd irapkrk k w{d gdp{ckrd# {n ldn,xack ha ordpd h{k k xrk wkryakxxk# xrk xbydecak ha xkcd an hbhkga# {nd gdwwad hanbgk½?8. Dnxbnad Eda`d zbrxd gbn wá dngfk «?: klank ha lkcaed# 8 ha idyk# 7 ha

laecab# {nd ha ideabca zagbca# ? r{ooa ha edraeca# ?7 cayrk ha gdndzd zawxd# 4: haiacb# 44 ha rawxd hd iacdrk# 8 ha iacb hd iacdrk½# lknxrk Denkwand Ldrxankxxb zbrxddc ldraxb h{k gdwk an Yaccd k {n gdlzb dc Gfabwkxxb.

Cd hbxk æ gblzckxdxd hdc idrhkccb ha kiikxxa zkrwbndca hkccd wzbwd. Dnxbnadfd gbn wá a gdza gfk gbwxax{awgbnb cd odwk lanald hkc ykwxadrab0 «wka id{hkccknbyk ha rawxd k {nd ha canb# {nd wdread dreknxand# {nd odnhkrd# {n o{wxb oadngb#{n o{wxb oabnb# {nb ha hrdzzb# {n zdrd ha ldnagfk# {n zdrd ha gdcpkxxk# {ndzkcapd# wkxxk gdlawwak½. Ac idrhkccb ha Denkwand æ zañ gbnwawxknxk k ydradxb0 «{nordahb ha xkcd nkerd gbn ck odnhk ha lbgdahd hbrdxd gbc o{wxkxxb ha i{wxdnknkerb# dcxrb ordahb ha xkcd oabnd gbc o{wxb ha wdread dreknxand# dcxrb ordahb haxkcd z{r oabnd# hba wgbwwdc ha rdpbcd# hba nbya gbn wba cdybra k zagkxxa# dcxrb wgbw,wdck ha xkcd anhaknd gbn cdybra k irdnek# dcxrb ha xkcd oaedrdxd# gdlawk hd hbnndha rawxd xrd obnk k erdlk gbn ck wzdck ha canb k rawxd nbyk# {n zdrd ha gdcpkxxkhk wda`d oadngd hd Lbwwb½.

HDCCD ZADPPD DCCD GDWD GBL[NK

Gknxrb hkccd yaxd gbl{naxdrad æ cd zadppd# c{beb hbyk ian hda xklza zañdnxagfa yknaydnb xrdxxdxa eca diidra z{oocaga. Cd zadppd æ cb wzdpab hkeca fbla,nkw# hbyk zrknhbnb ckedcaxê x{xxa eca dxxa ckeawcdxaya# anxkrna kh kwxkrna# gfkrae{drhdnb cd Gbl{naxê. Dccd zadppd ac zbhkwxê wa rkgd zkr rdzzrkwknxdrk c‑d{,xbraxê waenbrack an wknb dccd Gbl{naxê# nkccd zadppd ac zbzbcb wknxk ac «wkr,yaknxk½ odnhark. Ld cd zadppd nbn fd gdrdxxkrappdpabna0 t{dnhb wa wy{bxd

raldnk {nb wzdpab weblorb d lkxê wxrdhd xrd gdwxkccb k gfakwd. Cd Gbl{naxênbn ya wa ahknxaiagd wk nbn t{dnhb kwkrgaxd ac zrbzrab haraxxb gbcckxxayb# nbn æcd w{d d{xbrdzzrkwknxdpabnk# nbn cd bzzbnk dc gdwxkccb. Dnpa# nkc zkrabhb zañ

?4 C‑kland æ c‑{naxê ha law{rd zkr eca drahagbrrawzbnhknxk d zbgb zañ ha caxra ?7.C‑kland ha Zaklbnxk wa hayahk an 49 gbzza#ac gbzzb an ?8 g{ggfada. Gant{k klank ibr,ldnb {n wdggb.

?? Gbxrk# gbcxrb0 wbrxd ha gbcxkccdggab haikrrb iaxxb hda h{k gdza# {nb nkccd o{rk# c‑dc,

xrb nkc yblkrb hkcc‑drdxrb zkr iknhkrk cdxkrrd &Y. HA WDNX‑DCOANB# Erdn hapabndrab zaklbnxkwk,axdcadnb# gax.# z. 8?5!.

?7 DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. ?:6# g. 416# «Hbxxd ha Dnxbnadlbecak ha ldkwxrb Eabydnna Ldrad Zkranbha Ykrrbnk …½.

?8 Aoahkl# ybc. 95# g. 1.

49? E_DPADND OBCKNEB



dnxagb cd gbccbgd gbn hawanybcxd ibrpdx{rd ekberdiagd «dz{h gdwxr{l½# t{dwa dwbxxbcankdrnk ac ckedlk ?;.

Z{nxb iawagb ha raikralknxb hkccd zadppd æ ac ibrnb gbl{nk ?9. Ac ibrnb# «gbn,iandnxk cd wxrdhd# Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha d h{k# Odrxbcblkb Xdoad kDnxbnab Gbranb ha xdybck 4.9½ ?5# rkeawxrdxb xrd ck zrbzrakxê hkccd gbl{naxê nkc

gdxdwxb hkc 496:# nbn gblzdrk zañ nkccd gdxdwxdpabnk hkc 45?1.Gbn ac VYAAA wkgbcb anapad c‑doodnhbnb hkccd zadppd. Ac Gbnwaecab wa ra{na,wgk t{dwa wklzrk an gdwk zraydxk k dngfk c‑drgfayab# lklbrad hka haraxxa gbl{,naxdra# yaknk wzbwxdxb d wkgbnhd hkcck nkgkwwaxê zrkwwb wkerkxdra k gbnwaecakra gfkwa zrkbgg{zdnb hkccd w{d g{wxbhad0 «... rkzbnkr d gdwd ha Zakxrb Dnxbnab Eda`d{nb hka gbnwaecakra … zrblkxxknxk ha okn g{wxbhark hkxxb drgfayab gbn x{xxk ckwgraxx{rk gfk an kwwb ykrrdnnb rkzbwxk gbn cdwgadr {nd gfadyk hkc lkhkwalb {nddzzrkwwb hkc w{hhkxxb gbnwbck kx dcxrd dzzrkwwb hkc w{hhkxxb kx anirdwgraxxbwkgrkxdrb ...½ ?6. Ck doaxdpabna zraydxk dww{lbnb gbwã# ha ybcxd an ybcxd# i{npabnkz{oocagd# xdnxb gfk dcg{nk hkcck cbrb wxdnpk hayknxdnb ha {wb gbcckxxayb.

T{kwxb wxdxb ha gbwk grkd nbn zbgfa zrbockla dccd Gbl{naxê gfk wxd xkn,xdnhb ha hdrwa {n‑brednappdpabnk dllanawxrdxayd zañ gbkrknxk0 ck wgraxx{rk wbnb

«… x{xxk hawbrhandxk½ xdnxb gfk hbyknhb xrbydrk t{dcgfk hbg{lknxb «... gbn,yaknk d raybcxdrck x{xxk½. Ac 46 bxxbork 457: ac Gbnwaecab angdragd ac wkerkxdrabK{wkoab Xdladxxa k ac gbnwbck Eadgblb Edraxab ha «… idrnk cd wkzdrdpabnkdnnb zkr dnnb ldwwalk ck t{akxdnpk gbn rkzbrwa bena gbwd dc w{b zbwxb kx anhazrbgkhkrwa dcc‑anyknxdrab h‑kwwd d ian gfk nbn yknefanb wldrraxk½?1.

Odwk hkccd rabrednappdpabnk dllanawxrdxayd æ cd nkgkwwaxê gbnxaneknxk# wknpdalzcagdpabna ha {n‑d{xbrdzzrkwknxdpabnk gfk gbnnbxa {nd zbwapabnk dcxkrndxayddc zbxkrk waenbrack. Dngfk t{dnhb ac ?9 debwxb 458: ac wanhdgb Dnhrkd Obggdzrbzbnk c‑dgt{awxb ha {nd gdwd «… zkr xknkr gbnwaecab½ a lbxaya wbnb z{rd,lknxk zrdxaga0 «... raxrbydnhbwa cd zrkwknxk gbl{naxê zrayd ha Gdwd zkr zbxkrxknkr w{b Gbnwkecab gbnerkednhbwa fbrd d gdwd hkeca {na fbr d gdwd hkec‑dcxragbwd gfk gd{wd {nd erdnhk wbekxxabnk ldwwalk nk idxxa wkgrkxa kx bhabwa bcxrk hagfk ya yknebnb ha xdnxb an xdnxb ldnaikwxa gfk boocaednb cd gbl{naxê d xknkrcadiiawwa nkccd Gdwd hkc Gbnwaecab …½. Cd gdwd gfk wa y{bc dgt{awxdrk æ «… cd gdwdhd i{bgb gfk fd Irdngkwgb Okcxrdlb i{ Eabydnna ha t{kwxb c{beb t{dc rkwxdwaxxd d cdxxkrk hkccd z{oocagd zadppd …½. Wa zknwd ha hklbcarcd zkrgfá «nbn æwag{rd nkcck l{rdecak½ k ha ragbwxr{arcd {xacappdnhb a ldxkradca ha hklbcapabnkanwaklk d t{kcca rkg{zkrdxa hdcc‑doodxxalknxb hkc ibrnb gfk æ «… an{xack zkrnbn ragdydrwa dcg{n rkhhaxb# … dnpa æ ha hawzknhab an bggbrrknpd zkr ldnxk,nkrcb gbzkrxb½. An t{kwxb lbhb wa anerdnharkook cd zadppd dzrknhb «… cd yawxdhkccd gbnxrdhd gfk hd hkxxb ibrnb yakn bgg{zdxd½ an lbhb gfk cd Gdwd ykneddh dykrk h{k idggadxk# {nd zrbwzagaknxk cd zadppd# c‑dcxrd raybcxd dc obreb 7:.

T{kwxb n{byb dwwkxxb {rodnawxagb xrdwcd w{ccd gdwd gbl{nk ac zbxkrk dnxagb

hkccd zadppd k wzkppd c‑dwwk gdwxkccb,gfakwd# grkdnhb {n xkrpb zbcb gfk nkeca dnnadww{lkrê {nd gknxrdcaxê wklzrk ldeeabrk.Ac ?: c{ecab 4584 Eabydnna Wxkidnb Zawxbnb hd Lbnerdnhb wxknhk {nd zdr,

xagbcdrkeeadxd nbrldxayd «hd bwwkrydrwa nkccd hklbcaxabnk hkccd gdwd gbl{nkkwawxknxk dccd zadppd z{oocagd ha kwwb c{beb k w{c waxb h‑kwwd idooragdrnk dcxrdgabæ {nd wxdnpd dc zadnb ha xkrrd zkc Gbnwaecab k dcxrd wbzrd zkr c‑DrgfayabGbl{nk …½74. Ibrwk ldngd ac hkndrb k a cdybra nbn wbnb anxrdzrkwa w{oaxb. Ahbg{lknxa nbn hagbnb t{dnhb k wk wbnb wxdxa anxrdzrkwa k nkzz{rk an t{dclaw{rd. Gkrxdlknxk ac ?: hagklork 4588 cd Gdwd Gbl{nk nbn æ dngbrd zrbnxdzkrgfá ac Gbnwaecab wa ra{nawgk nkccd gdwd ha Eadgblb Zkykrdrb zkr hkcaokrdrkdngbrd w{c ibrnb0 «idxxa ca hby{xa raickwwa … ]wa hkgahk\ gfk ac lkhkwalb ibrnbyknefa angdnxdxb k hkcaokrdxb dc laecabr biikrknxk k ac hkndrb gfk wa ragdykrê

gbnykrxarwa nkccd rkhaiiagdpabnk hkccd gdwd dgt{awxdxd hdeca krkha IrdngkwgbOkcxrdlb zkr xknkrya ac gbnwaecab …½7?. Ldngdnhb eca brhandxa xrd ac 458; k cdiank hkc 45;1# nbn æ zbwwaoack gbnbwgkrk cd gbngc{wabnk hkccd yagknhd# ld nkc

?; DW Oakccd# _X # ldppb ?7# idwg. ?.?9 «Gbzad ha wanhdgdxb hkccd gbl{naxê ha

Ykrrbnk½# 47 ldrpb 4857# an DW Oakccd#Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# idwg.4# g. 8:r# «Dxxa ha hkhapabnk# anykwxax{rk#ragbenapabna …½= aoahkl# g. 56y# «Zrbg{rdzkr cd ragbenapabnk ha gbl{naxê k {blana½#

4º hagklork 4;94. Gir. dngfk DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkr zdkwa# ybc. 95# g.94# «Dggbrhb nkccd caxk xrd a waenbra k cdgbl{naxê d gd{wd hkcck n{byk ckeea w{cc‑dc,cbhadcaxê k ik{hdcaxê hka okna½# k aoahkl# ybc.;88# g. 487# 44 wkxxklork 495;.

?5 DGbl Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4?# «Caorb bwad Orbecadwwb hkccd nbyd k eknkrdc law{rd…½# ?: ea{enb 496:.

?6 Aoahkl# ldppb 4# «_keawxrb hkeca brha,ndxa hkcaokrdlknxa ha xdecak# ldnhdxa hkecakwdxxbra k zdrgkcck hkec‑kwzbwxa k bzkrdxahkccd Gbl{naxê ha Ykrrbnk hkec‑dnna 45?:45?4 45?? 45?7 kx 45?8½# g. 8# «Brhandxbhkc 7 eknndab 45?4½.

?1 Aoahkl# ldppb 4# «Caorb hkeca brhandxa

457:,4577½# g. 47y. Zkr c‑anyknxdrab zrb,hbxxb wa ykhd cd nbxd 76 ha E. OBCKNEB# Eca –Fblankw Ykrbna“# an t{kwxb ybc{lk# z.481.

7: C‑dgt{awxb hkccd gdwd k a cdybra zrbzb,wxa wbnb hkcaokrdxa dcc‑{ndnalaxê k cd hkca,okrd æ dzzrbydxd hdcc‑anxknhknxk ac 7: deb,wxb. Ac zrkppb zdxx{axb æ ha 47: cark haZaklbnxk zañ «a xrdya k dwwa hka wbcdra gbnxrdykxxa# {wga k h{k zaggbck ikrrdxk gfk dccdgbl{naxê nbn wkryardnnb½ &DGbl Ykrrb,nk# ldppb 4# «Caorb hkeca Brhandxa 4578,458:½# g. 47:!.

74 Aoahkl# ldppb 44.7? Aoahkl# ldppb 4.

AC XK__AXB_AB# AC OB_EB# CD ZADPPD # CD GDWD GBL[NK# CD GDWGAND 497



nbyklork 45;1# t{dnhb eca brhandxa razrknhbnb# cd Gdwd Gbl{nk kwawxk zba,gfá ya wa ra{nawgk ac Gbnwaecab.

Hkianaxaydlknxk wawxkldxd nkc 4556 77 k dggdxdwxdxd an ldzzd dccd zdrxagkccd71?# cd Gdwd i{ wkhk l{nagazdck zkr dclknb {n wkgbcb. [xacappdxd an wke{axbgblk gdnxand wbgadck k zba gblk zkwb z{oocagb# beea fd radgt{awxdxb {nd hkcckw{k dnxagfk i{npabna0 dc zadnb w{zkrabrk bwzaxd ha n{byb c‑Drgfayab WxbragbGbl{ndck.

CD GDWGAND

Cd gdwgand# hdzzrald wklzcagk c{beb razdrdxb {xacappdxb wad gblk hkzbwaxbzkr dxxrkppa k hkrrdxk gfk gblk ragbykrb zkr {blana k dnaldca# dggdnxb dc t{dckwa wyac{zzd an wke{axb {n n{gckb doaxdxayb# rkwahknpd hkc ldwwdrb k hkccd w{didlaecad# gbnnbxd cd zrbzrakxê ibnhadrad waenbrack. Nkc obreb b da calaxa hkcc‑d,oaxdxb rdzzrkwknxd cd gdwd r{rdck dlzcadxd nkccd zdrxk r{wxagd k ha wkryapab dcc‑dx,xayaxê deragbcd# d ybcxk gargbnhdxd hd {nd ganxd l{rdrad gbn zbrxbnk gdrrdab hadggkwwb 78. Hdcck rkeawxrdpabna gdxdwxdca raw{cxd wzkwwb haiiagack hawxane{krk c‑{ndhdcc‑dcxrd wk nbn zkr cd ldeeabr kwxknwabnk hka xkrrkna ha zkrxanknpd.

A rdzzbrxa xrd ldwwdrb k zrbzrakxdrab wbnb rkebcdxa hdc ldwwdraxab# ac gbn,xrdxxb gfk wxdoacawgk gbngkwwabna# gblzaxa k hbykra ha gfa ekwxawgk ac cdxaibnhb.Ha kwklzab ac ldwwdraxab xrd a irdxkcca Gfabranb k ac gbnxk Okrndrhanb Yadcdrhahkc 49?1 7;# nkc t{dck a h{k irdxkcca wbnb «xkn{xa k boocaedxa ha okn xknkr laecab,

rdr kx nbn hkxxkrabrdr ac ldwwdraxab gbn hdrwa cd hkoaxd zdrxk hblanagdck ha benardggbcxb ha t{dc wa ybecad wbrxk gfk zkryknarê an hkxxa okna gbnhaxabndxa kx gbn,h{xxa zkr ac gdwxkccb gabæ ac xkrpb ha x{xxa ca erdna kx laxxê hkccd rdld ... Zañ

77 Aoahkl# ldppb 44# «Gbnxrdxxb zkr c‑al,zrkwd hkcck razdrdpabna dxxbrnb cd gdwd Gb,l{nk ha Ykrrbnk …½# 4: wkxxklork 4556.

78 Aoahkl# ldppb 6# «Hayawabnk hkcca ird,xkcca Aendpab Irdngkwgb k Zakxrb EadgblbGkgahdna hkc c{beb ha Ykrrbnk½# 4; hagkl,ork 4548.

7; DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. ?:6# g. 74# «Ldwwdraxab ha Eab,ydnna k Eabydnna Irdngkwgb irdxkcca Gfab,

rana hdcc‑Acc{wxrk Okrndrhanb Yadcdrha hkawaenbra ha Ykrrbnk½# ? dzrack 49?1. Cd ldw,wkrad an beekxxb æ an «cbgb hkxxb dccdGbcblodad½ nkc gdnxbnk ha «_agfbnk½.

498 E_DPADND OBCKNEB

Xkrrkna yagana dc Ldrebnk gbn ckhkraydpabna h‑dgt{k# # DW Oakccd#Idlaecad Erblb ha Xkrnkneb



zrblkxxbnb ha zdedr zkr dzzknhaxab dnn{dclknxk ... zdrd xrk zbcdwxra kx zdrdhba gdzbna dc Wdnxb Ldrxanb okcca kx o{bna. Zañ {nd odrbpd ha wgdrdpk79 dc xklzbgfk wk zbhdnb ck yaxa. Zañ wa wbnb boocaedxa ha brhandr bena gbwd d fbrd kx xklzbb ldwwalk ha wklandr hkcck xrk zdrxa ck h{k ha erdnb erbwwb kx ac rkwxdnxk d ldr,pdwgfa b gbcx{rd ldrpkned. Zañ wardnb bocaedxa ha xknkr hd gbnxb ca obwgfa d c{brb

dwwaendxa kx nbn zbxrdnb xdecadrnk dcxrb wknpd cagknpd ... Zañ bggbrrknhb ha idrt{dcgfk oknkiiaxab an hkxxa okna wa idrdnb d gbl{nk wzkwk ... kx ldwwalk an nkx,xdr gdlza gfk zrdxa kx x{xxb gaÿ gfk hkxxb ca ralkxxkrê …½. Gbn a xkrrkna ykn,ebnb diiahdxa dngfk eca dnaldca# gblk wa ckeek nkccb wxkwwb ldwwdraxab0 «h{k ydgfkgbn {nd ldnpd {nd ha zkcb bccaykxxb k ck dcxrk h{k ha zkcb rbwwb dlok zrkenk½k {n zdab ha o{ba dgt{awxdxa hda ldwwdra gbn gknxb wg{ha ragky{xa hdc waenbrk.

Nka gdxdwxa hdc 496: dc 4551# wa ahknxaiagdnb 48 gdwgank# zkr cd ldeeabrzdrxk zbwxk i{bra hdcc‑doaxdxb# ac g{a dwwkxxb zrbzrakxdrab ydrad nkeca dnna z{rrkwxdnhb nkccd wikrd waenbrack b kggckwadwxagd75. A nbla ragdcgdnb eknkrdclknxk axbzbnala hkcck rkeabna nkcck t{dca wbnb wax{dxk# d ybcxk anhagdnb kcklknxa hkcgblzckwwb b i{npabna zrkhblandnxa gblk nkc gdwb hkc Gdwwanbnk# gdwganderdnhk# hkcc‑Da`rdck# dad# hkccd Ibrndgk. An dcxra gdwa# gblk cd Zadnxand# hkraydnb

ac nblk hda zrbzrakxdra76

. H{k xrd t{kwxk gdwgank# ac Ldrebnk k ac Gbxrk# wbnbeaê anhayah{dxk nkccd gbnwkend Yadcdrha hkc 494: 71.

Gdwgand Zrbzrakxê496: 45?1 4551

Da rdck &rkeabnk Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Dnxbnab OkrndrhanbCdldppd! Yadcdrha Ea{wkzzk Yadcdrha Yadcdrha

Gdlzaecak Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Dnxbnab OkrndrhanbEa{wkzzk Yadcdrha Yadcdrha

Krkha Gdrcb

Gdwwanbnk Irdngkwgb k Wdnx{drab ha Erdecad kEabydnna Eadgblb Wdnx{drab ha BrbzdYadcdrha

Gbxrk Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Gbnyknxb ha WdnYadcdrha Ea{wkzzk Yadcdrha Hblknagb ha Oakccd

Ibrndgk &rkeabnkGdrcb Eabydnna

Zdxxd!Odxxawxd Ekn{d haWdnhaecadnb

LdrebnkGbnxk ha Xkrnkneb Krgbck Erblb _kndxb Erblb ha

Xkrnkneb

LdrebnkxxbEabydnna Eadgblb Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Gbnyknxb ha WdnGbzzd ha Oakccd Ea{wkzzk Yadcdrha Hblknagb ha Oakccd

ZadnxandKrkha ha Gdrcb Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Gdrcb _diidkckYadcdrha ha Okrxbhdnb OkrxbhdnbWdnhaecadnb

Z{end

Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb

Yadcdrha

Xrk ObwgbKrkha ha Gdrcb Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Gdrcb _diidkckYadcdrha ha Okrxbhdnb OkrxbhdnbWdnhaecadnb

Xrkgdnack Gdrcb Irdngkwgb

Krkha Gdrcb

Wdnx{drab ha Erdecad kYadcdrha

Irdngkwgb k

Wdnx{drab ha BrbzdEabydnna EadgblbYadcdrha , GdrcbIrdngkwgb Okrxbhdnb

Xrblzkxxb b Gbnyknxb ha Wdn Gbnyknxb ha Wdn Gbnyknxb ha WdnGdwwand hk Irdxa Zakxrb ha Oakccd Zakxrb ha Oakccd Zakxrb ha Oakccd

YdccbnkEabydnna GbhdPdokxxd ha Oakccd

Yadrd &rkeabnkDnxbnab Okrndrhanb Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Dnxbnab OkrndrhanbCdldppd bYadcdrha Ea{wkzzk Yadcdrha Yadcdrha

Ydcckxxd!

