us history notes (from 1865 to the industrial revolution)

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE, SOLPASS.org & Various Images US.6 – Early 20th Century in the US - 1 - Created by Kate Green

US History II: 1865 to Present – Notes & Study Guide - US.4 – Modern America: 1877 to the Early 1900s

The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by 4a) identifying the reasons for westward expansion, including its

impact on American Indians.

Western Expansion –

American Indians –

Assimilation –

New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

Why did westward expansion occur after the Civil War?

Reasons for increase westward expansion

Opportunities for land ownership

Technological advances, including the

Transcontinental Railroad

Possibility of obtaining wealth, created

by the discovery of gold and silver

Desire for Adventure

Desire for a new beginning for former enslaved African Americans

The Homestead Act of 1862 provided

that any adult male citizen who had a family

could get a grant of 160 acres of land by

paying a small fee and living on the land for

five years straight. With more than 30,000 miles of

Railroad natural resources were shipped to

Eastern Factories and Factories shipped to National Markets.

California Gold rush of 1849 was followed by new discoveries of

gold and silver between 1857 and 1890. Prospectors swarmed to

the mines where gold and

silver were found. Some people thought

that life in the West was

filled with adventure.

Young men were drawn to

the cowboy life. Few of the freed slaves

could afford to own land

and most worked as

sharecroppers, work not very different from what they did as

slaves. Thousands of black families took advantage of the

opportunity to become homesteaders on the Plains. These former

slaves were called “Exodusters.” Sharecropper – A person or family works on a farm for a land

owner. The land owner gives the sharecropper and family housing

and food. The sharecropper also gets a portion of the profit

from the crop after it is sold.

Development of the Transcontinental Railroad - Development, 1850-1890


How did the lives of American Indians change with western expansion?

Native

American

Beliefs about

Land

Indians believed that land and its resources should be available to all, and not something that could be bought

or sold. Buffalo had provided the Indians of the Plains with most of their needs, but by 1883, buffalo were

nearly extinct. Whites killed buffalo for meat, hides, and increasingly for sport. Buffalo, which in the past

had roamed and grazed on the plains at will, were cut off from grazing land by barbed wire fences.

Impact on American Indians

Opposition by American Indians to

westward expansion (Battle of Little

Bighorn, Sitting Bull, Geronimo)

Forced relocation from traditional lands

to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez

Percé)

Reduced population through warfare

and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee)

Assimilation attempts and lifestyle

changes (e.g., reduction of buffalo

population)

Reduced their homelands through

treaties that were broken

By 1865, Indians and whites had frequent conflicts

on the Great Plains and throughout the Southwest

and Northwest. In 1867 a Peace Commission was

written to convince the tribes to give up their

lands and to relocate onto "reservations" - tracts

of land set aside for Indian

communities. Some Indians moved

willingly, while others continued to

fight for their land and their way

of life.

Battle of Little Bighorn - In

1876, the federal government

tried to force the Lakota, led by

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull in

the Midwest (Great Plains), back on to the reservation.

General George Custer led his troops against more

than 2,000 Lakota Indians. Custer and all of his men

died in that attack, which came to be known as

"Custer's Last Stand." The Lakota were joyous by

their victory, but within a few months they were forced to surrender.

Geronimo was an Apache

leader in the Southwest,

who is known for

defending his tribe

against the Mexicans and

United States Calvary for

most of his life. He was very Adventurous,

Brave and Daring in his exploits and escaped

capture by the US for more than 30 years.

In 1877, when the federal government sent troops in

to force the Nez Percé tribe off their lands in the

Washington territory (Northeast) and onto a reservation,

Chief Joseph led 400,000 of his people on a long walk

toward the Canadian border to escape white settlers and

troops. With only a few miles left to Canada, the troops

captured Chief Joseph and his warriors, the old people,

the women, the children, and sent them off to Indian

Territory. Chief Joseph was sent to a separate reservation.

December 29, 1890, a Lakota tribe living in South Dakota, near a creek

called Wounded Knee, was being disarmed by the US Calvary. A deaf

native was not willing to give up his gun and a shot was fired accidentally.

The Calvary began firing randomly at the tribe’s people, killing Men,

Women and Children. Their own soldiers were killed and injured also.

