Unit 11 Scientific achievements

构词法构词法 规则规则 例证例证转化转化 由一个词类转化为另一词类由一个词类转化为另一词类 water -waterwater -water

派生派生 加前缀构成另一个词加前缀构成另一个词 happy - happy - unhappyunhappy

加后缀构成另一个词加后缀构成另一个词 happy - happy - happinesshappiness

加前后缀构成另一个词加前后缀构成另一个词 happy - happy - unhappilyunhappily

合成合成 由两个或更多词合成另一词由两个或更多词合成另一词 breakthroughbreakthrough

截短法截短法 把一个词前部分截去把一个词前部分截去 aeroplane - planaeroplane - planee

把一个词后部分截去把一个词后部分截去 advertisement advertisement - ad- ad

把一个词前后各截去一部分把一个词前后各截去一部分 influenza - fluinfluenza - flu

混合混合 两个词各取一部分合成一词两个词各取一部分合成一词 breakfast and lubreakfast and lunch –brunch (nch –brunch ( 早早午餐午餐 ))

缩写缩写 CSA – Chinese Space Agency (CSA – Chinese Space Agency ( 中国航天局中国航天局 ))

英语构词法英语构词法 –前缀（ –前缀（ 11 ）） 掌握一些英语构词法，对单词的记忆和理掌握一些英语构词法，对单词的记忆和理

解有很大的帮助，下面笔者列举一些常用解有很大的帮助，下面笔者列举一些常用的词缀和词根。的词缀和词根。

常见的前缀常见的前缀

1.1. 表示否定意义的前缀表示否定意义的前缀 1) 1) 纯否定前缀纯否定前缀dis-dis- dishonest, dislike dishonest, dislikein-, ig-, il, im, ir,in-, ig-, il, im, ir, inability, ignoble( inability, ignoble( 卑微的卑微的 ), i), impossible, illegal, irregular(mpossible, illegal, irregular( 不规则的不规则的 ))ne-, n-ne-, n-, none, neither, never, none, neither, nevernon-non-, nonsense(, nonsense( 无意义的事无意义的事 ,, 胡说八道胡说八道 ))negneg-, neglect(-, neglect( 不注意不注意 ,, 疏忽疏忽 ))un-un- unable unable

2)     2)      表示错误的意义表示错误的意义 male-, mal-male-, mal-,, malfunction(malfunction( 故障故障 ), mal), mal

adjustment(adjustment( 失调失调 )) mis-mis-,, mislead(mislead( 带错路带错路 ,, 使误解使误解 ))

3)     3)      表示反动作的意思表示反动作的意思

dis-,dis-, disconnectdisconnect un-un-, uncover, uncover  

4)    4)     表示相反，相互对立意表示相反，相互对立意思思

anti-, ant-anti-, ant- antiforeign,(antiforeign,( 排外的排外的 )) contra-, contre-, contro-,contra-, contre-, contro-, controfcontrof

low(low( 逆流逆流 )) counter-, counter-, counterpoison ,(counterpoison ,( 抗 毒抗 毒

剂剂 )) with-,with-, withdraw(withdraw( 撤退撤退 ))

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀 1) 1) a- a- 表示“在……之上”，“向…表示“在……之上”，“向…

…”…” aboard, aboard, 2) 2) by-by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧”表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypass(bypass( 弯路弯路 ))3) 3) circum-, circu-,circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环表示“周围，环

绕，回转”绕，回转” ， ， circumstance(circumstance( 环境环境 ))

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

4) 4) de-,de-, 表示“在下，向下”表示“在下，向下”Degrade(Degrade( 使降级使降级 ))5) 5) en-,en-, 表示“在内，进入”表示“在内，进入”encage, (encage, ( 把…关在笼中把…关在笼中 ,, 禁闭禁闭 ))6) 6) ex-, ec-, es-,ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部，外”表示“外部，外”exportexport

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

7)7) extra-, extra-, 表示“…外的”表示“…外的” extraartistic extraartistic （与艺术无关的）（与艺术无关的） 8) 8) fore- fore- 表示“在前面”表示“在前面” foreheadforehead9) 9) in-, il-, im-, ir-,in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于”表示“向内，在内，背于”inside, importinside, import

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

10)10) inter-, intel-,inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相表示“在……间，相互”互”

international, internetinternational, internet11)11) intro-,intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧”表示“向内，在内，内侧”Introscope (Introscope ( 内窥镜内窥镜 ))12)12) medi-, med-, mid-,medi-, med-, mid-, 表 示 “ 中 ， 中表 示 “ 中 ， 中

间”间”Midsummer (Midsummer ( 仲夏仲夏 ))

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

13)13) out-,out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”表示“在上面，在外部，在外”, outside, outward, outside, outward 14)14) over-,over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向表示“在上面，在外部，向

上”上”overheadoverhead 15)15) post-,post-, 表示表示 "" 向后，在后边，次”向后，在后边，次”Postposition (Postposition ( 后置后置 )) ，，

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

16)16) pre-,pre-, 表示表示 "" 在前”在前面”在前”在前面”Preposition(Preposition( 介词介词 ))17)17) pro-,pro-, 表示“在前，向前”表示“在前，向前” progressprogress18)18) sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, susub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, su

p-, sur-, sus-,p-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”表示“在下面，下” subway, submarine(subway, submarine( 潜水艇潜水艇 ))

2. 2.  表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀

19)19) super-, sur-,super-, sur-, 表示“在…表示“在… .... 之上”之上”SurfaceSurface 20)20) trans-,trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一表示“移上，转上，在那一

边”边” translate, transform(translate, transform( 变形变形 ,, 变换变换 ))21)21) under-,under-, 表示“在表示“在…… .... 下面，下的”下面，下的” uu

nderline, underground, underwaternderline, underground, underwater  22)22) up-,up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”表示“向上，向上面，在上” upward, uphill(upward, uphill( 上坡上坡 ))  