79 Wgdrdww b zdc h‑dnzdcæ ck yaw wbnb a zdcazkr dzzbeeadrk a xrdcga &Y. HA WDNX‑DCOANB#Erdn hapabndrab zaklbnxkwk,axdcadnb# gax.# z.4:?:!.

75 Ck gdwgank Ldrebnkxxb k Gbxrk wbnbgkh{xk ac 48 nbyklork 457: dc gbnyknxb haWdn Hblknagb ha Oakccd hd Irdngkwgb Okr,

ndrhb Yadcdrha d gbngc{wabnk ha {nd caxk&DW Oakccd# Gbrzbrdpabna _kcaeabwk# Hblk,nagdna # ldppb 4?# idwg. 949!. Ck gdwgankXrkgdnack k Gdwwanbnk zdwwdnb da wdnx{draha Brbzd k Erdecad zkr ac ckedxb xkwxdlkn,xdrab ha Gdrcb Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha ha Ykr,rbnk# lknxrk cd «Gdwwand hk Irdxa½ æ gbwxr{,axd hda irdxa ha Wdn Zakxrb ha Oakccd w{a xkr,rkna dgt{awxdxa nkc 4;?; &gir. nbxd 9!. Hb,g{lknxa rkcdxaya d t{kwxd gdwgand k dccd Ldr,ebnk wbnb an DW Oakccd# Idlaecad Erblb ha Xkrnkneb# ldppa ;9# 9: k 98.

76 Cd Zadnxand æ c‑dxx{dck Dreknxd nblkhkraydxb hd Dnnd# iaecad ha Dnxbnab Drekn,xd# lbecak ha Eadgblb i{ Okrndrhb Zadn,xanb &DW Oakccd# Anwan{dpabnk ha Oakccd# zkrzdkwa# ybc. 6?!. Zkr dcg{nk yagknhk ckedxk d

t{kwxd zrbzrakxê# wa ykhd aoahkl# IdlaecadErblb ha Xkrnkneb# ldppb 9:# k DGblOakccd# wkrak zrald# ldppb 8;# idwg. ?8.

71 DW Xbranb# Wkp. Gbrxk# Zrbyangad ha Oakccd# ldppb 5= gbzad an DYhWI.

AC XK__AXB_AB# AC OB_EB# CD ZADPPD # CD GDWD GBL[NK# CD GDWGAND 49;



Ac gdxdwxb ndzbckbnagb gknwawgk {nhaga ‱‱ikrlkw‰‰0 Gdwwanbnd &eaê Xrbl,zkxxb!# Iragfaenbnd &eaê Gdlzaecak!8:# Ebrek84# Ldrebnk# Ldrebnkxxb# Zadn,xand# Zrd Eadrhanb &eaê Gbxrk!# Z{end# Xbggfkxxb &eaê Gdwwanbnk!# Xrkobwgb kYdccbnk8?.

Lbcxb zañ zbykrk hkcck gdwk# ck gdwgank nbn fdnnb kcklknxa drgfaxkxxbnaga

wzkgaiaga. Cd hkwgrapabnk hkccd «gdwwand hknblandxd Gbxrb½ hdxd nkcck xkwxalb,nadca ha wxdxb hkc 5 ikoordab 457787# z{ÿ ydckrk zkr t{dwa x{xxk ck gdwgank0 «{ndgdwd b wad g{gand dc zadnb xkrrd gbn w{b wbcdrb# wxdnpd dc ha wbzrd wknpd wbccdrb#wxdnpd wknpd ybcxana d wbecad gbn h{k xrdydxk w{zkrabra gfk wkrybnb ha iknkrk gbnh{k xrdydxk hd xkrrd wanb d gbzza ganxk hd l{rdecad gblk z{rk {nd grbxxd dc hahakxrb hkccd g{ggand t{dc wa ykhk ybcxdxd gbn w{b wxkrnaxb b wad zdyalknxb# gbnzañ {n ibrnb zkr g{bgkrk zdnk dxxae{b dccd w{hhkxxd g{gand {n zbppb zkr xardrdgt{d dydnxa½. Ac Gbxrb æ «an ldc wxdxb½ kh a rkcdxbra hkcck xkwxalbnadca# a «ldwxrahd l{rb½ Wxkidnb Lbwgd k Dnxbnab Zdrxkwdnb ha Oknnd# anhagdnb ck razdrd,pabna hd idrk «cd zbnxd hkccd l{rdecad ykrwb wkrd dxxae{d dc ibrnb ... landggadrbyand k gfk t{kccd wa hkyk x{xxd raiibrldrk hd xkrrd wanb dcca gbzza ... Zañhbykrwa idr ybcxandrk cd wxdccd ... razdrdpabnk hkccd gdnxbndxd hkccd xrdydxd ykrwb

ldxxand gfk landggad rb{and ... dcpdrk ac gbzkrxb hkccd wxdccd dcc‑{e{dck k d harkx,x{rd hkc xkxxb gbzkrxb hkccd gdwd ... razdrdpabna nkgkwwdrak dxxbrnb dc ibrnb kzdrdzkxxb hkc zbppb ... cd idxx{rd h‑{n zbrgack k zbccdab nkgkwwdrab zkr ac ldw,wdrb ... a wbcdra ... ldwwalk t{kccb ldngdnxk dccd wxdnpd wbzrd cd g{gand k wxdnpddxxae{d … Zañ ac zbnxack hd idrwa zkr cd hawxkwd hkccd g{ggand k wxdnpd dxxae{d½.Bcxrk cd «gdwwand½# cd zrbzrakxê gblzrknhk gdlza zdrxk gbn yaxa# zrdxa ekroaha#«or{krd½ k obwgb88 rackydxk hda «ldwxra hd gdlzdend½ Edwzdrk i{ DebwxanbWt{anxbnk k Odrxbcblkb i{ Zakxrb T{drkend ha Ykrrbnk0 «nkccd xbrnd erdnhk½t{dxxrbgknxbwkwwdnxd yaxa# hakxrb cd gdwgand ykrwb lkppdnbxxk {n gdlzb dzkrxb#«yaganb dccd xbrnd ha gdlzb dyahdxb ykrwb ckydnxk½ {n gdlzb dzkrxb hayawbhdccd wxrdhd «hkccd odrbppd b wad gdrkeeab½ hdnnkeeadxd hdcc‑dgt{d# ykrwb wkrd{n gdlzb dzkrxb hkxxb «hkccd or{krd½# h{k zkppk zrdxb hdydnxa dccd gdwgand#obwgfkxxb k or{krd hd «rbngdrk½ k rah{rrk d zrdxb k zdwgbcb. A zrdxa hakxrb cdgdwgand ykrwb lkppdnbxxk# dxxae{a dccd wxrdhd gbl{nk «wa xrbydnb zraya h‑dgt{dyayd gbrrknxk gfk zkrgaÿ ca w{hhkxxa kwzkrxa fdnnb ea{hagdxb k ea{hagdnb rkwxdr{xxack k nkgkwwdrab diiank ha z{bxxkr ebhkrk hkcca webccdxxaga gfk wa rah{gfbnb kwgbrrbnb nkccd w{hkxxd wxrdhd cd gbwxr{pabnk h‑{n xraybcb d zakxrk½. A ibwwa raw{c,xdnb x{xxa hd wz{redrk.

Ck gbnhapabna ha {n‑dcxrd gdwgand yawaxdxd# ac Ldrebnkxxb# wbnb zañ b lknbck wxkwwk k zbwwbnb t{anha kwwkrk kwxkwk d x{xxk ck zrbzrakxê ibnhadrak d halb,wxrdpabnk ha gblk ac zbgb rkhhaxb hka xkrrkna nbn zkrlkxxd ac radxxb# wk nbnlanalb# hkcck gbwxr{pabna nbnbwxdnxk cd razrkwd kgbnblagd hbzb cd hkwbcdpabnkhkc wkgbcb zrkgkhknxk.

D gdydccb xrd {n c{neb zdwwdxb dzzknd gbngc{wb k {nd wxbrad n{byd dngbrdhd yknark# dngfk ac gdwxkccb# nbn zañ doaxdxb hda Yadcdrha# zkrwd cd w{d i{npabnkha rdzzrkwknxdpabnk hkc zbxkrk k ha halbrd waenbrack# æ rahbxxb d wklzcagk gkn,xrb hkccd cbrb zrbzrakxê deragbcd ha 8:5 eabrndxk. Eaê ac gdxdwxb hkc 4556 cb gbn,nbxd an zdrxk gblk n{gckb r{rdck gcdwwaiagdnhb gblk all{na wbcb cd «idooragdgbn gbrxk gayack k r{wxagd½ k t{dnhb nkc 467; Dlkhkb k D{e{wxb Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk yknhbnb x{xxb ac «xknalknxb … gblzbwxb ha {n gdwxkccb k ha gdwad,lknxa k okna½# raw{cxd diiaxxdxb nkccd t{dwa xbxdcaxê d Ea{wkzzk Obrra k Gdrcb_dykrd 8;.

8: Hbg{lknxa an DW Oakccd# Idlaecad Yad,cdrha ha Ykrrbnk# ldppb 4# idwg. ?:.

84 Ebref æ xkrlank zaklbnxkwk gfk an,hagd {n c{beb ragkxxdgbcb ha dgt{d wxd,endnxk &Y. HA WDNX‑DCOANB# Erdn hapabndrab

zaklbnxkwk,axdcadnb# gax.# z. 9;?! Nkccd ldz,zd ndzbckbnagd &DGbl Ykrrbnk# Gdxdwxa ! cd

rkeabnk æ anhagdxd gblk «Fdlkd{ Ebr,ekr½# irdpabnk alzrkendxd h‑dgt{d. An t{k,wxk pbnk wzkwwb krdnb ragdydxk ck xdlzk zkrcd ldgkrdpabnk hkccd gdndzd.

8? Dngbrd kwawxknxa beea wbnb0 Iragfa,enbnd# Xbggfkxxb# Gbxrb# Ebrefa &eaê Ebr,ek!# Dreknxd &eaê Zadnxand!# Xrkobwgfa# Xrk,gdnack b Xrkgdnanb# Gdrckxxd &eaê Ydccbnk!#Okredland &eaê Ydcckxxd! k Ldrebnk gbn hairbnxk# ianb d t{dcgfk dnnb id# ac Ldreb,nkxxb brd hklbcaxb. Æ wgblzdrwd cd Z{end#lknxrk ac Xrblzkxxb b Gdwganbnd æ wxdxb anzdrxk anecbodxb nkccb wxdoacalknxb Cdngad.

87 DW Oakccd# Gbrzbrdpabna _kcaeabwk# Hb,lknagdna # ldppb 4?# idwg. 949# «Xkwxalb,nadca ha xrdwikrxd gbn gbngkwwabnk ha xkwxa,

lbnadca ha wxdxb k yawaxd ha gdwwank k okna dhkwwk dhadgknxa½. Cd yawaxd wkend cd gbngc{,wabnk ha {nd caxk xrd Irdngkwgb OkrndrhbYadcdrha k ac gbnyknxb ha Wdn Hblknagb haOakccd zkr {n raxdrhdxb zdedlknxb.

88 Zkr {n xbxdck ha 916:.1 xdybck &DGblYkrrbnk# Gdxdwxa # «Gdxdwxrb hkccd gbl{naxêha Ykrrbnk ibrldxb nkc dnnb 45?1 …½!.Nkc gdxdwxb zdrxagkccdrk &ldzzd 4551! ra,w{cxd dggdxdwxdxd da n{lkra hd ;54 d ;67.

8; Dxxb ha yknhaxd hkc 5 hagklork 467; d]Dnxbnab\ Ld{rapab P{ldecana k BcalzadG{roaw ha Wdn Lagfkck# gbna{ea# rbedxbYangknpb Nkerb. Cd yknhaxd dyyaknk zkr cdwblld ha cark 1:.:::.

499 E_DPADND OBCKNEB



495

IBNXA D_GFAYAWXAGFK

Drgfayab Drgaykwgbyack ha Ykrgkcca Caxa hka waenbra ha O{rbnpb

Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Oakccd Wdnxb Wxkidnb ha Oakccd

Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca]E. D. I_BYD2\# Anhagk byykrb wblldrab hkcc‑Drgfayab hkccd

_kykrknhd Doodpad kx Lbndwxkrb ha Wdnx‑DnhrkdNkgrbcbea K{wkoadna

Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd Hbg{lknxa Gdnhkcbwkrak zrald

Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Lacdnb

Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Wdn Ekrldnb Ykrgkcckwk

Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Wdnxfaê Caxa Wdnxfaê,Xrbnpdnb

Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Ykrrbnk Dxxa ydra rkcdxaya dccd Gbl{naxê

Gdxdwxa Anyknxdra Caorb hka xrdwzbrxa b l{xdpabna Brhandxa

_keawxra zdrrbggfadca &gbzad! Wxklld gbl{ndckXrdwcbgdpabnk hkc ykggfab galaxkrb

Drgfayab G{rad Drgaykwgbyack ha YkrgkccaYawaxk Zdwxbrdca

Drgfayab G{rad Ykwgbyack ha OakccdZrbyawabnkw oknkiagadradk

Hkgrkxd Kzawgbzbr{l

Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha OakccdGbl{nk ha XdyaecadnbGbrzbrdpabna _kcaeabwk# Hblknagdna Idlaecad Dybedhrb ha YdchknebIdlaecad Erblb ha X krnknebIdlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk

Anxknhknpd ha Oakccd Ldnbwgraxxb O{cedrb _dggbcxd Xbrrabnk

Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Lacdnb _keawxra h{gdca

Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb# Wkp. GbrxkGdrxk xbzberdiagfk zkr D k O# Ykrrbnk

Ldxkrak zbcaxagfk zkr rdzzbrxb dcc‑anxkrnb# Ckxxkrk ha zdrxagbcdra Zrbyangad ha OakccdZrbxbgbcca nbxda h{gdca k gdlkrdca

Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb# Wkp. _a{naxkGdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 8;; Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 86: Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Dxxa zkr ik{ha# Drx. 581Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 67: Gdlkrdck Zaklbnxk# Drx. 4:6? ¥ 4 # _keawxrb hkcck anwkenk kh drlk eknxacapak zrkwknxdxk hd‑ zdrxagbcdra ha t{kwxd gaxxê ]…\ anyarxñ hkcc‑brhank z{oocagdxb hd W. D. W. ac 8 hagklork 4947 # andzzknhagk dc ldnbwgraxxb ha I. D. HKCCD GFAKWD # Hawgbrwa wbzrd ck idlaecak nboaca hkc Zaklbnxk

Gdlkrdck WdybadGdxdwxb irdngkwk# YkrrbnkZdxknxa Zaklbnxk

Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk# Anxkrandpabna Wkndxb Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk# Wknxknpk gayaca

Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha YkrgkccaYawaxk Zdwxbrdca# Ykrrbnk

Drgfayab Zdrrbggfadck ha Ykrrbnk Caora hka Odxxkwala# hka Lbrxa k hka Ldxralbna _kcdpabnk hkc wdgkrhbxk Eabydn Odxxawxd Odrack w{ccd zdrrbggfadha Wdn Cbrknpb hkc c{beb ha Ykrbnk

Wxdxb hkcck dnalk

Drgfayab Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Ib{nhdxabn# H{ocanb Orbecadppb hkcck wgraxx{rk anyknxdrapdxk nkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnkhdcc‑Acc. wae. gbnxk k gbllknhdxbrk H. Ea{wkzzk DckwwdnhrbBceadxa gblk zrbg{rdxbrk eknkrdck hkcc‑Acc. wae. gbnxk Irdngkwgb

Okrndrhb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Orbecakxxb hkcck wgraxx{rk nkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk & 455; !Idlaecad Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# gbrrawzbnhknpd E. IkrrdrawIdlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# gbrrawzbnhknpd D. ObrkccbIdlaecad Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# Wgfkhdx{rd Xbldwb Yadcdrha haWdnhaecadnbIdlaecak# Wgfkhdx{rd D. Cdnek

Lacaxdrad# Wxdxa ha Wkryapab

Drgfaybw Kwzdôbckw kn _kh# Drgfayb Eknkrdc hk Waldngdw

Oaocabxkgd Dzbwxbcagd YdxagdndGbhagk Ydxagdnb Cdxanb 7175

Oaocabxkgd Gayagd ha Gdwdck Ocdvabndra{l Gdwdcknwk

Oaocabxkgd Gayagd ha YkrgkccaIbnhb Drobrab OadlanbG. D. OKCCANA# Dnndca hkccd gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca wanb dcc‑dnnb4811#Ykrgkcca 4975# lw.

Oaocabxkgd hkc Wklandrab Lkxrbzbcaxdnb ha Xbranb Ldnbwgraxxb Xbrkcca

Oaocabxkgd _kdck ha Xbranb

E. O. LBHKND,OAGGFAK_A# Hkcc‑dnxagfaxê k nboacxê hkccd gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca # 4945# lw.

Awxax{xb Ekberdiagb Lacaxdrk# Iarknpk

Oaocaberdiad eknkrdck



496 OAOCABE_DIAD EKNK_DCK

OAOCABE_DIAD

Dgxd _keandk Lbnxaw Brbzdk# O{ekccdk 418;# ybc. A.

E. D_GDNEKCA# Cd odngd hdxa hka idwgagbca drdchaga hka gbl{na hkc,c‑drgfayab hkcc‑[iiagab Drdchagb hkccd Zrkwahknpd hkc Gbnwaecabhka Lanawxra # an Eánádcbeak kx fárdchat{k# Dgxkw h{ ?8k gbn,

eræw anxkrndxabndc hkw wgakngkw eánádcbeat{k kx fárdchat{k#Okwdnåbn ?,5 lda ?:::# Zdraw ?::?# ybc. AA# Fárdchat{k.

H. D_NBCHA# I. EDOBXXB# Ck gdrxk hkccb Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca # Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odczand# CVVA &4148!#ybc. AA.

H. D_NBCHA# E. G. IDGGAB# I. EDOBXXB# E. _ BGGFA# Ck gdrxkhkccb Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Ykrgkcca # Oaocabxkgd WbgakxêWxbragd W{odczand# CVV &414?!# ybc. A.

K. D_XAIBNA# Cd «gbna{ngxab kx {naxdw½ dwxaeadnb,dcokwk hkc 4??7,4??8. [n kwzkralknxb zbcaxagb k cd w{d kiiagdgad nkccd gargbcd,pabnk hka lbhkcca awxax{pabndca # an «Obcckxxanb Wxbragb,Oaocab,erdiagb W{odczanb½# CVVYAAA &416:!.

Z. DWX_[D# H{k nbxk hbg{lknxdrak w{ Hdnakck Hk Obwaw kh dcg{na dwzkxxa hkc xdrhb T{dxxrbgknxb nkc ykrgkcckwk# an _agkrgfk w{ccd zaxx{rd hkc T{dxxrbgknxb an Zaklbnxk. Wxr{lknxa zkr cd hahdx,xagd k cd ragkrgd 7# Xbranb 416;.

E. DWX[XA# Ibrldpabnk hkeca brhandlknxa zbcaxaga k ea{rahaga hka hblanaa wdod{ha ianb dh Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb# an E. GFAXXBCA,NA &d g{rd ha!# Cd grawa hkeca brhandlknxa gbl{ndca k ck braeana hkccb wxdxb nkc _andwgalknxb# Obcbend 4151.

C. ODAKXXB# Ykwgbya k gbl{na0 c‑anic{knpd hkccd zbcaxagd zbnxaiagadnkccd zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAAA d Ayrkd k Ykrgkcca # an «Obc,ckxxanb Wxbragb,Oaocaberdiagb W{odczanb½# G &?::?!.

D. OD_OK_B# Ac h{gdxb ha Wdybad0 dllanawxrdpabnk k gbrxk ha {nbwxdxb irdngb,axdcadnb# 4849,4;79 # _bld,Odra ?::?.

G. OD_BNAB# Dnndckw Kggckwadwxagdk gdrh. Odrbnaa Bhbyaga _da,ndcha # C{ggd 4576,45;1# ybc. AA.

E. G. ODWGDZÁ# L. HKC ZBPPB# Anwkenk k walobca. Drdchagd z{o,ocagd k zraydxd# lkhakydck k lbhkrnd# _bld 4111.

]D. OD[HA HA YKWLK\# Wgfkhk Ykwlk. C‑Drxk an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb416?# ybc. AY.

@. OKGMK_ &d g{rd ha!# Wgrazxbrkw rkr{l Ekrldnagdr{l an {w{lwgfbcdr{l# an Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxbragd# Fdnnbykr,Cazwad 414;# ybc. VCA.

G. D. OKCCANA# Dnndca hkccd gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca wanb dcc‑dnnb 4811#Ykrgkcca 4975# lw. zrkwwb cd Oaocabxkgd Gayagd ha Ykrgkcca.

L. OK_ND_HA# Ac L{wkb Gayagb h‑drxk dnxagd ha Zdcdppb Ldhdld d

Xbranb# Xbranb 41;8. Ocdvbndra{l Gdwdcknwk# lw. :14,44; zrkwwb cd Oaocabxkgd Gayagd

ha Gdwdck.

C. E. OBGGAD# Ck drldx{rk ha W. Ldrad hkcck Erdpak ha G{rxdxbnkha Ldnxbyd k c‑drldx{rd cblodrhd hkc ‑8:: # Lacdnb 416?.

C. E. OBGGAD# I. _ BWWA# L. LB_AN# Drla k Drldx{rk cblodrhk#Lacdnb 416:.

E. OBCKNEB# Ck zkredlknk Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# an «Drgfaya kWxbrad½# 4117# n. 1,4:.

G. OBND_HA# A gdwxkcca r{rdca an kxê lbhkrnd# an Y. GBLBCA LDN,H_DGGA &d g{rd ha!# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd zbzbcdrk an Axdcad. Ac Zaklbnxk# _bld,Odra 4166.

_. OB_HBNK# «Gayaxdw nboacaw kx dnxat{d½. Zkr {nd wxbrad hkcck bra, eana hkc lbyalknxb gbl{ndck an Zaklbnxk# an Zaklbnxklkhakydck# Xbranb 4169.

_. OB_HBNK# C‑dllanawxrdpabnk hkc rkenb h‑Axdcad# an «O{cckxxanbhkcc‑Awxax{xb Wxbragb Axdcadnb zkr ac Lkhab Kyb k DrgfayabL{rdxbradnb½# 19 &411:!.

_. OB_HBNK# Wxbraberdiad# eknkdcbead k drdchagd. [wa k do{wa # an C‑ahknxaxê eknkdcbeagd k drdchagd# Dxxa hkc VVAAA Gbnerkwwbanxkrndpabndck ha wgaknpk eknkdcbeagd k drdchagd# Xbranb ?4,

?9 wkxxklork 4116# _bld ?:::# ybc. A._. OB_HBNK# @. @D_N[X &d g{rd ha!# C‑kybc{pabnk hkcck gaxxê axdcadnk

nkcc‑VA wkgbcb# Obcbend 4166.

_. OB_HBNK# L. YAECANB HDYAGB &d g{rd ha!# _agkxxa k rkganxa ibr,xaiagdxa nkc odwwb Lkhabkyb# Xbranb ?::4.

