TRUONG HAN SIEU

cu6c Ddi SI/ NGHIEP

• •

THd VAN

9 ^ HOI VAN HOC NGHE THUAT NINH BJNH - 2000

TRUfdMG HAM SI£U CUOC Ddi - SL/ NGHIEP - THd VAN

(LA DANG BAT BIEN SOAN)

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HOI VAN HOC NGHE THUAT NINH BINH - 2000

' -h > Ldi GICll THIEU !--nd

- BAN LiNH VAN HOA

. ! .J TRtfdNG HAN SIEU

Giao sU: NGUYEN HUE CHI Trudng ban Van hoc co va can dai

VIEN VAN HOC VIET NAM

Khong d dau tren. manh dat Viet Nam nay co dugc mot thang canh uu my nhu niii Non Nudc d Ninh Binh. Mot hon niii khong ghe gdm ve tam cao va tam dd sg, ngugc lai cd the ndi la nho be niJa. Mgt hdn niii cung khong co gi ggi la giau san vat, CO cay va muong thu, ma nhieu lam chi la vai mUai gdc cd thu giai dang bam sau vao da, va thap thoang difdi tang cay la bong dang cua mot vai loai chim. The nhung, nai day lai luu gii? mot thuf sdn vat cd the ndi la vo gia, va luu giijf vdi so' lugng vUgt troi hon bat ky mot hon mii nao: ay la nhiing bai tha, bai vSn dugc khac len vach da ke tit the ky XIII cho den tan nuTa dau the ky XX (Neu khao sat them trong cac thu tich thi tif the ky XI cQng tiing cd vSn bia khac d day nhUng thdi gian da lam cho mai mgt). Mgt tang thU thien nhien dgc dao ton tai trong sudt bay the ky! Ndi mgt each hinh tUgng

han thi lich sU dat nUdc vo tinh hay huTu y da danh cho hdn Non Nudc cai vi the mot bo hgp tuyen thd van do so ma tufng trang sach cQiig la titng vach niii cao thap khac nhau, ngvfdi in sach la vo sd thg da vo danh cac thdi dai, chia nhau miet mai khac chCif len da, va ngUdi scan sach la hang loat danh si cU phach ndi tiep ddi nay qua ddi khac trong suo't 700 nam. Ve mat nay, niii Non Nudc co the sanh vdi niii Thai San cua Trung Qudc, nai khac rat nhieu tha van cua danh nhan danh si Trung Hoa, da dugc UNESCO xep vao danh muc nhiJng di san diifng vao hang the gidi. nn^<^ aaivi ''''-' Van de gin giQ", ton tao va phat huy gia tri cua di tfch van hda Non Nudc sao cho tuang xufng vdi y nghia lich suf cua nd, la viec can danh dong cac gidi quan chufc van hda va chinh quyen trung uang cung nhu dia phuang, de sdm cd mgt sU quan tam dung dan. NhUng dieu toi muon lUu y ban dpc khi nhac den cai Uu the' cd mgt khdng hai cua di tich van hda nay la mgt hinh anh khac - mgt nhan vat lich suf ndi len nhU mot ta'm phdng dang sau di chi ay, mgt con ngUdi ma tam vdc lam cho di chi nhU cang long lay them. Chinh con ngUdi dd da khai sinh ra cai ten Due Thuy cho hdn Non Nudc xinh dep nam tren khiic quanh cua con sdng chay qua thi xa Ninh Binh, het nhu mgt con chim canh tra dang lao thang

xud'ng giCia ddng nUdc. Ciing chinh con ngUdi do da ' "dat but" viet len "bo hgp tuyen vi dai bang da" "' nhiJng trang viet dau tien: bai Due thiiy sdn Linh ' Te' t h a p ky bat hu cua dng khdng nhOfng nhieu -ngudi trong chung ta da doc de'n thuoc long, ma cdn dugc chiem ngudng tan mat neu co dip ghe tham Non Nudc. Con ngUdi dd la Truang Han Sieu ^ (? - 1354), mgt trong nhiJng gvtang mat sang chdi '• cua thdi dai Ly - Tran. - -••-- •

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Truong Han Sieu trUdc het la mgt nha van hoa. '' Tu Thang Phu, hieu Don Tau, ngUdi lang Phiic Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, Id TrUdng Yen, nay la Ninh Binh, dng tilfng la mot mon khach trong phu de Tran HUng Dao, ve sau dugc Tran Hung Dao tien cilf vdi trieu dinh, nhung mai den 1308 mdi duac vao trieu nhan chufc Hgc si Vien han lam. TCr day, vdi kien thufc uyen bac, ong da dam nhiem nhieu phan viec he trong lien quan den hoc van cua ca mgt thdi dai. Vdi tU each Hgc si Vien ban lam, dng la ngUdi thay mat vua soan thao van chuang chieu cao ban bd cho toan dan, va van tiif trao ddi ngoai giao giu'a Viet Nam va cac nUdc. Vdi tu each iigudi che dinh bg Hinh ihxi, dng la ngudi dat nen tang cho mgt trieu dinh van hanh theo

luat phap. Vdi tU each ngUdi soan bd Hoang trieu dai dien, dng la ngUdi gdp phan xay dUiig nhijfng nghi thufc dien che nham dUa cac hinh thiifc boat dgng cua trieu dinh nha Tran vao ne nep quy cu, phan anh tU the mgt trieu dai van minh. Khong chi cd the! TrUang Han Sieu cdn dugc cuf di tran nham nhieu nam d nhiirng viing Lang Giang, Hoa Chau hoac cd liic dugc cuf lam mot cdng viec te nhi, mang chiifc nang tdn giao, nhu chiifc Giam tU chiia Quynh Lam. O bat ky cUang vi nao, sU hieu biet sau sac sach vd, sU am tUdng cac mat cua ddi sd'ng cgng vdi kinh nghiem sd'ng lao luyen, deu da giiip dng thUc thi tdt phan sU. Ong qua da thoat ra khdi cai vd thu lai thdng thudng de mang tam mot nha van hda, la ngudi biet bien van hda thanh hoat dong thue t i ln.

