AP US HISTORYAP US HISTORYCH 26CH 26

“GREAT WEST & THE“GREAT WEST & THEAGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION”REVOLUTION”

1865-1896 1865-1896

A.A. CLASH OF CULTURESCLASH OF CULTURESON THE PLAINSON THE PLAINS

Am pop growing but Am pop growing but west still open by the west still open by the 1880’s.1880’s.

Indians (NA) POP Indians (NA) POP 360,000 by 1860.360,000 by 1860.

Most NA scattered along Most NA scattered along Trans-Missouri West. Trans-Missouri West.

AA

Clashes inevitable: Clashes inevitable: Industrialization vs. NA’s.Industrialization vs. NA’s.

Apaches, Comanche, Apaches, Comanche, Cheyenne, Sioux all enter Cheyenne, Sioux all enter into phases of conflict.into phases of conflict.

A. A.

NA culture were under NA culture were under attack byattack by–1. Disease.1. Disease.–2. shrinking pop of Bison.2. shrinking pop of Bison.

Fed gov’t tried to pacify Fed gov’t tried to pacify the Plain Indians by the Plain Indians by Treaties.Treaties.

AA

2 Treaties marked 2 Treaties marked beginning of the beginning of the reservation systemreservation system–1. Treaty of Fort Laramie 1. Treaty of Fort Laramie (lar-a–me) 1851(lar-a–me) 1851

–2. Treaty of Fort Atkinson 2. Treaty of Fort Atkinson 18531853

A. A.

1860 fed gov 1860 fed gov intensified treaty intensified treaty policy.policy.

Great Sioux Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Reservation in Dakota territory & Oklahoma territory & Oklahoma territory.territory.

AANA surrendered their NA surrendered their ancestral land only when ancestral land only when promised by fed gov’t that promised by fed gov’t that they would be left alone & they would be left alone & provided w/ supplies.provided w/ supplies.

Post CW fighting between Post CW fighting between US Army & NA’s fiercely US Army & NA’s fiercely raged in mid west a.k.a. raged in mid west a.k.a. the Indian War’s (IW’S)the Indian War’s (IW’S)

B. RECEDING NATIVE POP.B. RECEDING NATIVE POP.IW’s (1860’s-1890’s) were IW’s (1860’s-1890’s) were

savage.savage.1864 Sand Creek Massacre 1864 Sand Creek Massacre

(Colorado): US Col. JM (Colorado): US Col. JM Chivington massacred 400 Chivington massacred 400 NA’s (NA’s (Cheyenne)Cheyenne)

Women shot while praying, Women shot while praying, children brains bashed out & children brains bashed out & braves tortured, scalped, & braves tortured, scalped, & mutilated.mutilated.

Sitting Bull and Family Outside Tepee

BBRevenge 1866 by Sioux. Revenge 1866 by Sioux. They try to block They try to block construction of Bozemans construction of Bozemans Trail.Trail.

Sioux ambush Capt. Sioux ambush Capt. William Fetterman, kill 81 William Fetterman, kill 81 soldiers in Wyoming soldiers in Wyoming Bighorn Mts.Bighorn Mts.

B. B. Sioux left no survivors, one Sioux left no survivors, one

soldiers face spitted w/ 105 soldiers face spitted w/ 105 arrows.arrows.

George Armstrong CusterGeorge Armstrong Custer, x , x CW General, now in US CW General, now in US Cavalry turned Indian fighter Cavalry turned Indian fighter wrote ”Fettermans wrote ”Fettermans annihilation awakened a annihilation awakened a bitter feeling towards the bitter feeling towards the savage perpetrators”savage perpetrators”

BB

By 1874 a new round of By 1874 a new round of warfare started up against warfare started up against the Plain Indians.the Plain Indians.

A scientific expo in Black A scientific expo in Black Hills of SD was led by Col. Hills of SD was led by Col. George CusterGeorge Custer

B. B. Scientific expo was on Sioux Scientific expo was on Sioux

Reservation, gold was discovered.Reservation, gold was discovered.SD will be saturated by gold SD will be saturated by gold

seekers.seekers.Sioux go on the war path.Sioux go on the war path.Sioux forces=2,500. Custer's Sioux forces=2,500. Custer's

forces=264.forces=264.Battle of Little Bighorn 1876Battle of Little Bighorn 1876. .