E. O. OB_KCCA# Khaxxa dnxagfa k n{bya hk‑ wbyrdna zrangaza hkccd _kdc Gdwd ha Wdybad# hkcck cbrb x{xraga# k hk‑ ldeawxrdxa ha t{dhda lbnxa# rdggbcxa h‑brhank ha Ldhdld _kdck hdc wkndxbrkEab. Odxxawxd Obrkcca # Xbranb 4964.

D. OB_KCCB# Ykrrbnk orkya lklbrak wxbragfk# Oakccd 41?9 &rawx.dndwxdxagd an [n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkcck lklbrak ha

Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb rayawxk kh deeabrndxk hd Lbnw. Hkclb

Ckobck# Yaecadnb Oakcckwk 4115!.C. OB_KCCB# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc

4751# Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odczand# GVVVYA&4177!# ybc. AY.

C. OB_KCCB# D. XDCCBNK# Ck gdrxk hkcc‑Drgfayab Gbl{ndck ha Oakccd ianb dc 4751# Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odczand#GAAA &41?5!# ybc. A= GAY &41?6!# ybc. AA= GY &417:!# ybc. AAA.

C. OB_KCCB# L. P[GGFA# Ocdwbndrab oakcckwk# Xbranb 41?1.

C. OB_EAD# Anxrbh{pabnk dccb wx{hab hkcc‑drdchagd gayagd axdcadndgbn zdrxagbcdrk raikralknxb dccd Xbwgdnd# an E. Z. ZDENANA &dg{rd ha!# Eca wxklla hka gbl{na xbwgdna dc 469: # Iarknpk4114.

H. OB_ABCA# L. IK__D_AW# D. Z_KLBCA# Cd zkrkt{dpabnk hka xrao{xa nkc Zaklbnxk wdod{hb k cd rkdcappdpabnk hkccd raibrld iawgdcknkccd zrald lkxê hkc VYAAA wkgbcb# an «Obcckxxanb Wxbragb,Oaocaberdiagb W{odczanb½# CVVVAAA &416;# 4º wklkwxrk!.

_. OBWWDECAD# Zkr {n zrbiacb hkc ebxagb zaklbnxkwk. Ck gfakwk hkeca brhana lknhagdnxa nka wkgbca VAAA k VAY # an «Zdccdhab½# 41;8#n. 4,?.

_. OBWWDECAD# Ck gfakwk hkeca brhana lknhagdnxa nkc VY wkgbcb# an«Zdccdhab½# 41;8# n. 8.

E. O_DGGB# Xkrrd k iawgdcaxê nkc Zaklbnxk wdod{hb. Gbnxrao{xb zkr cd ragkrgd# Xbranb 4164.

D. L. O_APAB# Ck ykxrdxk hkccd Gdxxkhrdck k hkccd Gbcckeadxd ha W.Brwb dh Dbwxd# an Cd Ydcck h‑Dbwxd# _kcdpabna k gbl{nagd,pabna zrkwknxdxk dc VVVA Gbnerkwwb wxbragb w{odczanb#Dbwxd 1,44 wkxxklork 41;9# Xbranb 41;6.

U. O_[GMNK_ # Hak Wzrdgfk hkr Cdnebodrhkn# WxrdÒo{re 461;.

D. GDCPBCD_A# _. GBWKNXANB# Cd zrald dxxayaxê gbnxdoack hkccdgdngkcckrad wdod{hd k c‑brednappdpabnk hkcc‑{iiagab d lkxê hkc wkgbcb VAY # an «Obcckxxanb Wxbragb,Oaocaberdiagb W{odczanb½#CVVVVAA &4118!.

Z. GDNGADN# Gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa # Lacdnb ?::4.

D. GDZZKCCA# Grbnbcbead# grbnberdiad k gdcknhdrab zkrzkx{b#Lacdnb 4167.

L. GDWWKXXA# X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# Qwknedrhd k a w{ba waenbra # an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# Gdnhkcb k ac _agkxxb# Lacdnb411:.



OAOCABE_DIAD EKNK_DCK 491

D. GDWXDENKXXA# C‑brednappdpabnk hkc xkrraxbrab r{rdck nkc lkhab,kyb. Gargbwgrapabna kggckwadwxagfk k gayaca nkccd –Cdnebodrhad“k nkccd –_bldnad“# Obcbend 416?.

K. GDWXKCN[BYB &d g{rd ha!# Aldeb caenkd. Wg{cx{rk caenkk nkc Xrknxanb hdc VAAA dc VYA wkgbcb# Xrknxb 4161.

E. GDWXKCN[BYB# [iiagadca k eknxac{blana0 cd wbgakxê zbcaxagdwdod{hd nkc xdrhb Lkhabkyb# Lacdnb 4118.

W. GDWX_BNBYB# Zaxx{rd hkc Xrkgknxb nkcck zrbyangk ha Ykrgkcca kha Oakccd# an E. _ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Zaxx{rd k lanadx{rd hkc Xrkgknxb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 4115.

I. GDYDCAK_A# Ac gdwxkccb ha Zdnhanb# an E. DCOANA# I. GDYDCAK_A# Ac gdwxkccb ha Zdnhanb. [nd rkwahknpd waenbrack nkccd gdlzdendcblodrhd# Grklbnd 4169.

E. GFAXXBCANA# A Gdzaxbca ha hkhapabnk hkcck gbl{naxê cblodrhk dIrdngkwgb Wibrpd0 lbxaya ha gbnxrdwxb xrd gaxxê k gbnxdhb# anIkcav bcal Cblodrhad0 wx{ha ha wxbrad zdhdnd hkhagdxa hdeca dccakya d Ea{wkzzk Ldrxkcca # Lacdnb,Dckwwdnhrad 4156.

I. GBENDWWB# Nbxk k hbg{lknxa w{ccd ibrldpabnk hkccb wxdxbyawgbnxkb# an «Obcckxxanb hkccd Wbgakxê Zdykwk ha WxbradZdxrad½# VVAAA &41?7!.

I. GBENDWWB# Ac Gbnxk Ykrhk# Lacdnb 41?9 &rawx. Lacdnb 4161!.

I. GBENDWWB# A Wdybad# Ydrkwk 4154 &rawx. Lacdnb 4111!.

Z. GBPPB# Ac ykwgbyb Obnbla k a hkgrkxa gbnxrbraibrldxa # an Y.NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca. Ac Gant{kgknxb# Oakccd ?::7.

Z. HDXXD# Wxbrad hka zrangaza ha Wdyb`d hkc rdlb h‑Dgd`d waenbra hkc Zaklbnxk hdc 4?18 dc 4846 # Xbranb 467?.

Hd Ykrgkcca# hd Oakccd# x{xxb anxbrnb# Xbranb 416:.

H. HKOK_ND_HA IK__K_B# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd rbldnagd nkccd habgkwa ha Oakccd# Oakccd 41;1.

G. HKOADEEA# Ac zaxxbrk Yaxdcadnb Erdwwa. Cd w{d dxxayaxê d Ykrgkcca.[nd ybcxd gbn diirkwgfa ha Zdcdppb Cdnebwgb# an «ObcckxxanbWxbragb Ykrgkcckwk½# ;5 &?::4!.

I. D. HKCCD GFAKWD# Hawgbrwa wbzrd ck idlaecak nboaca hkc Zaklbnxk# lw. zrkwwb c‑Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb# Wkp._a{naxk.

L. HKCC‑BLB# Cd g{cx{rd iae{rdxayd d Ykrgkcca k nkc Ykrgkcckwk nkc Wkxxkgknxb0 n{byk anhdeana # an Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k Ykrgkcca0 ac Wkagknxb k ac Wkxxkgknxb# Oakccd?::8.

«Hk Ydcck Wagahd½# Y &4118!# n. 4. @. HK YB_DEANK# Ckeknhd D{rkd# Irdngad &ibrwk Zdraea! wkg. VAAA.

@. HK Y_AKW# Dcxekrldnawgfk _kcaeabnwekwgfagfxk# Okrcan 41;9,41;5# ybcc. A k AA.

Z. HADGBNB# Fawxbrad Cbnebodrhbr{l# Lacdnb 416;.

G. HABNAWBXXA# Acc{wxrdpabna wxbragfk k gbrberdiagfk hkccd _keabnk W{odczand# Xbranb 4616.

Y. HA WDNX‑DCOANB# Erdn hapabndrab zaklbnxkwk,axdcadnb# Xbranb419?# rawx. dndwxdxagd.

K. HBCANB# Ck ykxrdxk# an O. B_CDNHBNA# K. _ BWWKXXA O_KPPA &dg{rd ha!# Wdnx‑Brwb ha Dbwxd# Dbwxd ?::4.

E. HBNHA# Eknxac{blana gfrawxadna k rkcaeabwa gdydcakra # Gdxdcbebhkccd lbwxrd zrkwwb c‑Drgfayab ha Wxdxb ha Xbranb hkhagdxddcc‑Brhank ha Ldcxd an Zaklbnxk# Lacdnb ?:::.

I. D. H[OBAN &d g{rd ha!# _dggbcxd zkr brhank ha ldxkrak hkcckckeea# zrbyyahknpk# khaxxa# ldnaikwxa# kgg. z{oocagdxa hdc zranga,

zab hkcc‑dnnb 4964 wanb deca 6 hagklork 4516 wbxxb ac ikcagaw,walb hblanab hkccd _kdc Gdwd ha Wdybad zkr wkryark ha gbnxa,n{dpabnk d t{kccd hkc wkndxbrk Obrkcca # Xbranb 4677# xblbAV# caorb 5# ybc. VA.

I. D. H[OBAN# G. H[OBAN &d g{rd ha!# _dggbcxd zkr brhank ha ldxk,rak hkcck ckeea gabæ khaxxa# zdxknxa# ldnaikwxa# kgg. kldndxk nkeca

Wxdxa ha xkrrdikrld wanb dcc‑6 hagklork 4516 hda wbyrdna hkccd _kdc Gdwd ha Wdybad# Xbranb 46;8# xblb VV# caorb 44# ybc.VVAA.

E. H[OQ# C‑Dn Lac # Zdraw 4195.

K. H[Z_Á XFKWKAHK_ # W{eca wxklla hkcck gaxxê gbl{ndca axdcadnk#an Cd wxbrad hkc haraxxb nkc t{dhrb hkcck wgaknpk wxbragfk#Iarknpk 4199.

L. KCADHK# Fawxbark hkw grbqdngkw kx hkw ahákw rkcaeak{wkw# Wdanx,Dldnh,Lbnxrbnh 4167# ybc. AAA.

E. G. IDGGAB# Ac Caorb hka –Zdgxd kx Gbnyknxabnkw“ hkc Gbl{nk

ha Ykrgkcca # Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odczand# VGYAA&41?9!.

E. G. IDGGAB# L. _ DNNB# A Oawgabna # Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê WxbragdW{odczand# GVCY &4178!# ybc. zralb.

D. IDCBZZD# Hdc ykwgbyb dc gbl{nk# an Ayrkd yknx{n wkgbca ha wxb,rad# Zdybnk Gdndykwk ?::4.

D. IK__KA_B# Xfk wakek bi Odrodwxrb# 4:98,4:9; 0 d rkdwwkwwlknx#an «@b{rndc bi Lkhakydc Fawxbrq½# AV &4167!# n. ?.

K. IÙ_WXKLDNN# Dcxhk{xwgfkw ndlkno{gf# ybc. A# Zkrwbnkn,ndlkn# Obnn 41::.

I. EDOBXXB# C‑kxê hkc Gbnxk Ykrhk an Zaklbnxk wkgbnhb n{bya hbg{lknxa & 47;:,4767 !# Xbranb 4618.

I. EDOBXXB# Eca {cxala zrangaza ha Dgdad k cd zbcaxagd w{odczand hdc 4767 dc 48:5 # Zankrbcb 4615.

I. EDOBXXB# [. IAWWB# Ck gdrxk hkccb Drgfayab Gdzaxbcdrk ha Gdwdck Lbnikrrdxb ianb dc 4747# Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odc,zand# VC &41:5!# ybc. A.

N. EDO_AKCCA# _dzzrkwknxdpabna wdgrk k zrbidnk nkc gdwxkccb ha Awwbenk k cd zaxx{rd nkccd ydcck h‑Dbwxd dccd iank hkc 48:: #Xbranb 41;1.

H. C. EDCO_KDXF# C. @ÁT[AK_ # Ldn{kc h{ ocdwbn# Cd{wdnnk 4155.

K. EDLACCWGFKE# _bldnad ekrldnagd# Okrcan {nh Ckazpae 4178,4179.

E. EDNHANB# Zkr {nd ckxx{rd hkc lkhabkyb oakcckwk# an E._ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Oakccd k ac w{b xkrraxbrab# Oakccd 416?.

E. EDNHANB# Zkr {nd ckxx{rd hkc lkhabkyb oakcckwk# an E._ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# L{wkb hkc xkrraxbrab oakcckwk. _agkrgfk k

zrbzbwxk# Oakccd 411:.

W. EDWZD__A# A h{gfa cbnebodrha # _bld 4156.

G. EDYDPPA# Z. LK_CB# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd ebxagd nkccd habgkwa ha Oakccd#Oakccd 416:.

E. EKNXACK# Wg{cx{rk k wg{cxbra d Wdyaecadnb# an E. _ BLDNB &dg{rd ha!# _kdcawlb gdrdydeekwgb k zrbhaeab odrbggb. Hd

Lbcankra d Xdraggb nkccd Erdnhk Zrbyangad# Wdyaecadnb 4116.

C. G. EKNXACK# Drdchagd k wxbrad# an _. OB_HBNK &d g{rd ha!# Drdchagd dwxaeadnd# Dwxa ?::4.

C. G. EKNXACK# Drdchagd wdc{ppkwk. Ac Lkhabkyb# G{nkb ?::8.



45: OAOCABE_DIAD EKNK_DCK

G. EFA_DCHKCCB# Hkgairdpabna wxbragb,drxawxagfk nkc Oakcckwk k han,xbrna # Oakccd 4111.

W. EAB_GKCCA OK_WDNA# Xrdggk ha Xdrhbdnxagb nkcc‑Axdcad nbrhbgga,hknxdck# an W. EAB_GKCCA OK_WDNA &d g{rd ha!# _bldna k odr,odra0 Angbnxrb k wgbnxrb ha g{cx{rk# Dxxa hkc Gbnykenb anxkr,ndpabndck ha wx{ha# Ord 44,47 dzrack ?::7# Xbranb ?::8.

D. ECB_AD &d g{rd ha!# Gbhagk hazcbldxagb zdhbydnb hdcc‑dnnb44:4 dccd zdgk ha Gbwxdnpd# Yknkpad 4651# ybc. A# k Yknkpad4664# ybc. AA.

D. EB_AD# Zkhklbnxa{l0 nbxk zkr cd wxbrad ha {n gbngkxxb ekb, erdiagb# an «Obcckxxanb Wxbragb,Oaocaberdiagb W{odczanb½# C&41;?!.

_. E_KGA &d g{rd ha!# [n‑drkd ha wxrdhd0 c‑Klacad bggahknxdck nkc Lkhabkyb. _agkrgfk wxbragfk k raickwwabna lkxbhbcbeagfk# Dxxahka Gbnykena ha Zdrld k ha Gdwxkcc‑Drt{dxb , nbyklork4115# Obcbend ?:::.

D. E_AWK_A# Axankrdrab ha {nd zrbyangad# G{nkb w.h. ]ld 4158\.

F. E_BXKIKNH# Pkaxrkgfn{ne hkw hk{xwgfkn Laxxkcdcxkrw {nh hkr Nk{pkax# ? Ohk# Fdnbyrk,Ckazpae 4614,4616.

I. E[DWGB HA OAWAB# Hapabndrab ik{hdck hkeca dnxagfa Wxdxa wdrha #Zankrbcb 4144# ybc. A.

E. E[CCANB# Ibrlk doaxdxayk d Ykrgkcca # Oaocabxkgd WbgakxêWxbragd Ykrgkcckwk# 416:.

E. E[CCANB# [blana k wzdpab {rodnb# Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê WxbragdYkrgkcckwk# 4165.

F. FBCOB_N# [cragf ybn F{xxkn dnh xfk Ekrldn _kibrldxabn#xrdh. _. F. ODANXBN# Nku Qbrm 419;.

Anwxr{gxabnkw idoragdk kx w{zzkcckgxacaw kggckwadwxagdk# Lacdnb 4;55.

@. @D_N[X# Zrbwbzberdzfawgfk {nh wbpadcekwgfagfxcagfk Wx{haknp{l Cdnebodrhknrkagf an Axdcakn# Obnn 415?.

U. M_D[WK# Hak _{nknanwgfraixkn al ècxkrkn i{xfdrm# Fdcck 4175.

E. CDMANE# K{rbzkdn Drlb{r dnh Drlw# Cbnhrd 41?:# ybc. A.

Z. D. CDNANB# _keawxrb hkcck eknxacapak anwkenk b drlk hk‑ nboaca gdwdxa # 4541# lw. Wx. z. 9:;# zrkwwb cd Oaocabxkgd _kdck haXbranb.

H. CKOBCK# Cd Gfakwd Oakcckwk nkccd Wxbrad k nkcc‑Drxk# Oakccd419?.

H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck Gbnirdxkrnaxk# Oakccd4154# ybc. A.

H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Ck zakya ha Yaxxal{cb k

Z{cadgb A # Oakccd 4151.H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Gbwwdxb# Oakccd

416?# ybc. AA.

H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# Oakccd411?# ybc. YAA.

H. CKOBCK# C‑brdxbrab hkccd Ldhbnnd hkcck Erdpak ha Oknnd k a w{ba diirkwgfa gant{kgknxkwgfa # an «Wx{ha k ragkrgfk w{cOakcckwk½# Obcckxxanb Hbgoa# 411?.

H. CKOBCK# Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd Oakcckwk. Cd zakyk ha Oakccd# Oakccd4118# ybc. YAAA.

CA[XZ_DNHB# Dnxdzbhbwaw# an CA[XZ_DNHB# Bzkrd blnad# an @.OKGMK_ &d g{rd ha!# Wgrazxbrkw rkr{l Ekrldnagdr{l an {w{l

wgfbcdr{l# an Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxbragd# Fdnnbykr,Cazwad 414;# ybc. VCA.

D. CBNEFA# Drgfaxkxx{rd k zbcaxagfk xkrraxbradca nkc Xrkgknxb# an

L. YAECANB HDYAGB# G. XBWGB &d g{rd ha!# Drgfaxkxx{rd kanwkhadlknxb nkc xdrhb lkhabkyb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb ?::7.

D. CBNEFA# Gdwxkcca nkcck xkrrk ha Cdned0 ck drgfaxkxx{rk ibrxaiagdxkhka Idcckxxa # an _. GBLOD &d g{rd ha!# A Idcckxxa nkcck xkrrk ha

Cdned xrd wxbrad k drxk0 VAA,VYA wkgbcb# G{nkb ?::7.

C. LDCCÁ# [nd ykxrdxd wzdnpbxxkwgd ankhaxd d Ykrrbnk Oakcckwk# an«Oakccd½# A &hagklork 419?!.

C. LDCCÁ# L{wkb Gayagb ha Xbranb. Ykxra# ykxrdxk# eadhk# grawxdcca ha rbggd k zakxrk h{rk# Xbranb 4154.

C. LDCCÁ# Wxbrad hkcck drxa iae{rdxayk an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 4158#ybc. AA.

G. LDND_KWA &d g{rd ha!# Eca dxxa hkc Gbl{nk ha Lacdnb ianbdcc‑dnnb LGGVYA # Lacdnb 4141.

@. LDNN# Udccdgk Gbcckgxabn Gdxdcbe{k# Cbnhrd 419?# ybc. AA.

G. LDWZBCA &d g{rd ha!# Wxklldrab Xray{cpadnb# Lacdnb ?:::.

Y.,Á. LAGFKCKX# Ck wkgrkx hk cd Gfkydckrak# Gbnhá,w{r,Nbarkd{416;.

E. O. LBHKND,OAGGFAK_A# Hkcc‑dnxagfaxê k nboacxê hkccd gaxxê ha Ykrgkcca # 4945# lw. zrkwwb cd Oaocabxkgd _kdck ha Xbranb.

Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxbragd# ybc. VVAY# Wgrazxbrkw rkr{lEkrldnagdr{l.

Lbn{lknxd Fawxbradk Zdxradk# ybc. AA# gfdrxdk= ybc. VAV# Caokr Zbxfkraw Gbll{naw Gayaxdxaw Oravadk.

X. L[CCDXK_D# Lklbrak grbnbcbeagfk k gbrberdiagfk hkccd gaxxê ha Oakccd# Oakccd 4556.

D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Lkhabkyb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 4169.

D. L. NDHD ZDX_BNK# Ac Zaklbnxk lkhakydck# an Wxbrad h‑Axdcad#Xbranb 4169# ybc. Y.

L. NDXDCK# Zkanx{rkw axdcaknnkw h{ VYAk d{ VYAAAk waægck#Eankyrd 4151.

Y. NDXDCK# Gbllaxxknpk k drxawxa d Oakccd nkccd zrald lkxê hkc wkgbcb# an Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k dYkrgkcca. Ac Gant{kgknxb# Oakccd ?::7.

Y. NDXDCK &d g{rd ha!# Drxa iae{rdxayk d Oakccd k d Ykrgkcca. Ac Wkagknxb k ac Wkxxkgknxb# Oakccd ?::8.

L. NKA_KXXA# Hdeca wxdx{xa gbl{naxdra da odnha gdlzkwxra # an C.WZAND &d g{rd ha!# C‑Dczk k cd Xkrrd. A odnha gdlzkwxra oakcckwa nka wkgbca VYA,VAV # Oakccd 4115.

H. BCAYAK_A# Hapabndrab ha xbzbnbldwxagd zaklbnxkwk# Orkwgad419;.

D. BCLB# Drxk an Wdyaecadnb# Wdyaecadnb 4156._. B_HDNB# A Oawgabna # Oaocabxkgd Wbgakxê Wxbragd W{odczand#

GCVVVA &415:!# xblb AA# ybc. A.

_. B_HDNB# Wxbrad ha Ykrgkcca# Ykrgkcca 416?.

_. B_HDNB# Ck xbrra zañ dnxagfk ha Ykrgkcca k cd xbrrk hkc Gbl{nk#an «Obcckxxanb Wxbragb Ykrgkcckwk½# VYAA &4166!# n. 4.

O. B_CDNHBNA# Cd zrbh{pabnk drxawxagd dh Dbwxd h{rdnxk ac xdrhblkhabkyb# an L. G[DP &d g{rd ha!# Dbwxd. Zrbekxxb zkr {ndwxbrad hkccd gaxxê# Dbwxd 4165.

O. B_CDNHBNA# Drxaeadna k drxawxa an Ydcck h‑Dbwxd hdc VAAA wkgbcbdcc‑kzbgd ndzbckbnagd# Ayrkd 4116.

L. ZDG[GGA# Oakccd k ac w{b xkrraxbrab0 angdwxkccdlknxb xrd lkhab,kyb kh kxê lbhkrnd# Xkwa ha cd{rkd# Zbcaxkgnagb ha Xbranb#Idgbcxê ha Drgfaxkxx{rd# d.d. 411;"4119# rkc. Gcd{had Ob,ndrha.