Dieu can nhac lai la khdi diem hgc van cua mot ngudi nhu Truang Han Sieu khien ta cd the ngac nhien. Mgt chan "thU nhi" dUdi trUdng Tran Hung Dao, han chac viec hgc hanh ciia dng khdng phai tuan theo nhu'ng trinh tU bai ban nhU d nha trudng. Cung khong cd cai hgc vi Tien si nao dugc danh cho con ngudi dd. Nhufng day la mdt mdi trUdng ma sU ren diia, mai xat kien thufc chac chan la mgt yeu cau dat ra gay gat, d day su thuc hgc dugc de cao va cai hgc phii phiem bi loai bd - mdi trUdng

hgc di vdi hanh trong mgi hoat dong chuan hi cho cdng cuoc giijf nUdc vl dai cua vi Qudc cong tiet che. Chinh vi vay, dieu khdng kem ky la la uy tin hgc van ciia Truang Han Sieu da trd thanh gan nhu tuyet ddi, chi mgt thdi gian sau khi ong budc vao trieu dinh. Cac viia Tran deu kinh ne khong ggi thang ten ong va deu nha't loat ton xUng ong bang thay. Sau khi dng mat, vua Tran Du Tong truy phong dng chufc Thai phd va vua Tran Nghe Tdng cho phu thd dng d Van Mieu (Khong hieu vi ly do nao den nay chiing ta van chua dUa TrUang Han Sieu vao danh sach tudng niem d Van mieu Qiidc tuf giam nhu cac vua Tran thud trUdc nhi? Cd pi d do dng thieu cai hgc vi "dng Nghe" hay khong?). Tham chi Dai Viet siif ky t o a n thxi cdn danh gia dng cd hgc van vdng chac ban Hoang giap Nguyin Trung Ngan vd'n ciing la mot ngUdi ndi tieng tai danh liic duang thdi. Dieu do chufng to nha Tran trgng thUc hgc den the nao va ban than TrUang Han Sieu cung da vUgt minh ghe gdm nhu the nao.

Nhung noi den nhan each van hda ciia mot danh nhan con phai noi den mot phuang dien khong the thieu dugc: sU ufng xuf van hda trong cugc song hang ngay ciia hg. 0 Truang Han Sieu, hanh vi ufng xuf ndi bat nhat in dam vao suf sach la quan diem cua ong ddi vdi Phat giao va thai do ciia dng trUdc tao

vat thien nhien. La mdt nha nho, Truang Han Sieu co' nhien khdng chap nhan Phat giao. Ong van dung Nho giao nhU mot lgi khi de phe phan cai thuf "ta thuye't" nam ngoai Khdng Manh. Tuy nhien, dng khong khang khang cdng kich Phat giao vdi thai do cd chap. Ong chi ndi de'n "nhijfiig ke giao boat trong dam sU sai" "bd mat cai ban y "khd khong" ciia dao Phat ma chi cham lo chiem nhiing nai da't tot, canh dep, tu giat vang nam ngpc cho ch6 d cua chiing rUc rd, to diem cho mdn do ciia chung long lay nhU voi rong" (Khai Nghiem tiX bi ky). Phe phan nhU vay thi nao phai chi in do nha Phat mdi la dd i tugng cua dng. Ndi di ig ra, TrUang Han Sieu da dat ra mdt van de chung la thanh lpc cac gia tri tinh than, xua't phat tir lgi ich thuc tien. ChSng the' ma tCr budi dau thien vi Nho giao va bai xich Phat giao, dan 4^n qua tiing trai, dng lai nhan thufc ra chd diifng quan trpng ciia dao Phat trong ddi sdng tam linh m6i con ngudi:

Dai lenh denh trudc khdc nay, Thdn nhdn mdi biet truac ngdy ldm to.

. H' '!>,,:, .. (Qyp Y^ ^y g j rYram Van Giap dich)

Khong deo bam lay he tu tudng ciia minh nhU mpt thii" chu nghia dpc ton va coi do la "khuon vang thudc ngpc" bat kha xam pham, trai lai biet nhin no trong tinh than thUc sU cau thi, va tiep

nhan ca cai khac vdi nd, do la each ufng xuf van hoa cua mdt nha tu tudng ldn.

V§ thai dp cua Truang Han Sieu trUdc thien nhien, neu ndi rang dng la ngUdi bie't men yeu, tran trpng canh vat cua da't nUdc thi cung khdng CO gi sai nhung hinh nhu vSn chua du. O dng, gan nhu cd mpt sU khao khat thudng true mudn tim hieu thien nhien, nhan biet nhiing tri thufc ve ngoai gidi. Chinh dng tCrng thira nhan sudt mpt ddi tiTng trai, dau chan mmh da in tren khap mpi neo song ho. Nhung vUgt' ' ii tren y thich cua mpt du khach, ong cdn bie't chi' ii nghiem ra til trong thien nhien nhin ngam thoa the thien nhien khong it van de cd y nghia nhan sinh, vii tru; cam nhan dugc md i quan he giila thien nhien va con ngUdi nhu la mpt sU bd sung, tiep ndi, qua lai giufa cai hufu ban va cai vd ban, cai bie'n ddi va cai trudng tdn. 0 day, dng da cd tam dufng cao tot cua mpt tU each kep: mdt triet nhan va mdt thi nhan. /a/v^u

Nhieu nam qua, da't nUdc ta dang dufng trudc tinh trang mpt sd vung bi tan pha moi sinh mpt each can kiet, hang van bee ta riTng co nguy ca bien thanh ddi trpc. Ngay de'n nhUng danh lam thang canh, lang iiip, dinh chua quy gia chiing ta cung da tCrng ham hd dap pha di khong biet bao nhieu, co le chi vi chiing ta mudn xac nhan rang

chi cd chiing ta sd'ng giila thdi dai nay mdi la iigudi nam dugc chan ly, mdi bie't each dinh doat van menh tuang lai cung nhu qua khuf. Thai do pham tuc cua chiing ta rd rang la mdt bieu hien thieu tri thufc, thieu van hda nghiem trgng. Gia thuf chiing ta bdt "me mudi" de nang minh len mgt chiit, bie't gan cai chu the vdi cai khach the, gan xUa vdi nay, gan bilu ban vdi vd cung, ta se thay ngay chinh cai ta dang lam cung chi la ra t tuang ddi, va ta se biet quy trgng nhufng gia tri cua tU nhien, ciia tien nhan, ciia lich suf de lai. Cach ufng xuf van hda cua Truang Han Sieu chinh la d tam nhin triet nhan ay. Phai ndi, tam nhin triet nhan ay da giiip ong va cac the he sau dng "sang tao" n jn h o n niii thd Non Nudc, mgt di tich van hda van cdn n^ay man hien dien vdi con chau. ' . .

Cuoi Cling, phai ndi den tU each nha tha ciia Truang Han Sieu, mpt bac thay ve van chuang ngon ngU, vdi nhiing ang tha van ma hau the dpc khong biet chan, nhubai tha Due Thiiy sdn, bai ky thap Linh Te, nhat la bai phii song Bach Dang. 0 khoang each 700 nam, mpt tac gia nao day chi cdn lai vdi ngay nay dugc mgt bai tha, ang van thdi ma khong rai rung da phai dugc coi la tac gia danh tie'ng. The ma rieng Truang Han Sieu v in cdn lai 2 bai van, 1 bai phu, mpt chiim tha 4 bai va 1 bai tha

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ddc lap, trong dd 2 bai van v^n cdn khac viing chai tren da - mgt hien tugng that khdng binh thUdng. Cd the khang dinh dugc, vdi sd lugng cdn lai dd, dng la mdt trong so nha van hang dau, nha van vdi nhieu the loai sang tac da dang, trong sd cac nha van Ly - Tran. Dac biet Bach D^ng giang phii khai quat chien cdng chd'ng quan Nguyen cua Tran Hung Dao da dugc lich suf thira nhan la mpt ang van kiet xuat, ve mpt phuang dien nao dd cung ICrng danh nhU chinh cai chien cdng ma nd phan anh.

