the beginnings of civilization-one

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The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Civilization-One Civilization-One Mrs. Cox Mrs. Cox Paisley IB Paisley IB World History World History ONE ONE

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The Beginnings of Civilization-One. Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History ONE. Vocabulary. 1. artifacts 2. culture 3. hominids 4.Mary Leakey 5. Donald Johanson 6. Louis Leakey 7. Paleolithic Era 8. nomads 9. hunter-gatherers 10. animism 11. Neolithic Era - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Civilization-OneCivilization-One

Mrs. CoxMrs. CoxPaisley IBPaisley IB

World History World History ONEONE

Page 2: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Vocabulary Vocabulary ► 1. artifacts1. artifacts► 2. culture2. culture► 3. hominids3. hominids► 4.Mary Leakey4.Mary Leakey► 5. Donald Johanson5. Donald Johanson► 6. Louis Leakey6. Louis Leakey► 7. Paleolithic Era7. Paleolithic Era► 8. nomads8. nomads► 9. hunter-gatherers9. hunter-gatherers► 10. animism10. animism► 11. Neolithic Era11. Neolithic Era► 12. Neolithic Revolution12. Neolithic Revolution► 13. domestication13. domestication► 14. Pastoralists14. Pastoralists► 15. Megaliths15. Megaliths► 16. Bronze Age16. Bronze Age► 17. Surplus17. Surplus► 18. Division of Labor18. Division of Labor► 19. Traditional economy19. Traditional economy► 20. Civilizations20. Civilizations► 21. Artisans21. Artisans► 22. Cultural Diffusion22. Cultural Diffusion

Page 3: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Questions for Study 1Questions for Study 1

►1. Name two famous anthropologists 1. Name two famous anthropologists and their discoveries.and their discoveries.

►2. How did human ancestors cross 2. How did human ancestors cross from one continent to another?from one continent to another?

►3. Give six examples of Stone Age 3. Give six examples of Stone Age Technology.Technology.

►4. Describe the art work of hunter-4. Describe the art work of hunter-gatherers.gatherers.

Page 4: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Questions 1Questions 1

► 5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?► 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on

early people?early people?► 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from

this time period.this time period.► 8. What was one of the major changes in society 8. What was one of the major changes in society

around 7000 BC?around 7000 BC?► 9. Why did trade increase as food increased?9. Why did trade increase as food increased?► 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural

societies.societies.► 11.Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars 11.Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars

learned from him?learned from him?

Page 5: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Questions 1Questions 1

► 12. What was the result of irrigation?12. What was the result of irrigation?► 13. Name the four ways in which early cities 13. Name the four ways in which early cities

differed from villages.differed from villages.► 14. Name two main characteristics of early 14. Name two main characteristics of early

civilizations.civilizations.► 15. Name four early civilizations.15. Name four early civilizations.► 16. Why did systems of writing develop?16. Why did systems of writing develop?► 17. What factors led to changes in early 17. What factors led to changes in early

civilizations?civilizations?

Page 6: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Studying The Distant PastStudying The Distant Past

►To study prehistory, the time before written To study prehistory, the time before written records, scientists use a wide variety of records, scientists use a wide variety of clues. clues.

►They look to artifacts such as tools, art, They look to artifacts such as tools, art, tombs, and weapons left behind by ancient tombs, and weapons left behind by ancient people. people.

►These scientists include anthropologists, These scientists include anthropologists, who study human culture, or a society’s who study human culture, or a society’s knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and values.values.

Page 7: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Studying The Distant PastStudying The Distant Past

►Anthropologists called archaeologists Anthropologists called archaeologists dig into settlements to find objects dig into settlements to find objects used by early people. used by early people.

►Workers then use tools to unearth Workers then use tools to unearth objects people have left behind.objects people have left behind.

► By analyzing the remains By analyzing the remains archaeologists find, they can draw archaeologists find, they can draw conclusions about long-ago people’s conclusions about long-ago people’s lives and culture.lives and culture.

Page 8: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Human OriginsHuman Origins

►Based on bones and footprints that have Based on bones and footprints that have been found, many experts believe that been found, many experts believe that hominids are early ancestors of humans. hominids are early ancestors of humans. Anthropologists made several significant Anthropologists made several significant discoveries in East Africa.discoveries in East Africa.