OAOCABE_DIAD EKNK_DCK 454

E. ZDNXß# Wxr{xx{rk k bwzaxdcaxê d Ykrgkcca nkc Lkhabkyb. Hdxa drgfkbcbeaga # Ck yak hkc Lkhabkyb# Dxxa hka Gbnykena haXbranb hkc ?: bxxbork 4118 k hkc 49 bxxbork 4119# Xbranb4116.

E. ZDNXß# Yaxd gdwxkccdnd k wxr{xx{rk haiknwayk hkc Oakcckwk hdcck ibnxa drgfkbcbeagfk# an C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa #

Lacdnb ?::4.L. ZDWXB[_KD[# Xrdaxá h‑fárdchat{k# Zdraw 4151.

D. ZKH_ANA# Ac lboacab# eca dloaknxa k ck hkgbrdpabna nka wkgbca VYAA k VYAAA an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 41;7.

E. O. ZKCCKE_ANA# Xbzbnbldwxagd gkcxagd hkcc‑Axdcad wkxxknxrabndck#an K. GDLZDNACK &d g{rd ha!# A Gkcxa h‑Axdcad# Zawd 4164.

E. F. ZK_XP &d g{rd ha!# Kzawx{cdk wdkg{ca VAAA kx rkekwxaw zbnxaia,g{l rbldnbr{l wkckgxdk# an Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxb,ragd# Okrcanb 4665# ybc. AA.

E. ZKX_DGGB WAGD_HA# _. GDZ_ANA# Xbzbnbldwxagd wxbragd hkccd Cae{rad# Eknbyd 4164.

@.,Z. ZBCQ# C‑K{rbzk hk c‑dn lacck# an _. IBWWAK_ &d g{rd ha!# Ck Lbqkn Dek# Zdraw 416?# ybc. ?.

G. ZBLD# C‑dnxagb gbnyknxb ha W. Hblknagb ha Oakccd Zadppb wk,gbnhb {nd hkwgrapabnk hkc 45;4 wgraxxd hdc Zdhrk E. E.Xraykrb# Xbranb 41:1.

E. Z_DXB# Cd yaxd kgbnblagd an Zaklbnxk d lkppb hkc wkgbcb VYAAA# an Hbg{lknxa iandnpadra hkeca Wxdxa hkccd lbndrgfad zaklbnxkwk# Xbranb 41:6# wkrak A# ybc. AA.

C. Z_BYK_B# Handlagd wbgadck k gbnxrbccb waenbrack nkc rkenbh‑Axdcad &wkgbca AV,VAA!# an «Wkôbrkw# wakrybw# ydwdccbw kn cd dcxdkhdh lkhad½# VVYAAA Wkldnd hk Kwx{habw Lkhakydckw#Kwxkccd# 49 d ?: hk `{cab hk ?::4# Zdlzcbnd ?::?.

D. Z[_AGKCCA,E[K__D# Drla an Bggahknxk# Lacdnb 4199.W. _ AGGD_HA# Zaxx{rd nkc Oakcckwk xrd Ebxagb k _andwgalknxb# Xkwa

an Wxbrad hkcc‑Drxk Lkhakydck# [naykrwaxê Gdxxbcagd hkc WdgrbG{brk ha Lacdnb# Idgbcxê ha Ckxxkrk k Iacbwbiad# d.d. 4111"?:::# rkc. zrbi. Irdngkwgd Icbrkw h‑Drgdaw.

A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß# Zkrkt{dpabnk k gdxdwxb an Zaklbnxk nkc wkgbcb VYAAA # an Gaxxê k zrbzrakxê allboacadrk an Axdcad nkeca {cxala h{k wkgbca # Lacdnb 4164.

A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß# Gbnbwgknpd# lklbrad# ekwxabnk hkccd Xkrrdnkccd rdzzrkwknxdpabnk gdxdwxdck# an Drxk k wgaknpd zkr ac hawk,

enb hkc Lbnhb# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd &Xbranb 4167!# Lacd,nb 4167.

A. _ AGGA LDWWDOß# L. GD_DWWA# A gdxdwxa zaklbnxkwa hkc VYAAA k VAV wkgbcb hd wxr{lknxb ha zbcaxagd iawgdck d hbg{lknxb zkr cd gbnbwgknpd hkc xkrraxbrab# an K. GDWXKCN[BYB# L. _ BWGA#G{cx{rd iae{rdxayd k drgfaxkxxbnagd nkeca Wxdxa hkc _k ha

Wdrhkend# 4557,4694# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd# Xbranb 416:.

D. _ BGGDYACCD# C‑Drxk nkc Oakcckwk# Oakccd 41:;.

D. _ BGGDYACCD# Dcxrk bzkrk ha dnxagfa zaxxbra ykrgkcckwa nkc Oakcck,wk# an «Cd _ayawxd Oakcckwk½# AY &41?8!.

D. L. _ BLDNANA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd ebxagd an Cblodrhad# Lacdnb4198.

E. _ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Drbnd wdgrd. C‑kzbgd hka Obrrblkb# gbnwgfkhk d g{rd ha E. EKNXACK# Drbnd 4155.

E. _ BLDNB# _kwawxknpk cbgdca dccd hblandpabnk xbrankwk# an E._ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Iae{rk hkc Odrbggb an Zaklbnxk. Cdgbrxk# cd gaxxê# a gdnxakra# ck zrbyangk# Xbranb 4166.

K. _ BWWKXXA O_KPPA# wgfkhd ;5# an W. ZKXXKNDXA# E. _ BLDNB &dg{rd ha!# Ac xkwbrb hkccd gaxxê# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd# Xbranb4119.

W. _ [NGFALDN# Wxbrad hkcck Grbgadxk# _bggd Wdn Gdwgadnb 4118&kh. axdcadnd!# ybc. A"AA.

D. WDYB_KCCA# Oraw{rk nkcc‑drdchagd gayagd# an «Drgfaykw fárdcha,t{kw w{awwkw , Drgfayab drdchagb wyappkrb½# GV &4119"?! kGVA &4115"4!.

C. WGFADZD_KCCA &d g{rd ha!# A Hazcbla ha Okrknedrab A # _bld41:7.

E. G. WGABCCD# Ac Oakcckwk hdc Lkhabkyb dcc‑Bxxbgknxb. Drxawxa ,gbllaxxknxa , gdnxakra # Xbranb 416:.

@. WGBX[W K_AEKND# Zkrazfqwkbn0 Xfk Hayawabn bi Ndx{rk# xrdh. A.Z. WFKCHBN,UACCADLW# rky. @. B‑LKD_D# H{ocan 4196,415;.

Z. WK_KNB# Zdkwdeeab derdrab# deralknw{rd k ekblkxrappdpabnkhkccb wzdpab0 cd zkrkt{dpabnk eknkrdck hkc Zaklbnxk k cd ibr,ldpabnk hkc –gdxdwxb dnxagb“# an _. LD_XANKCCA# C. N[XA &dg{rd ha!# Ibnxa zkr cb wx{hab hkc zdkwdeeab derdrab# C{ggd4164.

E. WK_EA# H{k wkgbca ha Zaklbnxk zrkwdod{hb ird a rkena h‑Axdcad kha Obrebend# an «Zaklbnxk yayb½# 4166# n. 4.

E. WK_EA# Cd ekberdiad hkc zbxkrk nkc Zaklbnxk rbldnagb# an E._ BLDNB &d g{rd ha!# Zaklbnxk rbldnagb# Xbranb 4118.

E. WK_EA# A gbniana hkc zbxkrk. Ldrgfk k waenbrak ird h{k rkena lkhakydca # Xbranb 411;.

E. WK_EA# C{befa ha wxrdhd nkc Lkhabkyb. Ird ac Zb# ac ldrk k ck Dcza bggahknxdca # Xbranb 4119.

E. WK_EA# Ck zbcdraxê xkrraxbradca zaklbnxkwa hdcc‑dcxb lkhabkyb dc Xrkgknxb# an C. LK_GDNHB# K. LAGFKCKXXB &d g{rd ha!# Dr,

gfkbcbead an Zaklbnxk. Ac lkhabkyb# Xbranb 4116.E. WK_EA# Zbxkra xklzbrdca hkc ykwgbyb0 ac zrbockld wxbraberdiagb#

an Ykwgbyb k gaxxê nkcc‑dcxb lkhabkyb0 t{dhra eknkrdca k rkdcxêxbwgdnk# Dxxa hkc Gbnykenb anxkrndpabndck ha Zawxbad hkc 49,45 ldeeab 4116# Zawxbad ?::4.

E. WK_EA# Drh{anb ldrgfkwk k rk raybc{pabndrab# an Drh{anb lacckdnna hbzb. [n rk xrd laxb k wxbrad# Xbranb ?::?.

D. D. WKXXAD# Gdwxkcca k yaccdeea nkcc‑Axdcad zdhdnd. Zbzbcdlknxb# zbxkrk k wag{rkppd ird AV k VAA wkgbcb# Ndzbca 4168.

D. D. WKXXAD# Grawa k dhke{dlknxb hkcc‑brednappdpabnk kggckwadwxagdnkc Zaklbnxk odwwb lkhakydck# an Zakya k zdrrbggfak an Axdcadnkc odwwb lkhabkyb &wkgbca VAAA,VY!# Dxxa hkc Gbnykenb

«Wxbrad hkccd Gfakwd an Axdcad½# _bld 4168# ybc. AA.D. D. WKXXAD# C‑brednappdpabnk kggckwadwxagd hkc Zaklbnxk odwwb,

lkhakydck# an D. D. WKXXAD# Gfakwk# wxrdhk k ibrxkppk nkcc‑Axd,cad lkhakydck# _bld 4114.

D. D. WKXXAD# ybgk Gdwxkccb# an Kngagcbzkhad hkcc‑drxk lkhakydck#_bld 4117# ybc. AY.

L. WAEND_BCA# C‑dxxayaxê hkc ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd# ird Oakcckwk# Ykrgkcckwk k Nbydrkwk# an «Wx{ha k ragkrgfk w{cOakcckwk½# Obcckxxanb Hbgoa# 411;.

]D. WACBLO_D\# Cd Yaxd Nbyd hkccd Gdzzkccd# an L. X[_BXXA &dg{rd ha!# C‑dcod idnxdwxagd hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# YaecadnbOakcckwk ?::?.

C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# C‑Dczk k cd Xkrrd. A odnha gdlzkwxra oakcckwa nka wkgbca VYA,VAV # Oakccd 4115.

C. WZAND &d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa # Lacdnb ?::4.



45? OAOCABE_DIAD EKNK_DCK

L. WZANA# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd hkc xkrraxbrab habgkwdnb hdc H{kgknxb dc T{dxxrbgknxb# an E. G_DGGB# Wxbrad hkccd gfakwd ha Ayrkd hdcckbraeana dc VY wkgbcb# _bld 4116.

Y. WZ_KXA# Kngagcbzkhad wxbragb,nboacadrk axdcadnd# Lacdnb 41?6,4179# ybc. YA.

Wxbrad ha Lacdnb# ybc. Y# zdrxk A# C‑{naiagdpabnk hkccd Cblodrhadwbxxb Lacdnb# gbn cd gbccdobrdpabnk ha I. GBENDWWB# Lacdnb41;;.

Wxbrad ha Lacdnb# ybc. V# zdrxk YAAA# Ck drxa lanbra hdccd lkxê hkc wkgbcb VYA dc 497: # gbn cd gbccdobrdpabnk ha E. _ BWD#Lacdnb 41;5.

H. I. WX_D[WW# [cragf ybn F{xxkn# Obnn 461;.

E. WQLGBV# C‑kxê ha Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA # an Z. LK_CAN# G. _ BWWB#E. WQLGBV# E. _ AG[ZK_DXA# Ac Zaklbnxk wdod{hb. Wxdxb k xkr,raxbra an kxê lbhkrnd# an Wxbrad h‑Axdcad# harkxxd hd E.EDCDWWB# ybc. YAAA# xblb A.

Xdybck ha rdee{decab hka zkwa k hkcck law{rk an {wb nkcck ydrakZrbyangak hkc _kenb# _. H. ?: ldeeab 4655 n. 7679# _bld

4655.L. XK_KNPA# Gdxdcbeb hkccd lbwxrd ha drla dnxagfk dc gdwxkccb hka

Gbnxa E{aha an Zbzza &D_!# Iarknpk 4195.

C. XKXXBNA# I. WDCDHANA# Xkdxrb Drdchagb byykrb rdggbcxd eknkrdckhkcck Drla kh Anwkenk eknxacapak hkcck zañ acc{wxra k nboaca gdwdxk gfk kwawxkrbnb {n xklzb k gfk x{xxbrd iabrawgbnb anx{xxd c‑Axdcad# Lacdnb 4685# ybc. YAA.

Z. XBKWGD# Dbwxd# gdxdcbeb hkcck gbwk h‑drxk k ha dnxagfaxê# d g{rdhkc Lanawxkrb hkccd Z{oocagd Awxr{pabnk# _bld 4144.

Z. XBKWGD# Ac Xrkgknxb# Xbranb 41;4.

G. XBWGB# Ac rkganxb ibrxaiagdxb k cd xbrrk0 wyac{zza ha {n wawxkldhaiknwayb nkc xdrhb Lkhabkyb# an _. OB_HBNK# L. YAECANB

HDYAGB &d g{rd ha!# _agkxxa k rkganxa ibrxaiagdxa nkc odwwb Lkhabkyb# Xbranb ?::4.

G. XBWGB# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd rkcaeabwd nkcc‑kxê ha Dlkhkb YAAA # an L.YAECANB HDYAGB# G. XBWGB &d g{rd ha!# Drgfaxkxx{rd k anwk,hadlknxb nkc xdrhblkhabkyb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb ?::7.

[n zdkwk nkc xklzb. Ykrrbnk nkcck lklbrak ha Hbn Dgfacck Obrkccb rayawxk kh deeabrndxk hd Lbnw. Hkclb Ckobck#Yaecadnb Oakcckwk 4115 &rawx. dndwxdxagd ha D. OB_KCCB#Ykrrbnk orkya lklbrak wxbragfk# Oakccd 41?9!.

L. YDCCK_DNA# A rdzzbrxa anxkrgaxxdhana nkccd rkeabnk cblodrhd xrd VAA k VAAA wkgbcb# an E. _ BWWKXXA &d g{rd ha!# Ckeawcdpabnk k zrdwwa awxax{pabndck nkcc‑K{rbzd lkhakydck. Xrdhapabna nbrld,xayk# brhandlknxa# gargbcdpabnk lkrgdnxack &wkgbca VA,VY!#

Ndzbca ?::4.I. YK_GKCCD ODECABNK# Ac zkrgbrwb hkccd wxrdhd Ykrgkcca,Ayrkd an

kxê rbldnd k lkhakydck# an «Obcckxxanb Wxbragb,OaocaberdiagbW{odczanb½# VG &411?!.

I. YK_GKCCD ODECABNK# Dcg{nk gbnwahkrdpabna w{c zkrgbrwb ykrgkc,ckwk hkccd wxrdhd Zdyad,Xbranb an kxê rbldnd k lkhakydck# an«Obcckxxanb Wxbragb Ykrgkcckwk½# VVAA &4117!# n. 4.

X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A Yadcdrha . C‑braeank0 kcklknxa zrkca,landra zkr {nd ragkrgd# an «Drgfaya k Wxbrad½# 4161# n. 4.

X. YADCD_HA HA

WDNHAECADNB

# Ac gdwxkccb ha Wdnhaecadnb# an C. WZAND

&d g{rd ha!# A gdwxkcca oakcckwa # Lacdnb ?::4.

X. YADCD_HA HA WDNHAECADNB# A gbnxa _ko{iib k ac Zdcdppb _ko{iibha Wdn Lagfkck d Yaccdirdngd Zaklbnxk# an «Wx{ha Zaklbn,xkwa½# ?::7# ybc. VVVAA# idwg. ?.

Y. YADCK# Ebxagb k _andwgalknxb an Zaklbnxk# Gdxdcbeb hkccdlbwxrd# Xbranb 4171.

Y. YADCK# Ykrgkcca k ac Ykrgkcckwk nkcc‑dnxagfaxê. Zrbiacb wxbragb#raxrbydlknxa k nbxapak# Ykrgkcca 4154.

L. YAECANB HDYAGB# Yaccdeea# gdwxkcca# ragkxxa. Anwkhadlknxa r{rdca k haikwk gbcckxxayk xdrhblkhakydca # an Y. GBLBCA LDNH_DGGA

&d g{rd ha!# C‑drgfaxkxx{rd zbzbcdrk an Axdcad. Ac Zaklbnxk#_bld,Odra 4166.

L. YAECANB HDYAGB# –Ac ragkxxb“ zkr dnxbnbldwad# an C. WZAND &dg{rd ha!# Gdnhkcb k ac ragkxxb. V,VAV wkgbcb# Lacdnb 411:.

L. YAECANB HDYAGB# Haikwk hkc waenbrk k hkeca fblankw0 waxb kwxr{xx{rk ldxkradca nkc odwwb lkhabkyb# an L. G. YAWGBNXA

GFK_DWGB &d g{rd ha!# Drgfaxkxx{rd gdwxkccdnd0 wxbrad# x{xkcd#ra{wb# Dxxa hkcck eabrndxk ha wx{hab 4114# Gdrrñ 411?.

L. YAECANB HDYAGB# G. XBWGB# Drgfaxkxx{rd k anwkhadlknxb nkc xdrhblkhabkyb an Zaklbnxk# Xbranb ?::7.

D. YANGKNXA# Gdwxkcca yawgbnxka k wibrpkwgfa # Lacdnb 4164.

G. YABCDNXK# Zakya k zdrrbggfak nkcc‑Axdcad gknxrbwkxxknxrabndckh{rdnxk a wkgbca VA k VAA # an Ck awxax{pabna kggckwadwxagfk hkccd–wbgakxdw gfrawxadnd“ nka wkgbca VA,VAA. Habgkwa# zakya k zdrrbg,gfak# Lacdnb 4155.

E. UDAXP &d g{rd ha!# Wgrazxbrkw rkr{l Cdnebodrhagdr{l kx Axdcagdr{l wdkg{ca YA,AV # an Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxbra,gd# Wgrazxbrkw# Fdnnbykr 4656.

M. I. UK_NK_ # Ndawwdngk hk cd nbockwwk. C‑kwwbr hkw ácaxkw zbca,xat{kw kn K{rbzk# Zdraea 4116.

Z. UANXK_IKCH &d g{rd ha!# Ekwxd Okrknedraa alzkrdxbraw# an Lbn{lknxd Ekrldnadk Fawxbragd# ybc. AY"A# Zbkxdk Cdxana dkya Gdrbcana # Okrcanb 4661.

L. P[GGFA# Idlaecak nboaca k nbxdoaca hkc Zaklbnxk# Xbranb 41;;#ybc. AA.

F. P[E,X[GGA# [n cane{deeab ik{hdck0 c‑drdchagd# an Wxbrad h‑AxdcadKand{ha # Dnndca # ybc. A# Xbranb 4156.



Dokck# zkrwbndeeab hkcc‑Dnxagb Xkwxdlknxb# 66.Dgd`d# ykha Wdybad,Dgdad.Dhdcokrxb# iaecab ha Dnwgdrab A# ldrgfkwk# ?4.Dhdceawb# iaecab ha W{zzbnk# xaxbcdrk hkc gblaxdxb ha Zadgknpd# ?4.Dhdlb# 66.Dhk# hab erkgb# 66.Dhkcdahk# ykha Wdybad &ha! Dhkcdahk.Dhradnb &Z{ocab Kcab Dhradnb!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 6;.Dirbhaxk# hkd erkgd# 66.Debwxb Okrndrhanb# deralknwbrk# 47?.

Dagdrhb# drgaykwgbyb ha Lacdnb# 86.Dcodnb# waenbra ha# 94.Dcodnb &hk!# ykha Dcodnb# waenbra ha.

Dcoana Ea{cadnd# 54# 491.Dcgadxa# idlaecad# 81.Dckrdlaga# handwxad# ?8.Dccdhab &hk! E{ahkxb# hkc gbnwbrxack hka gbnxa ha Wdn Ldrxanb# ;1.Dccdwand# obxxked hkeca# 445,446.Dccdwand Dnwkclb# zaxxbrk# 446.Dccdwand Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Dnwkclb# zaxxbrk# 446.Dnhd &hk! Zkxr{w# ?5# 4;:.Dneaÿ &h‑! Gdrcb A ac Ldwgfab Dneabanb# rk ha Wagacad# 45.Dneaÿ &h‑! Kcawdokxxd# ndxd ha Yknhølk# lbecak ha Ibcgb AAA

Nkrrd h‑Dneaÿ# gbnxkwwd# 44.Dneaÿ &h‑! Knragb AA Zcdnxdeknkxd ac G{rxldnxkc # iaecab ha

Ebiirkhb A# rk h‑Anefacxkrrd# 45.Dneaÿ &h‑! Ibcgb AAA Nkrrd# iaecab ha Ebiirkhb A Erawkebnnkcck#

gbnxk h‑Dneaÿ# 44# 49,46.Dneaÿ &h‑! Ebiirkhb A# gbnxk h‑Dneaÿ# 44.Dneaÿ,Gdzkxanea# cankd handwxagd# 45.Dneaÿ,Zcdnxdeknkxa# cankd handwxagd# 45.Dnnd h‑Brcádnw# ykha Wdybad &ha! Dnnd.Dnwgdraga# idlaecad# ?4.Dnwgdrab A# ldrgfkwk# ?4.Dnwgdrab AA# iaecab ha Dhdcokrxb# ?4# ?8.Dnwkclb# hkgdnb ha Wdnxb Wxkidnb# 75.Dnwkclb# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 79,75.Dnxbnab dodxk# wdnxb# 64# 67.Drdchaw &hk! Lagfdkc# 4;?.

Drdchb E{ecakclb# 4;?.Drdch{w Dnxbna{w# 4;?.Drdch{w Dnxbna{w Zaccbx{w# 4;?.Drdch{w Okrndrh{w# 4;?,4;7.Drdch{w Irdngawg{w# 4;?.Drdch{w E{ahkx{w# 4;4.Drdch{w E{acakcl{w# 4;4.Drdch{w @dgbo{w# 4;?.Drdch{w Walbn# 4;?.Drdch{w [okrxan{w# 4;?.Drobrab# idlaecad# 81.Drobrab Oadlanb# idlaecad# ;4# 495.Drobrab Lkccd ha Edxxandrd# idlaecad# 11.

Drgdnekca Eabydnnd# 9;# 496.

Drhrkw# waenbra ha# 46.Drh{anaga ha Xbranb# cankd handwxagd# ?8.Drh{anan{w &hk! @bfdnnkw [okrx{w# 4;4.Drh{anan{w &hk! Zkxr{w# iaecab ha @bfdnnkw [okrx{w# 4;4.

Drh{anb# iaecab ha Hdhbnk# ldrgfkwk h‑Ayrkd# rk h‑Axdcad# ?8# 454.Drh{anb# ykwgbyb# 8:.Dreknxd Dnnd# iaecad ha Dnxbnab# ykha Zadnxanb Dnnd.Dreknxd Dnxbnab# 49;.

Drnbcha Hblknagb# 79# 76# 85# 496. Drxaibna Knragb# ?;# 496.Dwx &hk! Eabydnna# iaecab ha Zakxrb# rkxxbrk hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn

Cbrknpb ha Ykrrbnk# 4:;,4:9.Dwx &hk! Zakxrb# 4:;.