Van trong tam thiifc dung hgp triet nhan - thi nhan, TrUang Han Sieu da don nen vao trong bai van Cling mdt luc ca hai am hudng tril tinh va triet ly. Cam xiic trCl tinh dang len cao nhat la liic nha tha ndi den cai dgng ciia cuoc chien - mdt cai ddng cd kha nang la "trdi chao dat chuyen":

Duang khi dy, .y Thuyen be muon dgi led quat phdp phdi; Hung hd sdu qudn I gido guam sdng choi. Trdn ddnh I dilgc thua chica phdn, Chien luy I Bdc Nam chdng ddi. Anh nhdt nguyet chil I phdi md, Bdu trdi ddt chil I sdp hogi. • -^>f

.,: • "^'.ncA iH (Dong Chau - Bui Van Nguyen dich)

Nhitog bai van cdn dUa lai mpt thong diep nghe

It

thuat khac, mdt cam hufng gan nhu ddi cUc vdi cam hufng dpng d tren. Dd la cam hufng tinh, nd lam hien rd len d cUc ben kia cai thai dp ung dung binh tinh cua ngUdi dang lam chu tinh the, dang quye't tam xoay chuyen cuoc cd trong tay minh -mpt vi Qudc cdng tiet che dang "chu tinh" tren tU the cua ngUdi chien thang:

Kia trgn Bgch Ddng md dgi thdng, Bai Dgi vuang coi the gidc nhdn.

(Nhu tren)

TCr trong chieu sau, ta thay, hai pham tru "dpng" va "tinh" ke't hgp lai, vCra ddi lap lai vCra thdng nhat vdi nhau, la mau chdt da nang cam hufng nghe thuat len thanh cam hufng triet ly ciia bai phu sdng Bach Dang, lam cho nd trudng ton vdi thdi gian. Bang lugng thdng tin da nghia, nhufng an nguf phong phii dgng lai phia sau ngdn tiT, Bach Dang giang phii da ggi len dugc nhieu tieng ndi cung mdt liic trong nhan thufc tham my cua ngudi dpc. Su ddn nen nghe thuat cua biit phap Truang Han Sieu thuc da dat den mdt mufc cao.

Trd len la mdt vai nhan xet sa lugc ve ban linh van hda Truang Han Sieu. Ong xufng dang dugc xep vao hang danh nhan tdn vinh d Van mieu Qudc td giam nhu nha Tran da tCrng "liet hang" xUa kia, cung xufng dang dugc dUng tugng ldn tren hdn Non

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Nudc cua da't Ninh Binh, vi nhU da ndi, trUdc mpi tu each nao khac, dng la ngUdi con Uu tu ciia Ninh Binh. Mdt toan tap tha van tren mii Non Nudc can dugc SUu tap bien soan that cdng phu va sdm dugc ra mat, va mdt hay vai ba chuyen khao ve TrUang Han Sieu khdng cdn la chuyen ndi cho vui ma dang trd thanh nhu cau cua ddi sdng van hda hien dai. Trong tinh hinh dd, tdi vui mCrng gidi thieu cudn sach nid dau TRLfONG HAN SIEU - CUOC DC I -SU NGHIEP - THO VAN cua nha giao La D a n g Bait vdi ban dpc.

Hd Noi, ngdy 14 thdng 8 ndm 1999

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Truang Han Sieu (? - 1354) tU la Thang Phu, hieu Don Tau (dng gia trdn ddi), ngUdi lang Phuc Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, phu TrUdng Yen, sau la thdn Phuc Am, xa Ninh Thanh, ngay nay thudc thi xa Ninh Binh, tinh Ninh Binh.

Ong cd tai, thdng minh, hpe gioi. Tuang truyen, khi Tran Hung Dao lui quan ve Id TrUdng Yen da lay dng vao lam mdn khach trong dinh. Ong tham gia cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng lan thuf hai (nam 1285). Neu thdi gian dd 15 tudi, \ thi nam sinh ciia dng vao khoang 1270 (cudi ddi ^ vua Tran Thanh Tdng (1258 - 1278)). ' - * f- \ Q

Tham gia cudc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen vj - Mdng lan thuf 2 (1285) va lan thuf 3 (1287 - 1288) r ^ vdi cUang vi la "thu nhi" - nhU chufc thu ky rieng' "j cua Tran Hung Dao, dng soan thao cac dao sacj i;; chuyen den nhu'ng doan quan. / - '

Sau cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng •;. '-thang lgi (nam 1288), Qud'c cdng tie't che Hung Dad f'^ dai vUOng da tien cuf dng vao trieu dinh (trUdc nam—— Tran Hung Dao mat (1300)).

TCr nam dd de'n nam 1308 (khoang tren 8 nam), cd the la mgt van than, trieu dinh chua thay dugc tai nang cua dng, nen chUa bd dung, dng da ve que nghi mdt thdi gian

De'n nam 1308, vua Tran Anh Tdng (1293 -1314)

2-THS - ift

cho dng giCr chufc Han lam hpe si. Ong chinh thufc lam quan van trong trieu, soan thao chieu, cao de ban bd va cac van tCr ngoai giao cua trieu dinh.

Den ddi vua Tran Minh Tdng (1314 -1329), nam 1326, dng giCr chufc Hanh Khien (1).

Mudi ba nam sau, nam 1339, ddi vua Tran Hien Tdng (1329 - 1341), dng lam Mdn ha hdu ty lang trung.

Sang trieu vua Tran Du Tdng (1341 - 1369), dng giu chufc Ta ty lang trung, kiem kinh luge suf Lang Giang (Lang San). Den nam 1345, dng lam Ta gian nghi dai phu (chufc quan chuyen viec can gian nha vua). Sau nam sau, nam 1351, dng dugc thang chufc Tham tri chinh sU (2). Cd the dng giiT chdc

I /

(1) Quan Hdnh Khien: "Hdn Viet til dien" - Tdp I - Ddo Duy Anh - In lgi ldn thd 3 - 1996 - NXB thdnh phd' H6 Chi Minh - trang 347 co ghi: "Quan Hdnh Khien: Chile quan ldn CO til dai Trdn, nhu chiic Thugng Thil ddi nay"

(2) Tham tri chinh sU: "Tha Vdn Ly - Trdn" - Tdp II -Quyen thugng - NXB KHXH - Hd Ngi - 1989 - Trang 755 cd ghi: "Dai Hdn ggi Thugng thu Id Trung ddi, vi d trong cdm sdnh nen ggi Id Ddi sdnh. Den dai Duang, Thugng thU sdnh ggi Id Trung ddi, mon hg sdnh ggi Id Ddng ddi, Trung sdnh ggi Id Tdy ddi. Ddi sdnh ndi chung chi nai ldm vi^c cila cdc quan to ddi xUa. Truang Hdn Sieu ldm tdi chile Tham tri chinh su cung tuang duang vai chdc Thugng thu hay Trung thu sdnh". • •^ii:.) L riuj\ nt,'i i i\i!v .Kf'\i. friftji n9(.i

^ an I

nay trong mdt thdi gian, rdi xin ve que nghi, lam

nha d ben nui Due Thuy.

