Big Question: What more than anything shaped the lives of early humans???

Important Words

Prehistory: Hominid: Anthropologist: Paleontologist: Archaeologist: Artifact: Carbon Dating: Culture: Technology:

1. Australopithecus:2. Homo Habilis:3. Homo Erectus:4. Homo Sapiens/Neanderthal5. Homo Sapiens/Sapiens-CroMagnon

Australopithecus Afarensis

Time Period and Location4 million to 1

million BCEPrimarily

found in East Africa

Australopithecus Afarensis Appearance

Brain 1/3 size of modern humans  Long arms, but humanlike legs. Walked

upright

Capabilities and Skills Bipedal: walked on two feet Small social groups Nomadic: travelled from place to place in

search of food

LUCY When: Where: What: Who discovered

her?

http://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-lucy.html

Australopithecus afarensis

Pictures from the museum in Ethiopia January 2011

Homo habilis Also known as “Handy Man” Time Period and Location

2.5-1.5 million BCE Africa

Fossil Discoveries Various pieces found around Africa from 1959

on 1987: partial skeleton discovered by Johanson

Homo Habilis Appearance

Face like AA, but larger brain

Apelike arms Capabilities and

Skills Scavenger: gathered

plants and ate meat First to use stone

tools Cut meat and crack

bones

Homo erectus Time Period and

Location 1.6 million-30,000

BCE Asia, Africa, Europe

Fossil Discoveries Various discoveries

in Asia and Africa throughout 20th century

Homo erectus Also known as “Upright Man” Appearance

Large brain Fully upright stance

Capabilities and Skills Developed new ways of using tools

Digging, scraping First group to control/use FIRE First thought to create spoken/oral

language

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)

Time Period and Location 100,000 to 400,000 yrs ago Europe, western Asia and the Near East

Fossil Discoveries First hominid skeletons found extensively in

Europe (Germany, France)

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)

Appearance Brain larger than modern humans Stocky and short-limbed

Capabilities and skills Hunters and gatherers Sophisticated tools (stone knives, spears) Fire for protection and cooking Burials for the dead Nomadic

Homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnons)

Time Period and Location 100,000 yrs ago to the present Over time—all around the world

Fossil Discoveries 1860s: First discovered in France

First early modern human

Homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnons)

Appearance Large brain Relatively slender bones

Skills Hunters and gatherers

Men: meat Women: berries

Advanced tools using bone, antler, and ivy Nomadic Cave paintings

http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/#/en/02_02.xml

1. Paleolithic: Old stone age 2.5 million years ago-12,000 BCE

2. Neolithic: New stone age 8,000BCE- 5,000BCE

1. When:2 million years ago2. Effects:: As we get more ice the oceans begin to sink. As the oceans sink land is

exposed. This created 4 large land bridges:1. Japan and Korea were connected2. Great Britain and Ireland were connected to Europe3. Malay Peninsula-Indonesian Islands and Australia were connected4. Asia and North America were connected

3. Human Responses: (1) migration to warmer places (2) new ideas for keeping warm, fire, clothes (3) none=death!

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

--begins with the start of Early Man1. People were nomadic 2. Invention of the first tools 3. Learned how to make fire 4. Lived in clans 5. Developed oral language 6. Created “cave art”

And then something happened… What major advancement by

man led to the advancement of civilization? Settled agriculture

How did it happen? Warmer climates led to more

crop growth Why did it help man?

Agriculture led to permanent settlements

STOP: North turn to South – explain this!South turn to North – what else may happen?

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)

Definition: Began about 10,000 years ago (8,000

BCE)1. Developed agriculture2. Domesticated animals3. Used advanced tools4. Made pottery5. Developed weaving skills

Çatalhöyük: Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia (modern Turkey)

CHANGE Social Consequence

People lived in one place and no longer carried all possessions

(A) Villages, towns, and eventually cities develop. (B) People who could afford material goods begin to accumulate them

Farmers could grow more food than they needed

(A) People could do other jobs (specialization of labor) (B) Trade develops between areas.

Land and water became valuable economic resources

Warfare develops

Male warriors competed for land, water, and power.

Women lost power they had in hunter-gatherer societies to male warriors who could protect them, their children and possessions.

1. First village…that we have discovered. Probably had around 200 people or so.

2. Jericho began around…8000 BCE in the West Bank region. Fertile land and abundant water

3. Catal Huyuk began around… 7000-6300 BCE in Turkey. Possibly housed up to 6,000 people. Houses were windowless and had flat roofs. WHY?

1.Plow: domesticated oxen to plow

2.Fertilizer: ashes, fish, manure

3.Loom: weaving: linen and wool

4.Wheel: transportation

5.Baked clay bricks: construction

6.Calendars: measure seasons for planting

Definition:

1. Cities: grew out of Neolithic farming villages in river valleys where resources were close enough to allow development

2. Governments: (1) to organize defense (2) to make laws to regulate behavior and (3) to supervise construction of public buildings and projects

3. Religion: to explain the workings of nature and the reasons for existence (2) often used by the rulers to justify their decisions

4. Family: provides new membership5.Economy: Provides GOODS and SERVICES (2) New Social Structure based on

Economic Power develops: (1) Monarchs, priests, government officials, warriors (2) farmers, artisans and craftspeople (3) slaves

6.Education: (1) train new members (2) writing develops: primarily for record keeping