The surviving Lakota fled, but U.S. cavalrymen pursued and killed many

who were unarmed. By the time it was over, at least 150 men, women,

and children of the Lakota had

been killed and 51 wounded (4

men, 47 women and children,

some of whom died later); some

estimates placed the number

of dead at 300. Twenty-five

troopers also died, and 39 were

wounded (6 of the wounded

would later die).

Battle of Little Bighorn

Battle of Wounded Knee


WHO?

______________________

__

WHO?

______________________

__

WHO?

______________________

__

WHO?

______________________

__


The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by 4b) explaining the reasons for the increase in

immigration, growth of cities, and challenges arising from this expansion.

Immigration – Specialized Industry –

Challenges – Tenements –

Cultural Groups – Settlement Houses -

Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

Urban –

Political Machines –

Rural –

Why did immigration increase?

Reasons for the increase in immigration

Hope for better opportunities

Desire for religious freedom

Escape from oppressive

governments

Desire for adventure

In the 1840s, the potato crop failed and Irish farmers had nothing to

eat. By 1860 Irish immigrants had largely replaced the New England mill

girls as textile workers. (Took their jobs) From 1860 to 1910, the U.S. population tripled. After 1880, immigrants

were often from southern and eastern Europe, where there was little

industry and life was hard for poor peasants. Before they came from

Western and Northern Europe. Jewish from Eastern Europe fled because of religious persecution.

(Religious Persecution)

Russians and Polish escaped political oppression at home. (Oppressive

Government)

Why did cities grow and develop?

Reasons why cities grew and developed

Specialized industries, including steel (Pittsburgh) and meat packing (Chicago)

Immigration to America from other countries

Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

Industrial expansion created jobs that

attracted thousands of immigrants to

America. This was the beginning of a vast migration

from the farms to the cities when

agricultural machinery cut the need for

farm laborers.

Mechanization

The Reaper did the work of 10 men, 9

moved to industrial cities.


What challenges faced Americans as a result of these social and technological changes?

Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. Efforts to solve immigration problems

Settlement houses, such as Hull House founded by Jane Addams

Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing)

Overcrowding caused

frequent epidemics of

typhoid, smallpox, and

tuberculosis. Bad water and

garbage in the streets led

to disease. The ghettos

were filled with smoke and

dust. The crime rate was high. Fires were frequent.

Hull House in Chicago, IL was established to help

immigrants. It provided

many services - from

kindergartens to laundry

rooms. Other settlement

houses soon opened around

the nation. (e.g., jobs,

housing)

Progressives fought the power of the bosses and the political machines that controlled the big cities. By 1900 city life

becoming better. Fresh water was piped in, lighting was installed. Some city bosses tried to help new immigrants in order to get their votes. Many attempts to reform the city machines. Reformers created city-owned services like garbage collections

and street cleaning, and also created private organizations to help the poor.

Discrimination against immigrants

Chinese

Irish

Settlers on the West Coast

especially blamed declining

wages and economic problems

on the Chinese workers.

In 1882, Congress passed the

Chinese Exclusion Act, the

first significant law restricting immigration into

the United States.

The Irish began to arrive in large numbers, by the

1840s after the potato crop failed.

By 1860 Irish immigrants had largely replaced the

New England mill girls as textile workers.

Americans tended to look down on each group of new

immigrants. Immigrants in turn were unfriendly

toward blacks. “We don’t like

what you don’t like. Now we

have something in common.”


Challenges faced by cities

Tenements and ghettos

Political corruption (political machines)

Because of the terrible over

crowdedness in

Industrialized Cities, Slums

were created when landlords

divided tenement buildings

and packed in as many people

as possible. People of the

same ethnic background

lived in same neighborhoods,

creating ghettos. The political machines

(politicians) used people to

gain votes in exchange for

housing and jobs. The

immigrants had no other choice if they wanted to survive. The

politicians became very corrupt and used the immigrants for

personal gain.

A Political Machine is a

Person who takes

advantage of others, not

an actual Machine!


The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by 4c) describing racial segregation, the rise of “Jim Crow,” and other constraints faced by African Americans

and other groups in the post-Reconstruction South.

Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction.

“Jim Crow” laws institutionalized a system of legal segregation.

African Americans differed in their responses to discrimination and “Jim Crow.”

Discrimination – Institutionalized –

Legal – “Jim Crow” Laws -

Segregation –

What is racial segregation?