Thang 9 nam 1353, quan Chiem Thanh vao cUdp

Hda Chau (vung ThCra Thien - Hue ngay nay), khi

dd la bien gidi phia Nam cua dat nudc, quan quan

danh duoi chung rat khd khan. Vua Tran Du Tdng

ben sai dng dem cac quan Than sach di tran giQ"

Hda Chau, mac dii tudi da ngoai 80, each kinh dd

khoang 700 cay sd'. Ong d day 14 thang. De'n thang

11 (am lich) nam Giap Ngg (1354), khi bien thuy

yen dn, dng xin trieu dinh trd ve, vua y cho, nhung

cbUa ve tdi kinh sU thi mat. Thi hai dng dugc dUa

ve an tang d que nha. Vua Tran Du Tdng truy tang

dng chufc Thai bao.

Chin nam sau, nam 1363, nha vua lai truy tang

dng chiifc Thai phd. , , . , ' . , ; . , T . .

Chin nam sau nufa, ddi vua Tran Nghe Tdng (1370

- 1372), nam 1372, vua ban tang cho dng tdng tu d

Van Mieu (Ha Ndi), sanh ngang vdi Chu Van An

va cac bac tien nho xua't chiing. (Ddi Tran chi cd

Truang Han Sieu va Chu Van An (1292 - 1370)

dugc thd d van Mieu). ..• jr.\-a i\i XiXi

N a m M i n h M e n h thuf 4 (1823) TrUang H a n Sieu

dugc p h u t h d d mieu "Lich Da i De Vuang". (Mieu

chi thd de vuang cac ddi, trong dd cd phu thd

nhdng bac khai qud'c cdng than cd cdng vdi nUdc).

Mieu "Lich Dai De Vuang" d dia phan xa Duang

Xuan (cu), nay thudc dia ban xa Thuy Xuan, nam

ve phia tay nam, each trung tam thanh phd Hue

khoang 5 km. „ -t . * *

0-'... ,i'o?-1 ID )'• . ' iRn ( f f i ! *

Cac sach lich suf xUa ghi rat it ve cugc ddi TrUang Han Sieu khi d que huang.

Trong bai "Due Thuy san Linh Te thdp ky", dng ch6 biet: "Que ta nhieu cdnh dep, thud thieu thdi

dgo chai, in ddu chdn hdu khdp. Tiing ditng thuyen

len nui ndy (nui Due Thuy), vd tdm bia hen vdch

nui, ego reu md dgc ky...".

'Thud thieu thdi", cd the la thdi gian trUdc khi dng di theo Tran Hung Dao lam mdn khach, hoac thdi ky trUdc khi vao trieu lam quan, khoang tren 8 nam, tuf trUdc nam 1300 de'n nam 1308.

Phan Huy Chu (1782 - 1840) trong sach "Lich

trieu hien chuang logi chi" lai cho chung ta biSt them: "Ldng Phuc Am nai dng (Truang Hdn Sieu)

d cdch ldng An Ddng mgt con song. Ong thich phong

canh dep cua nUdc non Due Thuy nen ldm nhd

d day, co bdi tha khdc vdo dd, ai dgc cdng ua

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thich" (1) "Ong Id ngUdi uang budng. Vdn chuang chinh su deu gioi" (2).

Chum tha 4 bai "Vinh hoa ciic" cua TrUang Han Sieu, giup chiing ta hieu them ve cudc ddi dng: da trdng cue tren mii Due Thiiy. Tuang truyen, day la mdt loai hoa mau vang, canh nhd xiu, lay pha vdi tra la mdt vi thudc, cd mui rat tham, udng vao se chufa cho mat sang them, gpi la "Scrn kim ciic".

Bai tha "Due Thuy san" cdn cho chung ta biet: TrUang Han Sieu da ngdi cau ca tren nhu'ng tang da ben chan nui Due Thiiy:

"Hdy tim lgi tdng dd ngoi cdu khi trUdc" Neu nhiing dan chufng tren de chung tdi mudn

bd sung them ve cudc ddi TrUang Han Sieu. Tuang truyen, TrUang Han Sieu da xay "Nghenh

phong cdc" (Lau ddn gid) d tren dinh mii de binh tha, ddn gid, dgi trang, ngam canh mdng ma cua trdi may nUdc vdi tinh nUdc non.

(1). (2): "Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi" - NXB KHXH -

Tdp 1 - Hd Ndi - trang 227.

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H ii©»jiitp

1- TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA QUAN SU

Ndi de'n tai nang quan sU cua TrUang Han Sieu khdng the so sanh vdi Tran Hung Dao dugc. NhUng md dau su nghiep cua dng lai la mdt van than tham gia chien tranh. Du mdi chi la mdt "thu nhi" - mdn khach cua Tran Hung Dao - dng da di theo Trail Hung Dao trong hai cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng tCr nam 1285 de'n 1288 (khoang 4 nam). Tran Hung Dao va quan dan ta thdi ay lap dugc nhieu chien cdng ldn, danh tan quan Nguyen - Mdng xam lugc 'lUdc ta. Dd la mdt ky tich. Thang lgi ay, cd mdt p l an cdng lao ddng gdp cua.Truang Han Sieu. Do vay, khi da't nUdc hda binh, Tran Hung Dao tie'n cuf dng vao trieu dinh. Chinh cudc chien tranh giuf nUdc vi dai cua dan tdc ta da khang dinh dugc phan nao tai nang quan sU cua TrUang Han Sieu. Va cuijg that vd tinh, den liic gan ket thuc cudc ddi, Trtrang Han Sieu lai chdng td tai nang quan sU cua minh nipt lan nufa. Thang 9 nam 1353, TrUang Han Sieu dugc vua Tran Du Tdng cuf vao Hda Chau danh dudi quan Chiem Thanh. Vai trd quan sU cua dng tai day nhu mdt chinh khach -NgUdi cd tai mUu lugc, uy tin cao, dam den nai khd khan, khi cd mat la mgi viec deu dn thda. Sau nay, Vu Pham Khai da danh gia: "Tien sinh de'n, bien

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thuy yen on. Tien sinh di, bd cdi, ky cUang thanh ne nep".

Md dau sU nghiep la mdt van than tre tudi tham gia chien tran danh quan Nguyen - Mdng, ket thiic sU nghiep lai la mdt quan van gia dan danh dudi giac Chiem Thanh, deu hoan thanh thang lgi. Dieu dd khang dinh TrUang Han Sieu cd tai ve quan sU.

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2 -TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA CHfNH TR!

Cdng nghiep ldn cua TrUang Han Sieu la boat ddng chinh tri. Ong la mgt nha nho chan chinh nen rat ham hd phd vua, giup nudc.