Dwxr{d Zdbcd# 65# 496.

Dwx{xa E{ahb# ;8# 496.Dxxbnk# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 7;,75.Dxxbnaw# 87.D{rkeab Zakxrb Ea{wkzzk# wg{cxbrk# 4?7# 4?;.Dydnhanb Denkwand# ndxd Ldrxankxxb# lbecak ha Irdngkwgb# 494,

49?.Dydnhanb Irdngkwgb# 49?.Dydnhanb C{hbyagb# 4;7.Dybedhra# gbnwbrxaca# 8:# 86,;:# ;8# 94,9?.Dybedhra ha Gkrrabnk k ha Ydchkneb &hkeca!# gbnwbrxack# ;8.Dybedhra ha Gbccboadnb &hkeca! Walbnk# 81.Dybedhra ha Zkppdnd &hkeca! _dankra# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 81.Dybedhra ha T{drkend &hkeca!# gbnwbrxack# 8:# ;?# ;8.Dybedhra ha T{drkend &hkeca! Eabydnna# 8:.Dybedhra ha T{drkend &hkeca! E{ecakclb# 8:.Dybedhrb# idlaecad# 9?. Ykha dngfk Dybedhra.Dybedhrb Eabydnna# okdxb# 64.Dybedhrb C{hbyagb# ykha Dybedhrb ha Gkrrabnk C{hbyagb.Dybedhrb [okrxb# ykwgbyb# ;:.Dybedhrb ha Gdwdnbyd Yknkpad# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Yknkpad.Dybedhrb ]ha Gkrkxxb\ Grawxand# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Grawxand.Dybedhrb ha Gkrrabnk C{hbyagb# 48:# 487.Dybedhrb ]ha T{drkend &hkeca!\ Ldrxanb# ykwgbyb# 86.Dybedhrb ha Ydchkneb# idlaecad# ;:.Dybedhrb ha Ydchkneb C{aea# 85# ;:.Dybedhrb ha Ydchkneb Ldrad# ndxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# lbecak ha

C{aea# 85# ;:. Dybnxb C{aea # 8;.Dpkecab &h‑! Ldwwalb# ykha Xdzdrkcca h‑Dpkecab Ldwwalb.

Odakxxb Cd{rd# ?;# 496. Odanxbn _bcdnh F.# 46# 45:.Odckenb Hblknagb# wkndxbrk# 476.Odcpbcd &hk! Eabydnnanb# nbxdab# ;8,;;# ;1.Odcpbcd &hk! Lagfkck# iaecab ha Eabydnnanb# nbxdab# ;;.Odrdngab &hk! Okrxbcan{w# 4;4.Odrdngab &hk! Nagbcan{w# 4;4.Odrdnnb &hk! Okrndrhb# iaecab ha Cbrknpb# 49:.Odrdnnb &hk! Cbrknpb# 49:.Odrokrab Gblanb &Odrokra{w Gblan{w!# 4;4,4;7# 49:.

Odrokrb Dckwwdnhrb# ;?# 496.Odrhbnk Zakxrb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 77,78# 9;.Odrack Eabydn Odxxawxd# zdrrbgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74# 4;;# 495.

Odrckxb &hk! Walbn# 4;?.Odrckxxb &hk! Cbrknpb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# 49:.Odrndod# zrabrk zrbyangadck hka hblknagdna# 86.

Odrbnab Gkwdrk# 4;# 496.

457

Anhagk hka nbla



Odwgdzá Eadgblb G .# 94# 496. Od{ha ha Ykwlk Dckwwdnhrb# 44;,449# 496. Od{ha ha Ykwlk Oknkhkxxb# 9?.Odyd Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Odyd Ea{wkzzk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Odppdrb# idlaecad# 11.

Okgmkr @bwkzf# ?4# 496# 45:.Okccdx{w [okrx{w# 87.Okcckedrhk &ha! Eadn{w &Eadnb!# ldrgfkwk# 476.

Okccana Gdrcb Dlkhkb# 64# 495,496.Okcxrdllb Eabydnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1.Okcxrdlb Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Eabydnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1,

7:# 4;7# 497.Okcxrdlb Eabydnna# 4;7# 497.Okcxrdlb Eabydnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:,74.Okcxrdlb Ea{wkzzk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Okcxrdlb Zakxrb Irdngkwgb# law{rdxbrk# 48;.Oknwb ha Gdyb{r @kdnnk Ldrak# ndxd Xrkgkwwbn &hk!# lbecak ha

Ld{rapab# 4;8.Oknwb ha Gdyb{r Ld{rapab# 4;8.Okrknedrab A# alzkrdxbrk# ?4# 75# 454,45?.

Okrknedrab AA# iaecab ha Dhdcokrxb# rk h‑Axdcad# ?4# ?8.Okredlb# h{gfa ha# 7;.Okrndi{wd _bcdnh{w# 4;?.Okrndrha &b hk _bwwa! Eabydnna# nbxdab h{gdck# 4;7.

Okrndrha Ldrpadnb# 444# 496.Okrndrhb# wdnxb# 64# 67.Okrxd# ykhbyd ha Bhhbnk ha Ocbaw# lbecak ha _bokrxb ac Zab# 49.Okrxd Eabydnna# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Okrxd Walbnk# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6# 47;,479# 4;7.Okrxd &hk! Dnxbna{w# 4;?.Okrxd &hk! Gblan{w# 4;?.Okrxd &hk! Edwzdr# 4;?.Okrxd &hk! Walbn# 4;?.Okrxbhdnb# idlaecad# 489# 4;;.

Okrxbhdnb Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# 49;.Okrxbhdnb Gdrcb _diidkck# 49;.Okrxbhdnb Gdrcb Yangknpb# gbnxk# wkndxbrk# 487.Okrxrdlb# ykha Okcxrdlb.Okpbnb Bxanb# 48?.Oadnhrdxk# gbnxa ha# 8:.Oadnhrdxk Idgab# nbxdab# 81.Oagfakrd &hk! Dnxbnab# 4:5.Oaeab &hk! Ldrxan{w# 4;?.Oaecb &hk! Gblan{w# 4;4.Oaecb &hk!,Oaeab &hk!# idlaecak# 4;?.Ocdngadrha Ldrg‑D{rkcab# zralb zrkwahknxk hkccd Gdlkrd hka

gbnxa ha Zaklbnxk# 47?# 475.Ocdngabxxa Zakxrb Dnxbnab# anxknhknxk hkccd zrbyangad ha Oakccd#

48?# 4;;.

Obggd# idlaecad# 4;?.Obggd Dnhrkd# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:,74# 497.Obggd Dnxbnab# dcxrb wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74# 4;8.Obggd Gdrcb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 77.Obggd Eabydnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 77.Obggd Eabydnna Dnhrkd# 488.Obggd Zakxrb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Obggd Wkykranb# zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk# 77.Obggdhkcca Gdrcb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 78.

Obggad Cabnkccb Eabreab# 1?# 19# 496. Obckneb Erdpadnd# 4:9# 481# 4;1# 497# 496. Obndrha Gcd{had# 51# 4:5# 496# 45:.Obnd{ha# ykha Obnd{hb.Obnd{hb Hblknagb Aendpab# 471.

Obnd{hb Ea{wkzzk# dyybgdxb hkc _keab Zdxralbnab k Iawgb# 476.Obnkccb &Obnkcc{w!# ykha Yadcdrha Ebnkccb.Obna Odrxbcblkb# 479.Obnanb Dnxbnab# zrbg{rdxbrk iawgdck# 4;9.

Obnbla Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 4:6# 491.Obn{w @bfdnnkw# 87.Obrdngab &hk! Dnxbnab# 4;?.Obrdngab &hk! Okrndrh{w# 4;?.Obrdngab &hk! Lagfdkc# 4;?.Obrdngab &hk! Nagfbcan{w# 4;?.

Obrhbnk _kndxb# ?;# 9?# 54# 58# 496,491# 45?. Obrkcca Eabydnna Odxxawxd# 4;7# 4;;# 496,491. Obrkccb Dgfacck# zdrrbgb ha Ykrrbnk# ;;# 97# 4:;# 4:1# 446# 4;;#

4;5# 495,496# 45?. Obrkccb C{aea # 7;# 75# 87# 8;# 85# ;:,;?# 9?,97# 481,4;:# 496. Obread C{aea # 94# 496.Obrebend# h{gd ha# 45.Obrebnab Eabydnna Xblldwb# gdrxberdib# ?7# 79.

Obrabca Hdnakck# 4?1# 477# 476,471# 487# 496.Obrckxb &hk! Ldrxan{w# 4;?.Obrrdna# ekblkxrd# 485.Obrra# idlaecad# 4;?.Obrra Ea{wkzzk# 499.Obrrblkb# idlaecad# 4?;# 454.Obwb# iaecab ha W{zzbnk# ?4.

Obwbnk# gbnxk# 7;# 75. Obwwdecad _bwwdnd# 4:5# 496.Obxxb Eabreab# wg{cxbrk# 4?;.Obxxb Zakxrb# wg{cxbrk# 4?;.

Ordggb Ea{wkzzk# 4?1# 479,475# 496.Ordyb Hblknagb# 479.

Orapab Dnnd Ldrad# 444# 496. Or{gmnkr Uacfkcl# 8;# 496.Or{wdxa# 81.

O{cedrb Gdrcb Ea{wkzzk# 81.O{rbnpb# waenbra ha# ;4.

Gdcaebcd &Gdab Gdcaebcd!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Gdcpbcdra Dnhrkd# ?4# ;8# 496.

Gdlzdnack Knragb# 8;# 454.Gdngadn Zdxrapad# ?4# 91# 4:9# 496.Gdnk Idganb &Obnaidgab!# gbnxk# gdzaxdnb ha yknx{rd# 8:.Gdzzkcca Dhradnb# ;7# 496.Gdzrana _axd# 8;# 454.Gdrdwwa Ldrgb# 487# 485# 454.Gdrcb AAA ac Erbwwb# alzkrdxbrk# 7;# 85.Gdrcb AY ha C{wwklo{reb# alzkrdxbrk# ;:# ;7# ;;# ;6.Gdrcb Ldenb# rk hka irdngfa# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 4;# ?5# 7;.Gdrbca Eabydn Irdngkwgb# deralknwbrk# 47?# 478.Gdwdggad Ea{wkzzk# zdrrbgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7?.Gdwd Erdnhk &hkccd!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Gdwdcybcbnk# waenbra ha# 9?.Gdwwkxxa Ld{rapab# 8:# 4:9# 496.Gdwxdenkxxa Dnhrkd# 4:7# 491.

Gdwxkcn{byb Knragb# 448# 487# 491# 454.Gdwxkcn{byb E{ahb# ;?# ;8# 5:# 491.Gdwxrbnbyb Walbnd# 64# 491.Gd{hd Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Gd{hd Odzxawxd# 4;?.Gd{hd Okrndrhb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# 4;?# 49:.Gd{hd Ocdwa{w# 4;?.Gd{hd Eacdrh{w# 4;?.Gd{hd @bfdnnkw# 4;?.Gd{hd Ldrxan{w# 4;?.Gd{hd Nkead Dnxbna{w# 4;?.Gd{hd Nkead Cd{rknxa{w# 4;?.Gdydcakra Ikhkragb# 54# 491.Gdybrkxxb# waenbra ha# 8:.

Gdyb{r# waenbra ha# 8:.Gkgahdna# ykha Gkgahdnb.Gkgahdnb Debwxanb# irdxkccb ha Eabydnna# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1#

48:# 494.

458 ANHAGK HKA NBLA



Gkgahdnb Edwzdrk# irdxkccb ha Eabydnna# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1#471,48:# 494.

Gkgahdnb Eabydnna# zdrrbgb ha Ykrrbnk# 479# 476# 494.Gkgahdnb Aendpab Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Debwxanb# nbxdab# 494# 498.Gkgahdnb Brwbcd# lbecak ha Debwxanb# 494.Gkgahdnb Zakxrb Eadgblb# iaecab ha Debwxanb# 494# 498.Gkrkxxd &hk! Odrxbcblkb# 4;7.Gkrkxxd &Gfabrand! &hk! Ldrad# 4;7.Gkyd ha Nbgkxb Dckrdlb# ;:.Gkyd ha Nbgkxb Gdlaccd# ndxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# lbecak ha

Dckrdlb# ;:.Gfdcdnx# ykha Gfdccdnx.Gfdccdnx# idlaecad# 448.Gfdccdnx &ha! Eabreab# dodxk gbllknhdxdrab ha Wdnx‑Brwb ha

Dbwxd# 444.Gfdccdnx &ha! Qockxb# ;1.Gfdlzdenk# gbnxk ha# 45.Gfabrana# ykha Gfabranb.Gfabranb Dnxbnab# ?6.Gfabranb Eabydnna# iaecab ha Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6#

4;7# 498.

Gfabranb Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Dnxbnab# 498.Gfabranb Ldrgb# 4;7.Gfabranb Walbnk# iaecab ha Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Gfaxxbcana Eabreab# ;?# ;8# 496,491.Gfbd Hblanag{w# 4;4.Gfbd &hk! Ldrg{w# 4;?.Gfbd,Gd{hd# idlaecak# 4;?.Gf{ekra [okrxan{w# iaecab ha Dnxbnab Bpk &hk Bpad!# 4;?.Gargd &hk! @bfdnnkw# 4;4.Gcd{hab# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Gcklknxk Y# zdzd# 81.Gcklknxk YA# zdzd# 4:9.Gbhd Pdokxxd Eabydnna# 49;.Gbendwwb Irdngkwgb# ;4,;?# 5:# 491# 45?.

Gbcbloanb K{wkoab# law{rdxbrk# 48;.Gblod _andchb# 5?# 45:.Gblkccb Odrxbcblkb# 4;7.Gblbca Ldnhrdgga Ykrd# 58# 51# 496# 45?.Gbnkcc{w# ykha Yadcdrha Ebnkccb.Gbnxk Ykrhk# ykha Wdybad &ha! Dlkhkb YA.Gbzzd Eabydnna Eadgblb# 49;.Gbranb Dnxbnab# 497.Gbrrdhb Gbnbnk# iaecab ha Okrknedrab AA# ldrgfkwk h‑Ayrkd# ?8.Gbwknxanb _bwdnnd# ;8# 496.Gbppb Zdbcb# 4:6# 491.Grdggb Eabreab# 4:5# 45?.Grdgfa# ykha Grdgf{w.Grdgfb# ykha Grdgf{w.Grdgf{w Oadea{w# 4;4.

Grdgf{w Iacazz{w# 4;?.Grdgf{w @bfdnnkw# iaecab ha [okrxanb# 4;4,4;?.Grdgf{w Lagfdkc# 4;4.Grdgf{w Walbn# 4;4,4;?.Grdgf{w Xfbldw# 4;?,4;7.Grdgf{w [okrxan{w# 4;?.Grdyad Eabydnna Zakxrb# 4;7.Grawxand ha Irdngad# ykha Wdybad &ha! Ldrad Grawxand.Grbwd Eabydnna# wdgkrhbxk# 4;9.Grbwd Zakxrb Hblknagb# wdgkrhbxk# 4;9.G{dp Ldrgb# 444# 45:.G{roaw ha Wdn Lagfkck Grawxand Dcbawad Bcalzad# ykha Ldrdnhb,

nb Grawxand Dcbawad Bcalzad k P{ldecana Grawxand DcbawadBcalzad.

Hdnkwk Eabwkzzk Aendpab# ykha Hdnkwk Aendpab.Hdnkwk Eabydnna Ea{wkzzk# law{rdxbrk# 487.Hdnkwk Aendpab# nbxdab# 488,489# 4;8.

Hdxxd Zakxrb# ;4# 491. Hk Okrndrha Ikrrkrb Hdrad# 4:;# 491. Hkoadeea Gdwalarb# 1:# 491.Hk Obwaw Hdnakck# zaxxbrk# 65# 496.Hk Orbkn @bfdnnkw# angawbrk# ?7.

Hkccd Gfakwd Irdngkwgb Debwxanb# 97# 495# 491. Hkcc‑Blb Ldrand# 1:# 491. Hkc Zbppb Ldrgkccb# 94# 496.Hknxaw Ea{wkzzk Obndyknx{rd# wkndxbrk# 476.Hkwahkrab# rk hka Cbnebodrha# 7;.Hk Wxkidnaw# ekblkxrd# 485.Hkwxkidnaw# ykha Hk Wxkidnaw.Hkxbldxa Klacab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 77.

Hadgbnb Zdbcb# 7;# 491.Hahakr E{ecakclb# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 4:9.

Habnawbxxa Gdrcb# 79# 491.Hbcganb hd Nbydrd# krkwadrgd# 86,81# 491.

Hbcanb Kcknd# 444# 491.Hblknagb# wdnxb# 44;# 445,446.Hblanagd &hk! Ordnh{w# 4;4.Hblanagd &hk! Zkxr{w# 4;4.

Hblapadnb &Hblapadnb Xaxb Icdyab!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Hbndxa &hk! Eabydnna Dlorbeab# wg{cxbrk an ckenb# 449.Hbndxa &hk! Eabydnna Zakxrb# irdxkccb ha Eabydnna Dlorbeab#

wg{cxbrk an ckenb# 449.Hbndxa &hk! C{hbyagb# irdxkccb &2! ha Eabydnna Dlorbeab k ha

Eabydnna Zakxrb# zaxxbrk# 449. Hbnha Eabreab# 11# 491.Hbrbxkd# wdnxd# 66.

H{oban Gdlaccb# 4?1# 47?# 487# 491. H{oban Ikcagk Dldxb# 4?1# 47?# 487# 4;;# 491. H{oq Ekbrekw# 49# 491. H{zrá Xfkwkahkr K{eknab# 94# 491.H{rdnhb Walbnk &H{rdnh{w Walbn!# 4;?# 49:.H{rdnhb &hk! [okrxanb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.

H{rdnh{w D{e{wxan{w# 4;4.H{rdnh{w Gblan{w# 4;?.H{rdnh{w [okrxan{w# 4;4.H{rdnh{w,H{rdnx{w# idlaecak# 4;?.H{rdnx{w @bfdnnkw# 4;4.

Kgckvad &hk! Dnrag{w# 4;4.Kgckvaw &hk! Eacbn{w# 4;?.Kand{ha# gdwd khaxragk# 94# 45?.Kand{ha C{aea# zrkwahknxk hkccd _kz{oocagd Axdcadnd# 78# 98,9;.Kchd &hk! Ldrgava{w Zbxar{w# 4;4.Kcadhk Largkd# 4?# 491.Klacadnb# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# wdnxb# 64,6?.Knragb YA# alzkrdxbrk# 8:.Knragb YAA ha C{wwklo{reb# alzkrdxbrk# 86.

Krdwlb hd _bxxkrhdl# 46.

Idggab Ea{cab Gkwdrk# 79# 76# 8:# 86# 496,491.Idcd Hblknagb# 4;7.Idccd Eabdgfanb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:,74.Idccd Cbrknpb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7?.Idccd Gara Gdrcb# gbllawwdrab wxrdbrhandrab ha Ykrrbnk# 7?.Idcckxxa# idlaecad# 5?# 45:.Idcbzzd Dnxbnkccd# ?8# 491.Idnxbnk Gdrcb Yangknpb# ;:.Idnxbnk Gdrcbxxd Irdngkwgd# ndxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# lbecak ha

Gdrcb Yangknpb# ;:.Idykxxb Irdngkwgb Aendpab &2!# rkikrknhdrab# harkxxbrk hkccd zrb,

yangad ha Ykrgkcca# 47?.

Ikhkragb A ac Odrodrbwwd# alzkrdxbrk# ?;# 75# 8:.Ikrrdra Hdnakck# wg{cxbrk# 4?;.Ikrrdraa @bfdnnkw# 4;4.Ikrrdrab Okrxbchb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?5# 4;:,4;4.

ANHAGK HKA NBLA 45;



Ikrrdrab,Ikrrdra# idlaecak# 4;?.Ikrrdraw# idlaecad# 4;9.Ikrrdraw Ea{wkzzk# 79# 4:7# 495.Ikrrdraw Ldehd# 4?1# 477# 476,471# 487# 496.Ikrrdra{w Odzxawxd# 4;?.Ikrrdra{w E{acckcl{w# 4;?.Ikrrdra{w Cd{rknxa{w# 4;?.Ikrrkarb Dcokrxb# 4;# 491.Ikrrkra Okrxbcan{w# iaecab ha @bfdnnkw# 4;?.Ikrrkra @bfdnnkw# 4;?.Ikrrkrb Okrndrhb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa# idlaecad# 66# 4:;.Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa Gdrcb Okwwb# zrangazk ha Ldwwkrdnb# 4;8.Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa Grawxand Azzbcaxd# iaecad acckeaxxald ha Gdrcb Kld,

n{kck AA ha Wdybad k ha @kdnnk Ldrak hk Xrkgkwwbn# lbecak haGdrcb Okwwb# 4;8.

Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa Iacaokrxb# ?6.Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa Irdngkwgb C{hbyagb# zrangazk ha Ldwwkrdnb# 66.Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa Ldrad Grawxand# ndxd ha Waladnd k Zadnkppd# lb,

ecak ha Irdngkwgb C{hbyagb# 66.Iakwgfa# idlaecad# 66.

Iakwgfa Eabydnna# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 5:.Iacazzb AA# rk ha Irdngad# 45.Iacazzb AAA# rk ha Wzdend# 11.Iacazzb D{e{wxb# ykha Iacazzb AA# rk ha Irdngad.Iankccb Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab# 4;9.Iawwb [lokrxb# 79# 491.Icbrd# hkd rbldnd# 61,1:.Icbrkw h‑Drgdaw Irdngkwgd# 65# 454.Ibcgb Nkrrd# ykha Dneaÿ &h‑! Ibcgb AAA Nkrrd.Ibrnkrab Edwzdrk# zaxxbrk# 44;,445.Iùrwxkldnn Krnwx Uacfkcl# 79# 491.Ibwwdxa Irdngkwgb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Ibwwdxa Eabydnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Ibwwdxa Eabydnna Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:,74.

Ibwwakr _bokrx# 4?# 79# 454.Irkq`d# hayanaxê zrk,anhbk{rbzkd# 4?.Iragfaenbnb# ykha Iragfaenbnb ha Gdwxkcckneb.Iragfaenbnb ha Gdwxkcckneb Zakxrb Irdngkwgb# dyybgdxb zdxralb,

nadck eknkrdck# 64# 476.Irbyd Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab# 85# 495.I{ldedcca Zab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 78.

Edobxxb Ikr handnhb# 79# 76# 85# ;4# 5:# 496,491.Edorakcca Nbkla # 444# 491.Edad Zakxrb Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1.Eda`d# idlaecad# 4;?.Eda`d Dnxbnad# ykha Zkrranb Dnxbnad.Eda`d Dnxbna{w# ykha Ed`d &hk! Dnxbnab.Eda`d Cbrknpb# iaecab ha Zakxrb Dnxbnab# 4;9.