Racial segregation

Based upon race

Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups also were kept segregated

American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

How were African Americans discriminated against? C- B- J-

“Jim Crow” laws

Passed to discriminate against African Americans

Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states

Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

These "Black Codes" took away many of the rights which had

been granted to Blacks through the 13th, 14th, and 15th

Amendments.

They prevented Blacks from voting by requiring payment of “poll

taxes” and requiring that voters pass a test about the

Constitution, even though they were not educated and had little

money.

For a while, Blacks were derogatorily called "Jim Crow", a term

conveyed an image of a singing and dancing fool.

The name “Jim Crow” is often used to describe the segregation

laws, rules, and customs which arose

after Reconstruction ended in 1877.

"Jim Crow" laws encouraged segregation.

They required separate black and white

facilities - schools, railroad cars, etc.

They prevented blacks from living in white areas, getting

government jobs etc.

The Supreme Court confirmed the law of "Separate but Equal" in

Plessey vs. Ferguson case – 1896 to be constitutional. (US.9a)

How did African Americans respond to discrimination and “Jim Crow”?

African American responses

Booker T. Washington: Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social segregation.

He founded the Tuskegee Vocational School in Alabama in

1881. Vocational Education means to learn a trade – work

with your hands. (carpenter, farmer, black smith, etc.)

Some blacks thought he was too cautious and faulted him

for his acceptance of separation.

W.E.B. DuBois: Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans.

Du Bois would not accept segregation as Booker T. Washington had. He

founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored

People) which called for complete political, legal, and social equality for

blacks and an end to discrimination.

C BEFORE J


The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by 4d) explaining the impact of new inventions, the rise of big business, the growth of industry, and life on

American farms.

Civil War = US was a _____________ Nation United States became - ____________ Nation WWI

Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation.

Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society.

Agricultural – Negative –

Industrial – Advertising –

Positive – Low-cost Production-

What inventions created great change and industrial growth in the United States?

Inventions that contributed to great change and industrial growth

Telephone service (Alexander Graham Bell)

Electric lighting and mechanical uses of electricity (Thomas Edison)

Bell - 1876 - Phone service spread rapidly and

transformed communications.

“Mr. Watson, come here. I

want to see you.” was the

First Phone call. 3/10/1876

Edison invented the electric

light bulb in 1879. During the

following decades, factories

and transportation began to

shift from steam to electric

power.

By 1925, over 60% of homes

had electric power.

What created the rise in big business?

Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business

National markets created by transportation advances

Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel; Cornelius Vanderbilt, shipping and railroads)

Advertising

Lower-cost production

A single

manufacturer could

use railroads and

canals to ship goods

to markets (stores)

all around the U.S. In order

to increase sales, manufacturers began to develop strategies to advertise

their products to make people throughout the country want their products. Big businesses could lower the cost of production with new technologies like

assembly lines, standardized interchangeable parts, and the Bessemer

process for making steel.

John D.

Rockefeller Rockefeller's

Standard Oil owned

each step in the oil

production process

from the drilling

operations to the

gas station pumps.

He took over rival companies and made

them part of his companies.

Andrew

Carnegie By using the latest

technology and

watching costs,

Carnegie priced

his steel below

competitors.

By 1900 he owned the world's largest

industrial corporation - Carnegie Steel

by buying up smaller companies.

Cornelius

Vanderbilt American

entrepreneur

who built his

wealth in

shipping and

railroads.

“Vanderbilt the Rail Road” – Saying to remember that he built

the Transcontinental Railroad.

“Car made of Steel” Rock comes from the

Ground, so does Oil


What factors caused the growth of industry?

Industry –

Work Force -

Raw Materials – Mechanization -

Factors that resulted in growth of industry

Access to raw materials and energy

Availability of work force due to immigration

Inventions

Financial resources

Vast supplies of natural resources had been discovered in the U.S., including food, fuel and

minerals. By the late 1800s, railroads carried raw materials like coal and iron ore from the

mines to mills in Pittsburgh. Crops and finished products to National Markets

Industry could not have grown if the U.S. without a large available workforce. A large

workforce was available due to 1) a huge influx of immigrants, which caused the U.S.

population to triple between 1860 and 1910, and 2) increased migration to the cities from

southern farms, where mechanization was decreasing the need for farm labor.

The new Bessemer process allowed coal and iron to be converted cheaply to steel, and steel

fueled the growth of other industries.

Other inventions included sewing machines which led to a huge textile industry in New

England, the telegraph and telephone which enable better communication, and hydroelectric

power plants for electricity. (e.g. Hoover Dam)

During this prosperous period, money was available to fund new industries.