Custer's 7Custer's 7thth Cavalry forces Cavalry forces completely wiped out.completely wiped out.

Sitting Bull Sitting Bull

Sioux chief who guided Sioux chief who guided his people to victory his people to victory against General George A. against General George A. Custer's cavalry at the Custer's cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876in 1876

The Black Hills and the Battle of Little Big Horn (04:36)

B. B. Nez Perce IndiansNez Perce Indians lead by lead by Chief Chief

JosephJoseph will be forced into a fight will be forced into a fight by 1877 by U.S. Calvary (reason: by 1877 by U.S. Calvary (reason: forced onto reservationforced onto reservation).).

Chief Joseph hoped for a Chief Joseph hoped for a rendezvous with Sitting Bull rendezvous with Sitting Bull after he took refuge after Little after he took refuge after Little Bighorn. Bighorn.

Chief Joseph finally surrendered Chief Joseph finally surrendered 1877 forced onto Kansas 1877 forced onto Kansas Reservation.Reservation.

BB

Apache Indians of New Apache Indians of New Mexico and Arizona will join Mexico and Arizona will join in on the IWin on the IW

They are led by Chief They are led by Chief Geronimo who despises the Geronimo who despises the white man.white man.

Geronimo will surrender in Geronimo will surrender in 1886, forced on reservations 1886, forced on reservations throughout FL, AL, and OK.throughout FL, AL, and OK.

BB

The taming of the The taming of the NA’s was done NA’s was done through 3 ways:through 3 ways:–1. RR1. RR–2. Disease2. Disease–3. Loss of Bison3. Loss of Bison

Apache prisoners, including Geronimo (first row, third from right), seated on an embankment outside their railroad car in Arizona in 1886.

C. BELLOWING HERDS OF BISONC. BELLOWING HERDS OF BISONMillions of buffalo populated the Millions of buffalo populated the

plains when white Americans plains when white Americans arrived.arrived.

They provided: They provided: – 1. Food1. Food– 2. Fuel (buffalo chips)2. Fuel (buffalo chips)– 3. Clothing (hides)3. Clothing (hides)

Post CW 15,000,000 buffalo on Post CW 15,000,000 buffalo on the plains.the plains.

CC1868 KS Pacific RR had to 1868 KS Pacific RR had to

wait 8 hours for passing wait 8 hours for passing buffalo.buffalo.

Wm “Buffalo Bill” CodyWm “Buffalo Bill” Cody killed killed over 4,000 buffs in 18 mo. over 4,000 buffs in 18 mo. while working for KS Pacific while working for KS Pacific RRRR

CCBuff were killed for 4 things:Buff were killed for 4 things:

– 1. tongues1. tongues– 2. hides2. hides– 3. sportsmanship3. sportsmanship– 4. slaughtered for lust and 4. slaughtered for lust and excitementexcitement

By 1885 buf endanger of By 1885 buf endanger of complete extinction. Less complete extinction. Less than 1,000 alive.than 1,000 alive.

D. END OF THE TRAILD. END OF THE TRAILHelen Hunt Jackson, writer of Helen Hunt Jackson, writer of

children's literature wrote children's literature wrote “Century of Dishonor” 1881“Century of Dishonor” 1881

Her book discusses the Gov’t Her book discusses the Gov’t ruthless policy in dealing with ruthless policy in dealing with the Indians/Moral Sense the Indians/Moral Sense awakened.awakened.

She also wrote a novel called She also wrote a novel called “Ramona” 1884“Ramona” 1884, a love story of , a love story of injustice of CA Indiansinjustice of CA Indians..

DDChristian reformers try to Christian reformers try to

Christianize NA’s, through Christianize NA’s, through reform schools. reform schools.

They withheld food, force They withheld food, force NA’s to give up tribal religion NA’s to give up tribal religion and assimilate into white and assimilate into white society. society.