Ong di theo Tran Hung Dao tham gia hai cudc khang chien chd'ng quan Nguyen - Mdng cung la boat ddng chinh tri. TCr nam 1308, chinh thdc lam quan van trong trieu, den khi TrUang Han Sieu mat (1354) la 46 nam. 46 nam d trong trieu, cudc ddi hoan Id khi thang, luc giang va cung cd thdi gian ve que, dng vSn sd'ng cUang trUc, bet long vi nUdc, vi dan, cd cdng xay dUng trieu dinh nha Tran viing manh. Ong da trd thanh mdt cdt tru hpe van cua trieu dinh, ma sau nay suf than Ngd Si Lien nhan dinh: "TrUang Han Sieu la dng quan van hpe, vUgt ban mgi ngUdi". Rd rang la uy tin cua dng trong trieu dinh rat cao. "Dai Viet suf ky toan thu" cho bie't, nha vua chi gpi dng la "thay" chuf khdng ggi ten. Mdt dng quan dugc nhu the qua la hiem cd! Dd cung la deu dac biet d TrUang Han Sieu.

Gan nhu ca cudc ddi dng chi lam quan va lam quan d 5 ddi vua: Tran Nhan Tdng, Tran Anh Tdng, Tran Minh Tdng, Tran Hien Tdng, Tran Du Tdng.

Ong da cd cdng lao phat hien va ddng gdp d nhieu linh vUc iihu: quan sU, chinh tri, van hda,

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phap che, du lich, ngoai giao, van hpe,... va mdt so linh vUc lai la ngUdi khdi ngudn, de xUdng, cd vi tri dau tien nhu cdt mdc. Dd la dieu dac biet thuf hai trong hoat ddng chinh tri cua TrUang Han Sieu.

Chiing ta deu bie't, trong che dp phong kien, nhu'ng ngudi cd ddng gdp ldn, khi mat, thudng dugc nha vua truy tang cac chufc cao ban de ghi nhan cdng lao. NhUiig cd le, khdng may ai nhu TrUang Han Sieu, dugc truy tang den 3 lan, keo dai trong 18 nam, tCr nam 1354 de'n nam 1372.- Do cung la dieu dac biet thuf ba d TrUang Han Sieu.

Rat tiec la suf sach xUa khdng ghi day du nhu'ng cdng trang, viec lam cu the cua TrUang Han Sieu. Nhung chi bang nhufng dieu chung ta bie't ve dng, phan tich ly giai nhU tren, cung du minh chufng dng la mdt trong nhdng nha chinh tri tai nang d giai doan Thinh Tran. Ong chinh la ngUdi van vo song toan.

/irU' ;i <5nri o;^ td-j suv Biiu ,• !•'if i.: hup lii? >jfiii jpurfj jiKup gno idM .u id-'. fu;ll u,-'i)]'-:'T o tyid ')i>h iioh kl i nC

IK! r v i : i , : ; . , (vHi {ffo ^ f fO r t i h f()UO BO "Ucii

..lii.l iiO HRil' ,^noT iiJiH afiiT . gooT dniM . ' ftM yiK'L iiv n&fd fsii ndo d:> ub gn* Kod ut.7 n.t dauio .lia anufj .isdn

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3- TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA VAN HOA

Truong Han Sieu la mdt nha nho, tdn thd Khong Tuf, mud'n tu dudng nhiing dufc tinh td't cho minh va tri nhan (chinh tri) de phuc vu trieu dinh nha Tran. O thdi Tran, Nho hpe da bat dau thang Phat hpe. Truong Han Sieu phat huy nhdng yeu td' tich cUc cua Nho giao, thuc sU la mdt nha Nho chan chinh. Nhung khi thay Phat giao cung cd nhieu yeu td tich cUc, thuang cam chung sinh, khdng phan biet chiing sinh, de ra mpi ngudi phai sd'ng trong sach, tCr bi, tranh xa nhdng dam me, dng cung tin theo dao Phat. Dd la tCr thdi gian vua Tran giang tU, cuf dng de'n chua Quynh Lam (Ddng Trieu, Quang Ninh) coi chua vdi cUang vi nhu phu trach cai quan chua. (Chua thdi ay cd tinh chat Nha nUdc, trieu dinh quan). The la con ngUdi dng da cd ca Phat giao. Bai tha "Due Thiiy son" da the hien sU can bang giila tu tudng Nho giao va Phat giao trong con ngUdi Truang Han Sieu:

"Phil the nhu kim biet ^' •' '' Nhdn danh ngg tgc phi" r'.' (Co each bi#t vdfi cuoc ddfi troi noi nhi^

(1 ngay nay, ., , Mdi bie t ro cai danh hd trvL6c kia la

. . . . (,;-r khong diing).

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Truang Han Sieu cdn tim vao Dao giao. Dao giao chu trUang khdng nen tien len, ma trd lai ldi sdng nguyen thuy. Do vay, dng da tran trd mai trUdc hanh vi "quy khil" cua Dao Tiem - mdt ngUdi ndi tieng ve thi tai va khi tiet ddi Tan (Trung Qudc) lam quan d huyen Banh Trach, vi khdng chiu quy luy quan tren da treo an tCr quan ve d an tuf hdi cdn tre:

"Triing duang thdi tiet kim trieu thi Cd qudc hodng hoa khai vi khai'? Khudc lie cdm ton tien nhdt nhd. Ky hoi tao thii phii quy lai" (Sang nay la tie't t n i n g dv^dng K h o n g h i e u h o a v a n g n d i q u e cii da

,.i^. ., ; ^^ chtfa? Lai n h d td i thi i vu i tao n h a uo'ng n^oTu gay

d a n ngay trtfdc, May l a n ga i d a u l am b a i thcf "quy lai")

(Cue hoa bach vinh)

Mdt dac trung cua van hda Viet Nam la sU dung

hgp, chat lpc nhieu tU tudng khac nhau. Truang

Han Sieu cung vay, da bie't tdng hgp, thanh lpc

dudi hinh thufc cdng sinh de phat huy dugc nhiing

thanh td tich cUc ciia Nho giao, Phat giao va Dao

giao, tao nen mdt sufc manh tinh than hoan thien

-mgt ngudi cd hgc van vUng chac d thdi Tran. Gia

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tri tu tudng van hda cua TrUang Han Sieu la d dd,

de gdp phan hinh thanh mdt nha van hda.

Ong lam Hgc si Vien ban lam, tham gia cac

hoat ddng chinh sU cua trieu dinh, di vao Hda Chau

dep yen quan Chiem Thanh, deu the hien mdt ban

linh van hda cao ca.

„ Dieu dac biet la nam 1341, dng da cung Nguydn

Trung Ngan (1) bien soan bd "Hoang trieu dai dien"

(Sach dien le), lam ca sd cho phep tac, le nghi, dua

cac nghi thufc cua trieu dinh nha Tran vao ne nep,

quy cu, mang sac thai van hda - Mdt cud'n sach

dien le dau tien cua dan tpc. TrUdc TrUang Han

Sieu, nha nUdc phong kien Viet Nam chua cd bd

sdch dd. Ciing tCr day, cac boat ddng ve dien Id cua

trieu dinh da thanh the che, mang tinh chat van

ban phap quy.