Examples of big business

Railroads

Oil

Steel

At first, railroads were developed by hundreds of small companies,

but soon they started to drive each other out of business. Railroad

barons, like Cornelius Vanderbilt, bought up the smaller lines and

created nationwide rail systems that used the same equipment and

same size track.

Rockefeller's Standard Oil formed a trust that eliminated any

competition in the oil industry.

Carnegie prices his steel below the competition and

drove others out of business. He took over all of the

other rival companies and controlled all of the steps in

the steel production process and price. Later Carnegie

steel would become part of U.S. Steel, an even larger

corporation formed by JPMorgan.

How did industrialization and the rise in big business influence life on American farms?

_____________________ Nation _____________________ Nation

Postwar changes in farm and city life

Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production.

Industrial development in cities

created increased labor needs.

Industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (e.g., mail order).

The reaper, for example, could do the work of ten men.

Mechanization meant fewer men were needed on the farms.

Farm production still increased, and food was available to feed

the city workforce.

This was the beginning of a long period

of migration from rural areas (farm) to

the cities (urban).

Farm laborers saw better opportunities in

the cities. Increased demand for labor in

the cities meant higher wages.

More consumer goods were produced and

they became increasingly available in cities.

Rural customers were also able to buy goods from catalogs

and have them shipped through mail order.


The student will demonstrate knowledge of how life changed after the Civil War by 4e) describing the impact of the Progressive Movement on child labor, working conditions, the rise of organized labor,

women’s suffrage, and the temperance movement.

The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms.

Organized Labor -

Work Place Reforms -

How did the reforms of the Progressive Movement change the United States?

Negative effects of industrialization

Child labor

Low wages, long hours

Unsafe working conditions

Children often entered the work force at age eight or nine because parents needed their

children's income. They worked in coal mines, textile mills and other factories. Without

safety regulations, children were three times more likely to hurt themselves than adults.

10-hour workdays were common and pay was barely enough to live

on. Workers had no health coverage or other benefits.

No regulations on safety. Frequent accidents occurred in

factories, especially involving children who might fall asleep or

be less attentive.

A tragic fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in N.Y. killed

141 seamstresses who were unable to escape because exits

were locked. Many jumped to their deaths from 8th floor and up.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company--Fire, 1911. - John Sloan created

this drawing for The New York Call, after the Triangle fire.

Within the Triangle are the words "rent, profit, and interest," which Sloan believed were

the root causes of the fire. ($, $, $) How did workers respond to the negative effects of industrialization?

Rise of organized labor

Formation of unions: Growth of American Federation of

Labor (AFL) Strikes: Aftermath of

Homestead Strike

AFL pushed for issues like higher wages, shorter hours, and

better working conditions. It was strongest in the skilled trade,

not the factories. Preferred bargaining over strikes.

In the late 1800's, strikes occurred all the time, often

ending in violence and little gain for the workers. In 1892, 13

men were killed in a battle between striking steelworkers and

strikebreakers at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant in

Pittsburgh. Union workers took lower wages at the end of the Homestead

Strike.

The strike turned many Americans against unions and organized labor, which

they blamed for the violence.

Progressive Movement workplace reforms

Improved safety conditions

Reduced work hours

Placed restrictions on child labor

Progressive Movement - includes different reform

movements that dealt with problems caused by

massive immigration, urbanization, and big business.

Reformers wanted laws to protect workers and poor

people, to reform government and to regulate

business.

This resulted in laws passed by states making

employers legally responsible if their workers were

injured or killed on the job.

States gradually began to reduce work hours,

especially for women and children.

States started to place restrictions on child labor,

though some of the state laws were declared

unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.


What is the Women’s Suffrage Movement? Movement – Gradually - Women’s suffrage

Increased educational opportunities

Attained voting rights – Women gained the right to

vote with passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America.

– Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.

Women gradually were admitted to colleges at

begin careers outside of the home.

By 1900, one-third of college students were

women. Educated women began demanding the

right to vote.

Growing numbers of educated women were

becoming angry that they could not vote. In

large cities, women campaigned hard for

suffrage, and gradually more and more states

allowed women to vote. The important role

played by women workers in World War II

tipped the balance in favor of granting women

their Civil Rights.

In 1920, the 19th Amendment was adopted. It

made it illegal for any state or for the federal government to deny women the

right to vote.

