Unit 2Early Man

A. Neolithic RevolutionB. River Valley Civilizations

Section A – Neolithic Revolution1. Pre-historic Man - Locations - Hunters/Gatherers - Migration

2. Neolithic Revolution - Define - Results 1. Permanent Homes 2. Extra Time 3. Specialized Jobs

3. Organized Society (Civilization)

- Government - Religion - Trade - Urban Setting (Cities)

Hunters & Gatherers

Neolithic Revolution

10,000

“BC”

Herding & Farming

5,000

1st Civilizations Began

1

“AD”

TIMELINE

Map

Terms1. Paleolithic Age: “Old

Stone Age”; earliest period in human history – hunters and gatherers

2. Africa: Where earliest humans are believed to have lived

3. Hunting and Gathering: The way that early man got his food (their economic system)

4. Migration: Moving from one place to another

5. Neolithic: “New Stone Age”; the change from hunting and gathering to herding and farming

How the Neolithic Revolution worked:

1. Man stopped hunting and gathering and began farming and herding

2. People began to live in permanent homes3. People had extra time to think new ideas4. Specialized jobs created – someone could do one job

really well then teach others5. Communities began to grow and organize into

civilizations1. Things found in an organized society (a civilization!)

1. Organized Government2. Organized economy3. Urban setting (villages, towns, cities, etc….)4. Writing systems / language

Essential Questions

1. What was the relationship between early people and the environment?- People had to work all the timea. Early people are closely linked to and very dependent on the environmentb. Man looks to the environment for food and shelterc. Man learns how to master the environment to improve his life

2. Why did hunters and gatherers not have permanent homes?- They had to follow the food supplya. “On the move” (migratory)b. Too busy following animals used for food (often moved)

3. What do you think were the factors that led to the Neolithic Revolution?- Two things happened:a. Man developed the ability to think about new ideas to help themselvesb. They accidentally discovered new ways to improve their lives

4. What are the changes that took place as a result of the Neolithic Revolution?- People began to specialize and organize into communities, citizens, and civilization

Section B: River Valley Civilizations

1. Elements of a Civilizationa. Writing Systemb. Organized Governmentc. Organized Economy Based on Traded. Urban Setting

2. Locationsa. Nileb. Tigris/Euphratesc. Indusd. Yellow/Huang He

3. Contributionsa. New Technologiesb. Writing Systemsc. Architectured. Organized Religionse. Laws

Timeline

BC AD

5500

5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0500

Egyptian

Sumerian

Indian

Chinese

4 Major Early River Valley Civilizations

Notes on Civilization

1. Civilization: Highly organized community with advanced elements of culture; politics, economy, art, etc……

2. Elements that define a civilization: 1. Organized Government (Written laws or rules,

leaders, and protection aka “military” or “police”)2. Organized Economy (Trade within a culture and

with other cultures; Tokens to represent value or “money”; and a reliable food supply)

3. Writing System (Helps in communication; record keeping; and using symbols to represent ideas)

4. Urban Setting or Cities (Many “unrelated” people living together in one large planned community)

Nile River Valley / Egyptian Civilization1. Leader called

Pharaoh (King/God)2. Built the Pyramids –

tombs for the Pharaoh

3. Developed Hieroglyphics – pictured based writing system (Rosetta Stone – written in two kinds of Egyptian and Greek – helped to translate the hieroglyphics

Tigris and Euphrates River Valley / Sumerian (Mesopotamian) Civilization1. Mesopotamian is

Greek for “Land between the two rivers”

2. Located in the Fertile Crescent

3. Developed Cuneiform – wedged shaped writing

4. Invented the wheel

5. First written set of laws: Code of Hammurabi

• 13.  (There is no 13th Law because, then as now, the number 13 was considered to be an unlucky and evil number)

• 14.   If any one steal the minor son of another, he shall be put to death.• 15.   If any one take a male or female slave of the court, or a male or female

slave of a freed man, outside the city gates, he shall be put to death.• 16.   If any one receive into his house a runaway male or female slave of the

court, or of a freedman, and does not bring it out at the public proclamation of the major domus, the master of the house shall be put to death.

• 17.   If any one find runaway male or female slaves in the open country and bring them to their masters, the master of the slaves shall pay him two shekels of silver.

• 18.   If the slave will not give the name of the master, the finder shall bring him to the palace; a further investigation must follow, and the slave shall be returned to his master.

• 19.   If he hold the slaves in his house, and they are caught there, he shall be put to death.

• 20.   If the slave that he caught run away from him, then shall he swear to the owners of the slave, and he is free of all blame.

• 21.   If any one break a hole into a house (break in to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried.

• 22.   If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.

• 23.   If the robber is not caught, then shall he who was robbed claim under oath the amount of his loss; then shall the community, and . . . on whose ground and territory and in whose domain it was compensate him for the goods stolen.

Indus River Valley / Indian Civilization

1. Two cities - Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro – very well organized

2. Learned to weave cotton into cloth

Huang He River Valley / Civilization of China

1. Writing symbols represented whole ideas

2. Called themselves The Middle Kingdom, which is the belief that they were the center of the world (better than others / ethnocentric)

What these Civilizations contributed to our life:1. New Technologies:

- Irrigation – getting water to crops- Use of Money- Use of metal – tools and weapons

2. Architecture: - Functional and beautiful- Used to praise gods and rulers

3. Organized Religions:- Polytheism – belief in many gods- Belief in an afterlife- Developed rituals that we still use today

4. Laws:- Hammurabi’s Code of Laws (1st written set of laws) came from the Babylonian’s – based on an “eye for an eye”

5. Writing Systems: - First writing developed to record trading – greatly increased human intelligence

Essential Questions:

1. How is a civilization different from a community?- More organized laws, economy, religions, etc….- Larger population- Cities (made up of many communities of unrelated people)

2. What is the reason that the greatest early civilizations all developed in river valleys?

- Transportation (especially for trade)- Food Supply- Fertile soil (from annual flood)- Water for irrigation

3. Why was the development of writing systems so important to the development of civilizations?

- Record keeping- Communication – spread ideas- Help organize – written laws- Increase intelligence