► In 1959, Mary Leakey found hominid bones In 1959, Mary Leakey found hominid bones that were more than 1.5 million years old. that were more than 1.5 million years old.

►Donald Johanson uncovered an Donald Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine skeleton in Ethiopia that he Australopithecine skeleton in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.named Lucy.

Page 9: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Human OriginsHuman Origins

►Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and walked upright.walked upright.

► Recently, a French team in Central Africa Recently, a French team in Central Africa found 6-7 million-year-old remains with found 6-7 million-year-old remains with features from an Australopithecine and a features from an Australopithecine and a chimpanzee. chimpanzee.

►Louis Leakey found hominid remains he Louis Leakey found hominid remains he called Homo habilis, which he believed was called Homo habilis, which he believed was more closely related to modern humans more closely related to modern humans than Lucy.than Lucy.

Page 10: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Human OriginsHuman Origins

►A type of hominids called Homo erectus, or A type of hominids called Homo erectus, or “upright man,” appeared 2 to 1.5 million “upright man,” appeared 2 to 1.5 million years ago.years ago.

► More intelligent than earlier hominids, they More intelligent than earlier hominids, they used more advanced tools like flint hand used more advanced tools like flint hand axes. axes.

►Scientists also think that Homo erectus was Scientists also think that Homo erectus was the first hominid to control fire.the first hominid to control fire.

► Modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared Modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared 200,000 years ago in Africa.200,000 years ago in Africa.

Page 11: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Human OriginsHuman Origins

►Homo sapiens have larger brains than Homo sapiens have larger brains than earlier hominids, developed more earlier hominids, developed more sophisticated tools and shelters, and sophisticated tools and shelters, and eventually learned to create fire.eventually learned to create fire.

► Homo sapiens were probably also the Homo sapiens were probably also the first hominids to develop language.first hominids to develop language.

Page 12: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Spreading Around The WorldSpreading Around The World

► Early human ancestors began to migrate around Early human ancestors began to migrate around the world from Africa to Asia and beyond. the world from Africa to Asia and beyond.

► About 1.6 million years ago, long periods of About 1.6 million years ago, long periods of freezing temperatures caused ice sheets to cover freezing temperatures caused ice sheets to cover the land and lower ocean levels. the land and lower ocean levels.

► These times were called ice ages. They created These times were called ice ages. They created bridges of land between continents, which bridges of land between continents, which hominids could cross. hominids could cross.

► In time, hominids died out and early humans In time, hominids died out and early humans began to migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans began to migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on all continents except Antarctica.lived on all continents except Antarctica.

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Spreading Around The WorldSpreading Around The World►Two early groups of Homo sapiens that Two early groups of Homo sapiens that

developed as people moved around the developed as people moved around the world were Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. world were Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Neanderthals lived about 35,000 to Neanderthals lived about 35,000 to 150,000 years ago.150,000 years ago.

► Cro-Magnons appeared about 45,000 years Cro-Magnons appeared about 45,000 years ago. ago.

►They were physically identical to modern They were physically identical to modern humans. humans.

►They left behind fine tools, figurines, and They left behind fine tools, figurines, and cave art.cave art.

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Life In The Stone AgeLife In The Stone Age

►Early humans lived during the Stone Age, Early humans lived during the Stone Age, which is divided into three sections based which is divided into three sections based on the kinds of tools used at the time. on the kinds of tools used at the time.

►The first part of the Stone Age is called The first part of the Stone Age is called the Paleolithic Era, a time in which people the Paleolithic Era, a time in which people used tools made of stone. used tools made of stone.

► People lived as nomads, moving from People lived as nomads, moving from place to place following migrating animal place to place following migrating animal herds.herds.

Page 15: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Life In The Stone AgeLife In The Stone Age

►As the Stone Age continued, new technology As the Stone Age continued, new technology helped early humans survive and improve helped early humans survive and improve life. life.

►People made tools from chipped stones, People made tools from chipped stones, wood, and bone.wood, and bone.

► They invented spears for easier hunting. They invented spears for easier hunting. ►Other technological developments included Other technological developments included

the bow and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, the bow and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, needles for sewing clothes from animal needles for sewing clothes from animal skins, and shelters called pit-houses.skins, and shelters called pit-houses.

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Life In The Stone AgeLife In The Stone Age

► Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers because Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers because they hunted animals and gathered the fruit, seeds, they hunted animals and gathered the fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for food. and nuts of wild plants for food.