英语构词法英语构词法 –前缀（ –前缀（ 22 ））

3. 3. 表示时间，序列关系的前缀表示时间，序列关系的前缀1) 1) ex- ex-, , 表示“先，故，旧”表示“先，故，旧”exhusbandexhusband2) 2) fore-,fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前表示“在前面，先前，前

面”面”foreward, foretell(foreward, foretell( 预言预言 ))

3. 3.  表示时间，序列关系的前表示时间，序列关系的前缀缀4)4) mid-, medi-,mid-, medi-, 表示“中，中间”表示“中，中间”

MidnightMidnight5) 5) post- post-"" 表示“在后，后”表示“在后，后”postwar,postwar,6) 6) pre-, pri-,pre-, pri-, 表示“在前，事先，表示“在前，事先，预先”预先”prewar, prehistoryprewar, prehistory

3. 3.  表示时间，序列关系的前缀表示时间，序列关系的前缀

  7) 7) re-,re-, 表示“再一次，重新”表示“再一次，重新” retell, rewriteretell, rewrite

4. 4.  表示表示比较程度差别关系比较程度差别关系的前缀的前缀1) 1) by-,by-, 表示“副，次要的”表示“副，次要的”bywork(bywork( 副业副业 ))2) 2) extra-extra-,, 表示“超越，额外”表示“超越，额外” extraordinary,extraordinary,3) 3) out-out-,, 表示“超过，过分”表示“超过，过分” outdo(outdo( 超过超过 ))4) 4) over-over- ，表示“超过，过度，太”，表示“超过，过度，太” overeat, oversleepovereat, oversleep  

4. 4.  表示表示比较程度差别关系比较程度差别关系的前缀的前缀6)6) sub-, suc-, sur-sub-, suc-, sur-, , 表示“低，次，副，亚”表示“低，次，副，亚”subtropical(subtropical( 亚热带亚热带 ))7) 7) super-, sur-super-, sur- 表示“超过”表示“超过”supernature, superpowersupernature, superpower8) 8) under- under-,, 表示“低劣，低下”表示“低劣，低下”undergrown(undergrown( 发育不全的发育不全的 ), ), underproduction(underproduction( 生产不足生产不足 ))9)9) vice- vice- 表示“副，次”表示“副，次”vicepresident, vicechairmanvicepresident, vicechairman

5. 5.  表示表示共同、相等意思共同、相等意思的前缀的前缀

1) 1) com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co-com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表 示表 示“共同，一起”。“共同，一起”。

combine, collect, co-operatecombine, collect, co-operate2) 2) syn-, syl-,sym-syn-, syl-,sym-,, 表示“同，共，和，表示“同，共，和，

类”类”sympathysympathy

6. 6.  表示表示整个完全意思整个完全意思的前缀的前缀

1 )1 ) al- al- 表示“完整，完全” 表示“完整，完全” altogetheraltogether2 )2 )over-over- 表示“完全，全” 表示“完全，全” overalloverall))

7. 7.  表示表示分离，离开意思意思分离，离开意思意思的前缀的前缀

1) 1) a- ab-, abs-a- ab-, abs-,, 表示“分离，离开” 表示“分离，离开” away, away, apart,apart,

2)2) de- de- 表示“离去，处去” 表示“离去，处去” departdepart3)3) dis-, di-, dif-,dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离，离开”表示“分离，离开” disdis

arm(arm( 缴械缴械 ))  

7. 7.  表示表示分离，离开意思意思分离，离开意思意思的前缀的前缀

4) 4) ex-, e-,ex-, e-, 表示“离开，分离” 表示“离开，分离” exclexclude(ude( 拒绝拒绝 ,, 除去除去 ))

5) 5) for- for- 表示“离开，脱离” 表示“离开，脱离” forget, fforget, forgiveorgive

8. 8.  表示通过，遍及意思的前缀表示通过，遍及意思的前缀 1)1) dia- dia-,, 表示“通过，横过” 表示“通过，横过” diameter, diameter,

(( 直径直径 ))2)2) per-, pel-, per-, pel-, 表示“通，总，遍” 表示“通，总，遍” perfperf

ect, ect, 3)3) trans- trans-, , 表示“横过，贯通” 表示“横过，贯通” trtranspacific (anspacific ( 横渡太平洋的横渡太平洋的 ))

英语构词法英语构词法 –前缀（ –前缀（ 33 ））

9. 9. 表示加强意思的前缀表示加强意思的前缀 a-,a-, arousearousead- ad- adhere( adhere( 粘着粘着 ))

10. 10.  表示变换词类作用的前缀表示变换词类作用的前缀 be-,be-, befriend, vt.befriend, vt.

en-en-, , enable, enrich vt.enable, enrich vt.

11. 11.  表示数量关系的前缀表示数量关系的前缀

1) 1) 表示“单一”，“一”表示“单一”，“一”mon-, mon-, monotone(monotone( 单调单调 ) ) uni-, un-uni-, un-, uniform, uniform

11. 11.  表示数量关系的前缀表示数量关系的前缀

  2) 2) 表示“二，两，双” 表示“二，两，双” bi-, bin-bi-, bin- bicycle, bicycle,

11. 11.  表示数量关系的前缀表示数量关系的前缀

  3) 3) 表示“十” 表示“十” deca, dec-,deca, dec-, decade, decade, 4) 4) 表示表示 "" 百，百分子一百，百分子一 " " centi-centi-, centimeter, centimeter

11. 11.  表示数量关系的前缀表示数量关系的前缀

    5) 5) 表示表示 "" 千，千分子一”千，千分子一” kilo-kilo-,, kilomkilometereter

6) 6) 表示表示 "" 万，万分子一”万，万分子一” micro-micro-, microgram, microgram

11. 11.  表示数量关系的前缀表示数量关系的前缀

        7) 7) 表示表示 "" 许多，复，多数”许多，复，多数”multi-, mult-multi-, mult-, multicolor , multicolor