Eda`d Zakxrb Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 4;7# 4;9# 497.Edacdrha Ea{cab# ykwgbyb ha Wdcbnk &Erkgad!# 449.Ed`d# idlaecad# 4;?.Ed`d &hk! Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?5# 4;4.Edcdwwb Ea{wkzzk# 476# 45?.Edcod &Edcod Wkryab W{czagab!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Edcorkdxf Hbndch Canhwdq# 94# 491.Edckdp# ykha Yawgbnxa Edckdppb.Edccb Xblldwb# dodxk ha Wdnx‑Dnhrkd &Ykrgkcca!# 86.Edlaccwgfke Krnwx# 8;# 491.Ednhanb Ekrldnd# ?8,?;# 4:7# 491.Edradppb Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Edradppb Dnxbnab# dcxrb wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Edradppb Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.

Edradppb Ea{wkzzk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Edradppb Zakxrb Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Edraxab# ykha Edrapab.Edrapab Dnxbnab# 4;8,4;;.

Edrapab Eadgblb# iaecab ha Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1,7:#4;8# 497.

Edrappb# idlaecad# 4;?.Edrappb Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 479.Edrappb Eabydn Zakxrb# 478.Edwzdrra Wxkidnb# 7;# 491.

Edydppa Gdrcb# 4:6# 491.Edqd Okrndrh{w# 4;?.Edqd @dgbo{w# 4;?.Edpkcca &Edppkcca! Nagbcÿ# wkndxbrk# 476.Eknbyd &hk! Gdrcb Eabydnna Odxxawxd# nbxdab# 48:,484# 49;.Eknxack E{ahb# 94# 4?;# 4?1# 4;?# 4;8# 49:# 491# 454.Eknxack C{awd Gcbxachk# 94,9?# 491.Ekn{d Gdrcb Eabydnna Odxxawxd# ykha Eknbyd &hk! Gdrcb Eab,

ydnna Odxxawxd.Efardchkccb Gcd{had# 66# 45:.Eadgblb ac Gdrndrab# ykha Yadcdrha Eadgblb ac Gdrndrab.Eaod Odzxawxd# 4;?.Eaod [okrxan{w# 4;?.Eaecbnb &hk! Okrndrh{w# 4;?.Eackxb &hk! @dgbo{w dcadw Grdgf{w# 4;?.Eacbnb &hk! Eacbn{w# 4;?.Eabcaxxa Eabydnna# {blb zbcaxagb# 9?.Eabrgkcca Okrwdna Wacyad# 8;# 45:.Eabrpd Eabydnna Odxxawxd# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7?.Eabydnna# ykwgbyb hblknagdnb# okdxb# 64,6?.Eabydnna Odxxawxd# wdnxb# 448# 4?7.Eaw{cib# ykwgbyb# 79.Ea{wkzzk# wdnxb# 444# 44;.Ecbrad Dnhrkd# 79# 45:.Ebnkccb# ykha Yadcdrha Ebnkccb.Ebnpded Gdrcb AA# h{gd ha Ldnxbyd k ha Lbnikrrdxb# 97.Ebnpded Krgbck# 97.Ebrad Dvkc # ?9# 45:.Erdgaw Wxkidnb# 4;7.

Erdnhawbnb &hk! E{ecakclb# ;1.Erdnkra Gdrcb Kldn{kck# wkndxbrk# 476.Erdwwa Yaxdcadnb# zaxxbrk# 1:# 491.Erkga _bokrxb# 4:7# 45:.Erkebrab A Ldenb# zdzd# 64# 67.Erkebrab VA# zdzd# ;:# ;;# ;1.Erawkra Dnhrkand# 4?;# 45:.Erblb# idlaecad# 4;;.Erblb Krgbck# ykha Erblb ha Xkrnkneb Krgbck.Erblb ha Xkrnkneb# idlaecad# 444# 477# 4;7# 498,49;.Erblb ha Xkrnkneb Krgbck# 487# 49;.Erblb ha Xkrnkneb Zdbcb# gbnxk# dodxk# 479.Erblb ha Xkrnkneb _kndxb# 49;.Erbnhd# idlaecad# 4;?.

Erbnhd Eabydnna Cbrknpb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Erbwwb Ea{wkzzk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 78.Erbxkiknh Fkrldnn# 85# 45:.Er{qærk &ha! Irdngkwgb# waenbrk ha Brbn k ha _b{eklbnx &Wyap,

pkrd!# gbnxk# ldrkwgadccb ha Wdybad# ?5# 44;,449.Er{qærk &ha! Irdngkwgb AA# gbnxk ha Er{qærk# 44;.E{dcdnb Irdngb# 441.E{dwgb ha Oawab Irdngkwgb# 9?# 45:.E{dppkra{w Dnxbna{w# 4;?.E{okrndxaw &hk!# 476.E{ecakclb# gfakragb# 4:9# 4;:.E{ecakclb YAAA Zdckbcbeb# ldrgfkwk ha Lbnikrrdxb# 9?.E{ecakclb ha Lbnxrk{ac# 4;.E{ecakclb ha T{drkend# ykha Dybedhra ha T{drkend &hkeca! E{,

ecakclb.E{adcdrh{w# ykha Uahdcdrhb.E{ahdcdrha# ykha YadcdrhaE{ahdcdrhaw &hk! hk Ykrbnb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

459 ANHAGK HKA NBLA



E{ahdcdrhb &E{ahdcdrh{w!# ykha Uahdcdrhb.E{aha# idlaecad# 18# 45?.E{ahb# iaecab ha Okrknedrab AA# alzkrdxbrk# ?4# ?8.E{ahb &Uah!# ykha Uahdcdrhb.E{ahb ha Wzbckxb# ykha E{ahb# iaecab ha Okrknedrab AA.E{ankw# waenbra ha# 46.E{ccanb Ea{wkzzk# 75# 45:.E{npb ldnedndxbr # ykha Wgdrkccd Okrednha{w.

Fbcobrn Fd`b# 46# 45:.F{xxkn &ybn! [cragf# gdydcakrk# 46# 45:# 45?.

Adgbzb hd Ydrdppk & @dgbo{w hk Ybrdeank b hk Ydrdeank!# 85# 491.Annbgknpb AY# zdzd# 86.Abcdnhd ha Irdngad# ykha Wdybad &ha! Abcdnhd.Ayrkd# ldrgfkwa ha# ?8.

@dgbo{w# nbxdab# 87. @dgbo{w hk Ybrdeank# ykha Adgbzb hd Ydrdppk. @drn{x @ùre# ?;# 7;# 496# 45:. @dwkcca Gdrcb# 51# 14,11.

@dwkcca Wacblord Dnnd# 67. @át{akr Cábn# 94# 491.

Mdrbc{l _bldnbr{l alzkrdxbrkl# ykha Gdrcb AY ha C{wwkl,o{reb.

Mcbgmkr Fdnw# wg{cxbrk an ckenb# 448.Mblnknd Dnnd Dnekcd# ykha Yacckfdrhb{an &hk! Dnnd Dnekcd.

Mrd{wk Ubciedne# 4?# 45:.

Cdmane E{q# 1?# 45:.Cdlokrxb# wdgkrhbxk# 46.Cdngad# idlaecad# 4;?.Cdngad Ykrgkccan{w# 4;4.

Cdnek D{e{wxd# 85# 495.

Cdnebwgb# idlaecad# 61,1:# 491. Cdnanb Zakxrb Dnxbnab# 97# 45:.Cdnxkclb &Cdnxkcl{w!# ykha Yadcdrha Cdnxkclb# iaecab ha Zc{,

wokccd.Cdnpd Irdngkwgb Ldrad# zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 4;?.Cdwgdraw# idlaecad# 81.Cd{rkngab &hk! Odrxbcblk{w# 4;4.Cd{rknxan{w @bfdnnkw# 4;4.Cd{rknxan{w,Cbrdnganb &hk!# idlaecak# 4;?.

Ckobck Hkclb# 64# 67,6;# 4:7# 4:;# 4:5,4:1# 449,441# 4?4,4??#481# 4;;# 494# 496# 45:# 45?.

Ckbnk# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 79.Ckbnk ]Gdlaccb\# l{wkb ha Ykrgkcca# 61,1:.Ckbnk E{ecakclb# zralb zrkwahknxk hkc Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk# 476.

Ca{xzrdnhb# ykwgbyb ha Grklbnd# ?4# 45:.

Ca{xzrdnhb# rk hka Cbnebodrha# 7;.Cbgad &hk! Eadgblb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Cbgad &hk! &Xdnax{w!# 4;?.

Cbnefa Dnhrkd# 85# 91,5?# 4:9# 481# 4;4# 45:.Cbrdnganb &hk! Dnxbna{w Lbrkx{w# 4;?.Cbrdnganb &hk! @bfdnnkw# 4;?.Cbrdnganb &hk! Cd{rknxa{w# 4;?.Cbrknganb# idlaecad# 4;?.Cbrknpanb Eabydnna# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6,?1.Cbrknpanb Eabydnna# dcxrb gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# 4;7.Cbrknpanb Zakxrb# 4;7.Cbrknpb# wdnxb# 77# 64# 67# 44;# 445,446.Cbxdrab# iaecab ha C{hbyagb A ac Zab# alzkrdxbrk# 7;# 75# ;8.C{ggd &hk! Eabydnna# 49:.

C{hbyagb A ac Zab# iaecab ha Gdrcb Ldenb# alzkrdxbrk# 7;# 75# ;8.Ldgabxxd# idlaecad# 4;;.Ldgabxxd Ldrgkccanb# zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk# 78.

Ldkwxrb hkc Gdwxkccb ha Lacdnb# zaxxbrk# 11.Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd# obxxked hkc# 6?,6;# 65.Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd# zaxxbrk# 68,6;# 65,66# 449.Ldkwxrb hkccd Zdwwabnk ha Drobrab# ykha Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd

Hblknagd.Ldkwxrb ha Brbzd# zaxxbrk# 64.Ldkwxrb ha Zrbf# ykha Ldkwxrb hkc Grawxb hkccd Hblknagd.Ldiika Gdrcb Eadganxb# law{rdxbrk# 478# 471# 488,489.Ldanirkh{w# ykha Yadcdrha Ldnirkhb# iaecab ha Zc{wokccd.

Ldccá C{aea # 444# 4?;# 45:. Ldndrkwa Gkwdrk# 8:# 45:.Ldnirkhb &Ldnairkh{w!# ykha Yadcdrha Ldnirkhb# iaecab ha Zc{,

wokccd.Ldnairkh{w# 87.

Ldnn @dlkw# 1?# 45:.Ldnxbyd# h{gfa ha# 84.Ldrdnhbnb Dhkcdahk# iaecad ha Ikcagk# 74.Ldrdnhbnb Dneabcand# iaecad ha Ikcagk# 74.Ldrdnhbnb Grawxand Dcbawad Bcalzad# ndxd G{roaw ha Wdn La,

gfkck# lbecak ha Ikcagk Ldrdnhbnb# zba ha Dnxbnab Ld{rapabP{ldecana# 74# 77. Ykha dngfk P{ldecana Grawxand Dcbawad

Bcalzad.Ldrdnhbnb Ikcagk# 74.Ldrdnhbnb Eabydn Odxxawxd# dyybgdxb# 47;,475.Ldrdnhbnb Ea{wkzzand# iaecad ha Ikcagk# 74.Ldrdnhbnb C{aea# iaecab ha Ikcagk# 74# 77.Ldrgab &hk! Obn{wabfdnnkw# nbxdab# 481.Ldrgb Wdcyab Bxxbnk# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Ldrankcca Irdngkwgb# zdrrbgb ha Ykrrbnk# 78.Ldrxkcca Ea{wkzzk# ;?# 491.

Ldrxankcca _bokrxd# 51# 454.Ldrxankxb# ykha dngfk Ldrxankxxb.Ldrxankxb &hk! Dnxbna{w# 4;?.Ldrxankxb &hk! @bfdnnkw# 4;4.Ldrxankxxa Dckwwdnhrb Dlkhkb# nazbxk ha Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab#

48:.Ldrxankxxa Hblknagb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Ldrxankxxa Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab# zdxralbnadck# 477# 48:.Ldrxankxxb Denkwand# iaecad ha Eabydnna Ldrad# ykha Dydnhanb

Denkwand.Ldrxankxxb Dnxbnab# iaecab ha Walbnk# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6#

4;7.Ldrxankxxb Eabydnna Ldrad# 494.Ldrxankxxb Walbnk# ?6# 4;7.Ldrxankxxb &hk! Xdlkb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.

Ldwzbca Gdrcb# 9?# 45:.Ldwwalacadnb A h‑Dwo{reb# alzkrdxbrk# 11.Ldw{kraa Zakxrb# gbllawwdrab h{gdck# 4;:.Ldqkrck Irdngkwgb Dnxbnab# zaxxbrk# 61,1:.Ldppbnk# wkerkxdrab gbl{ndck# 479# 484.

Lkcgfabr _kndchb# lkwwb ea{rdxb# 4;9.Lkrgdnhack Debwxanb# 479.Lkrgdnhack Debwxanb# iaecab ha Ea{wkzzk# 4;9.Lkrgdnhack Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1.Lkrgdnhack Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# 4;9.Lkrgdnhack Ea{wkzzk# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# 48?# 4;9.Lkrgdnhack Ea{wkzzk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Lkrgdnhack Ea{wkzzk Dnxbnab# 48:.Lkrgdnhanb Zakxrb# gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab# zba wanhdgb ha

Ykrrbnk# 77. Lkrgdnhb Cacadnd# ?;# 454.Lkrck &ha!# Xbldwb# 44# 4;.

Lkrcan Zakrzdbcb# 476# 45?. Lkrcb Zdbcb# 4:6# 491.

Lkqrak{v &hk! @kdn# gdngkccakrk# ;8. Lagfkckx Yagxbr,Álack# 4?# 45:. Lagfkckxxb Keck# ?;# 454.Lacdnb# waenbra k h{gfa ha# 8:# 86# ;4# 9?.

ANHAGK HKA NBLA 455



Lanbxxb Dnxbnab# 479.Lanbxxb Zakxrb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.

Lbhknd,Oaggfakra Eabydnna Odxxawxd# 64# 495# 45:.Lbcankra Eabydnna Dnxbnab# zaxxbrk# 4?;# 491.Lblb# ekblkxrd# 485.Lbnh{rb &hk! Dnxbnabxxb# ?5.Lbnh{rb &hk! Eabydnnd# lbecak ha Dnxbnabxxb# ?5.Lbnikrrdxb# ldrgfkwa ha# ?;# 84# 9?.Lbnagd# wdnxd# 446.Lbroabcab &hk! Eadgblb# nbxdab# 4;:.

Lbran Ldrgb# 1?# 496.Lbrrd Dnxbnab# 48?.Lbwgd# idlaecad# 4;?.Lbwgd Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Lbwgd Irdngkwgb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:# 4;;.Lbwgd Eadgblb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1.Lbwgd Eabreab# 4;7.Lbwgd Cbrknpb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Lbwgd Wxkidnb# ldwxrb hd l{rb# 499.Lbwgfbnb &hk! Odzxawxd# 4;?.Lbwgbnk# idlaecad# 4;?.

Lbwgbnk Odxxawxd# ?1# 4;7.Lbwgbnk Walbnk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:# 4;;.Lbwgbnk Walbnk# iaecab ha Odxxawxd# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 4;7.Lbwgbnk [okrxanb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Lbwgbnb K{wkoab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Lbwgbnb &hk! Ldrxan{w# 4;?.Lbwwb &hk!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

L{ccdxkrd Xblldwb# 64# 45:.

Ndhd Zdxrbnk Dnnd Ldrad# ?4# ?;# ;4,;?# 45:.Ndxdck Ld{rb# 449# 45:.Ndxdck Yaxxbrab# 9?# 56,51# 64# 66# 1:# 19# 4:6# 444# 44;# 491,45:.Nkerb Yangknpb# nbxdab# 499.Nkarkxxa Ldrgb# 4;9# 45:.

Nkrbnk &Nkrbnk Gcd{hab Hr{wb Ekrldnagb!# alzkrdxbrk rbld,nb# 66.Nagbcd hd Xbcknxanb# wdnxb# 64# 67.Nagbcd ha Odra# wdnxb# 67.Nbydrand ha Wdn Wkodwxadnb Eabydnna Odxxawxd# zralb zrkwahknxk

hkc Wkndxb ha Zaklbnxk# 47?.N{ggab Wacyad# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 78.N{xa C{gad# 51# 454.N{ybcbnk Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# zaxxbrk# 66.N{ybcbnk Ea{wkzzk# zaxxbrk# 66.

Bokrxknefa# handwxad# ?8.Bhhbnk ha Ocbaw# gbnxk# 49.Bcokrxb# dodxk# 85.Bchbna Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 44;# 446.

Bchbna Habikob# iaecab ha Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 44;.Bchbna Kirdal# iaecab ha Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 44;.Bchbna Kckdpdrb# iaecab ha Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 44;,449.Bchbna Krgbck# iaecab ha Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 44;.Bchbna Eabw{æ# iaecab ha Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 4:6# 444# 448,449.Bchbna Awldkck# iaecab ha Obnaibrxk# zaxxbrk# 44;,449.Bceadxa Ea{wkzzk Dckwwdnhrb# gbnxk# 48?# 4;9# 49:# 495.Bceadxa _bwd Hadnd# ndxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# lbecak ha Ea{wkzzk

Dckwwdnhrb# 48?.Bcadra{w Dnhrkdw# 4;4.Bcadra{w Okrxbh{w# 4;?.Bcadra{w Cd{rknxa{w# 4;?.Bcadra{w Ldrxan{w# 4;?.Bcadrb# idlaecad# 4;?.

Bcadrb Eabydnna# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6# 47;# 4;7.Bcayakra Hdnxk# 8;# 45:.Bclb Dnxbnanb# 4?;# 45:.Bcrag{w# 87.

B‑Lkdrd @bfn# 4?# 454.Bnhab &Fbnhab! Krdwlb Zakxrb Ldrad# wkndxbrk# 476.Bnbirab AAA# zdzd# 4?.Brhdnb _bwdchb# 7;# 75# 8:# ;?# 45:.Brcdnhbna Or{nb# 444# 491,45:.Brwb Eabydnna Dnxbnab# iaecab ha Zakxrb# deralknwbrk# 48:,484#

4;1.Brwb Zakxrb# deralknwbrk# 47;,479# 48:# 494.Brpb# ykha Brwb.Bxxbnk# ykha Ldrgb Wdcyab Bxxbnk.Bxxbnk A ac Erdnhk# alzkrdxbrk k rk ha Ekrldnad# ?8.Bxxbnk AA# alzkrdxbrk k rk ha Ekrldnad# 45.Bxxbnk AAA# alzkrdxbrk k rk ha Ekrldnad# ?8# 79.Bxxbna# handwxad hkccd gdwd ha Wdwwbnad# ?8.Bpk# ykha Bpad &hk!.Bpad &hk! Dnxbna{w# 4;?.Bpad &hk! Eabreab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?5# 4;4.Bpad &hk!,Cbgad &hk!# idlaecak# 4;?.

Zdg{gga Ldn{kcd# 4:9# 45:.Zdenana Eadn Zakrb# 94# 496.

Zdcgb Gdrcb# zbhkwxê# zba wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 77,78# 97# 9;.Zdccdyaganb Xbldwb Dhdcokrxb# ldrgfkwk# 47?# 475,476.Zdndgkd# okdxd# 67.Zdnxÿ Edorakccd# 91# 5?# 58# 4:7# 4:9,4:5# 454.Zdrdgkcwb &Xfkbzfrdwx{w Zfaccazz{w D{rkbc{w Oblodwx{w ybn

Fbfknfkal!# 46.Zdrahk# iaecab ha Zradlb# 66.Zdrxkwdnd Dnxbnad# ldhrk n{oack ha Eabydnna Irdngkwgb Yadcdrha

ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Zdrxkwdnb Dnxbnab# ldwxrb hd l{rb# 499.Zdwab ha Ykhdnb# irdxk# 86.Zdwxbraw# ykha Zdwxbraw L{rd.Zdwxbraw L{rd Eabydnna Ldxxkb# wkndxbrk# 47?# 475.Zdwxb{rkd{ Lagfkc # 94# 454.Zkhrana D{e{wxb# 4?;# 454.

Zkcdead# wdnxd# 85# 81.Zkcckerana Eabydn Odxxawxd# 8;# 454.Zkrkxxa Eabydnna Hblknagb# gdzbldwxrb# 4:1.Zkran Dnxbnkccd# 58# 4:7# 4:6# 449# 481# 4;4.Zkranb Hblknagb# 4;7.Zkranb Eabydnna Ldrad# ykha Zkrranb Eabydnna Ldrad.Zkranb &hk! Dnxbnan{w# 4;?.Zkranb &hk! Ldrxan{w# 4;?.Zkrranb Dnxbnad# ndxd Eda`d# lbecak ha Eabydnna Ldrad# 49?.Zkrranb Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 4;7.Zkrranb Eabydnna# 479# 4;7.Zkrranb Eabydnna Ldrad# 494,49?.Zkrranb Ldrxanb# 494.Zkrxp Ekbre Fkanragf# 86# 454.Zkxrdggb Wagdrha Ea{cad# 8;# 454.Zkxr{w# zrkwoaxkrb# 87.Zkxr{w hagx{w Ndradx{w# 87.Zkxxkndxa Ea{wkzzk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Zkxxkndxa Wacydnd# 444# 454.Zkydrdrb Eadgblb# iaecab ha Wkodwxadnb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1#

478.Zkydrdrb Wkodwxadnb# ?1.Zkykrdrb Dnhrkd# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Zkykrdrb Eadgblb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:# 497.Zkykrdrb Eabydnna Zakxrb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Zkykrdrb Wkodwxadnb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 471,48:.Zadnkppd &ha! Ldrad Grawxand# ykha Ikrrkrb Iakwgfa Ldrad Grawxand.Zadnxanb Dnnd# ndxd Dreknxd# lbecak ha Eadgblb# 49;.Zadnxanb Okrndrhb# 49;.

Zadnxanb Eadgblb# iaecab ha Okrndrhb# wkerkxdrab gbl{ndck haYkrrbnk# 4;7# 49;.Zacdxb Zbnpab# ebykrndxbrk rbldnb hkccd zrbyangad hkccd Ea{hkd#

1?.

456 ANHAGK HKA NBLA



Zawxbnb Eabydnna Wxkidnb# 497.Zc{wokccd & zc{w okccd!# ldhrk ha Uahdcdrhb# Cdnxkclb# Ldnirkhb

k [okrxb# ?5# 79.Zc{wz{cgr{w# ykha Yadcdrha Zbcxrbnk.Zbcq @kdn,Zakrrk# 4?# 454.Zbld Gkwdrk# 64# 454.Zbrxd &hkccd!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Zbrxd Debwxanb# gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab# zba zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk#

77.Zbykrdnb Eadgblb# 479.Zbykrdrb Wkodwxadnb# 4;7.Zbppb Dnhrkd# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:.Zbppb Dnxbnab# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 479.Zbppb Ikcagk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74,7?.Zbppb Eabydnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Zbppb Eabydnna Odxxawxd# zdrrbgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 4;9.Zbppb Ea{wkzzk# 74.Zbppb Cbrknpb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Zbppb Zakxrb Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Zrdxb Ea{wkzzk# 4;9# 454.Zrklbca Dlkhkb# 4?1# 477# 476,471# 487# 496.