1884 reformers urge Fed 1884 reformers urge Fed Gov’t to force NA’s to give up Gov’t to force NA’s to give up sacred “Sun Dance” and sacred “Sun Dance” and “Ghost Dance”“Ghost Dance”

DDBattle of Wounded Knee Battle of Wounded Knee (SD) 1890, last battle of (SD) 1890, last battle of the IW’s. the IW’s.

200 Sioux killed at SD.200 Sioux killed at SD.The The Dawes SeveraltyDawes Severalty (several-tee)=(ownership) (several-tee)=(ownership) Act 1887Act 1887, one of the most , one of the most important pieces of Indian important pieces of Indian Legislation passes.Legislation passes.

Wounded Knee Massacre (02:59)

Senator Henry Dawes

DD3 things in Dawes Act (aka 3 things in Dawes Act (aka

“gen allotment act”)“gen allotment act”)–1. dissolved many NA tribes.1. dissolved many NA tribes.–2. ended tribal ownership of 2. ended tribal ownership of land ( let the Pres survey land ( let the Pres survey land & divide it into land & divide it into allotments)allotments)

–3. set up individual Indian 3. set up individual Indian family heads w/ 160 free family heads w/ 160 free acresacres

DDNA’s not granted full citizenship NA’s not granted full citizenship

until 1924.until 1924.Dawes act allowed for the sale of Dawes act allowed for the sale of

western land to RR & settlerswestern land to RR & settlers1879 Fed Gov’t funded the 1879 Fed Gov’t funded the

Carlisle Indian School in Penn.Carlisle Indian School in Penn.It separated NA children from It separated NA children from

their tribes & taught them their tribes & taught them English & white mansEnglish & white mans culture.culture.

DD

School motto “kill the School motto “kill the Indian & save the man”Indian & save the man”

By 1900, NA lost 50% of By 1900, NA lost 50% of the 156 million acres the 156 million acres that had 2 decades that had 2 decades earlier.earlier.

The General Allotment Act and Relocation Program (05:50)

E. MINING: FROM DISHPAN TO ORE E. MINING: FROM DISHPAN TO ORE BREAKERBREAKER

Conquest of NA & birth of Conquest of NA & birth of RR gave way to an RR gave way to an explosion in the Mining explosion in the Mining Frontier.Frontier.

1858 Col. discovery of gold 1858 Col. discovery of gold (near “Pikes Pike”)(near “Pikes Pike”)

1859 Nev. gold discovery 1859 Nev. gold discovery “Comstock Lode”.“Comstock Lode”.

EE

““Boomtowns” AKA Boomtowns” AKA “Helldorados” “Helldorados” sprouted.sprouted.

Saloons, Liquor (rot Saloons, Liquor (rot gut), vigilante justice, gut), vigilante justice, boomtown to ghost boomtown to ghost town.town.

From Boomtown to Ghost Town (02:58)

F. BEEF BONANZAS & LONG DRIVESF. BEEF BONANZAS & LONG DRIVES

CW ended, grassy plains of CW ended, grassy plains of Texas supported millions of Texas supported millions of “Long-Horned” cattle.“Long-Horned” cattle.

Cattle used for hide, after CW Cattle used for hide, after CW they couldn’t be used for they couldn’t be used for meat, no way to transport meat, no way to transport back East/meat packing back East/meat packing industries.industries.

FF Problem solved:Problem solved:

– 1. TC RR1. TC RR– 2. Cattle now shipped to 2. Cattle now shipped to stockyards.stockyards.

– 3. Beef Barons industrialized 3. Beef Barons industrialized meatpacking businessmeatpacking business

– 4. Fresh products now possible 4. Fresh products now possible because of Refrigerator Cars because of Refrigerator Cars on trainson trains..

The Cattlemen (01:06)

G. FARMER FRONTIERG. FARMER FRONTIERHomestead ActHomestead Act 1862=Allowed 1862=Allowed

settlers to acquire 160 of land by settlers to acquire 160 of land by living on it for 5 years, improve it living on it for 5 years, improve it and pay a nominal fee of $30.00.and pay a nominal fee of $30.00.