12. 12.  表示特殊意义的前缀表示特殊意义的前缀

  1) 1) auto-,auto-, 表示“自己，独立，自动” 表示“自己，独立，自动” aautomobileutomobile

2) 2) bene- bene-, , 表示“善，福” 表示“善，福” benefitbenefit 3)3) micro- micro-, , 表示“微” 表示“微” microscopemicroscope

13. 13.  表示术语的前缀表示术语的前缀

  1) 1) aud-aud-, , 表示“听，声” 表示“听，声” audience,audience, 2) 2) bio-bio-, , 表示“生命，生物” 表示“生命，生物” biography(biography( 传记传记 )) 3) 3) ge-ge-, , 表示“地球，大地” 表示“地球，大地” geographygeography 4) 4) tele-tele-, , 表示“远离” 表示“远离” television, teletelevision, tele

phonephone

后 缀后 缀 例 词例 词

名名

词词

                        --er ….. --er ….. 者者 runner , runner , swimmerswimmer

                      -ese….-ese…. 地方的人地方的人 Chinese, JapaneseChinese, Japanese    -ian -ian 精通…的人精通…的人 , …, … 地地方人方人

musician, Russianmusician, Russian

                      -ist -ist 专业人员专业人员 artist, pianistartist, pianist                      ----ment ment 性质性质 ,,状状态态

government, government, movement movement

                      -- ness -- ness 性质性质 , , 状状态态

business, business, happinesshappiness

                      -- or ….-- or …. 者者 visitor , professorvisitor , professor

    --tion--tion 表示动作表示动作 ,, 过程过程 ,,结结果果

pollution , pollution , suggestionsuggestion

-ship ..-ship .. 的状态的状态 ,,身分身分 ,,职位 职位

friendship friendship

后 缀后 缀 例 词例 词

名名

词词

                        -age-age shortage shortage                       -ance -ence-ance -ence confidence confidence       --ant--ant assistantassistant                      -ary-ary dictionarydictionary                      ----dom dom 状况状况 ,,领域领域 freedom, kingdom freedom, kingdom

                      -- ess -- ess 女的女的 ,,母母的的

lionesslioness

                      -- ful -- ful 充满…的充满…的量量

mouthful mouthful

    --ory --ory 从事某活动的地从事某活动的地方方

laboratorylaboratory

形容词形容词 :: -able -able 显示…性质显示…性质 ,, 特点特点 fashionable fashionable 可可被…的被…的 ,,适于…的适于…的 eatableeatable

-al-al magical magical -ary-ary planetary ( planetary ( 有关行星的有关行星的 )) -ed-ed 有…特征的 有…特征的 talented talented -en -en 用…做成的用…做成的 goldengolden -form -form 具有…形状或特征的具有…形状或特征的 uniform uniform -ful -ful 具有…性质的具有…性质的 peaceful peaceful

-ial -ial 有… 特点的 有… 特点的 dictatorial dictatorial 独裁者的独裁者的 -ic-ic romantic romantic -ish -ish 象…一样的象…一样的 , , 似…的似…的 childish childish 有点…有点…

的的 reddishreddish -ive -ive 有… 性质的有… 性质的 activeactive -less-less treeless treeless -like-like childlike childlike -ly -ly 有…性质的有…性质的 friendly friendly 每…一次每…一次 yearlyyearly -ous-ous 有…性质的有…性质的 poisonous poisonous -y-y dusty dusty

动词动词 : : --fy (fy ( 使…化使…化 ) ; -ize) ; -ize ( ( 使…成为使…成为 )) e.g. simplifye.g. simplify(( 简化简化 )) , satisfy , realize , organize , satisfy , realize , organize

-en -en 使变成使变成 e.g. blackene.g. blacken

副词副词 ::   - ly- ly 表示方式表示方式 ,, 程度程度 : : freely ,badly ,trulyfreely ,badly ,truly --ward (s)ward (s) 表示方向表示方向 ::towards, forward, outwardtowards, forward, outward

数词数词 :: - teen- teen 十十 fourteen, eighteenfourteen, eighteen --tyty 整十位数整十位数 forty ,fifty forty ,fifty --thth 序数词序数词 fifth fifth

22.. 合成词合成词(1)(1) 合成名词合成名词 :: ①① 名词名词 (( 代词代词 ) +) + 名词名词 spaceshipspaceship

②② 名词名词 ++ 动名词动名词 machine-building machine-building ( ( 机械制造机械制造 )) ③ ③ 名词名词 ++ 及物动词及物动词 +er(or)+er(or) pain-killer pain-killer (( 止痛止痛

药药 )) ④ ④ 形容词形容词 ++ 名词名词 highway highway

⑥ ⑥ 及物动词及物动词 ++ 名词名词 breakfastbreakfast

⑦ ⑦ 动词动词 ++ 副词副词 turn-offturn-off

⑵⑵ 合成形容词合成形容词①① 形容词形容词 (( 数词数词 )+)+ 名词名词 + ed+ ed cold-bloodedcold-blooded

②② 名词名词 ++ 名词 名词 +ed+ed potato-shaped potato-shaped 马铃薯形式的马铃薯形式的③③ 名词名词 (( 代词代词 )+)+ 分词分词 hand-madehand-made

④④ 名词名词 (( 代词代词 )+)+ 形容词形容词 color-blind color-blind 色盲的色盲的⑤⑤ 形容词形容词 (( 数词数词 )+)+ 名词名词 // 分词分词 left-hand , good-lookingleft-hand , good-looking

⑥⑥ 副词副词 ++ 分词分词 // 形容词形容词 hard-working ,ever-green treehard-working ,ever-green tree