Zradlb# {cxalb rk ha Xrbad# 66.Zranb &hk! Hblknagb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Zrbgdggana Krgbck ac Eabydnk# zaxxbrk# 66.Zrbck &hk! Zkxr{w# 4;4.Zrbwkrzand# hkd rbldnd# 66.Zrbykrb C{aea # ?;# 454.Z{cgrbnk &Zc{wz{cgr{w!# ykha Yadcdrha Zbcxrbnk.Z{ragkcca,E{krrd Drx{rb# 1?# 454.Z{xfkb &hk!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

T{drkend# idlaecad# 4;?.T{drkend Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74,7?.T{drkend Odrxbcblkb# iaecab ha Zakxrb# 4;9# 499.T{drkend Eabydnna# 4;8# 4;9.

T{drkend Zakxrb# 499.T{drkend Zakxrb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 77.T{drkend Zakxrb Dnxbnab# iaecab ha Eabydnna# gfakragb# ?1# 4;9.T{drkend Zakxrb Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Odrxbcblkb# gfakragb# 4;9.T{aragb# wdnxb# 67,68.

_dokcdaw Irdnåbaw# 46._dggbnaea &ha! C{hbyagb# ykha Wdybad,Dgdad &ha! C{hbyagb._dandch{w Bhbyag{w# ykha _andcha Bhbyagb._dlkccd _bokrxb# gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab ha Ykrrbnk# 77._dlzbnb &hk! Ldrg{w# 4;?._dlzbn{w Dnxbna{w# 4;4.

_dnnb Ldrad# 86# 491._dzzd Gblan{w# 4;?._dwwd# waenbrk ha# ykha Yawgbnxa# waenbrk ha _dwwd.

_dykrd Gdrcb# 499._ko{iib# ykha _ko{iib ha Wdn Lagfkck._ko{iib ha Wdn Lagfkck# idlaecad# ;4# 45?._aggdrha Eabydnna Odxxawxd# gbnxk# anxknhknxk hkccd zrbyangad ha

Ykrgkcca# 475# 4;8. _aggdrha Walbnk# 65# 454._aggdrha Wzaraxb Ea{wkzzk# dyybgdxb# 476.

_agga Ldwwdoÿ Awdokccd# 476# 487# 485# 454._agfkcla Gdlaccb# gbnxk# wkndxbrk# 475,476._agbnb &hk!# idlaecad# 4;?._agbnb &hk! @bfdnnkw# 4;4.

_ag{zkrdxa Ea{wkzzk# 476# 45?._andcha Bhbyagb# 4;# 496._axaaw &hk! Iacazzanb# 4;:.

_bodna Dnxbnab# gbllawwdrab h{gdck# 4;:._bokrxb ac Zab# iaecab ha [eb Gdzkxb# rk ha Irdngad# 44# 49. _bggdyaccd Dckwwdnhrb# 444# 44;,449# 441# 454. _bggfa Ea{wkzzk# 79# 76# 496.

_bggb# wdnxb# 4;;._bkr Dnxbna{w# ?5# 4;:._bcdnhana &hka!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk._bcdnhb &_bcdnh{w!# ykha Yadcdrha _bcdnhb# iaecab ha Uahdcdrhb.

_bldnana Dneabcd Ldrad# 54# 4:6# 454. _bldnb Eabydnna # ?8# 64# 66# 4:7# 444# 4?;# 491# 454._bngfb &hk! Okrndrh{w# 4;?._bnha# wkerkxdrab gbl{ndck# 487.

_bwd Eachd# 4?;# 45?. _bwga Ldrgb# 487# 454. _bwwkxxa Edorakccd# ?;# 45?. _bwwkxxa Orkppa Kcknd# 444# 448# 491# 454. _bwwa Irdngkwgb# 1?# 496._bwwb Dnxbnab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.

_bwwb Gcd{hab# 476# 45?._bwwb Eabdnna# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7?._bwwb Cbrknpb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7:._bxdra{w Dnxbna{w# 4;4._bydwknhd# waenbra ha# 94.

_{ngfaldn Wxkykn# 44# 454.

Wdcdhana Irdngkwgb# 4:;# 45?.Wdckxxd Eadganxb# wkerkxdrab hkc h{gd ha Ldnxbyd d Gdwdck# 97.Wdc{ppb# ldrgfkwa ha# ?;,?9.Wdc{ppb &ha! Ldnirkhb# ldrkwgadccb ha Wdybad# 84.Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb# idlaecad# 4;;.Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb Hbrbxkb# 48:.Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb Irdngkwgb Ldrad# 479.Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb Eabydnna Odxxawxd# 4;7.Wdnhaecadnb# ykha Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb.Wdnhaecadnb &ha! ]Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb\ Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# 97.Wdnhaecadnb &ha! ]Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb\ Ldhhdcknd# ykha

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldhhdcknd. Wdnx‑Dcoanb &ha! Yaxxbrab# 4;9# 49?# 49;,499# 491.Wdzkccdnb Eabydnna Dnxbnab# 4;8.

Wdzzkccdna Eadgblb# rkxxbrk hkccd gfakwd ha Wdn Cbrknpb ha Ykr,rbnk# 4:;.Wdrxbr# idlaecad# 4;?.Wdrxbr Hblanag{w# 4;4,4;7.Wdybad# gbnxa# zba h{gfa ha# ?;# ?6# 84# 86# ;:,;8# ;9# 9?# 5:#

11# 4:;,4:9# 4?1# 481# 4;7# 4;;# 496,491# 454.Wdybad &ha! Dhkcdahk# ldrgfkwd ha W{wd k ha Xbranb# ?;.Wdybad &ha! Dlkhkb AY# gbnxk ha Wdybad# yagdrab alzkradck an

Zaklbnxk k Cblodrhad# 8:.Wdybad &ha! Dlkhkb Y ac Erdnhk# gbnxk ha Wdybad# 81.Wdybad &ha! Dlkhkb YA ac Gbnxk Ykrhk# gbnxk ha Wdybad# ?5# 84#

;:,;;# ;5,;1# 91,5:# 476# 481# 4;4# 491.Wdybad &ha! Dlkhkb YAAA ac Zdgaiagb# gbnxk# zba h{gd ha Wdybad#

?;# 76# 8:,84# ;8# 4:5# 4;:.Wdybad &ha! Dnnd# ndxd h‑Brcádnw# lbecak ha Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA#

97# 4;;.Wdybad &ha! Gdrcb AAA ]Gdrcb AA\ ac O{bnb# h{gd ha Wdybad# ?6.Wdybad &ha! Gdrcb Kldn{kck A# h{gd ha Wdybad# 97# 11# 4?1# 4;7.Wdybad &ha! Gdrcb Kldn{kck AA# h{gd ha Wdybad# 11# 474,477# 4;7,

4;8.Wdybad &ha! Gdrcb Kldn{kck AAA# rk ha Wdrhkend# 7:.Wdybad &ha! Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb ac Xkwxd ha ikrrb# h{gd ha Wdybad#

;8# 97# 4?1# 4;:# 496.Wdybad &ha! Kldn{kck Iacaokrxb# iaecab ha Gdrcb Kldn{kck A ha

Wdybad# yagkrá ha Wagacad# 16,11.Wdybad &ha! Iacaokrxb A ac Gdggadxbrk# h{gd ha Wdybad# ?5# 4;:.Wdybad &ha! Iacazzb A# waenbrk hkc Zaklbnxk# zba Wdybad,Dgdad#

zrangazk h‑Dgdad k Lbrkd# ;4# 49:.Wdybad &ha! Iacazzb Kldn{kck# zrangazk hkc Zaklbnxk# ?6.

Wdybad &ha! Abcdnhd# ndxd hk Ydcbaw# lbecak ha Dlkhkb AV haWdybad ac Okdxb# rkeeknxk hkc h{gdxb ha Wdybad# 4;:.Wdybad &ha! Awdokccd# ndxd hk Yacckfdrhb{an# lbecak ha Iacazzb A ha

Wdybad# zrangazkwwd h‑Dgdad k Lbrkd# ;4.

ANHAGK HKA NBLA 451



Wdybad &ha! C{hbyagb# h{gd ha Wdybad# 476# 4;4.Wdybad &ha! Ldrefkraxd# okdxd# 446.Wdybad &ha! Ldrad Grawxand# ndxd ha Obrobnk hkcck H{k Wagacak#

lbecak ha Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb A ha Wdybad# 4 Ldhdld _kdck#?6# 11.

Wdybad &ha! Ldrad Eabydnnd Odxxawxd# ndxd ha Wdybad,Nklb{rw#lbecak ha Gdrcb Kldn{kck AA ha Wdybad# ? Ldhdld _kdck#47?# 478# 4;7# 496.

Wdybad &ha! Xblldwb AA# irdxkccb ha Dlkhkb AY ha Wdybad# waenbrkhkc Zaklbnxk# 8:# 18.

Wdybad &ha! Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA# h{gd ha Wdybad# rk ha Wagacad# zbark ha Wdrhkend# 97# 477# 47;# 475# 48:# 487# 45?.

Wdybad &ha! Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AAA# rk ha Wdrhkend# 487,488.Wdybad &ha! Yaxxbrab Kldn{kck AA# rk ha Wdrhkend# zba rk h‑Axdcad#

7?.Wdybad,Dgdad# zrangaza ha# ?9# ;4# 491.Wdybad,Dgdad &ha! Iacazzb AA# iaecab ha Eadgblb A ha Wdybad,Dgdad#

;4.Wdybad,Dgdad &ha! Eadgblb A# iaecab ha Iacazzb A ha Wdybad,Dgdad#

waenbrk hkc Zaklbnxk# zrangazk h‑Dgdad# ;4.Wdybad,Dgdad &ha! C{hbyagb A# zrangazk h‑Dgdad# 8:.

Wdybad,Dgdad &ha! C{hbyagb ac Odwxdrhb h‑Dgdad# iaecab ndx{rdck haC{hbyagb A# waenbrk ha _dggbnaea k Zdngdcakra# zba Wdybad,_dggbnaea# ldrkwgadccb ha Wdybad# 8:# 86.

Wdybad,Wbawwbnw &ha! K{eknab# eknkrdck# ?1. Wdybrkcca Dckwwdnhrb# 94# 454.Wgdecad Odrxbcblkb# gfadydrb# 4:5.Wgdrkccd# idlaecad# 75.Wgdrkccd Okrednha{w# gdzbwxazaxk hkeca Wgdrkccd ha Gdnhkcb# 75.Wgdrkccd Gblanb Odrokraa # zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk# ?6# 4;:.Wgdrkccd Ldxachk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldxachk.

Wgfadzdrkcca C{aea # 75# 454.Wgfcbwwkr _bokrx# 85# 81.

Wgabccd Eadnna Gdrcb# 54# 4:6# 454. Wgbxb Eabydnna # ykha Wgbx{w Kraeknd @bfdnnkw.

Wgbxbnk# idlaecad# 494.Wgbxbnk Odrxbcblkb# zakydnb ha Ykrrbnk# 47;# 494.Wgbxbnk Walbnk# 478# 494.Wgbxbnk [okrxanb# zakydnb ha Ykrrbnk# 494.Wgbxbnb# idlaecad# 4;?.Wgbxbnb @bfdnnkw# 4;4.Wgbxbnb [okrxan{w# 4;4.Wgbxbnb &hk! Gblan{w# 4;?.Wgbxbnb &hk! @bfdnnkw# 4;?.Wgbxbnb &hk! Ldrgfabn# 4;?.Wgbxxbnk Odrxbcblkb# ykha Wgbxbnk Odrxbcblkb.Wgbxxbnb Zakxrb# iaecab ha Cbrknpb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?6.Wgbxxbnb Cbrknpb# ?6.

Wgbx{w Kraeknd @bfdnnkw &Wgbxb Eabydnna!# 4?# 454.Wkodwxadnb# wdnxb# 4:6# 449,445.

Wkgbnhb h‑Dwxa# wdnxb# 67.Wkccd Nkcwbn# wdgkrhbxk# brednawxd# 77.Wkccd Yaxxbrab# 5:# 5?# 55.Wklknxa Irdngkwgb# gdzaxdnb# 49:.Wkzxbrk Walbnk# 4;7.

Wkrknb Zdbcd# 51# 454. Wkrea Ea{wkzzk# ?4# ?8,?;# 7;# 4:7# 454. Wkxxad Dchb Dnekcb# 58# 4:;# 4:5# 454.Wkqwwkc ]h‑Dav\ &hk! Gcd{hk# ldrkwgadccb ha Wdybad# 44;.Wibrpd Irdngkwgb# h{gd ha Lacdnb# ;?# 491.

Wfkchbn,Uaccadlw Anecaw Zdxragm# 4?# 454. Waekokrxb ha Eklocb{v# 49. Waendrbca Ldradxkrkwd# 68,6;# 454. Wacblord Dnnd# 64# 454.

Wacykwxrb AA# zdzd# ?8.Walkbnk# zkrwbndeeab hkc N{byb Xkwxdlknxb# 44;.Walkbnaw# 87.Walbn# 87.

Wbwxabnk Eadgblb# ea{hagk# ;;.Wzdnpbxxa Ldrxanb# zaxxbrk# 444.

Wzand C{aea # 8:# 91# 5?# 58# 4:7# 4:9# 4;9,4;5# 496# 45:,45?. Wzana Ldrxd# 4:5# 45?. Wzrkxa Yaxxbrab# 97# 45?.Wt{anxbnk Debwxanb# 499.Wt{anxbnk Odrxbcblkb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74.Wt{anxbnk Edwzdrk# iaecab ha Debwxanb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1#

4;7# 499. Wxrd{ww Hdyah Irakhragf# 46# 45?.W{zzbnk# gbnxk ha Orkwgad# zba h{gd ha Wzbckxb# ?4.W{zzbnk# iaeca ha# ykha Dhdceawb# Obwb k Yairkhb.W{zzbnaha# handwxad# ?4.

Wqlgbv Ekbiirkq# 476# 45?.

Xdooad Odrxbcblkb# 497.Xdooad Hblknagb# gbnwbck ha Ykrrbnk# ?1# 478.Xdoad# ykha Xdooad.Xdccbnk Drldnhb# 75# 87# 8;# 85# ;:,;?# 481# 496.Xdladxxa K{wkoab# nbxdab k wkerkxdrab gbl{ndck ha Ykrrbnk# 48:,

484# 4;8# 4;1# 497.

Xdzdrkcca h‑Dpkecab Ldwwalb# 14.Xdraggb Wkodwxadnb# zaxxbrk# 4?;# 491.Xd{ran# idlaecad ha wg{cxbra# 4?;.Xklzad# idlaecad ha wg{cxbra# 441# 4?4,4?7# 4?;.Xkbhbrb AA Zdckbcbeb# ldrgfkwk ha Lbnikrrdxb# 8:.Xkrknpa Ldrgkccb# 18# 45?.Xkrlank Odrxbcblkb# wg{cxbrk# 4?7# 4?;.Xkrnkneb# ykha Erblb ha Xkrnkneb.Xkwxd Dnxbnab# ;8# ;1.Xkxxbna Ckbnk# 4:;# 45?.Xaxb &Xaxb Icdyab Ykwzdwadnb!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Xappbnk# ykha Xappbna.Xappbna# idlaecad# 81# 9?.Xbkwgd Zakxrb# 4:5# 444# 45?.

Xbrgkccb# waenbra ha# 79.Xbrkcca Gdrcb Debwxanb# 85,86# 4:;# 495.Xbrana &Xbrrana! Eabydnna C{hbyagb# gbnxk# wkndxbrk# 475.Xbranb# h{gfa ha# 7;.Xbrnakcca# 81.Xbrnakcca ha _bldendnb# idlaecad# 81.Xbrnakcca ha _bldendnb# iaecad ha Odrxbcblkb# 81.Xbrnakcca ha _bldendnb Odrxbcblkb# 81.Xbwgb Gdrcb# 5:,54# 4:5# 45:# 45?.Xrkgkwwbn &hk! @kdnnk Ldrak# ykha Oknwb ha Gdyb{r @kdnnk

Ldrak.Xraykrb Ea{wkzzk Eadganxb# 64# 454.Xraya Zakranb# gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab# zba zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk#

77# 9;.Xr{gfa ]Eabydnna Odxxawxd\# gbnxk# zrkwahknxk eknkrdck hkcck

Iandnpk hkc h{gdxb ha Wdybad# 47?.X{bn{w Dnxbna{w# 4;?.X{rbxxa Ldrgb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?5# 78# 64# 1:# 454.

[okrxa &hkeca! Idpab# ?9.[okrxb &[okrx{w!# ykha Yadcdrha [okrxb# iaecab ha Zc{wokccd.[okrxb &[okrx{w!# nazbxk ha Zc{wokccd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk

[okrxb Wgdrkccd.[ggkccb Zdbcb# zaxxbrk# 1?.[eb# ykha [eb ha Zrbyknpd.[eb Gdzkxb# rk ha Irdngad# 44# 49.[eb ha Zrbyknpd# rk ha Zrbyknpd# zba rk h‑Axdcad# ?8# 75.

Yda Ydckrad# 84# ;:,;4# ;1# 5:# 4:9# 481.

Ydcckrdna Ldwwalb# ?;# 45?.Ydrlbnhb# ykwgbyb ha Ayrkd# ?8.Ydwkr Zakxrb# ykxrdab# 444,447.Yknhølk &ha! Kcawdokxxd# ykha Dneaÿ &h‑! Kcawdokxxd.

46: ANHAGK HKA NBLA



Ykrgkccd Odecabnk Ikhkragd# 4:7# 45?.Ykrgkccbnb Dnxbnab Ea{wkzzk# harkxxbrk hkccd gaxxê k zrbyangad ha

Oakccd# 471.Ykrbnk &hk!# ykha Ykrbnb &hk!.Ykrbnb# ykha Ykrbnb &hk!.Ykrbnb &Ykrbn{w! hk Cklokgdk# nazbxk ndx{rdck ha Gdrcb ac Erbw,

wb# wdnxb# ?5# 8;# 85# 81.Ykrbnb &hk!# idlaecad# ?5# 8;# 85# 5;# 4:7.Ykrbnb &hk! ]Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk\ Obnaidgab# irdxkccb ha Ldrxanb#

86.Ykrbnb &hk! ]Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk2\ Eadgblb# 85.Ykrbnb &hk! ]Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk2\ E{ecakclb# gdnbnagb# 85.Ykrbnb &hk! ]Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk2\ E{ahb# 85.Ykrbnb &hk! Ldrxanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrxanb# iaecab ha

_bokrxb.Ykrbnb &hk! _bokrxb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bokrxb# zdhrk ha

Ldrxanb# _aggdrhb k Obnaidgab.Ykrbnb &hk! _bcdnhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bccdnhanb#

iaecab ha Eadgblb.Ykrbnb &hk! _bcdnhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# iaecab ha

Ldrxanb.

Ykrbnb &hk! Walbn# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Walbnk# iaecab ha_bccdnhanb.Ykrbnb &hk! [okrxb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk [okrxb Wgdrkccd.Ykrbnb hk Ykrbnb# ykha Ykrbnb &hk!.Ykrrbnk# waenbra ha# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Ykwlk &ha ! # ykha Od{ha ha Ykwlk.Ykwzdwadnb &Ykwzdwadnb Xaxb Icdyab!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.Ykyrbnb &hk!# waenbra ha Yaykrbnk# 8;.Ykyrbnb &hk! [okrxb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk [okrxb Wgdrkccd.Ykyrbn{w &Ykrbn{w! hk Cklokgdk# ykha Ykrbnb hk Cklokgdk.Yadgdyd Dnxbnab# gbllawwdrab zrkikxxapab ha Ykrrbnk# 77.Yadcdrha# idlaecad# ?5# 7;,76# 8:,84# 8;# 85# ;8# 94,9?# 64# 45?.

Ykha dngfk Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk kYadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.

Yadcdrha# zdhrk &2! ha Uahdcdrhb# 79.

Yadcdrha Debwxanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Debwxanb# iaecab haLdrxanb.Yadcdrha Debwxanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Debwxanb.Yadcdrha Dnxbnab# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab# iaecab ha

Iacazzb.Yadcdrha Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab

Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb.Yadcdrha Dnxbnab Ldrad# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab Ldrad.Yadcdrha Okrndrhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# iaecab

ha Okrndrhb &i{ Okrndrhanb!.Yadcdrha Okrndrhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# iaecab

ha Okrndrhb k zdhrk ndx{rdck ha Eabydnna Irdngkwgb.Yadcdrha Okrndrhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# iaecab

ha Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb.Yadcdrha Okrndrhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhb# iaecab ha

Okrndrhanb &i{ Okrndrhb!.Yadcdrha Obnkccb# ykha Yadcdrha Ebnkccb.Yadcdrha Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdrcb Irdn,

gkwgb.Yadcdrha Hblknagb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Hblknagb# iaecab ha

Eabydnna Odxxawxd.Yadcdrha K{wkoab# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk K{wkoab# iaecab ha

Walbnk.Yadcdrha Iacazzb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Iacazzb.Yadcdrha Irdngkwgb# nbxdab hkcc‑Ant{awapabnk# ?5.Yadcdrha Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Ea{wkzzk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk

Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Ea{wkzzk.Yadcdrha Irdnganb &Irdngabxxb!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk &Irdn,

gabxb!# iaecab ha Eadgblb.

Yadcdrha Irdnganb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdnganb# iaecab ha_bccdnhanb.Yadcdrha Irdngabxxb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdnganb &Irdngab,

xb!# iaecab ha Eadgblb.

Yadcdrha Edwzdrk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Edwzdrk C{hbyagb#iaecab ha Zdbcb Brdpab.

Yadcdrha Eadgblb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgblb# iaecab haIrdnganb &Irdngabxb! i{ Eadgblb.

Yadcdrha Eadgblb# iaecab ha _bcdnhb &i{ Uahdcdrhb!# zbhkwxê haYagknpd# Xbranb k Zdhbyd# 75,76# 8:.

Yadcdrha Eadgblb hk Obnkccb# iaecab ha Ebnkccb &i{ Ldnirkhb!#8:.Yadcdrha Eadgblb ac Gdrndrab# iaecadwxrb ha Eadgblb &i{ _b,

cdnhb!# ykwgbyb ha Ykrgkcca# 8:.Yadcdrha Eadgblb Wlkrrd# iaecab ha Ldnirkhb E{krxa{w &i{ Ldn,

irkhb!# 8:.Yadcdrha Eacab# iaecab ha Cdnxkclb &i{ Zc{wokccd!# 76.Yadcdrha Eabrhdnb &Abrhdn{w!# iaecab ha Cdnxkclb &i{ Zc{wokccd!#

zdhrk ha Zbcxrbnk# 75,76# 8:# 87.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Odxxawxd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Odxxawxd# zdhrk ha Hblknagb.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Okrndrhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Zakxrb.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Hblknagb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Hblknagb.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Eadgblb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Eadgblb.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Ldrad# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Ldrad# iaecab ha E{ecakclb.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Ldrad# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Ldrad# iaecab ha Okrndrhanb &i{ Okrndrhb!.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Ldxxkb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Ldxxkb# zdhrk ha Eabydnna Xbldwb.Yadcdrha Eabydnna Xbldwb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna

Xbldwb# iaecab ha Eabydnna Ldxxkb.Yadcdrha Ea{wkzzk Wkrdianb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ea{wkzzk

Wkrdianb.Yadcdrha Ebnkccb &Gbnkccb# Obnkccb!# iaecab ha Ldnirkhb &i{

Zc{wokccd!# grbgadxb# 79,75# 8:# 87.

Yadcdrha E{dcd# gdnbnagb xkwbrakrk ha Wdnx‑K{wkoab ha Ykrgkcca#irdxkccb ha Yadcdrhb k _bokrxb# 86.