Ndi de'n vanhda la ndi den nhieu linh vUc trong

cudc sdng. O linh vUc nao, TrUang Han Sieu cung

cd nhufng ddng gdp dang ke.

Que huang TrUang Han Sieu cd ngpn niii Due

Thuy diifng lang le soi minh ben bd nga ba sdng

Day, sdng Van. Ong da cd cdng ldn, rat sdm, phat

(1) Nguyin Trung Ngq.n (1289 - 1370) Id ngudi tinh Hitng Yin, dS Hodng Gidp ndm 16 tuSi (1304)

3 *

hien va ca nggi, lam cho nd trd thanh bat tuf:

^ - "SSc niii con xanh ngat

''^•- '" Lau roi, ngv^di vSn di!

' " Long song in bdng thap,

' ' '^' Tang tham cila thoi che"

(Nui Due Thuy)

Ong cdn la ngUdi dau tien cho khac bai tha "Due

Thiiy san" vao nui Due Thuy, khai sinh ra truyen

thd'ng khac tha vao niii, la mdt net van hda dpc

dao cua dan tpc. TrUdc dng, chUa cd ai khac tho

vao mii. Sau dng, cac nha vua, nhiing tao nhan

mac khach ndi tie'ng da khac tha vao nui.

Nam 1343, Quy Mui, nien hieu Thieu Phong thil

3, (trieu vua Tran Du Tdng), khi dang giii chufc Ta

ty lang trung, Ta gian nghi dai phu, TrUang Han

Sieu viet bai "Due thuy san Linh Te thdp ky" (Bai

ky thap Linh Te d nui Due Thuy). Bai ky dugc

khac ben sudn nui ve phia tay phai ldi di len nui.

Trong bai ky nay, TrUang Han Sieu da ndi len tinh

than bao ve cac di tich lich suf, tdn tao nhu'ng cdng

trinh kien true nghe thuat cua dan tdc.

Khi treo len dinh nui Due Thuy, tha'y thap Linh

Te dd vd, TrUang Han Sieu da "bdt gidc bdi ngili

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than thd" (\), va suy tudng ludn sU hung vong cua dat trdi: "Sao su hung vong thdnh bgi mdi trdi hai trdm mdy milai ndm md dd trd thdnh ddu vet cu? Roi ddy se mai mgt cd U? Hay lgi co ngiidi xdy dilng lgi ? Til co vu tru dd co nui ndy" (2)

Truang Han Sieu viet tiep: "Than oi, mai sau mdy trdm ndm nda, chdc Idt cdnh tugng bien doi, neu lgi co ke buong ldi than thd nhu ta, le ndo khong cd vdi ngudi nhu sU Tri Nhu xdy dung lgi? Viec dy khdng dodn trudc ditgc!" (3). Dd la mdt niem tin vao con ngUdi va cung la ldi nhan nhu cua dng cho the he sau, phai biet gin giuf gia tri van hda cua dan tpc, dCrng de mat mat tan phai. Cai "tdi" suy tUdng ay la ta'm long cua dng nhd tiec budn vi nhu'ng cai gi quy bau thieng lieng cua dat trdi va con ngUdi dang bi thdi gian va luat hUng phe cua cudc ddi lam phai dan, md dan, tan lui dan theo nam thang. Ong that la cao ca, da nhin xa thay rdng! Vi vay, dng ca nggi sU Tri Nhu la ngudi cd cdng ldn chu tri ddng ra xay dUng lai thap Linh Te. Viec lam cua sU Tri Nhu la tdn thd dao Phat, nhung cung mang y nghia bao tdn nhufng di tich, kien true nghe thuat cua dan tdc: "Nghi den viec nhd sit ldn chdn mdy, xep titng hdn dd, til mot tdc den mgt thitdc, tit mgt thudc den mgt

- (1), (2), (3), : Trich trong bdi "Due Thiiy san Linh Te

thap ky ^^^^ ^ j ^ ^ t ?« '"•>0'('. ftfcV" irtn <\c \ "DOf ^Mw J Js\iv

3- THS ? ?

nhdn, mgt budc tien them mdt hudc, mgt tdng cao them mgt tdng; tdi luc thdp cao sitng sitng, the chgm trdi xanh, to them ve dep ciia non song, tranh cong xdy dung cung tgo hoa, thi bgn sU sdi tdm thudng ddu cd the sdnh dugc!" (1) .

Khdng nhu'ng the, TrUang Han Sieu cdn cd y thufc da'u tranh chdng lai nhu'ng tha hda trong con ngudi. Ong da kich kich liet bpn sU sai lgi dung dao Phat de an chai ddng dai:

"Bgn do thdm, do vdng tu tap d ddy, khdng cay md dn, khong det md mac" (Van bia chiia Khai Nghiem)

Dieu dd cd y nghia dng da'u tranh cho sU lanh manh cua dao Phat, ciing la bao ve ban sac van hda truyen thd'ng Viet Nam, gan gid'ng nhU nhflng quan diem ve van hda cua chiing ta ngay nay (2). Ong da di tien phong cd tam nhin van hda rat sdm, mang "tdm ddng cao tot cua mgt tucdch kep: mgt triet nhdn vd mgt thi nhdn", "Cdch Ung xii vdn hoa cua TrUang Hdn Sieu chinh la d tdm nhin triet nhdn dy" (3).

(1), : Trich trong bdi "Due Thiiy san Linh Te thdp ky" (2): Dgc "Tap chi Todn cdnh" sd 101, thdng 12 ndm 1998,

bdi "Truang Hdn Sieu - Ngudi co tdm nhin vdn hoa ddng khdm phuc" ciia Ld Ddng Bdt

(3): Nguyin Hu§ Chi - "Nhd vdn Truang Hdn Sieu til gdc nhin vdn hoa" - Tap chi "Vdn hgc" s6' 4 ndm 1994.

34 8HT '

4 - TRUONG HAN SIEU - NGUOl DAT NEN , TANG CHO CHE DO PHONG KIEN VIET

NAM VAN HANH THEO PHAP LUAT

Che do phong kien tap quyen d Viet Nam bat dau cd tCr ddi vua Dinh Tien Hoang (968). NhUng nha Dinh chUa cd luat phap. Nhflng ke pham tdi deu dugc xuf theo y cua nha vua va rat da man. "Nhd vua dgt vgc ddu ldn d nai sdn, nudi cgp trong cdi vd hg lenh rdng:

- Co ai phgm phdp se hi ndu, hogc cho cgp xe thdy" (1)

Sang nha Tien Le, vua Le Ngga Trieu (Le Long Dinh) (1006 - 1009) "Ua chem giet. Co ngitdi phgm tgi sdp phdi hdnh hinh thi vua hdt lay co tranh qudn vdo ngitdi roi ddt. Lgi sai ten he la Le Thu Tdrn cdm con dao ciln nhut md sd vdo ngudi phgm tgi de cho ldu chet" (2). ,A «:s I'V

Nhflng binh dn nhfl the rat ddc ac, khdng theo mgt luat phdp nao.