⑦⑦ 动词动词 ++ 副词副词 see-throughsee-through

⑧ ⑧ 介词介词 ++ 名词名词 downhill downhill 下坡的下坡的

(3) (3) 合成动词合成动词

①① 副词副词 ++ 动词动词 ill-treat ill-treat 虐待虐待②② 名词名词 (( 代词代词 )+)+ 动词动词 mass-produce mass-produce 大规模生大规模生

产产③③ 形容词形容词 ++ 动词动词 safe-guardsafe-guard 保卫保卫

⑷⑷.. 合成副词合成副词

①① 副词副词 ++ 副词副词 however however

②② 代词代词 ++ 副词副词 anywhereanywhere

③ ③ 副词副词 ++ 名词名词 downstairsdownstairs

④④ 形容词形容词 ++ 名词名词 anyway anyway (( 无论如何无论如何 ))

⑸⑸.. 合成代词合成代词

some ,any, no,some ,any, no, 可以与可以与 -thing, -one, -body-thing, -one, -body 合成代词合成代词 ..

如如 : : anybody , somethinganybody , something

Practice (grammar)Practice (grammar) word formationword formation

1.That man was________enough not to 1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do tell the manager that he would not do the job.the job.

A.careA.care　 　 　 　 B.carefulB.careful　　　　C.carelessC.careless　　　　 D.carelessnessD.carelessness

2.The soldier died for saving the 2.The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.Mount Tai.

A.dieA.die B.deadB.dead C.diedC.died D.deathD.death 3.He is an expert at chemistry.We all 3.He is an expert at chemistry.We all

call him a ________.call him a ________. A.chemistryA.chemistryB.chemicalB.chemical C.chemistC.chemist

D.physicianD.physician

4.The three- ________chair isn't suitable fo4.The three- ________chair isn't suitable for a young child.He may fall off.r a young child.He may fall off.

A.leggingA.legging B.leggedB.legged C.legsC.legs D.legedD.leged legged adj legged adj 有腿的有腿的 5.Stephenson became the________railway 5.Stephenson became the________railway

engineer in the world.engineer in the world. A.leadA.lead B.leaderB.leader C.leadingC.leading D.leadeD.leade

rshiprship 6.To everyone's ________,the girl finished 6.To everyone's ________,the girl finished

the job quite well.the job quite well. A.satisfiedA.satisfied B.satisfactoryB.satisfactory(adj(adj)) C.sC.s

atisfyingatisfying D.satisfactionD.satisfaction

7. 7. －－What are you doing here?What are you doing here? －－ Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passaOh,my teacher asked me to write a passa

ge about ________in English.ge about ________in English. －－ You can write________passage in English?You can write________passage in English? A.600 words‘s 600-wordsA.600 words‘s 600-words　　 B.600-word;a 600-wB.600-word;a 600-w

ords C.600 words;a 600-wordords C.600 words;a 600-word　　 D.600 words;a 600-wordsD.600 words;a 600-words 8.No one should enter the spot without the_____8.No one should enter the spot without the_____

___of the police.___of the police. A.permit B.permissionA.permit B.permission C.permittingD.permittenceC.permittingD.permittence 9.You must come with us to the police ________.9.You must come with us to the police ________.

Our head is waiting for you.Our head is waiting for you. A.headquartersA.headquarters B.headlineB.headline C.headmasterC.headmaster

D.headacheD.headache

10.Letting that animal escape was no 10.Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________.accident;you did it ________.

A.intendA.intend B.intentionB.intention C.intentionC.intentionally ally 　　 D.intentionalD.intentional

11.The________ordered him to pay a 11.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.$100 fine.

A.judgerA.judger B.judgmentB.judgment C.judgeC.judge D.jD.judgementudgement

12.My TV is out of order.Can you tell 12.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Irme what is the________news about Iraq War? aq War?

A.latelyB.latestC.later D.latter.A.latelyB.latestC.later D.latter. 后面的后面的

13.Canada is mainly an________country.13.Canada is mainly an________country. A.English-speakingA.English-speaking B.speak-EngB.speak-Eng

lishlish C.spoken-EnglishC.spoken-English D.English-spokenD.English-spoken 14.How________ he is! He is always actin14.How________ he is! He is always actin

g________.He is really a ________.g________.He is really a ________. A.foolish;foolishly;foolA.foolish;foolishly;fool B.fool;fB.fool;f

oolish;fooloolish;fool C.foolish;fool;foolC.foolish;fool;fool D.foolishly;fD.foolishly;f

oolish;fooloolish;fool 15.The necklace that she lost is very expe15.The necklace that she lost is very expe

nsive.It's of great ________.nsive.It's of great ________. A.valuableA.valuable B.valueB.value C.valuelessC.valueless

D.unvaluableD.unvaluable

Do you know any famous scientists in the world? What do you know about the contributions to the world?

Now look at the following pictures and see how much you know about them.

Newton

Galileo

Edison

Watt Curie

Bell

Franklin

Einstein

Nobel

Flaming

Hawking

Joule

杨振宁 李政道 丁肇中

李远哲 朱棣文 崔 琦

王 选

袁隆平

钱学森 陈景润

Louis Pasteur

1822-1895

Germs

John Snow

1813-1858

Spread of disease

Florence Nightingale

1820-1910

Pie chart

Chemists

Mendeleev

1834-1907 Periodic Table of elements

Gay-Lussac

1778-1850

Gas Laws

Watson Crick

DNA

Beatrix Potter

1866-1943

Seeds of mushrooms

Charles Darwin

1809-1882

Evolution

Carl Linnaeus

1707-1778

Naming plants

Biology

He is the man who first invented the bulb. Edison

Alexander Bell electricity

Thomas Edison the First telephone

Laite Brothers the electric Lamp

Madame Curie black holes in Universe

Franklin Theory of Gravity

Steven Hawking the First Plane

Elbert Einstein Radium

Isaac Newton the Theory of Relativity

Do you know any history of some scientific inventions or achievements? Look at the following pictures and see how much you know about them.

"Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. 