New law was a Godsend for poor New law was a Godsend for poor farmers.farmers.

1862 – 1902 500,000 families 1862 – 1902 500,000 families took advantage of the took advantage of the Homestead Act.Homestead Act.

Fraud was common with HSA.Fraud was common with HSA.

GG Most of the time the “free land” Most of the time the “free land”

would end up the hands of grabbing would end up the hands of grabbing promoters/corporations use dummy promoters/corporations use dummy homesteaders.homesteaders.

Drought caused problems for Drought caused problems for farmers.farmers.

New farming techniques called New farming techniques called “Dry “Dry Farming”=Farming”=method of frequent method of frequent shallow cultivation (hurt later by shallow cultivation (hurt later by dust bowl 1930’s)dust bowl 1930’s)

Barbed wire was perfected by Barbed wire was perfected by Joseph Joseph GliddenGlidden 1874. 1874.

H. FAR WEST COMES OF AGEH. FAR WEST COMES OF AGEGreat West opened for Great West opened for business for 1870 -1880.business for 1870 -1880.

New states enter:New states enter:

1. COl 1876 2. ND 3. SD 1. COl 1876 2. ND 3. SD

4. MON 5. WA4. MON 5. WA

6. IDAHO6. IDAHONote: 2-6 came in 1889-90Note: 2-6 came in 1889-90..

HHFed Gov’t has a land race in Fed Gov’t has a land race in

OK in 1892. Scores of OK in 1892. Scores of overeager and well-armed overeager and well-armed “Sooners”=illegally jump the “Sooners”=illegally jump the gun to enter the OK Territory.gun to enter the OK Territory.

April 1907 OK becomes the April 1907 OK becomes the Sooner State.Sooner State.

I. FADING FRONTIERI. FADING FRONTIER1890 Superintendent of the 1890 Superintendent of the

Censes announced for the 1Censes announced for the 1stst time in U.S. History that a time in U.S. History that a “Frontier Line” was no longer “Frontier Line” was no longer needed.needed.

The closing of the frontier The closing of the frontier inspired the most influential inspired the most influential essay ever written, essay ever written, Frederick Frederick Jackson TurnerJackson Turner wrote: wrote: “The “The Significance of the Frontier in Significance of the Frontier in American History”American History” 1893. 1893.

Frederick Jackson Turner

J. FARMS BECOME A FACTORYJ. FARMS BECOME A FACTORYAmerican farming was changing.American farming was changing.High prices for crops created High prices for crops created

profit/cash crops (wheat and profit/cash crops (wheat and corn best crops)corn best crops)

Farmers were tired of being Farmers were tired of being taken advantage of taken advantage of – 1 Banking1 Banking– 2 RR2 RR– 3 Manufacturer3 Manufacturer

K. DEFLATION DOOMS THE DEBTORK. DEFLATION DOOMS THE DEBTORFarmers locked Farmers locked themselves into a one crop themselves into a one crop farm (wheat or corn).farm (wheat or corn).

As long as prices stayed As long as prices stayed high life was good.high life was good.

1880 prices drop, 1880 prices drop, bankruptcy hits the farm bankruptcy hits the farm belt.belt.

KKPrices of their crops were Prices of their crops were

determined in the world determined in the world market. i.e.market. i.e.

If wheat fields of Russia If wheat fields of Russia flourished, prices of foreign flourished, prices of foreign wheat would fall, AM farms wheat would fall, AM farms ruined.ruined.

Low prices and deflated Low prices and deflated currency main worries of AM currency main worries of AM farmers.farmers.

AM farming family borrows AM farming family borrows $1,000 1855, wheat worth $1.00 $1,000 1855, wheat worth $1.00 a bushel. They expected to pay a bushel. They expected to pay back the equivalent of 1,000 back the equivalent of 1,000 bushels, plus interest, when bushels, plus interest, when mortgage due.mortgage due.

But if they let their debt run to But if they let their debt run to 1890, wheat prices fall to $.50 a 1890, wheat prices fall to $.50 a bushel, they would have to pay bushel, they would have to pay back the price of 2,000 bushels back the price of 2,000 bushels for the $1,000. loan, plus for the $1,000. loan, plus interest.interest.