During the 1800's, Anthony and Stanton were the leaders of the women's

suffrage movement, and fought for women to win the right to vote.

Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony was born

February 15, 1820 in Adams,

Massachusetts. She was

brought up in a Quaker family

with long activist traditions.

Early in her life she developed

a sense of justice and strong

beliefs.

After teaching for fifteen

years, she became active in

the Temperance Movement. Because she was a

woman, she was not allowed to speak at temperance

rallies. This experience, and her acquaintance with

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led her to join the women's

rights movement in 1852. Soon after she dedicated

her life to woman suffrage.

Ignoring opposition and abuse, Anthony traveled,

lectured and went across the nation for the right to

vote. She also campaigned for the abolition of

slavery, women's right to their own property and

earnings, and women's labor organizations.

Anthony, who

never

married, was

aggressive

and

compassionat

e by nature. She had a sharp mind and inspired

many. She remained active until her death on March

13, 1906.

She did not see the 19th Amendment passed.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an

American social activist, abolitionist,

and leader of the early woman's

movement. She presented at the

first women's rights convention held

in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York

which was the first organized

meeting for woman's rights and

woman's suffrage movements in the

United States, starting the Suffrage

Movement.

After the American Civil War,

Stanton's commitment to female

suffrage caused a split in the woman's

rights movement when she, together

with Susan B. Anthony, declined to

support passage of the Fourteenth and

Fifteenth Amendments to the United

States Constitution. She opposed giving

added legal protection and voting rights

to African American

men while women,

black and white, were

denied those same

rights.


What is the Temperance Movement?

Ban – Manufacture-

Prohibit – Transport -

Temperance movement

Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol

Supported the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

Individual groups of people who led the movement to

ban alcoholic beverages in the United States.

Temperance Movement - wanted to limit or ban the use

of alcohol. They thought drinking was a serious threat to

family life. Mostly Protestants, Associated drinking with

Irish Catholics which shows that they were still

discriminating against Irish.

18th Amendment, banning manufacture or sale of

alcohol, adopted in 1919.


USII.4a The Push West: Go West, Grow Rich!

Besides farming, why else do you think people finally left their homes in the east to move to the

west?

Who Said That

Decide who said the following lines. Write the letter of each speech balloon in the blanks below the

characters.

After the Civil War, farming towns developed out West. Farmers, or pioneers,

were amongst the first people to move out west. As these settlements grew,

people in all kinds of trades and professions could make a living in the West.

Resons for Western

Expansion

I work for the Union Pacific Railroad.

We’ve just met up with the Central Pacific

Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah. The

East and the West are now connected and

folks can travel all the way across America

by train. All Aboard!

D

There’s GOLD in them

there hills! I just know

I’m gonna strike it rich!

Quick!

E

I’m so excited that my family is

moving West! We’re going to have

a farm on which we plan on

growing lots of wheat!

A The Wild, Wild, West!

Yippee! Yeehaw! That’s the

life for me! I’m looking for

action and adventure!

B

Now that my family and I are

finally free from slavery, we’re

moving West to start a new life.

We are so glad to have a chance

for a new beginning. C

Laura the Pioneer

_____

Casey the

Conductor

_____

Buck the Cowboy

_____

Althea the

Ex-Slave

_____

Lucky the

Miner

_____


USII.4a The Push West: Where the Buffalo Roamed

How do you think the life of the American Indian changed because of Westward Expansion?

Check each reason that you believe to be a cause of the conflict between Indians and settlers.

_____ Indians just wanted to fight!

_____ Settlers wanted the Indians land.

_____ Settlers just wanted to fight!

_____ Settlers wanted the natural resources, such as gold and other minerals, found on Indian land.

_____ Indians loved their homes and believed they had the right to remain on their land.

Native Americans were driven out of their lands as settlers and

railroad builders pushed farther into the West.

American Settlers…

Opposition by American Indians…

American Indians were not considered ____________________ until ______________.


USII.4b The Newcomers – Huddled Masses

Imagine that you are an immigrant about to leave for America and you can only take those possessions

that will fit inside a pillowcase. List/Draw the items that you wish to take with you to your new country.

You are an immigrant on a ship headed to America. Are the following correct statements that you

would make about coming to America in the late 1800s? (Write True or False on the line)

1. I hope to find better opportunities for my family.

_____________________________

2. I expect things will be the same in America. The United States government is just as oppressive

as the one in my homeland.