Do you know who invented the first computer in the world?

The first of the modern automobiles was designed by Karl Benz in 1885.

America's first automobile was built by Charles and Frank Duryea, two bicycle makers.

Emile Levassor and Rene Panhard (France) established the present design of cars - with the engine in front.

Discussion:

1.These are some great scientific achievements that have changed the world . Which one do you think is the most important ? Why ?

2.What are some other scientific achievements that you think are important?

3.Do these achievements have anything in common? If so , what?

Edison

Maglev Train

Issac Newton 1642-1727

Nuclear energy :

Advantages :

Can make all the electricity we nee;

Not pollute the environment

Disadvantages :

Great danger in case of accident;

very expensive to build;

Unsafe to all life if not controlled

Clone :

Advantages :

can help some women have babies;

can help medical research

Disadvantages :

not natural to make people

dangerous; people use it to do strange things

computer :

Advantages :

Easier to keep and use information better

Make communication faster

Disadvantages :

Unsafe because of viruses

Difficult to control when sth. goes wrong

Space flights :

Advantages :

Makes research outer space possible

Put communication satellites in space

Disadvantages :

Expensive and dangerous

If sth. goes wrong it is difficult to help and rescue people

achievemachievementent

Importance /ReasonsImportance /Reasons

electricitelectricityy

carscars

radio and radio and televisiontelevision

the the internetinternet

cloning cloning

*without it ,without modern industry

*make transportation easy and convenient. *people can live far away from where they work

*provide entertainment and education *let people know news and other information

* Provides education and entertainment * easy way for people to communicate with each other.

* Help us find cures for disease * may help save rare animals

solar solar energyenergy

aeroplaneaeroplanes s

The The Theory Theory of of Gravity Gravity

Nuclear Nuclear sciencescience

* clean and safe energy source, can help reduce pollution *may help build a cleaner and safer future

* people can travel across the world *mail and goods can be sent across the world

* helped people understand the world *helped advance science * can produce energy *can advance science

Do these achievements have Do these achievements have anything in common ? anything in common ?

If so, what ?If so, what ? They have a great effect on people’s life. They have a great effect on people’s life.

They change the lifestyle and make the human soThey change the lifestyle and make the human society move on and become more comfortable.ciety move on and become more comfortable.

They are all important and useful for the developThey are all important and useful for the development of mankind and society.ment of mankind and society.

They lead to new discoveries and advances in sciThey lead to new discoveries and advances in science ence

Wow! (Neil Armstrong was born on August 5,1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio )

As Armstrong became the first person to touch the Moon's surface, he spoke the unforgettable phrase, "That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind".

 Tomlinson, Ray (born 1941) : inventor of the first "killer app"

Ray Tomlinson created one of the biggest communications  phenomena almost by accident - e-mail.

1.The first listening and try to get the main idea of the whole passage.

a. The first astronaut to set foot on the moon.

b. Some famous scientists’ great scientific achievements.

c. Some famous first words said by some famous persons.

2. Which of the following is not right?

a. All famous first words aren’t always beautiful or wise.

b. The first e-mail message is “QWERTYUIOP”, sent by Ray Tomlinson, who wanted to tell his friend something important.

c. It was Alexander Bell who made the first telephone.

Listen to part 1 and complete the chart below.

Words Speaker Achievement

That’s one small step for a man ,one giant leap for mankind

Neil Armstrong

Mr Watson,__________; I want you.

Alexander G Bell

QWERTYUIOP Ray Tomlinson

Set foot on the moon first

Invented the telephone and made the first call

Sent first e-mail message

come here

Can you explain Tomlinson’s message? Can you explain Tomlinson’s message?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“QWERTYUIOP” are the first keys on a keyboard.

When Tomlinson wanted to send a test message, he simply typed in the first letters on his keyboard.

1.The words “________________________” are famous because they are the _______________ of The Constitution of the United States of America.

2.Eureka is a word from the ______ language and means _____________.

3.If you ask a father, he might say “ ___________”.

If you ask a mother, she might say “__________”.

We, the people

first words

Greek

I have found it

Daddy

Mommy

Part 2.

Listen to the 2nd part and fill in the blanks

1. Words can also become famous because they are used in important ___________.

2. Other words have been made famous through stories about great ________…. Archimedes is said to ______ ________ an important law of physics when he was taking a ______. Watching the water of his bath on the floor, he said “Eureka”, _______ “I have found it.”

3. Of course , perhaps the most famous and important words in the world are the first words a _____ speaks. Proud parents often tell their friends about the important event, but mothers and fathers _______ agree on what the first word was. Depending on who you ask, that word is either … Well, can you guess?

documents

events havediscovered

bathmeaning

baby

seldom

A Long March Rocket

Listening P 81

1. Yang Liwei’s mission lasted 21 hours.2. ..thousands of people have worked together to make it possible.

Yang Liwei’s mission was made possible by the team of scientists that have developed the Long March Rocket and the Shenzhou 5 Space Capsule.( 太空舱 )

3. The reporters asked Yang Liwei about

4. He said he had not seen the Great Wall.

Part 1

•his family • his background•what he had seen • his training

1.He had to learn maths, learn about the earth, the weather, how to recognize stars, and how to develop both his mind and his body. He had to prove that he was strong, intelligence and determined to succeed.

Part 2

2. He had difficulties with English. In order to improve his English, he asked his wife to help him and practise with him.