Tiep Nha Ly, nhflng hinh an tren cua nha Dinh va nha Tien Le da dugc bai bd, nhUng nha vua cdn tu minh giai quyet nhflng vu to tung va nguc

*" - (1), (2): Trang 91, 105 sdch 'Dai V'lH sii lugc" - NXB thdnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh -1993. . , . , .

3

tu. Luat phap cua Nha Ly dugc quy dinh lai, nam 1042, dudi trieu vua Ly Thai Tdng (1028 - 1054) ban hanh bd "Hinh thu", nhung chUa bien soan day du.

De'n nha Tran, dudi trieu vua Tran Du Tdng, Truang Han Sieu va Nguydn Trung Ngan da bien soan bd "Hinh thu" nam 1341.

Truang Han Sieu la mdt cdt tru hpe van cua trieu dinh, ma sach "Dai Viet suf ky toan thu" con coi dng la cd hpe va'n vflng chac ban Hoang Giap Nguyin Trung Ngan, da ddng tac gia bien soan cud'n sach luat mdi d Viet Nam.

'•NgUdi cd cdng dd la Truang Han Sieu, khang dinh dng la ngUdi dat nen tang cho che dp phong kien Viet Nam van hanh theo phap luat. (1)

Chinh vi the, sach "Lich suf Viet Nam", tap I, co ghi:

"Hogt dgng phdp che ciia Nhd nitdc ciing dugc tdng citdng. Sau nhieu ldn sita doi vd bd sunc, nha Trdn bien sogn mgt bg lugt mdi ggi ld"Hinh thii"" (2) .'Jfi Job iki M l ydn ak rfnixi jittndVi

.ohn qkffq

- (1): Dgc bdo "Phdp ludt" Sd 18, ra ngdy 10-2-1998, bdi "Truang Hdn Sieu - Ngudi ddt nen tdng cho che do phong kien Viet Nam van hdnh theo phdp ludt" cua Ld Ddng Bdt.

; '' - (2): "Lich sd ViSt Nam" - Tdp 1 - NXB KHXH - Hd Ngi 1971. V.J nn pi^q r-

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5 - TRUONG HAN SIEU - NGUOl CO TAM NHIN DU UCH S O M NHAT VIET NAM

Duang thdi, TrUang Han Sieu la ngudi di nhieu nai, thich tieu dao nhU mdt Ifl khach. "Que ta nhieu cdnh dep, thud thieu thdi dgo chai in ddu chdn hdu khdp" (1). Da'u chan ay cung tflng dat len da't Lang San khi kinh luge suf Lang Giang d phia Bac, lai cdn vao Hda Chau (Thfla Thien - Hue ngay nay) de tra'n an bd cdi phia Nam, khi dd quan ngoai bang thudng den quay pha. Cung chinh vi the, dng biet nhieu mien dat cua dan tdc va tU nhan la ngUdi 'Tihach" trong "Bach Dang giang phu" (Bai phu sdng Bach Dang) dugc viet vao khoang trUdc nam 1340 (2), cd cai thu du lich, thich tU do, phdng khoang giao cam vdi thien nhien va canh dep: , j . n->rf

'jij^, "Khach: co ke: Giiofng budn giong gid chdi vdi i Lifdft be chdi trang mai miet. Sdfm go thuyen chijf Nguyen Tifdng Chieu lan tham chijT Vii Huyet

•Hi H Ciifu Giang, Ngii Hd, tv \^\,y. oui :::r:nip ii ! s Tam Ngo, Bach Viet", m.J .UOL' J;; ic. -.a

(1): Trong bdi :Duc Thuy scm Linh te thdp ky"

(2) Khodng sau 50 ndm Trdn Hung Dao chien thdng d

trdn Bach Ddng ndm Mdu Ty (1288)

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Day la nhflng dia danh quen thudc day thi hflng van chflong trong sach vd Trung Qud'c, each xa bang ngan dam lam sao TrUang Han Sieu cd the den dugc? Nhac den chung, chi la each phd dien quen thudc cd tinh chat udc le cua mdt thdi, giap tiep, dng ndi ve cai chi cua minh, hoan, thien dac diem thich du lich cua nhan vat "khach":

"Dam Van Mgng chiifa vai tram trong da cung nhieu.

Ma trang chi bon phi^dng van con tha thiet". Ong di nhieu, bie't rdng, vi "Di mgt ngay dang,

hgc mdt sang khdn", vi hgc dugc d Tuf Trudng - ten chfl cua Tu Ma Thien, sfl gia Trung Qudc ndi tieng, ngudi tflng du lich rat nhieu nai:

"Hgc Tuf TrxiUng chvl thu t ieu dieu Qua cijfa Dai Than, ngtfgfc ben Dong Trieu, De'n s d n g B a c h D d n g b o n g b e n h

mai cheo". Truang Han Sieu chinh la mdt Ifl khach, cd tam

hdn lang du. Ong da tim thay sir ddng dieu trong tam hdn cua Tfl Trudng: du lich khdng chi de ngam hoa, thudng trang, tha'y nhflng ve dep thien tao mdng ma, hung vi, ma dieu quan trpng ban la tim ve cdi nguon, tim den nhflng nai cha dng da lap nen chien cdng hien bach de chiem ngudng, nggi ca, tich luy vd'n sd'ng, giiip tam hdn, tU tudng minh them phong phii, lam dep cho ddi. Vi the, dng da

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lenh denh nhieu ngay tren sdng Bach Dang, nhU

dan dat chung ta di thang de'n nhflng canh non

nudc hung vi cua da't Viet, de ca nggi con sdng lich

sfl gan vdi nhflng chien thang huy hoang. Bai "Bach

Dang giang phii" la mdt tuyen ngdn bang phii ve

con ngudi va tam nhin du lich cua TrUang Han

Sieu. Ong la ngudi dau tien cam nhan va minh

chflng cai thii tieu dao, thanh thai di day di dd cua

con ngudi. Dd phai chang la quan diem du lich

hanh huang ve cdi ngudn ma hien nay chung ta

dang thfle hien: ve vdi den Hung (Phu Thg), de'n

Cd' Id Hoa Lu (Ninh Binh), vao Cd' dd Hue, ra thu

dd la Ndi, vao lang vieng Bac va biet bao di tich

lich sfl tha mdng, ky ao khac, cung la de tie'p them

sflc manh truyen thd'ng. Ong la ngUdi dau tien minh

chflng, cam nhan sfl khao khat mud'n kham pha

thien nhien, tim ve thien nhien va thay dugc md'i

tuang quan gifla con ngfldi va thien nhien phai hda

hap vdi nhau.

Cam hflng du lich mdi me cua TrUang Han Sieu

cdn the hien trong bai "Due Thuy son Linh Te

thap ky":

"Sao sit hitng vong thdnh hgi mdi trdi hai trdm mdy milai ndm md dd trd thdnh ddu vet cii? Tit co vil tru dd CO nui ndy, khdch len nui dgo chai roi

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vdng bong khdng hiet dd hao ngifdi!". (1) Ong linh cam trudc day cd thap Linh Te cao nhieu tang tren niii Due Thuy lam cho nui dep them, lung linh, hU ao, huyen dieu, nay ngpn thap khdng cdn nfla, da lam mat di mdt phan ve dep cua nui, cho nen khach du lich vang bdng nhieu. Suy tfldng dd cua dng cung dua tren cdt ldi cua dac diem thich du lich va mong mudn sao cho du lich dugc phat trien ma dieu quan trgng la phai tdn tao cac ve dep cua danh thang, di tich lich sfl, dflng de cho nd mat mat, tan phai trflde thdi gian khac nghiet, phu phang. Neu khdng lam dugc dieu nay, du lich chi la mdt trd chai vd vi.