_____________________________

3. My family is so happy. We’re leaving for America. Some of our friends are already there and we

know we’ll be able to worship God as we please.

_____________________________

4. What a waste of time. I don’t know why I’m leaving my homeland. It’s going to be pretty dull.

Nothing new or exciting ever happens in America.

_____________________________

Following the Civil War, a rapidly increasing number of people were migrating to the United States.

By 1890, nearly 15 percent of Americans were foreign-born. Just as technology had helped

Americans settle in the West, it helped newcomers reach the United States. By the late 1800s,

steamships could cross the ocean in six days.

Immigration Increased


USII.4b The Newcomers: Off the Boat, Into the City

Tomorrow another class is going to come into our room and stay for two weeks.

You will have to share your desk and space, and maybe your supplies. How will you feel?

Do you think you will treat the other class differently?

Consider two different perspectives as tension and conflicts arose in overcrowded U.S. cities.

Write I if the statement applies to an immigrant.

Write NB for native born if the statement applies to someone born in the USA

1. _____ We left our home and gave up everything to come to this golden land of opportunity. But I

can’t even find a job to pay for food for my family! How will we survive?

2. _____ I’ve lived in this country all my life, but now I’m having trouble finding work because there

foreigners are taking all the jobs!

3. _____ The Americans hate us! My children can’t even go to school because they are treated so badly!

Population changes and growth of cities produced problems in urban areas. Rapid industrialization

and urbanization created overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods.

Ghettos Tenements

Population changes and growth of cities also produced interactions and conflicts between

different cultural groups. Some immigrants were discriminated against and persecuted.

Efforts were made to solve immigration problems. These efforts included…

Settlement Houses Political Organizations


USII.4c Black Codes

Black Codes were passed to discriminate against African Americans. “Jim Crow” Laws, as they became

known in the 1880s from a popular African American song, made discrimination practices legal in many

communities and states. These laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in…

These new “laws” created segregation between races.

Although segregation was directed primarily against African Americans,

other groups were also kept segregated.

African Americans differed in their responses to discrimination and “Jim Crow” Laws. Two important

African American leaders were Booker Taliaferro Washington and William Edward Burghardt Du Bois.

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois

Segregation is…


USII.4c The Newcomers: Made in the U.S.A.

Before the Civil War, the United States was very rural. As the United states grew, urban areas

developed. Why would people move from the country to the city?

Use the map and the reasons why cities grew to decide which city developed where it did.

1. This city is located on Lake Michigan which provides easy access for travelers, and easy

access for shipping meat products. ___________________________________

2. This city is located where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers join the Ohio River, which

provides easy access for travelers and easy access for shipping steel products.

___________________________

3. This city is located just north of Lake Erie on a connecting river, which provides easy access

for shipping automobiles. ________________________________

Chicago

Detroit

Pittsburgh


Due to advancements in Mechanization, Industrialization, and Transportation, America is changing

from _______________________ to __________________________

As the population increased in the United States, cities began to grow.

Advances in Transportation linked resources, products, and markets


USII.4c The Newcomers: Genius At Work

We know safe, effective use of electricity changed life in America.

Why do you think it brought people from small farms and towns to the cities?

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What has changed in America’s use of the telephone from 1878, when Bell started the first

telephone exchange, to today’s use of telephones?

2. How did electricity and long burning light bulbs affect factories?

3. In your opinion, which invention had the biggest impact on society? Why?

Between the _________ War and _________ _________ I, the United States was transformed

from an agricultural (_________) country to an _________ (urban) nation.

Inventions that Contributed to Great Change and Industrial Growth

Who? Benefits for

Americans:

Benefits for

Americans:

Who?


USII.4d From Farm to Factory: The Business of Being Big

As the country grew, so did industries and big businesses. Big businesses are giant money-making

companies. List any “Big Businesses” you can think of.

What were the reasons for the rise of big business and the growth of industry?

Check all that apply.

1. _____ Lack of advertising

2. _____ Limited work force

3. _____ Inventions

4. _____ Raw materials were not readily available

5. _____ National markets created by

transportation advances

6. _____ The cost of production was very high

7. _____ Financial resources

Investigate the following Political Cartoon. Describe what it is about.


Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural

(rural) country to an industrial (urban) nation.

