UCL Institute of Archaeology ARCL 0137

Aztec Archaeology: Codices and Ethno-history Term1, 2018-2019

MA/MSc 15 credits

Turnitin Class ID: 3885557

Turnitin Password: IoA1819

Monday 9-11 in Room 412

Co-ordinator: Dr. Elizabeth Baquedano e.baquedano@ucl.ac.uk

Telephone: 020 7679 7532

Offering at Templo Mayor

First Essay due 7 December Second Essay due 14 January 2019

Codex Mendoza

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OVERVIEW

A brief summary of the course contents

This course examines the critical boundaries between

the historical records, the painted books (codices) and

the material culture of archaeology. It focuses on the

Spanish Chroniclers of Sixteenth Century Mexico who

saw and recorded the dazzling brilliance of Aztec life

and culture. The evidence from these two distinctive

literary sources will be set against the insight gained by

archaeological investigations over the last thirty years –

in particular the excavations of the Great Temple of the

Aztecs that has done so much to revolutionize our

knowledge of that civilization. Moving back and forth

between the indigenous painted books and the

chronicles of Sixteenth century Mexico and

archaeology, the student will be able to synthesize the

information in order to understand Aztec culture, where

religion, politics and economic concerns overlap in

complex ways.

The course begins with an overview of the Aztecs from

their humble beginnings to Empire builders looking at

the Aztec Annals and the archaeological evidence. We

then turn to the Spanish Conquest examining the

documentary evidence especially the writings of the

Conquistadors Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del

Castillo as well as the writings of the Catholic friars

Bernardino de Sahagún and Diego Durán.

Summary of the method of delivery

Classes will meet for two-hours a week. Responsibilities for leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among class participants. Students will select a topic of interest from the course content and write an assessed essay on this subject.

Aims of the module

1) This course will provide students with different

interpretive frameworks to develop their skills in

critical evaluation of the archaeological,

historical and ethno-historical sources resulting

in a deeper understanding of Aztec civilization.

Students will be able to learn new skills from the

rare combination of three sources of knowledge

to interpret the past. Intended learning outcomes

1) Critical analysis of the historical records 2) Have learned how to integrate ideas from a

variety of sources.

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3) A familiarity with case studies which illustrate current issues in Aztec archaeology using ethno-historical sources

4) Knowledge of Sixteenth century Aztec codices 5) Knowledge of codices produced in the Colonial period

OFFICE HOURS Mondays 12-1 pm Otherwise please e-mail me to arrange for any other day or time

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Module Workload Distribution of learning hours

WORK

HOURS

Lectures Private reading Seminars/ problem classes / tutorials Laboratory / Studio Field work Independent project work Language work Required written work (e.g. essays/reports) Revision E-learning/tutor led contact E-learning student led contact Other – please specify

10 120 10 48

TOTAL 188

Assessment:

2 Essays (4000 words), or 1 Essay (4000 words). An outline and a draft has to be presented in advance, due on 14 January 2019, First essay 2000 words (50%) due on 7 December 2018, Second essay 2,000 words (50%) on 14 January 2019

Essay topics will be open, subject to agreement between the student and the Lecturer. The students will have agreed a topic by week four of the class. 2) For each session (3-10) submit a one-paragraph abstract from one of the readings, to be submitted at each session.

TEACHING METHODS The course is taught through lectures and seminars. Responsibilities for leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among class participants. Students will be expected to have read the weekly -recommended readings, and to actively contribute to discussion.

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LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: The UCL Science Library (Anthropology, sections). There may also be relevant sources in the Centre for Anthropology at the British Museum. Senate House has a good collection of codices. SUBMISSION OF COURSEWORK TO 'TURNITIN' In addition to submitting your coursework as described above, it is now a requirement that you submit it electronically to the Turnitin system. You will be provided with the necessary code for submitting your work for this course. Students who fail to submit their coursework to Turnitin will not receive the mark for the work in question until they have done so (although they will receive written feedback in the usual way). The maximum mark for work that has not been submitted to Turnitin prior to the meeting of the Board of Examiners will be a bare pass. In advance of submitting your coursework for marking you may, if you wish, run your work through the system in order to obtain a report on the originality of the wording and then make any necessary adjustments prior to final submission. Turnitin advisors will be available to help you at specified times if you need help generating or interpreting the reports. It is important to recognise that the final decision about whether work contains plagiarism rests with academic staff. Consequently, the presence or absence of matches in a Turnitin report does not, by itself, provide a guarantee that the work in question either contains or is free from plagiarism. Course Code 3885557 Password IoA1819 Course Schedule Outline 2018 Term I. Monday. 9-11 am Room 412 Week 1. 1 Oct. Introduction Week 2. 8. Oct. Tenochtitlan: The Rise of Aztec Civilization Week 3. 15 Oct. The Triple Alliance, Nezahualcoyotl King of Texcoco, intellectual, architect and builder. Week 4. 22 Oct. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: The sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan Week 5. 29 Oct. Case study: The recent find of Ahuitzotl’s Tomb, Eighth Aztec ruler READING WEEK (NO TEACHING) 5 Nov-11 Nov Week 6. 12 Nov. The Commercial Economy: The Tlatelolco Market Week 7. 19 Nov. Codex Mendoza and Tribute Week 8. 26 Nov. The New Fire Ceremony: The Hill of the Star, Citlaltepec (10-11 am: visit to the Mexican Gallery at the British Museum) Week 9. 3 Dec. Case study: Recent discoveries at Zultepec, Cortés and the Spanish Contingent