KK

Deflation crunch on the Deflation crunch on the debtors (farmers) was debtors (farmers) was due to static $ due to static $ supply/simply not supply/simply not enough $ to go around.enough $ to go around.

L. UNHAPPY FARMERSL. UNHAPPY FARMERS

Mother nature didn’t help the Mother nature didn’t help the farmers during this time.farmers during this time.

ProblemsProblems

1.Grasshoppers1.Grasshoppers

2.Southern Cotton Boll Weevils2.Southern Cotton Boll Weevils

3.Floods3.Floods

4.Dry Soil4.Dry Soil

LLFarmers at the mercy Farmers at the mercy of of –1 Harvest trust1 Harvest trust–2 Barbed Wire trust2 Barbed Wire trust–3 Fertilizer trust3 Fertilizer trust–4 RR trust (high TP fees)4 RR trust (high TP fees)

M. FARMERS TAKE THEIR M. FARMERS TAKE THEIR STANDSTAND

1868 prices down, 1868 prices down, farmers need relief from farmers need relief from –1 low prices1 low prices–2 high debt.2 high debt.

They demanded They demanded inflation of paper inflation of paper currency.currency.

MMNat’l Grange of the Nat’l Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry Patrons of Husbandry (AKA The Grange (AKA The Grange Organization) 1867Organization) 1867

Grange movement led by Grange movement led by Oliver KellyOliver Kelly

Grange had 800,000 by Grange had 800,000 by 1875. 1875.

MMThey had 4 ideas:They had 4 ideas:

–1 Cooperatively owned 1 Cooperatively owned storesstores

–2 Cooperatively grain 2 Cooperatively grain elevatorselevators

–3 Warehouses3 Warehouses–4 Manufactured 4 Manufactured Harvesting MachineryHarvesting Machinery

MMGrangers entered Grangers entered politics/successful in politics/successful in Midwest region.Midwest region.

1880 Greenback Labor 1880 Greenback Labor Party (Granger) Party (Granger) presidential candidate presidential candidate Gen. James Weaver/3% Gen. James Weaver/3% of pop voteof pop vote

N. PRELUDE TO POPULISMN. PRELUDE TO POPULISMRural problems increasing. Rural problems increasing. Farmers Alliance founded in Farmers Alliance founded in

Texas late 1870’s.Texas late 1870’s.FA hurts themselves by not FA hurts themselves by not

recognizing:recognizing:– 1 landless tenant farmers1 landless tenant farmers– 2 share croppers2 share croppers– 3 farm workers3 farm workers– 4 blacks4 blacks

NN1880 Blacks founded 1880 Blacks founded Colored Farmer National Colored Farmer National AllianceAlliance

Out of FA a 3Out of FA a 3rdrd political political party emerges=The party emerges=The “Peoples Party” AKA “The “Peoples Party” AKA “The Populist Party”.Populist Party”.

Pops call for 4 thingsPops call for 4 things– 1. Nationalizing RR, telephones 1. Nationalizing RR, telephones

and telegraph industryand telegraph industry– 2. Instituting a gradual income tax2. Instituting a gradual income tax– 3. Creation of a sub-treasury3. Creation of a sub-treasury– 4. free and unlimited coinage of 4. free and unlimited coinage of

silversilver1892 Populist scared both 1892 Populist scared both

political parties. They nominate political parties. They nominate James Weaver as their James Weaver as their presidential candidate.presidential candidate.

The Populists (02:48) 1st 1:5 min review, last part about pop’s

O. COXEY’S ARMY & THE PULLMAN O. COXEY’S ARMY & THE PULLMAN STRIKESTRIKE

Eco panic 1893. Eco panic 1893. Protest/marches Protest/marches increase.increase.

Most famous march led Most famous march led by by Gen. Jacob S. CoxeyGen. Jacob S. Coxey (he was a socialist).(he was a socialist).

OOHe marches on D.C. 1894. He marches on D.C. 1894.

Two platform ideas:Two platform ideas:– 1 Gov’t relief for 1 Gov’t relief for unemployment through public unemployment through public works programs.works programs.