Postwar Transformation from Agricultural to Industrial

Why Big Businesses Prospered and What

Helped the Industries Grow


USII.4d From Farm to Factory: Captains of Industry

Have you ever played the game monopoly? How does a player win?

What do you learn about business and money from playing monopoly?

On the map Star the cities where the “Captains of Industry” were located.

Describe the Transcontinental Railroad as a Big Business and its Captain of Industry.

Pittsburgh:

Detroit:

New England:


USII.4e From Farm to Factory: Little Laborers

What do you think would be some bad things that happened because of the rise of Big Business?

Compare your life now to a working girl’s and boy’s life in the late 1800s. Complete the chart.

You 1800s Girl 1800s Boy

School Hours

(hours and school and hours on

homework)

Work

(what jobs or chores, how much

pay, hours at work)

Play

(what activities and hours spent

playing)

Changes in the workplace were needed because of the

negative effects of industrialization that included…

Child Labor Low Wages and Long Hours Unsafe Working Conditions


USII.4e From Farm to Factory: We Will NOT Work

What does it mean to go on strike? Can you think of any companies or groups that have gone on strike?

Circle the correct answer,

1. During the late 1800s, poor workers __________ have wanted unions to

be organized in the workplace. WOULD or WOULD NOT

2. During the late 1800s, rich “Big” Business leaders __________ have wanted

unions to be organized in the workplace. WOULD or WOULD NOT

The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms

__________ were created to

represent workers and the

interests of their families. They

tried to create a safe and

profitable working environment

for the workers.

The __________ __________ is an

example of strike that turned deadly. In

1892, a battle erupted at Andrew

Carnegie’s Steel Plant in Pittsburg. The

fight followed a strike which started

because of a wage cut. Many workers were

injured and some were killed.

Picture

Picture


USII.4e From Farm to Factory: A Time for Change

Explain five behaviors of someone who has had too much to drink.

Complete the statements with SUPPORTED or OPPOSED.

1. Reformers in the Progressive Movement __________ the manufacture of alcoholic beverages.

2. Reformers in the Progressive Movement __________ the transport of alcoholic beverages.

3. Reformers in the Progressive Movement __________ the sale of alcoholic beverages.

4. Reformers in the Progressive Movement __________ the passage of the 18th Amendment.

The progressives worked to help the poor and control the size and power of

Big Businesses from the 1890s until 1917.

Reforms of the Progressive Movement changed the American workplace.

Industrialization Reforms

Temperance

Movement


USII.4e From Farm to Factory: Women and the Vote

At this point in history, are women equal to men? How are men’s rights different than women’s rights?

It’s 1900 in Virginia. A husband and his wife are sitting in their parlor outing together a puzzle. The

wife is a suffragist. The husband opposes women having the right to vote. Color the pieces the wife

would choose pink. Color the pieces the husband would choose blue

The fight for women’s suffrage, or the right to vote, began in the late 1800s. Suffragist believed that

if women had the right to vote, they could use it to gain other rights.

Susan B. Anthony said, “We the people,

formed the Union. Not just we, the

white male

citizens.”

Women are too stupid to vote!

A citizen is a person

in the U.S.

entitled

to vote and hold office.

It’ll be the

end of all family

values if women ever get the right to

vote!


Instructions: Using a large piece of construction paper, create a graphic organizer as follows; one on each side. Turn your

construction paper horizontally and fold into quarters. Use your notes to complete with accurate information. After labeling

each box, illustrate to show your understanding of the information.

Grading Criteria: 10 points will be deducted for each missing, incorrectly labeled or incorrectly completed square, including

the titles located in the middle of each graphic organizer.

NATIONAL MARKETS CREATED BY TRANSPORTATION ADVANCES (Transcontinental Railroad)

CAPTIANS OF INDUSTRY: John D. Rockefeller – oil Andrew Carnegie – Steel Henry Ford - automobiles Cornelius Vanderbilt – Shipping & Railroads

ADVERTISEING

LOWER COST PRODUCTION (production costs were less)

ACCESS TO RAW MATERIALS & ENERGY (oil, steel, & others)

AVAILABILITY OF WORK FORCE (people were available to work)

INVENTIONS

FINANCIAL RESOURCES (4 Captains of Industry)

REASONS FOR RISE & PROSPERITY OF BIG BUSINESS

FACTORS RESULTING IN GROWTH OF INDUSTRY


Progressive Movement Foldable

Women’s Suffrage

18th Amendment

19th Amendment

Progressive Movement Work Place

Reform Increased educational opportunities

Worked to Attain voting rights for women

19th Amendment added to the US constitution made voting for women possible

Amendment that banned the selling, manufacturing and transporting of alcoholic beverages in the US.