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Week 10. 10 Dec. The Conquest of Mexico 2. Tenochtilan: The Rise of Aztec Civilization WEEK 2: OCT 8 TENOCHTITLAN: THE RISE OF AZTEC CIVILIZATION In this session we will first look at the native histories to understand the early Aztec history and the nature of the interaction among city-states. We will aim to discuss War, Trade and Marriage Alliances during the Early Aztec Period.

Readings:

Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich, eds.

1995 Codex Azcatitlan, 2 vols. Facsimile, with commentary by Barlow revised by

Graulich. Spanish translation by Leonardo López Luján, French translation by

Dominique Michelet. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Société des

Américanistes.

Boone Hill, Elizabeth

1991 Migration Histories as Ritual Performance. In: Carrasco, D. ed. To Change

Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. pp.121-151 Niwot, University Press of

Colorado.

Códice Boturini o Tira de la Peregrinación. In Antiguedades de México basadas en la

recoplilación de Lord Kingsborough 2:8-29. Commentary by José Corona Nuñez.

SHCP, Mexico

Cortés, Hernán

1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated an edited by Anthony Pagden.

New Haven: Yale University Press. Second Letter.

Codex Boturini – Tira de la Peregrinación

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Johansson, Patrick , 2016. La imagen de Aztlan en el Códice Boturini. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 51: 111-172.

Mundy, Barbara E. 2015 The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, The Life of Mexico City Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2 Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de 1950-82. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. 12 books. Edited and translated by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. The School of American Research, Santa Fe, and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Book 12. Smith, Michael 2012 The Aztecs Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 2

3. The Triple Alliance. Nezahualcoyotl King of

Texcoco: intellectual architect and builder

WEEK 3: Oct 15

In this session we will see the formation of The Triple Alliance (Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan), this alliance was decisive in forging the Aztec Empire. These polities formed a strong military-economic unity. We will review how the Aztecs (Mexica) rose to power and transformed from a tribe into an Empire.

Readings (select two as required reading)

Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Fernando de 1985. Obras Históricas. 2 vols. Ed. Edmundo O'Gorman. UNAM, IIH, Mexico Lee, Jongsoo. 2008. The Allure of Nezahualcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History,Religion, and Nahua Poetics.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Chapter 4: ‘Re-examining Nezahualcoyotl’s Texcoco: Politics, Government and Legal System’, pp. 96-130.

Nezahualcoyotl, C Ixtlilxochitl

CodeIIxtIxtlilxochitl

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Lee, Jongsoo, 2014. The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Colonial Transformation of the Prehispanic Political and Tributary System. In Texcoco: Prehispanic and Colonial Perspectives. Ed. By Jongsoo Lee and Galen Brokaw Boulder: University Press of Colorado Hassig, Ross, 2016. Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.) 1995. Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich (editors) 1995 Codex Azcatitlan. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France.Société des Américanistes. Dibble, Charles E. 1980 Codex Xolotl. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. UNAM,:Mexico Parsons, Jeffrey. An Archeological Evalution of the Códice Xolotl in American Antiquity, vol. 35, 1970, pp.431-440 Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Texcoco region, Mexico, University of Michigan, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, no.3, Ann Arbour 1971 Mapa Quinatzin, 1920. “Mapa Quinatzin,” in Sources and Authenticity of the History of the Ancient Mexicans. Berkeley: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 17, no.1: 1-150. Mohar Betancourt, Luz María 2004 Códice Mapa Quinatzin: Justicia y derechos humanos en el México antiguo México: Miguel Angel Porrúa Pomar, Juan Bautista 1975 Relación de Tezcoco. Joaquín Garcia Icazbalceta (ed.) Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de México, Mexico.

4. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: the sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan WEEK 4: Oct 22

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This session studies the most important religious and political centre of the Aztecs. The Great Temple with its twin temples dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, tribal god of the Aztecs and Tlaloc, god of rain. The Great Temple has been thoroughly excavated revealing over 150 offerings that are closely linked to either warfare or agriculture. We will approach the subject reading both the ethno-historical sources as well as the finds from archaeology. Readings: López Luján, Leonardo 2005 The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Revised ed. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2006 . La Casa de las Aguilas, 2 vols. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 2011 López Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo López Luján El sacrificio humano entre los mexicas http//www.mesoweb.com/aboutarticles/AM103pdf Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (compiler)

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1981 El Templo Mayor de Mexico: Crónicas del siglo XVI Asociación Nacional de Libreros, A.C., México López Austin, A. and López Luján, L. 2009 Monte Sagrado: Templo Mayor México: UNAM/INAH Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo 1988 The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan. London: Thames and Hudson Sahagún, Bernardino de 1983 Primeros Memoriales: Facsimile Edition. Photographed by Ferdinand Anders. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Umberger, Emily 2014 Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli: Political Dimensions of Aztec Deities. In Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity, ed. Elizabeth Baquedano, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, p p.83-112 WEEK 5: Oct 29 Case study: The recent find of Ahuitzotl’s Tomb, Eighth Aztec ruler

The systematic excavations of the Great Temple of the Aztecs have provided us with detailed information on many aspects of Aztec life, particularly Aztec ritual. Recently the tomb of the Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl was uncovered. This session will aim at comparing and contrasting the information provided by the Chroniclers of Sixteenth century Mexico as well as the information gathered during the excavation which is on-going. Readings:

Tlaltecuthli Monolith (Reconstruction on the right) – Templo Mayor

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Alvarado Tezozomoc, Fernando de 1975 Crónica Mexicana.(ed.), Manuel Orozco y Berra. México: Porrúa. Baquedano, Elizabeth 2011 ‘Concepts of Death and the Afterlife in Central Mexico’, Fitzsimmons, J.L. and Shimada, I. (eds.), Living with the Dead Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 203-230. Barajas Rocha, María, Leonardo López Luján, Giacomo Chiari y Jaime Torres Trejo “La materialidad del arte: Lapiedra y los colores de la Tlaltecuhtli’, Arqueología Mexicana, Ciudad de México, INAH?Editorial Raíces, v. XXIV, n. 141, pp.18-27. Durán, Fray Diego 1994 The History of the Indies of New Spain. Translated and edited by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Chapters 50-51 Durán, Diego 1984 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme, Angel M. Garibay (ed.) Porrúa: Mexico López Luján, Leonardo and Chávez Balderas, Ximena, 2009. In search of Mexica kings: current excavations in Tenochtitlan. In Moctezuma Aztec Ruler eds. Colin McEwan and Leonardo López Luján, pp. 294-297. London: The British Museum Press López Luján, Leonardo 2010 Tlaltecuhtli México: CONACULTA/INAH Milbrath, Susan 2013 Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico. Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2, 18-36 Peñafiel, Antonio 1902 Códice Aubin. Manuscrito Azteca de la Biblioteca Real de Berlin. Reprinted in 1980 by Editorial Innovación, México. Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.) 1995 Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press Sanders, William T. 2006 The Templo Mayor: History and Archaeology. In Arqueología e historia del Centro de México. L. López Luján, D. Carrasco, L. Cué, (eds.) Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 291-304

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6 The Commercial Economy: The Tlatelolco Market

WEEK 6: Nov 12

Tlatelolco was the twin city of Tenochtitlan that became the major commercial city of central Mexico in the fifteenth century. Its market grew into the largest and wealthiest of the Basin of Mexico. In this seminar we will study the descriptions of Bernal Díaz del Castillo and the archaeological excavations - past and present- of the ceremonial precinct.

Readings: Baquedano, Elizabeth and Ross Hassig. History and the Ahuitzotl Box. Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 52: 151-168 Berdan, Frances 2014 Craft Specialization, Commerce, and Trade in Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Chapter 4, pp. 89-134 Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1927 The True History of the Conquest of Mexico. 2 vols. Translated by Maurice Keatinge. New York: Robert M. McBride & Company Durán, Diego 1971 Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar. Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Chapter XX. Solís, Felipe and David Dávalos 1990. Tlatelolco. El Período Indígena de Tlatelolco: Arqueología e Historia. Mexico: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, pp.13-36 Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador 1999 Ofrendas a Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl en México-Tlatelolco: Proyecto Tlatelolco, 1987-1996. Serie Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.