3. One day when he was flying his plane, one of the engines stopped. He tried to stay calm and did his best to get back safely. He had almost reached the airport when suddenly the second engine stopped too. He didn’t panic and managed to land the plane anyway.4. Brave, intelligence, calm, strong, heroic and determined

2.So what did Yang Liwei have to do in order to become an astronaut? First, he ____________ in school, where he was especially good at _____. After graduating, Yang Liwei _________ to be a fighter pilot. In order to be successful, he had to ______ both his ____ and his ____. To become an astronaut, he had to prove that he was ______, _______ and ___________ to succeed. He also had to learn about the ____, the ______, how to _______________, how rockets work and how to __________________ in space.

studied hard

maths was trained

develop mind body

strong intelligent determined earth

weather recognise stars find one’s way

Yang was always good at maths, but he had problems with _______. He knew that he must be good at ____________ if he wanted to be an astronaut, so he asked his wife to practice English with him. After much ___________, Yang succeeded and passes the _______________.Yang Liwei is a ____ man. People who have worked with him say he knows how to _______ _____. Once when Yang Liwei was flying a plane, one of the ______ stopped. Yang __________ and with great ____ managed to __________________.

English all subjects

hard work

English test brave

deal with danger

engines stayed calm skill keep the plane in the air

Just as he reached the airport, the ______ ______ stopped, too. Still ____, he landed safely without ____.Even though Yang Liwei has returned from space, his mission continues. He will continue his work in the ______________ and will tell people about ______ and his ________. He wants to inspire young people to ______ their ______ and work hard to make them ____________.

second engine calm

power

space programme space experience

follow dreams

come true

Speaking:

Work in groups of five. Four group members represent scientists who want to get money to complete their projects. Each scientist will introduce his or her project and explain why it is the most important. One member will listen to all the scientists and ask questions. At the end of the discussion, he or she must decide who will get the money and why.

Dr Wilson:Because the number of people infected

with AIDS is increasing at an astonishing speed. Some of them are

facing death. Dr Jones:

Because more and more people areexpecting to get organ transplant(器官移植 ) in order to prolong(延长） their

lives.

　 Dr Smith:This is important because many people die for lack of food. Dr Winfrey:This is a very important project because we are eager to know if there are signs of life on Mars and if we can live there.

Expressing intentions and wishes:

If I got the money, I would…

I want/wish/hope/intend/plan to…

My plan is to…

I hope that…

I’d like to…

I’m thinking of….

Finish the dialogue:Finish the dialogue:((W: Dr. Wilson S: Mr. W: Dr. Wilson S: Mr.

Smith)Smith)W: Hello, Mr. Smith, ____________________. W: Hello, Mr. Smith, ____________________. S: What are you ________________?S: What are you ________________?W: We are working on __________________.W: We are working on __________________.S: _____________________________?S: _____________________________?W: Yes, the research is extremely important. W: Yes, the research is extremely important. And _______________________________  And _______________________________  

      ___________________________________.___________________________________.S: That’s OK.S: That’s OK.（我们需要些钱来完成我们的项目；你们从事什（我们需要些钱来完成我们的项目；你们从事什么项目；我们最近在从事艾滋病治疗方面的研么项目；我们最近在从事艾滋病治疗方面的研究；这很重要吗；我们打算建立一个高级的实究；这很重要吗；我们打算建立一个高级的实验中心。）验中心。）

We want some money to complete our project

working on nowa cure for AIDS

Is it very important

we are thinking of setting up an advanced experiment center

The First building of Silicon Valley in USA

Silicon Valley is an area that "located on the San Francisco, California, peninsula, radiates outward from Stanford University. It is contained by the San Francisco Bay on the east, the Santa Cruz Mountains on the west, and the Coast Range to the southeast. At the turn of the century, when fruit orchards predominated, the area was known as the Valley of Heart's Delight "

Among the different organizations that were instrumental in the process of creating Silicon Valley the significant role  was the Stanford Research Institute (SRI): After World War II, a great industrial push was under way to reinvigorate the economy. Founded by a small group of business executives in conjunction with Stanford University, Stanford Research Institute (the founding name) was created in 1946 as a West Coast center of innovation to support economic development in the region. The world's first digital computer (ENIAC, weighing in at 30 tons) was introduced, and in what is now known as Silicon Valley a three-bedroom home sold for $10,000.

What do you know about Zhongguancun?

Zhongguancun—the Silicon Valley

The numerals 0 and 1 represent the idea that Zhongguancun will rely on computer technology to develop itself.

A statue of a DNA molecule. It is the symbol of the Zhongguancun Scientific and Technological Garden.

Chen Chunxian, father of China's Silicon Valley

Cultivating Chinese kale for bioengineering research. Bioengineering will become Zhongguancun's next important area of economic growth.

1. If you wanted to do research or start a hi-tech company, what kind of support and environment would you need ?

1. A proper site

2. Enough money

3. Support from family and friends

4. Modern equipment

5. Good working conditions where what one has learn can be fully used

1. A proper site

2. Enough money

3. Support from family and friends

4. Modern equipment

5. Good working conditions where what one has learn can be fully used

2. Why are scientific achievements important ?

Because they help people understand the world better, improve our life, help advance science, lead to new discoveries and achievements.

Because they help people understand the world better, improve our life, help advance science, lead to new discoveries and achievements.

3. Why do scientists spend so much time trying to achieve something ?

Because they are curious and enthusiastic about new things and new ideas;

they want to understand the world better, contribute to society, and be rich and famous.

Because they are curious and enthusiastic about new things and new ideas;

they want to understand the world better, contribute to society, and be rich and famous.

Zhongguancun Zhongguancun 1.What kind of spirit has made Z1.What kind of spirit has made Z

hongguancun a success?hongguancun a success?

It is the spirit of creativity and scientific skill that has made Zhongguancun a success.

2.What are the two mottos 2.What are the two mottos mentioned in the text for mentioned in the text for

the park?the park? One is “Relying on science, One is “Relying on science,

technology, and knowledge technology, and knowledge to increase economic to increase economic power.” The other is power.” The other is “Encouraging pioneering “Encouraging pioneering work and accepting failure.” work and accepting failure.”

Careful reading:

Read the text carefully and fill in the form.