► People also made art as well as musical instruments.People also made art as well as musical instruments.► Elaborate images of people and animals were Elaborate images of people and animals were

painted on rocks and in caves. painted on rocks and in caves. ► They may have been created to honor the spirits of They may have been created to honor the spirits of

the people and animals, a belief called animism. the people and animals, a belief called animism. ► Figures were also carved out of many different Figures were also carved out of many different

materials such as animal teeth and bone.materials such as animal teeth and bone.

Page 17: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

The New Stone AgeThe New Stone Age

►After the Paleolithic Era came the After the Paleolithic Era came the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age. Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age.

►People learned to make tools and People learned to make tools and weapons with sharper edges, which weapons with sharper edges, which led to the development of chisels, led to the development of chisels, drills, and saws.drills, and saws.

Page 18: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Development of AgricultureDevelopment of Agriculture

►The lives of early people changed The lives of early people changed dramatically about 10,000 years ago. dramatically about 10,000 years ago.

►People began to grow crops. By growing People began to grow crops. By growing their food instead of just hunting their food instead of just hunting animals and gathering food, early animals and gathering food, early people greatly improved their chances people greatly improved their chances of survival and forever changed history.of survival and forever changed history.

► The shift to farming is called the The shift to farming is called the Neolithic Revolution.Neolithic Revolution.

Page 19: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Development of AgricultureDevelopment of Agriculture►Farming started around the time the last ice Farming started around the time the last ice

age ended. age ended. ►Wild grains such as barley and wheat Wild grains such as barley and wheat

appeared due to the warmer weather. appeared due to the warmer weather. ►People began to gather the wild grains for People began to gather the wild grains for

food. food. ►This new food source caused the This new food source caused the

populations to grow and need even more populations to grow and need even more food.food.

► In time, people experimented with planting In time, people experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm.seeds and learned to farm.

Page 20: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Development of AgricultureDevelopment of Agriculture

►Then, people began to practice Then, people began to practice domestication, the selective growing domestication, the selective growing or breeding of plants and animals to or breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful to humans. make them more useful to humans.

►Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were also pigs, and sheep were also domesticated.domesticated.

Page 21: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Development of AgricultureDevelopment of Agriculture

►Farming spread around the world at Farming spread around the world at different rates. different rates.

►Some areas had plants and animals Some areas had plants and animals that were easier to domesticate than that were easier to domesticate than those in other places. those in other places.

►Locations with similar climates Locations with similar climates transitioned to farming at about the transitioned to farming at about the same time, such as China and Central same time, such as China and Central America.America.

Page 22: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►Agriculture allowed the world population Agriculture allowed the world population to grow by providing a better food supply. to grow by providing a better food supply.

► It also change people’s way of life. It also change people’s way of life. ► Some people became pastoralists, Some people became pastoralists,

ranging over wide areas and keeping ranging over wide areas and keeping herds of livestock to use for food and herds of livestock to use for food and other materials.other materials.

► Others began staying in the same place Others began staying in the same place and settling into permanent villages.and settling into permanent villages.

Page 23: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

► By about 7000 BC some settlements grew By about 7000 BC some settlements grew into towns. into towns.

►Now, instead of hunting and gathering food, Now, instead of hunting and gathering food, many people worked in the fields and tended many people worked in the fields and tended livestock. livestock.

►Since more food was available, some people Since more food was available, some people could spend more time doing activities other could spend more time doing activities other than food production.than food production.

► For example, some people became skilled at For example, some people became skilled at making crafts or tools. making crafts or tools.

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Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

► As people produced extra food and products, As people produced extra food and products, trade increased.trade increased.

► Settlements traded with each other to obtain Settlements traded with each other to obtain materials and products they lacked.materials and products they lacked.

► Societies became more complex and prosperous, Societies became more complex and prosperous, and differences in social status began to emerge.and differences in social status began to emerge.

► Some people gained more wealth and influence Some people gained more wealth and influence than others. than others.

► Others rose to positions of authority such as Others rose to positions of authority such as overseeing the planting and harvesting or running overseeing the planting and harvesting or running building projects.building projects.

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Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

► Because men performed the heavier work in Because men performed the heavier work in farming, they often held positions of authority. farming, they often held positions of authority.

► As a result, men began to gain dominance As a result, men began to gain dominance and status over women in many agricultural and status over women in many agricultural societies.societies.