Yadcdrha E{ecakclb# gdnbnagb# 85.Yadcdrha E{ecakclb# gdnbnagb# gdzaxdnk{l hk Ykrbnb# 85.Yadcdrha E{ecakclb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk E{ecakclb# zdhrk

ha Eabydnna Ldrad.Yadcdrha E{ecakclb Irdngkwab# iaecab ha Zbcxrbnk# zbhkwxê ha

Lbngdcakra# 8:.Yadcdrha Cdnxkclb# iaecab ha Zc{wokccd# 79# 76# 8:.Yadcdrha Ldnirkhb# iaecab ha Zc{wokccd# 79,75# 87.Yadcdrha Ldnirkhb# iaecab ha Ebnkccb &i{ Ldnirkhb!# 8:.Yadcdrha Ldrxanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrxanb# zdhrk ha

Debwxanb.Yadcdrha Ldxxkb# zdhrk ha Eadgblb Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# grkhkn,

pakrk# 81.Yadcdrha Zakxrb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# iaecab ha Eab,ydnna.

Yadcdrha Zakxrb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# iaecab ha _bcdnhb.Yadcdrha Zakxrb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# zdhrk ha Eab,

ydnna Okrndrhanb.Yadcdrha Zakxrb Dnxbnab# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb Dnxbnab.Yadcdrha Zbcxrbnk# iaecab ha Eabrhdnb &i{ Cdnxkclb!# 79# 8:.Yadcdrha Z{cgrbnk# ykha Yadcdrha Zbcxrbnk.Yadcdrha _aggdrhb# irdxkccb ha Ldrxanb k Obnaidgab# ;:.Yadcdrha _aggdrhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _aggdrhb# iaecab ha

Okrndrhanb &i{ Okrndrhb!.Yadcdrha _bokrxb# iaecab ha Eadgblb &i{ _bcdnhb!# zbhkwxê ha

Xbranb# 8:.

Yadcdrha _bokrxb# iaecab ha _bcdnhb# nazbxk ha Uahdcdrhb# irdxkccbha Yadcdrhb k E{dcd# 75,76.Yadcdrha _bcdnhanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bccdnhanb# zdhrk

ha Irdnganb.

ANHAGK HKA NBLA 464



Yadcdrha _bcdnhb# iaecab ha Uahdcdrhb# 75,76# 87.Yadcdrha _bcdnhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# zdhrk ha

Zakxrb.Yadcdrha _bcdnhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# iaecab ha

Zakxrb.Yadcdrha _bcdnhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# zbhkwxê ha

Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha Wkrdianb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ea{wkzzk Wkrdianb.Yadcdrha Walbnk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Walbnk# zdhrk ha

K{wkoab.Yadcdrha Walbnk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Walbnk# iaecab ha

_bccdnhanb.Yadcdrha Xbldwb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Xbldwb# iaecab ha

Gdrcb.Yadcdrha [okrxb# iaecab ha Zc{wokccd# 79,75# 87.Yadcdrha [okrxb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk [okrxb Wgdrkccd.Yadcdrha Ykrgkccanb# iaecab ha Eadgblb &i{ _bcdnhb!# 8:.Yadcdrha Yadcdrhb# drgahadgbnb ha Wdnx‑K{wkoab ha Ykrgkcca# ird,

xkccb ha E{dcd k _bokrxb# 86.Yadcdrha hk Ykrbnb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha hk Ykrbnb [okrxb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk [okrxb Wgd,

rkccd.Yadcdrha hka waenbra ha Wdnhaecadnb k Obrradnd# ykha Yadcdrha haWdnhaecadnb.

Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Lbwwb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Wdnhaecadnb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb.Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Ykrrbnk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha hkc gdwxkccb ha Qwknedrhd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.Yadcdrha hkccd Xdzd Eabydnnanb# 86.Yadcdrha hkccd Xdzd ha Qwknedrhd Eabydnna# 86.Yadcdrha ha Oakccd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Gdnhkcb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.Yadcdrha ha Gdwdck k Ldnxbyd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.Yadcdrha ha Ckwwbcb k Gdwxkccdlbnxk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Ldwwdppd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb.Yadcdrha ha Lbnerdnhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.

Yadcdrha ha Zaklbnxk# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# Yadcdrha haYkrrbnk k Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.Yadcdrha ha Wdc{wwbcd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Wdc{wwbcd k Z{cadgb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# waenbra k gbnwaenbra ha Wdnhaecadnb# Wd,

c{wwbcd# Ldwwdppd# Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb# Obrradnd# Okdxanb kEbroab# idlaecad# ?5# 7;,79# 76# 8:,84# 85,81# ;8# 94,97#64# 4:;# 495# 45?.

Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Debwxanb# iaecab ha Gdrcb k ha LdrefkraxdYadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab# yagdrab hkc Ydczkr,edxb# 97# 48:.

Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Dnnd Ikcagk# iaecad ha Gdrcb k ha Ldrefk,raxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab# 48:.

Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Obneabydnna# iaecab ha Ldnirkhb# 76.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Gdrcb# ldraxb ha Ldrefkraxd Yadcdrha ha

Ykrrbnk Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab# 479# krkha 49;.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Gdrcb# iaecab hkc ldeeabr eknkrdck Xbld,

wb# 97.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Iacazzb# nbxdab# 4;?.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb E{dcanb# iaecab ha Ykrgkccanb# 76.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Ldnirkhb# 76.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Ldrefkraxd# ndxd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk

Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab# lbecak ha Gdrcb# 48:.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Xbldwb# iaecab ha Gdrcb k Ldrefkraxd

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab# gbllknhdxbrkld{rapadnb# zralb wg{hakrb ha Dnnd h‑Brcádnw k zralb wg{,hakrb ha Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb AA# 97# 476# 48:.

Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Xbldwb# ldeeabr eknkrdck# 97.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Xbldwb# 44# 7;,79# 8:# 87# 8;# 85# ;4#

;8# 94# 58,5;# 4:7# 4:;,4:9# 481# 495,496# 45?.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Ykrgkccanb# 76.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb# Obrradnd k Okdxanb# ykha Yadcdrha ha

Wdnhaecadnb.

Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb k Wdc{wwbcd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb k Yaccdnbyd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb.Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdn,

haecadnb.Yadcdrha ha Wxrbzzadnd# Gkccdlbnxk# Irdwwankxxb k Gbcgdydenb#

ykha Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# hkxxa hka _bcdnhana# hk Lbwwb b hk Z{xfkb#

hkccd Gdwd Erdnhk k hkccd Zbrxd# waenbra k gbnxa ha Ykrrbnk#Lbnerdnhb# Ykxxaená# Wdc{wwbcd# Z{cadgb k Lbnx`bykx# Ckw,wbcb k Gdwxkccdlbnxk# idlaecad# ?5,?6# 7:# 7;,79# 76# 8:,84#8;# 85,;8# ;9,;6# 94,97# 9;# 91,51# 64,6;# 65,11# 4:7,4:9#4:6,4:1# 448,449# 4?1# 474,47?# 476,471# 48?# 489# 481,4;9# 4;1,494# 497# 49;,496# 45?.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Debwxanb# iaecab ha Ldrxanb# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dlkhkb# iaecab ha Okrndrhb Wkrdianb# gbnxk#

74# 85# ;:# 4:9# 499.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab# iaecab ha Iacazzb# 4:9.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab# iaecab ha Eadgblb# irdxkccb ha _bc,

cdnhanb# Irdnganb# Odrxbcblkb k Irdngkwgd# doaxdnxk dhBchknagb# 81,;:.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab# irdxkccb ha Zakxrb# Eadgblb k Okr,

ndrhb# zrabrk ha _b{eklbnx &Wyappkrd!# ?6# 44;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Irdngkwgb Okr,ndrhb# waenbrk ha Ykrrbnk k gbnxk# ?1# 64# 1:# 4:;# 474,477#479,48:# 48?,487# 489# 4;8# 497# 49;.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Dnxbnab Ldrad# 7:# 48:# 4;9.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk D{e{wxb# iaecab ha Okrndrhb Wkrdianb# Wkerk,

xdrab eknkrdck hkccd E{krrd# 74,7?# 4:9# 499.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Odrxbcblkb# iaecab ha Eadgblb# irdxkccb ha

_bccdnhanb# Irdnganb# Dnxbnab k Irdngkwgd# 81.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okdxrawand# iaecad ha Dnxbnab doaxdnxk dh

Bchknagb# 81.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Okrndrhb &i{ Okrndr,

hanb!# 498.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Okrndrhb k zdhrk ndx{,

rdck ha Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# gbnxk# ?6# 51.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb &i{Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb!# waenbrk ha Lbnerdnhb k ha Ykrrbnk#gbnxk# 489,485.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhanb# ldraxb ha Ldhhdcknd ha Wdnha,ecadnb# 44;.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhb# iaecab ha Okrndrhanb &i{ Okrndr,hb!# zdhrk ha Okrndrhanb# 51# 4;7.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhb# w{bgkrb ha Ldhhdcknd ha Wdnha,ecadnb# 44;.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhb# irdxkccb ha Zakxrb# Eadgblb k Dn,xbnab# Wkerkxdrab ha Wxdxb# ?6.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Okrndrhb Wkrdianb# gbnxk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrb,nk# 74# 4:9.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Obnaidgab# irdxkccb ha _aggdrhb k Ldrxanb# ?5#

86.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdlaccd# iaecad ha D{e{wxb# ykha Gkyd haNbgkxb Gdlaccd.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# ?1# 441.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdrcb Irdngkwgb# iaecab ha Ea{cab Gkwdrk# 1:#

477# 479,475# 48:# 487# 4;8# 49;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdrcb Ea{wkzzk# iaecab ha D{e{wxb# ;:# 97.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdrcbxxd Irdngkwgd# ykha Idnxbnk Gdrcbxxd

Irdngkwgd.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Gdxdrand# iaecad ha Odrxbcblkb irdxkccb ha

_bccdnhanb# Irdnganb# Dnxbnab k Irdngkwgd# 81.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Grawxand# ndxd Dybedhrb ha Gkrkxxb# lbecak ha

Zdbcb Brdpab# 48?.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Hblknagb# iaecab ha Eabydnna Odxxawxd# 49:.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Hblknagb# ldraxb ha Yknkpad Dybedhrb haGdwdnbyd# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Kldn{kck# iaecab ha Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb#

ebykrndxbrk eknkrdck ha Bnkecad# 74.

46? ANHAGK HKA NBLA



Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk K{wkoab# 51.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk K{wkoab# iaecab ha Walbnk# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Iacazzb# zdhrk ha Dnxbnab# 4:9.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ibrx{ndxb# ebykrndxbrk lacaxdrk ha Wdrhkend#

7?,77# 85.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdngkwgd# iaecad ha Eadgblb# wbrkccd ha _bc,

cdnhanb# Irdnganb# Dnxbnab k Odrxbcblkb# 81.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdngkwgfanb# iaecab ha Eadgblb &i{ Irdn,ganb!# 4:9# 4;:.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb# zdhrk ha Dnxbnab Okr,ndrhanb# 4:;.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdngkwgb Okrndrhb Ea{wkzzk# iaecab ha Dn,xbnab Okrndrhanb# gbnxk# waenbrk ha Lbnx`bykx# ldenb zbxk,wxdxk Lbnxawerdnha # 7:# 48?# 4;9# 49:,494# 49;,495.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdnganb &Irdngabxb!# iaecab ha Eadgblb# ird,xkccb ha _bccdnhanb# Dnxbnab# Odrxbcblkb k Irdngkwgd# ?5#85# 81,;:# 4;:.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Irdnganb# iaecab ha _bccdnhanb# 4:;# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Edwzdrk# gdwxkccdnb ha Wdc{wwbcd# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Edwzdrk C{hbyagb# iaecab ha Zdbcb Brdpab#

48?,487# 4;9.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgboand# lbecak ha Dnxbnab doaxdnxk dh

Bchknagb# 81.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgblb# iaecab ha Irdnganb &Irdngabxb! i{

Eadgblb# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgblb# iaecab ha Ldxxkb k zdhrk ha _bccdn,

hanb# Irdnganb# Dnxbnab# Odrxbcblkb k Irdngkwgd# grkhkn,pakrk# ?5# 81.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgblb# irdxkccb ha Dnxbnab# Zakxrb k Okr,ndrhb# gdwxkccdnb ha _b{eklbnx &Wyappkrd!# ?6# 44;.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgblb# irdxkccb ha _bokrxb# ;;# 4:9.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eadgblb# zdhrk ha Irdngkwgfanb# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna# iaecab ha Ldnirkhb# zdhrk ha Zak,

xrb# ea{rakwzkrxb# ?5# ;:# ;;# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Odxxawxd# zdhrk ha Hblknagb# 49:.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Okrndrhanb# iaecab ha Zakxrb# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Okrndrhanb# zdhrk ha Zakxrb# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Hblknagb# 51.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Irdngkwgb# iaecab ndx{rdck ha Okr,

ndrhanb k ha Dnxbnad Zdrxkwdnd# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Eadgblb# zrabrk# 475,48:# 487#

4;8# 49;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Ldrad# iaecab ha E{ecakclb# nbxdab#

49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Ldrad# iaecab ha Okrndrhanb &i{

Okrndrhb!# 51# 477# 4;7.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Ldxxkb# zdhrk ha Eabydnna Xb,

ldwb# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Eabydnna Xbldwb# iaecab ha Eabydnna Ldxxkb#

49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ea{wkzzk Okrndrhb# iaecab ha Dnxbnab Okr,ndrhanb# 487.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ea{wkzzk Irdngkwgb# ?1.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ea{wkzzk Wkrdianb# gbnxk# wanhdgb ha Ykrrb,

nk# 74# 485# 4;9,4;5.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk E{ecakclb# zdhrk ha Eabydnna Ldrad# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk E{ecakclb# zdhrk ha _bokrxb# 4;?# 4;1.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Fbnbrdxd# ndxd Cdwgdraw ha Ebroab k Ykn,

xalaecad# lbecak ha Eabydnna Ldrad &i{ Okrndrhanb!# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldhhdcknd# ndxd Wdnhaecadn ha Wdnhaecadnb#

lbecak ha Okrndrhb &i{ Okrndrhanb!# 44;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldnirkhb# ?5# 85# ;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrefkraxd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Wdnhaecadnb

Ldrefkraxd.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrad# iaecad ha D{e{wxb# ykha Dybedhrb haYdchkneb Ldrad.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrxanb# ?6.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrxanb# iaecab ha Eabydnna# ;;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrxanb# irdxkccb ha _aggdrhb k Obnaidgab#

iaecab ha _bokrxb k zdhrk ha _bcdnhb# 85,86# ;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldrxanb# zdhrk ha Debwxanb# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Ldxachk# ndxd Wgdrkccd# lbecak ha [okrxb

Wgdrkccd Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk# 75.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Nagbcanb# ;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zdbcb Brdpab# 48:# 48?,487.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zdbcb Brdpab# nazbxk ha Gdrcb Irdngkwgb#

4;8.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zkrranb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb#

iaecab ha Eabydnna.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# iaecab ha Eabydnna &i{ Ldnirkhb!#

zdhrk ha _bcdnhb# ;;# 4;:# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# iaecab ha Eabydnna Okrndrhanb# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# iaecab ha _bcdnhb# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# irdxkccb ha Okrndrhb# Eadgblb k

Dnxbnab# dlodwgadxbrk ha Irdngkwgb ha Er{qærk# ?5# 44;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb# zdhrk ha Eabydnna Okrndrhanb# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Zakxrb Dnxbnab# iaecab ha Zdbcb Brdpab# 48?,

487# 4;9.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _aggdrhb# iaecab ha Okrndrhanb &i{ Okrndrhb!#51.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bokrxb# iaecab ha E{ecakclb# 4;?# 4;1.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bokrxb# irdxkccb ha Eadgblb# iaecab ha Irdn,

ganb &Irdngabxb!# ;;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bokrxb# zdhrk ha Ldrxanb# _aggdrhb k Ob,

naidgab# 85.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhanb &_bcdnhb!# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrb,

nk _bccdnhanb# iaecab ha Eadgblb.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# iaecab ha Ldrxanb# ?5# 86,;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# iaecab ha Zakxrb# ?6# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# zdhrk ha Zakxrb# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bcdnhb# zbhkwxê ha Ykrrbnk# ?6# 51# 4;7.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bccdnhanb# iaecab ha Eadgblb# irdxkccb ha

Irdnganb# Dnxbnab# Odrxbcblkb k Irdngkwgd# ?5# 85,;4# ;;#4:;# 48?# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk _bwd Hadnd# iaecad ha Dnxbnab Okrndrhanb#

ykha Bceadxa _bwd Hadnd.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Walbnk# iaecab ha _bccdnhanb# ?5# ;:,;4# ;;#

;5,;1# 55# 4:;# 48?# 4;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Walbnk# zdhrk ha K{wkoab# 49:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk [okrxanb &[okrxb!# iaecab ha Ldnirkhb# ?5#

;:.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk [okrxb Wgdrkccd# iaecab ha [okrxb &i{ Zc{,

wokccd!# 75# 87# 8;.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Yknkpad# ndxd Dybedhrb ha Gdwdnbyd# lbecak

ha Hblknagb# ?6.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb# iaecab ha D{e{wxb# gbnxk#

77# 85# ;:# 97.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk Yaxxbrab Dlkhkb# iaecab ha Irdngkwgb Okr,ndrhb# ebykrndxbrk ha Iknkwxrkcck# c{bebxknknxk eknkrdckErdndxakra E{drhak# 74# ;:.

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Lbnerdnhb# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Wdc{wwbcd &zba Yadcdrha ha Wdc{wwbcd!# ykha

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Wdc{wwbcd Ldnirkhb# ?5.Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk k Ykxxaená &zba Yadcdrha ha Ykxxaená!# ykha

Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Ykxxaená# ykha Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd# waenbra k gbnxa ha Yaccdnbyd# Qwknedrhd#

Gdnhkcb# Wxrbzzadnd# Gkccdlbnxk# Irdwwankxxb k Gbcgdydenb#idlaecad# ?5# 7;,79# 76# 8:,84# 85,81# ;8# 94,97# 64# 4:;,4:9# 496# 45?.

Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd Ldrgb Dnxbnab# gbnxk# rkeeknxk hkc h{gdxbha Ldnxbyd# Wkerkxdrab ha Wxdxb# 97.Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd _bl{dchb# iaecab ha Ldrgb Dnxbnab# Wkerk,

xdrab ha Wxdxb# lanawxrb# 97.

ANHAGK HKA NBLA 467



Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb k ha Gdwdck# idlaecad# 76. Ykhadngfk Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.

Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd Lbnikrrdxb k ha Ykrgkcca# idlaecad# 76.Yadcdrha ha Yaykrbnk# ykha rkgxk Yadcdrha ha Ykrrbnk.Yadcdrha ha Qwknedrhd# ykha Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.Yadck Yaxxbrab# 4:7# 444# 45?.Yadngana Ea{cab Gkwdrk# ykwgbyb ha Oakccd# 7:# 4:1.Yairkhb# iaecab ha W{zzbnk# xaxbcdrk hkc gblaxdxb ha Zadgknpd# ?4.Yaecadna Zakxrb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 7?,77.Yaecanb Hdyagb Lagdkcd# 5:,54# 58# 4:5# 496# 45:# 45?.Yaccdxd Irdngkwgb Dnxbnab# anxknhknxk hkccd zrbyangad ha Oakccd#

488# 4;8.Yaccdxxd# ykha Yaccdxd.Yacckfdrhb{an &hk! Dnnd Dnekcd# ndxd Mblnknd H{mdw# lbecak

ha E{ecakclb# waenbrd ha Mdcdldxd# ;4.Yacckfdrhb{an &hk! E{ecakclb# zrangazk ha Dgdad k ha Lbrkd# ;4.Yacckfdrhb{an &hk! Awdokccd# iaecad ha E{ecakclb# ykha Wdybad &ha!

Awdokccd.Yangknxa Dnxbnkccb# 54,5?# 45?.Yabcdnxk Ganpab# 4:7# 45?.Yawgbnxa# idlaecad# ?;# ;:,;?# 5:.

Yawgbnxa# waenbrk ha _dwwd# 81.Yawgbnxa Dppbnk# waenbrk ha Lacdnb k ha Ykrgkcca# ;:,;4.Yawgbnxa Iacazzb Ldrad# h{gd ha Lacdnb# ;8# 4;:.Yawgbnxa Edckdppb# h{gd ha Lacdnb# ;4# ;;# ;1.Yawgbnxa Eabydnna Ldrad# h{gd ha Lacdnb# 8:.Yawgbnxa Ldrgb Odcdxrbnk# iaecab ha Ldxxkb A# ;:.Yawgbnxa Ldxxkb A# waenbrk ha Lacdnb# 86.Yawgbnxa Gfkrdwgb Ldrad Gdrcd# 58# 45?.Yaxkccab &Yaxkccab D{cb!# alzkrdxbrk rbldnb# 66.

Yrakw &hk! @dn# 4?# 491.Y{ahdcdrh{w# ykha Uahdcdrhb.

Udaxp Ekbre# 7;# 45?.Udccdgk ]war _agfdrh\ Gbcckgxabn# l{wkb ha Cbnhrd# 1?# 45:.Ukrnkr Mdrc Ikrhandnh # 7;# 45?.Uah &E{ahb!# ykha Uahdcdrhb.Uahdcdrhb &Uahdcdrh{w!# iaecab ha Zc{wokccd# ?5# 79,75# 8:# 8?,

87# 8;# 85# ;:.Uahdccfdrx# ykha Uahdcdrhb.Uah,dcc,fdrx# ykha Uahdcdrhb.Uanxkrikch &ybn! Zd{c # ?4# 45?.

Qwknedrhd# waenbra ha# ykha Yadcdrha ha Yaccdnbyd.

Pbcd Hblknagb# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# ?1. P{ggfa Ldrab# 9?,97# 496# 45?. P{e,X{gga Fdnnkcbrk# 94# 45?.P{ldecana Dnxbnab Ld{rapab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrbnk# 74,77# ;:#

4:9# 499.

P{ldecana Gdcawxb# iaecab ha Dnxbnab Ld{rapab# wanhdgb ha Ykrrb,nk# 74# 77.P{ldecana Gbrannd# iaecad ha Dnxbnab Ld{rapab# 74.P{ldecana Grawxand Dcbawad Bcalzad# ndxd G{roaw ha Wdn Lagfkck#

ykhbyd ha Ikcagk Ldrdnhbnb# lbecak ha Dnxbnab Ld{rapab#74# ;:# 4:9# 499. Ykha dngfk Ldrdnhbnb Grawxand DcbawadBcalzad.

P{ldecana Bcalzad# ykha P{ldecana Grawxand Dcbawad Bcalzad.

468 ANHAGK HKA NBLA



ianaxb ha wxdlzdrknkc lkwk ha c{ecab ?::;

zkr a xaza hkc‑drxawxagd wdyaecadnb

Z_BEKXXB E_DIAGB K WXDLZD

C‑Drxawxagd Wdyaecadnb w.r.c.Alzdeandpabnk0 Gbwxdnpb _aodWxdlzdxb w{ gdrxd EdrhdLdxx Drx hkcck Gdrxakrk hkc Edrhdgbn gdrdxxkra Walbngana Edrdlbnh

verrone, l'immagine ricostruita

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