Women gained the right to vote under the 19th amendment

Work Place Reform

Improved safety conditions

Reduced work house

Placed restrictions on child labor


Negative effects of

Industrialization

Rise of Organized

Labor

Temperance Movement

Child labor

Low wages, long hours

Unsafe working conditions

Formation of unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor

Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike

Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol

Supported the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages


US.2-4 Review Grid - Name:___________________________ Block #_____ Date: ______________________

All assignments are due __________________. Choose one assignment from each box – 9 total assignments due!

No more than 2 types of each assignment. Use a computer as needed. Each Assignment is worth 10 points.

Regions/States/Cities

Make a Foldable/Flip Book

Make A Game to help you study

Make an Advertisement

Make a Presentation

Reconstruction



Make an Flier

Make a Presentation

Famous People



Make an Brochure

Make a Presentation

Post Reconstruction



Make an Banner

Make a Presentation

Western Expansion & Native Americans




Make a Presentation

Immigration




Make a Presentation

Big Business & Industry



Make an Newsletter

Make a Presentation

Segregation



Make an Flier

Make a Presentation

Progressive Movement

Industry Issues/Solutions, Women’s Suffrage, &

Temperance Movement



Make an Brochure, Advertisement, or

Newsletter

Make a Presentation

If you get finished with 9 assignments for 5 extra points each:

Make information cards to go on the PINK wall

Come up with your own idea with one of the topics you are still not too sure about.

Complete any worksheet in your INB.


Name: ________________________________________ Block #____ Date: _______________

Progressive Movement Take Home Project

Students are assigned to complete a Progressive Movement Take Home Project. This letter will highlight

the guidelines for this project. Parents please read this letter with your student and sign the section below

indicating that your child is responsible for the project and you are going to help insure that they complete the

assignment. The Project is DUE – _________________________________.

Guidelines:

Choose one of the following topics: I Choose _________________________________

o The Rise of Big Business and

Industrialization

o Child Labor

o Working Conditions

o Rise of Organized Labor

o Women’s Suffrage

o Temperance Movement

Create something for the topic of your choosing.

Examples:

o Foldable

o Poster (no larger than 8.5 X 11 –

Needs to fit in a sheet protector)

o Flip Book

o Report/Story

o Computer Presentation (Please

email the file –

[email protected])

o Your own idea - Please get this

approved

Students you may NOT

o Copy directly from notes, books, the internet or another student

Students Should

o Put information into their OWN words

o Have images/color

o Be Creative & Imaginative

o Ask for Help if they do not understand the assignment or information they read

o Ask for materials if they don’t have things at home to complete the assignment

o Ask for time during their Homeroom/PE/Elective block to work on the project.

o Have accurate information from THREE reference materials (Notebook, Textbook, and one other

source)

Students MUST site their sources at the end or on the back:

- Title, Author, Page #, website address

I understand that my student is responsible for completing this take home assignment, that he/she will

complete this assignment with minimal assistance and will have it turned in on or before the Due Date –

_________________. I also understand that each day the project is late, 5 points will be deducted from the

final grade. If the project is more than 5 school days late it will be counted as a ZERO. This assignment will be

counted as a TEST grade. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact Mrs. Green at

[email protected] or 925-5557. When in doubt, ask!

Thank you, Mrs. K. Green Parent/Guardian’s Signature: _____________________________

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

History and Social Science Standards 2008 – VDOE, SOLPASS.org & Various Images US.4 – Modern America: 1877 to the Early 1900s - 38 - Created by Kate Green

Progressive Movement Take Home Project Rubric

Student: _______________________________ Block: _____ Turned in on: ______________________

Topic: The Rise of Big Business and Industrialization, Child Labor, Working Conditions, Rise of Organized Labor,

Women’s Suffrage, or Temperance Movement Created: ________________________________________

Criteria Points Possible Points Received Teacher Notations

Creation 30

Student’s Own Work/Words 30

Creative/Imaginative/Color 15

Accurate 10

Followed Requirements 10

3 Citations 5

Turned in On Time: -5pts for each school day late

Total Points Received

us history notes (from 1865 to the industrial revolution)

Documents