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Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador 1991 Discovery of a Painted Mural at Tlatelolco. In: Carrasco, D. ed. To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Niwot, University Press of Colorado, pp. 20-23. Teaching Collection INST ARCH 3591 Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador 2007 La caja de agua del Imperial Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco. In Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, México: UNAM, Vol. 38, pp.15-32 Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador. 2010 Los contextos sacrificiales de Mexico-Tlatelolco. In El sacrificio humano en la tradición religiosa mesoamericana eds. L. López Luján and G. Olivier pp. 275-300. Mexico: INAH/UNAM

Nichols, D, Frances Berdan and Michael Smith. 2017. Rethinking the Aztec Economy, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. Chapter 5: 130-155 Required Reading

7. Codex Mendoza and Tribute WEEK 7: Nov. 19

The richest information of Mesoamerican tribute comes from the Aztec empire. The second part of Codex Mendoza deals with tribute listing the provinces, the tribute goods and the quantities to be paid to Tenochtitlan. In this session we will look at the wide range of commodities delivered from conquered provinces both in Codex Mendoza and in the archaeological record. We will pay special attention to Gold and Metals. Readings: Baquedano, Elizabeth 2014 Tezcatlipoca as a Warrior: Wealth and Bells. In Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 113-133

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Codex Borbonicus, New Fire Ceremony

Berdan, Frances F., and Patricia Rieff Anawalt (editors) 1992 The Codex Mendoza. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo 1988. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan. London: Thames and Hudson López Luján, Leonardo 2005. The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Revised ed. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. López Luján, Leonardo y José Luis Ruvalcaba Sil, “El oro de Tenochtitlan: la colección arqueológica del Proyecto Templo Mayor”, Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl, México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, UNAM, v. 49, enero-junio de 2015, pp. 7-57

8. The New Fire Ceremony. The Hill of the Star: Citlaltepec WEEK 8: Nov 26

This session aims to understand the importance of ritual life in Aztec Mexico. At the end of the cycle of 52 years, the New Fire Ceremony took place to celebrate the renewal of time once the sun began to rise on the first day of a new calendar round. This event took place at the Hill of the Star (Citlaltepec).

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Skulls found at Zultepec (photograph Arqueología Mexicana)

We will use the Codex Borbonicus to explain the importance of this ceremony and the archaeological finds from the New Fire ceremony.

Readings: 1974 Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée Nationale Française, commentary by Karl Anton Nowotny. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz. Couch, Christopher 1984 Images of the Common Man in the Codex Borbonicus. In Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl. Mexico: UNAM, vol. 17, pp. 89-100 Elson, Christina M., and Michael Smith 2001 Archaeological Deposits from the New Fire ceremony. Ancient Mesoamerica 12: 157-174 Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.) 1995 Codex Telleriano Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press Sahagún, Bernardino de 1950-78 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Dibble. 12 books, Santa Fe. Book 7

9. Case study: Recent discoveries at Zultepec, Cortés and the Spanish Contingent. WEEK 9: Dec 3

The excavations at Zultepec (Tlaxcala) have provided us with a new insight into the Conquest of Mexico. During the excavations several skeletal remains were found, among them, fourteen skulls of Spaniards. The skulls have perforations at the parietals suggesting that they were placed in skull racks. In this session we will read the writings of Cortés comparing and contrasting them with the archaeological finds. The variety of artifacts both European and Aztec throw new light on the Conquest Period.

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Readings: Códice Chimalpopoca: Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles.1975 [1945]. 2nd ed. Translated and edited by Primo Feliciano Velázquez. UNAM: Mexico Martínez Vargas, Enrique 2003. Zultépec-Tecoaque: Sacrificios de Españoles u sus Aliados Durante la Conquista. In Arqueología Mexicana Vol. XI – num. 63. Sept – Oct 2003 Cortés, Hernán 1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated an Edited by Anthony Pagden. New Haven: Yale University Press. Third Letter Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1956 The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, New York