Zgc is located inZgc is located in Northwestern BeijingNorthwestern Beijing

What is it?What is it? China’s Silicon ValleyChina’s Silicon Valley

In the early In the early 1980s1980s

Chen Chunxian opened Chen Chunxian opened a private research and a private research and development institutedevelopment institute

Set up as a special Set up as a special economic zoneeconomic zone

Zgc is home toZgc is home to A growing number of A growing number of overseas Chinese; overseas Chinese; A number of science parks;A number of science parks;Many IT companies Many IT companies

The number ofThe number ofIT companies in ZIT companies in Z

gcgc

More that 8,000 hi-tech More that 8,000 hi-tech companiescompanies

Its effectIts effect On business& scienceOn business& science

Zhongguancun is Zhongguancun is located inlocated in

Northwestern BeijingNorthwestern Beijing

What is it?What is it? China’s Silicon ValleyChina’s Silicon Valley

in the early 1980sin the early 1980s Chen Chunxian opened a prChen Chunxian opened a private research and develivate research and development instituteopment institute

Set up as a special Set up as a special economic zoneeconomic zone

Leader of China’s hi-tech Leader of China’s hi-tech industryindustry

Zhongguancun is hZhongguancun is home toome to

A growing number of oversA growing number of overseas Chineseeas Chinese ；； A numbeA number of science parks;r of science parks;

Many IT companiesMany IT companies

The number of IT The number of IT companies in Zgccompanies in Zgc

More that 8,000 hi-techMore that 8,000 hi-tech companiescompanies

Its effectIts effect On business & scienceOn business & science

Beijing’s Haidian Distric

New center for Chinese science and technology

The science center got started

In the late 1990s

Some famous research institutes and universities

More than 4,000 IT companies

positive

True or False Statements.

1.It is probable that in the future most of the great achievements which have in store for China will be born in Beijing’s Dongchen District.

2.Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the early 1990s and quickly became the leader of China’s economic industry.

T

F

3.Not only is Zhongguancun home to the Chinese Academy of Science and more than ten famous universities but also home to a growing number of overseas Chinese who have grasped the opportunity to developed their ideas at home.

4.Xiang Yufang learnt that Zhongguancun is a perfect place for him to follow his dreams and help the country he loves.

5.After Xiang Yufang returned to China, he ran a small company by himself.

6.Zhongguancun not only has had a positive effect on science but also on business.

T

T

F

T

7..More than half of the companies in Zhongguancun are IT companies including Lenovo and Founder.

8. According to the text , not all the companies have made much money .

T

T

1. All the great achievements in the future will surely be born in Zhongguancun..1. All the great achievements in the future will surely be born in Zhongguancun..

2. Haidian District in Beijing is the centre for Chinese Academy of sciences and technology.2. Haidian District in Beijing is the centre for Chinese Academy of sciences and technology.

3. Zhongguancun is the leader of China’s hi-tech industry as Silicon Valley in the USA.

3. Zhongguancun is the leader of China’s hi-tech industry as Silicon Valley in the USA.

4.Only those who studied abroad can find jobs in Zhongguancun.4.Only those who studied abroad can find jobs in Zhongguancun.

4. China’s science and technology centre got started in the early 1980s and it became a special economic zone in the late 1990s..

4. China’s science and technology centre got started in the early 1980s and it became a special economic zone in the late 1990s..

6. Most of the companies in Zhongguancun do business either on hi-tech or IT .

6. Most of the companies in Zhongguancun do business either on hi-tech or IT .

8. More than half of the people working in Zhongguancun have high degrees. 8. More than half of the people working in Zhongguancun have high degrees.

7. Chen Chunxian was the first person who set up the science park of China.7. Chen Chunxian was the first person who set up the science park of China.

9. What has made Zhongguancun a success is the spirit of creativity and scientific skill.

9. What has made Zhongguancun a success is the spirit of creativity and scientific skill.

Say True or False to the following sentences.1.Zhongguancun is located in thesouthwest of Beijing.2.Zhongguancun was set up in the nineteenth century.3.Xiang Yufang didn’t want to return to China because he wanted to work with the top scientists in his field.4.Later his friends persuaded him to come back .5.Zhongguancun has a positive effect on business.

F

F

F

F

T

True or falseTrue or false 1.1. Zhongguancun is the new center for ChinesZhongguancun is the new center for Chines

e science and educatione science and education2.2. Within the next ten years, more than a hundWithin the next ten years, more than a hund

red scientific and hi-tech companies moved red scientific and hi-tech companies moved into Zhongguancun. into Zhongguancun.

3.3. Xiang Yufang studied abroad because he felXiang Yufang studied abroad because he felt comfortable abroad. t comfortable abroad.

4.4. More than 8,000 hi-tech companies in ZhonMore than 8,000 hi-tech companies in Zhongguancun. More than half of them are IT cogguancun. More than half of them are IT companies. mpanies.

5.5. Zhongguancun park is home to Lenovo and Zhongguancun park is home to Lenovo and Founder and more than 20 famous national Founder and more than 20 famous national companies. companies.

6.6. The researchers and scientists know that thThe researchers and scientists know that the spirit and creativity they represent are no e spirit and creativity they represent are no more than money.more than money.

The general idea of each part:Part 1(Para1-2)

Part 2(Para3-7)

Part 3(Para8-9)

The positive effect Zhongguancun has had on both business and science & the spirit of creativity of Zhonguancun.

The introduction and the location of Zhongguancun.

The reason why Zhongguancun attracts more and more overseas Chinese.

Post readingChoose the correct answers. There may be more than one correct answers.

1. According to the author, Zhongguancun is home to ______. A. some famous research institutes and universities B. many IT companies C. more and more returned overseas Chinese D. a number of science parks

A, B, C

2. What is not true about Zhongguancun?A. It is located in Haidian District, in northwestern Beijing.B. It was set up as a special economic zone in the 1990s.C. Most of its companies are doing IT business.D. It is not a good place for new companies.