– 2 Gov’t should issue 2 Gov’t should issue $500,000,000. in legal tender $500,000,000. in legal tender (increase consumer spending)(increase consumer spending)

OOThe Commonwealth Army of The Commonwealth Army of

Coxey led demonstration in Coxey led demonstration in D.C. , turns violent. Coxey was D.C. , turns violent. Coxey was arrested for ignoring “Keep off arrested for ignoring “Keep off the Grass” sign.the Grass” sign.

Chicago 1894 Pullman StrikeChicago 1894 Pullman Strike, led , led by Eugene V. Debs labor union by Eugene V. Debs labor union leader organized leader organized Am RR UnionAm RR Union..

Pullman Palace Car Co. hit hard Pullman Palace Car Co. hit hard by depression, cuts workers by depression, cuts workers wages in Company Town.wages in Company Town.

OOWorkers go on strike, Workers go on strike, turns violent, overturns turns violent, overturns Pullman cars and Pullman cars and paralyzes railway traffic.paralyzes railway traffic.

U.S. Atty Gen. Richard U.S. Atty Gen. Richard Ulney, conservative, urges Ulney, conservative, urges Pres. Cleveland send in Pres. Cleveland send in Fed TroopsFed Troops..

OOClevelandCleveland “If it takes the “If it takes the

Army and the Navy to deliver Army and the Navy to deliver a post card in Chicago that a post card in Chicago that card will be delivered”.card will be delivered”.

Eugene Debs jailed for 6 mos. Eugene Debs jailed for 6 mos. Contempt of Fed Court (Fed Contempt of Fed Court (Fed Ct. injunction)Ct. injunction)

P. GOLDEN McKINLEY & SILVER P. GOLDEN McKINLEY & SILVER BRYANBRYAN

Election 1896 issues: Election 1896 issues: – 1 Grievances of farmers 1 Grievances of farmers – 2 Depression plagued laborers2 Depression plagued laborers– 3 Silver vs. Gold3 Silver vs. Gold

Rep. nominate Ohio Rep. nominate Ohio Congressman/Gov. Wm Congressman/Gov. Wm McKinleyMcKinley

WM helped by Big City WM helped by Big City Political Boss Marcus HannaPolitical Boss Marcus Hanna

PPRep platformRep platform

– 1 Gold standard 1 Gold standard – 2 Protective Tariffs2 Protective Tariffs

Dem nominate Wm Jennings Dem nominate Wm Jennings Bryan . They support silver Bryan . They support silver standard.standard.

WJB delivers famous speech at WJB delivers famous speech at Dem Nat’l Convention promoting Dem Nat’l Convention promoting use of silver standard, aka use of silver standard, aka Cross Cross of Gold speech.of Gold speech.

William Jennings Bryan

PP““Having behind us the producing Having behind us the producing

masses of this nation and the masses of this nation and the world, supported by the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”.gold”.

William Jennings Bryan (04:19)

Q. CLASS CONFLICT: PLOW Q. CLASS CONFLICT: PLOW HOLDERS V. BONDHOLDERSHOLDERS V. BONDHOLDERS

WJB keeps silver issue in forefront WJB keeps silver issue in forefront 1896 election. 1896 election.

WM/Marcus Hanna push Protective WM/Marcus Hanna push Protective Tariff issueTariff issue

WJB campaigns hard, 27 states, WJB campaigns hard, 27 states, 18,000 miles, 600 speeches (36 18,000 miles, 600 speeches (36 days).days).

Rep strongest ally Big Business.Rep strongest ally Big Business. Rep use fear tactics with help of Rep use fear tactics with help of

manufactories.manufactories.

QQ

Owners told their workers Owners told their workers not to come to work not to come to work tomorrow if WJB tomorrow if WJB wins/threaten to pay workers wins/threaten to pay workers $ .50 on the dollar.$ .50 on the dollar.

Election outcomeElection outcome– WM 271 to 176 EC votes.WM 271 to 176 EC votes.– Pop votes WM 7.1 mil to 6.4 milPop votes WM 7.1 mil to 6.4 mil