► Societies began to build structures such as Societies began to build structures such as megaliths for religious purposes.megaliths for religious purposes.

► Megaliths are huge stone monuments that Megaliths are huge stone monuments that some Neolithic people in Europe built for some Neolithic people in Europe built for burial or spiritual purposes.burial or spiritual purposes.

Page 26: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►Agricultural societies also had some Agricultural societies also had some negative effects. negative effects.

►Warfare increased as societies fought Warfare increased as societies fought over land and resources.over land and resources.

► Crop failures made life difficult for Crop failures made life difficult for people dependent on farming. people dependent on farming.

►Disease increased and spread rapidly Disease increased and spread rapidly among groups of people.among groups of people.

Page 27: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►Technology continued to develop. Technology continued to develop. ►Animals pulled plows to produce larger Animals pulled plows to produce larger

fields of crops. fields of crops. ►Pestles and grindstones were used to Pestles and grindstones were used to

prepare grains. prepare grains. ►Pottery was used for cooking and storing Pottery was used for cooking and storing

food.food.► Wool from goats and sheep was weaved Wool from goats and sheep was weaved

into cloth.into cloth.

Page 28: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►When people began to use metal the When people began to use metal the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age. Age.

►Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin that produces objects that are that produces objects that are stronger and harder than copper stronger and harder than copper alone. alone.

Page 29: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey is Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey is an example of a Neolithic village.an example of a Neolithic village.

► Some 5,000 to 6,000 people lived Some 5,000 to 6,000 people lived there around 6000 BC.there around 6000 BC.

► The village covered more than 30 The village covered more than 30 acres, making it the largest Neolithic acres, making it the largest Neolithic site that archaeologists have found.site that archaeologists have found.

Page 30: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►Our knowledge of Neolithic societies Our knowledge of Neolithic societies continues to increase due to recent continues to increase due to recent discoveries. discoveries.

► In 1991 in the Italian Alps a 5,300 year-In 1991 in the Italian Alps a 5,300 year-old frozen hunter nicknamed Otzi the old frozen hunter nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was found by hikers. Iceman was found by hikers.

►The cold had preserved his clothing and The cold had preserved his clothing and belongings, adding to scholars’ belongings, adding to scholars’ information about this time period.information about this time period.

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From Villages to CitiesFrom Villages to Cities

► Over time, farmers worked to increase the food Over time, farmers worked to increase the food production of their farms. production of their farms.

► Their most important advance was the irrigation Their most important advance was the irrigation system, a network of canals or ditches linking system, a network of canals or ditches linking crop fields to streams or to water storage basins. crop fields to streams or to water storage basins.

► Irrigation enabled people to farm more land in Irrigation enabled people to farm more land in drier conditions, producing more food.drier conditions, producing more food.

► Some farmers began to produce a surplus, or Some farmers began to produce a surplus, or excess, of food. excess, of food.

► Surplus food allowed villages to support larger Surplus food allowed villages to support larger populations.populations.

Page 32: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

From Villages To CitiesFrom Villages To Cities

► Now that fewer people were needed to Now that fewer people were needed to produce food, some people could devote produce food, some people could devote all of their time to specialized jobs like all of their time to specialized jobs like making tools or weapons. making tools or weapons.

►Others became weavers, potters, or Others became weavers, potters, or religious leaders. religious leaders.

►Division of labor refers to the economic Division of labor refers to the economic arrangement that allows workers to arrangement that allows workers to specialize in a particular job or task.specialize in a particular job or task.

Page 33: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

From Villages to CitiesFrom Villages to Cities

►Division of labor is different than the Division of labor is different than the system of traditional economies that early system of traditional economies that early farming villages had used. farming villages had used.

► In a traditional economy, custom, tradition, In a traditional economy, custom, tradition, or ritual is the basis of economic decisions. or ritual is the basis of economic decisions.

►Having surplus food allowed villages to Having surplus food allowed villages to grow into cities because not everyone had grow into cities because not everyone had to farm. to farm.

►Cities differ from early villages in four Cities differ from early villages in four ways.ways.