10. The Conquest of Mexico WEEK 10: Dec 10

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This session will make use of the documents of both Mexican and European witnesses of the Conquest. The Lienzo de Tlaxcala is an important book that describes the Conquest as the Tlaxcaltecas lived it. On the other hand, we have several Spanish accounts of the Conquest. This session will aim to use the accounts of both Mexicans and Spanish followed by a discussion by class participants. Readings: Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich, eds. 1995 Codex Azcatitlan, 2 vols. Facsimile, with commentary by Barlow revised by Graulich. Spanish translation by Leonardo López Luján, French translation by Dominique Michelet. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Société des Américanistes. Castañeda de la Paz María and Michel Oudijk 2012 La Conquista y la Colonia en el Códice Azcatitlan, Journal de la Société des Americanistes, pp. 59-95 Clendinnen, Inga. “Fierce and Unnatural Cruelty”: Cortés and the Conquest of Mexico. Representations 33: 65-100, Winter, 1991. Cortés, Hernán 1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated and edited by Anthony Pagden. Yale University Press, New Haven Díaz del Castillo, Bernal 1956 The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, New York De la Torre, Mario (ed) 1983 Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Mexico: Cartón y Papel de México, S.A. de C.V. Hassig, Ross, 2016. Timing and the Conquest of Mexico. In Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, vol. 51, pp.173-196 Elliot, John H., 2009. The overthrow of Moctezuma and his empire. In Moctezuma Aztec Ruler, ed. by Colin McEwan and Leonardo López Luján, pp. 218-237. Maffie, James 2014 Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion Boulder: University Press of Colorado Sahagún, Bernardino de 1950-78 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, 12 books, Santa Fe, Book 12

El Lienzo de Tlaxcala

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Tezozomoc, Hernando Alvarado 1944 Crónica Mexicana. Reprinted by Editorial Leyenda, Mexico Townsend, Camilla 2006 Malintzin’s Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press Magaloni, Diana 2007 Painting a New Era: Conquest, Prophecy and the World to Come. In Invasion and Transformation ed. by P. Brienen and M. Jackson, Boulder: University Press of Colorado pp. 125-152, Additional Readings Aimi, Antonio 2009 La Verdadera Visión de los Vencidos: La conquista de México en las fuentes aztecas Alicante: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante Bierhorst, John 1985 Cantares `mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs Stanford: Stanford University Press Bierhorst, John 1998 History and Mythology of the Aztecs: Codex Chimalpopoca Tucson: University of Arizona Press Boxt, Matthew and Brian Dervin Dillon (eds.) 2012 Fanning the Sacred Flame Boulder: University Press of Colorado Boone, Elizabeth 2007 Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate Austin: University of Texas Press Brotherston, Gordon 1995 Painted Books from Mexico London: Trustees of the British Museum 2005 Feather Crown: The Eighteen Feasts of the Mexica Year London: The Trustees of the British Museum

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Castañeda de la Paz, Maria 2017 La Tira de la Peregrinacion y la ascendencia chichimeca de los Tenochca México: UNAM (check on academia.edu) Dehouve, Daniéle 2016 La realeza sagrada en México (siglos XVI-XXI) México: DEAS-INAH Dodds Pennock, Caroline 2008 Bonds of Blood Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Klor de Alva, J. Nicholson, H. B. and Quiñones Keber, Eloise (eds) 1988, The Work of Bernardino de Sahagún, Pioneer Ethnographer of Sixteenth-Century Aztec Mexico Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, The State University of New York, Albany. University of Texas Press, pp. 53-62. León- Portilla, M 1966 The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Beacon Press. López Luján, Leonardo and Olivier, Guilhelm (eds.) 2010 El Sacrificio HUmano en la Tradición Religiosa Mesoamericana México: INAH-UNAM Magaloni, Diana 2003 Imágenes de la conquista de México en los códices del siglo XVI. Una lectura de su contenido simbólico. In Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, UNAM: vol. 82: 5-45. Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo and Leonardo López Luján 2009 Escultura Monumental Mexica Mexico: Fundación Conmemoraciones Olko, Justyna 2005 Turquoise Diadems and Staffs of Office: Elite Costume and Insignia of Power in Aztec and Early Colonial Mexico Polish Society for Latin American Studies and Centre for Studies on the Classical Tradition, University of Warsaw Smith, Michael 2016 At Home with the Aztecs: An Archaeologist Uncovers Their Daily Life London: Routledge Thomas, Hugh 1993 The Conquest of Mexico. London: Hutchinson Villela, K and Mary Ellen Miller

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2010 The Aztec Calendar Stone Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute Wake, Eleanor 2002 Codex Tlaxcala: New Insights and New Questions. In Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, Mexico: UNAM, vol. 33, pp.91-140

Web sites www.mesoweb.com www.famsi.org

APPENDIX

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES

General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website: http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your course co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS:

New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special arrangements.

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