3. According to the reading, Xiang Yufang returned to China and opened a company in Zhongguancun because______.A. he wanted to see more of the world.B. he enjoyed working with the best scientists in his field.C. he could enjoy his work and contribute to his country at the same time.D. he missed his friends and family.

D

C

4. According to the graph in the passage, how many of the people who work in Zhongguancun have a master’s degree or above?A. 25,000 B. 30,000 C. 35,000 D. 180,000

5. How is “failure” understood in Zhongguancun?A. There are fewer failures in Zhongguancun.B. Many of its researchers and scientists will try hard not to fail.C. Failure is a necessary part of being successful.D. The best thing about failure is that you learn every time you fail.

B

C

1.When and how did Zhongguancun g1.When and how did Zhongguancun get started?et started?

2. What role does Zhongguancun play 2. What role does Zhongguancun play in China’s hi-tech industry?in China’s hi-tech industry?

Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the late 1990s.

Zhongguancun becomes the leader of China’s hi-tech industry.

3.Why did Xiang Yufang return to China aft3.Why did Xiang Yufang return to China after studying and working abroad?er studying and working abroad?

4.How does Zhongguancun affect busi4.How does Zhongguancun affect businessness??

He wanted to grasp the opportunity to develop his ideas at home.And because Zhongguancun made it possible to follow his dreams and help the country he loves.

Zhongguancun has had a positive effect on business as well as science.

5. How do you think about “ Relying 5. How do you think about “ Relying on science, technology and on science, technology and knowledge to increase economic knowledge to increase economic power”power”

6. What do you think of “ Encouraging 6. What do you think of “ Encouraging pioneering work and accepting pioneering work and accepting failure”?failure”?

Science and business can and must work together to build the future.

Great scientific achievements are the results of years of failure, years of trying to create something that has never existed before.

Scanning & SkimmingGo over the text and find the answers to the following questions in 3 minutes.

1. Where is Zhongguancun located?

2. When did the science centre get started? When was it set up as a special economic zone?

3. Today, how many hi-tech companies are there in Zhongguancun?

SummaryListen to the tape and fill in the blanks with information from the text.

Zhongguancun is the new centre for Chinese ___ and ___. It got started in the early 1980s and was set up as __ __ __ __ in the late 1990s. It soon became the leader of China’s ___ ___.

The scientific and hi-tech companies in the area all have their own ___, but they share the spirit of ___ and ___ ___ that have made Zhongguancun a success.

Zhongguancun is also home to ___ ___ who have grasped the opportunity to ___ ___ ___ at home.

Zhongguancun has ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ on business and science. Here are two mottos which can show the spirit there. One is “____ ___ science, technology and knowledge to increase ___ ___, the other is “Encouraging ___ ___ and accepting ____.

Key to Summary

Zhongguancun is the new centre for Chinese _____ and _________. It got started in the early 1980s and was set up as ___ ______ ________ _____ in the late 1990s. It soon became the leader of China’s ______ _______.

science technology

a special economic zone

hi-tech industry

The scientific and hi-tech companies in the area all have their own __________, but they share the spirit of _______ and ______ ____ that have made Zhongguancun a success.

characteristics creativity scientific skill

Key

Zhongguancun is also home to _______ _______ who have grasped the opportunity to ________ _____ ____ at home.

overseas Chinese

develop their ideas

Zhongguancun has ____ ___ ______ ______ ___ business and science. Here are two mottos which can show the spirit there. One is “______ _____ science, technology and knowledge to increase _______ ______, the other is “Encouraging ________ _______ and accepting _______.

had positive a effect on

Relying on

economic power pioneering work failure

What inventions do you knWhat inventions do you know in China’s history?ow in China’s history?

Powder compass

making paper printing

Scanning Scanning 1.What fields that China has made great 1.What fields that China has made great

achievement are mentioned in the achievement are mentioned in the passage ? passage ?

2. What plan did the Chinese government 2. What plan did the Chinese government put forward in 1995? put forward in 1995?

3. What does CSA stand for? 3. What does CSA stand for?

Exploring space, solving the mysteries of life, e-volution, Exploring space, solving the mysteries of life, e-volution, fighting cancer.fighting cancer.

A plan for “rejuvenating the nation by relying on science A plan for “rejuvenating the nation by relying on science

and education”and education”

The Chinese Space Agency.The Chinese Space Agency.

FieldField AchievementAchievement ImportanceImportance

ExplorinExploring spaceg space

Solving Solving the the mysteriemysteries of lifes of life

E-volutioE-volution n 

Fighting Fighting cancercancer

Develop the highly successful Long March rocket series.

The rockets have been used to send satellites and to prepare for the nation’s first manned space fight.

1. A new kind rice ; 2. In 2000, Chinese scientists have completed their part of the international human genome project.

1. The new kind rice allows 2. farmers to increase

production.3.It proves that Chinese scientists are among the world’s best.

Developed the supercomputer Shenwei,

one of the world’s fastest computers and built the nation’s first humanoid robot

Create a chemical element that can fight cancer cells.

give hope to cancer patients make China one of the world leaders in the battle against the deadly disease.

Fast readingFast reading

1.What plan has helped Chinese scientists make many breakthroughs?

2. Which scientific fields are mentioned in the text ?

1.What plan has helped Chinese scientists make many breakthroughs?

2. Which scientific fields are mentioned in the text ?

fieldsfields

AchievementAchievementss

ImportancImportancee

Exploring Space

The CSA has developed Long March rocket series

It prepares for the nation’s first manned space flight

Genetic Research

Chinese scientists have completed mapping out their part of the international human genetic project.

Chinese scientists prove to be the best in the world

fieldsfields

AchievementAchievementss

ImportancImportancee

Computer Engineer-ing

Chinese computer engineers have developed the space computer Shenwei

The nation’s first humanoid robot has been built.

Medical Science

Scientists create a chemical element to fight cancer cells

It makes the cure of deadly disease possible

Thank you!