Page 34: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

From Villages to CitiesFrom Villages to Cities► First, they are larger and more populated. First, they are larger and more populated. ► Second, city populations usually included many Second, city populations usually included many

unrelated people who came from a wide area. unrelated people who came from a wide area. ► Third, most early cities had a defined center Third, most early cities had a defined center

containing palaces, temples, government containing palaces, temples, government buildings, marketplaces, and defined boundaries, buildings, marketplaces, and defined boundaries, often marked by defensive walls. often marked by defensive walls.

► Fourth, early cities served as centers of trade for Fourth, early cities served as centers of trade for merchants and farmers from the surrounding merchants and farmers from the surrounding villages. villages.

► The first known city was Uruk, located between The first known city was Uruk, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. Iraq.

Page 35: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

The First CivilizationsThe First Civilizations

► Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out of Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out of early cities. early cities.

► The first civilizations grew up along river valleys The first civilizations grew up along river valleys that had enough fertile land to produce food to that had enough fertile land to produce food to support a growing population.support a growing population.

► Civilizations use record keeping and have social Civilizations use record keeping and have social classes, specialization of labor, government, classes, specialization of labor, government, religion, and arts. religion, and arts.

►Major cities in early river valley civilizations Major cities in early river valley civilizations include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris and include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis on Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis on the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on the the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus River in India, and Anyang near the Huang Indus River in India, and Anyang near the Huang He in China.He in China.

Page 36: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

The First CivilizationsThe First Civilizations

►Governments in the first civilizations Governments in the first civilizations created laws and systems of justice, created laws and systems of justice, gathered taxes, and organized defense.gathered taxes, and organized defense.

► Religious institutions included priests Religious institutions included priests who performed rituals, such as sacrificing who performed rituals, such as sacrificing animals, to try to gain the gods’ favor. animals, to try to gain the gods’ favor.

►Priests often became powerful and Priests often became powerful and closely connected with governments.closely connected with governments.

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The First CivilizationsThe First Civilizations

► As cities grew, the division of labor increased, As cities grew, the division of labor increased, and many new jobs developed. and many new jobs developed.

► Skilled craft workers, or artisans, created useful Skilled craft workers, or artisans, created useful everyday objects such as baskets and pottery.everyday objects such as baskets and pottery.

► Over time, clear social classes emerged.Over time, clear social classes emerged.► Rulers and priests had the highest positions, Rulers and priests had the highest positions,

followed by merchants, artisans, farmers and followed by merchants, artisans, farmers and unskilled workers. unskilled workers.

► Slaves often formed the bottom of the social Slaves often formed the bottom of the social order.order.

Page 38: The Beginnings of Civilization-One

The First CivilizationsThe First Civilizations

►Systems of writing developed about 5,000 Systems of writing developed about 5,000 years ago in order to keep records such as years ago in order to keep records such as tax records. tax records.

►Calendars developed to help farmers keep Calendars developed to help farmers keep track of the changing seasons.track of the changing seasons.

► Most public buildings in large cities Most public buildings in large cities featured elaborate statues of gods and featured elaborate statues of gods and rulers. rulers.

►Art and architecture reflected the wealth Art and architecture reflected the wealth and power of the city and its leaders.and power of the city and its leaders.

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Changes in CivilizationsChanges in Civilizations► Civilizations constantly changed once they were Civilizations constantly changed once they were

established. established. ► Something as simple as the weather could help a Something as simple as the weather could help a

city grow…or destroy it with drought.city grow…or destroy it with drought.► People still had to deal with disease and warfare. People still had to deal with disease and warfare. ► Early civilizations met challenges with new Early civilizations met challenges with new

technologies and knowledge from other societies. technologies and knowledge from other societies. ► Trade, migration, and invasion led to cultural Trade, migration, and invasion led to cultural

diffusion. diffusion. ► For example, artisans adopted styles from other For example, artisans adopted styles from other

civilizations and traders learned multiple civilizations and traders learned multiple languages.languages.

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Changes in CivilizationChanges in Civilization

►Civilizations went to war to control rich Civilizations went to war to control rich farmland, important sea ports, or regions with farmland, important sea ports, or regions with valuable resources.valuable resources.

► Through conquest, civilizations expanded Through conquest, civilizations expanded their control over land and people. their control over land and people.

►Conflicts also arose between civilizations and Conflicts also arose between civilizations and nomadic groups, who sometimes launched nomadic groups, who sometimes launched raids on villages and cities.raids on villages and cities.

► Further conflicts also arose as nomads and Further conflicts also arose as nomads and farmers competed over land.farmers competed over land.