Day cung la tinh nhan van cao ca cua T rang Han Sieu vi con ngUdi: "Than di, mai sau mdy trdm ndm nda, chdc Idt cdnh tugng hien doi, neu lgi co ke hudng ldi than thd nhu ta, le ndo khdng cd vdi ngudi nhu nhd sU Tri Nhu xdy ditng lgi? Viec dy khdng dodn trUdc dugc!" (2). Ong tin vao con ngfldi, tin vao y thfle tdn tao bao ve cac ^Knh thang va ii tich lich sfl cua con ngUdi. Ong nhU nhan n li nhflng the he mai sau phai thudng xuyen lam viec dd.

Chung ta dang thfle hien ky vpng dd cua TrflPng

fl) (2) Trong bdi "Due Thiiy san Linh Te thdp ky'

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Han Sieu sd'ng each day gan 650 nam, dang va se tdn tao, bao ve cac di tich lich sfl, cac kien true, danh thang. Cac ky quan dd nhU dang tU ndi lgn tam long tran trpng ciia chung ta ngay nay dd'i vdi dat nfldc xUa va nay.

Gia tri hien dai trong tha van TrUang Han Sieu la nhu the! Con ngirdi va tam nhin cua dng ve du lich la nhu vay! Phai chang, TrUang Han Sieu la Ong to cua nganh Du lich Viet Nam! (1)

(1) Dgc bdo "Nhdn ddn hdng thdng" sd^ 13, thdng 5 ndm

1998. Bdi "Ngudi co tdm nhin Du lich sam nhdt Viet Nam"

dia Ld Ddng Bdt.

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; • 6-TRUONG HAN SIEU-NGUOl CO TAM NHIN VE MOI TRUCING

SINH THAI RAT S O M ^ i ' ^ '

Khi da cd tam nhin ve du lich thi TrUang Han

Sieu cung cd tam nhin ve mdi trudng sinh thai. Dd

la mgt tam nhin kep, song song tdn tai.

Trong cudc ddi, hanh vi flng xfl ndi bat nhat cua

Truang Han Sieu la thai do trUde thien nhien, ma

bay gid chung ta ggi la mdi trudng sinh thai.

Khdng chi yeu men canh vat cua da't nUdc, ma

dieu quan trgng la dng cd sU khat khao thudng

tnfc, mud'n tim hieu, kham pha va bao ve de hda

nhap vao thien nien. Ngay nay, dieu dd da trd

thanh nhu cau thiet yeu cua con ngUdi.

Ong da phat hien ra nggn nui Non Nudc d que.

Ong dat ten cho nui la Due Thuy. "Due" la tarfi,

"Thuy" la con chim Tra. Con chim tra tam ben

sdng. Phai cd mdt ta'm long yeu quy chim mudng,

quan sat sac mau, hinh dang, tha'y sU tuang ddng

gifla nui va chim, thi mdi dat dflgc cai ten tflgng

hinh mdng ma nhfl the. Ten ggi nay cung gdp phan

the hien con ngfldi dng - y tfldng sau xa mud'n cudc

ddi gan gui que huang nhU con chim tra trong huang

43

ddng gid ndi hien hda. ' '^T -9

Truang Han Sieu da lam nha ben nui Due Thuy de d. Dieu dac biet la, hang ngay, dng cham chut trdng cae cay xanh tren dinh nui, trong dd cd cay cue:

"Mifa t a n h r a vtfdfn t ia go'c t r o n g . Slicing gieo, q u a n h g iau Ivfdm tijfng bong"

(Vinh hoa cue)

Phai chang, dd la nhflng cfl chi "nang nhfl nang

trflng, hflng nhfl hflng hoa" cua mdt con ngfldi yeu

quy cay xanh, cay hoa ra t sdm.

Cd le, ngudi uam trdng cay sdm nhat tren dinh

nui Due Thuy la TrUang Han Sieu. Sau dng, bie't

bao the he da trong cay tren dd. Ngay nay, dinh

nui Due Thuy da la mdt vUdn cay xanh, cd rat nhieu

cay cd thu va an dUdi cac tan cay la mpt vfldn hoa

dep mat. Nd da trd thanh mdt la phoi xanh ldn,

gdp phan lam cho mdi trfldng sinh thai d thi xa

Ninh Binh trong lanh.

" Khdng nhflng the, dau chan du khach cua TrUang

Han Sieu da dat tren khap mpi neo sdng ho cua

dat nfldc. Ong da de'n sdng Bach Dang my le.

Cdn ddng sdng Day, sdng Van d que hflang ludn

gan bd vdi dng than thiet man ma, "luc chieu td

hudng chiec thuyen con lenh denh dudi nui ndng

44

mdi bong nhin quanh nggo nghi,..." Cl) - Mdt sfl say dam ngpt ngao, hda nhap trong mdi trfldng sinh thai san thuy hflu tinh tuyet dieu. ' "

Ong cdn keu ggi con ngUdi hay bao ve nui Due Thuy dflng de mat di dang ve nguyen so vd'n cd. Trudc day, tren dinh nui Due Thuy cd thap Linh Te cao, xay tfl nam 1091 dudi trieu vua Ly Nhan Tdng da lam tang them ve dep cua nui. Nay thap dd vd, dng lo ngai thdi gian va luat hflng phe' cua thien nhien, nha't la con ngUdi se lam mat di canh quan tuai dep dd: "Sao sU hitng vong thdnh hgi mdi trdi hai trdm mdy mUai ndm md dd trd thdnh ddu vet cu ky? Roi ddy se mai mdt cd it?" (2). Ong hy vgng se cd ngUdi xay dUng lai thap: "Le ndo khdng cd ngudi nhu nhd sU Tri Nhu xdy dUng lgi? Viec dy khdng dodn trUdc ditgc!" (3). Dd la mdt nhan thfle, mdt niem tin vao con ngfldi ludn ludn cd y thfle bao ve mdi trfldng sinh thai.

Tam nhin mdi me ay cua TrUang Han Sieu da cd rat sdm. Chung ta da va dang gifl cho mdi trudng sinh thai trong lanh, de hda nhap vdi thien nhien vinh hang.

(1). (2). (3): Trong bdi "Due Thiiy san Linh Te thdp ky".

45

7-TRUONG HAN SIEU-NGUOl PHE PHAN NHQNG MAT THA HOA CUA NHA CHUA

Chung ta deu bie't, ddi Tran, Phat giao van cd mdt dia vi ra't quan trgng. Vua Tran Thai Tdng vfla trdn 40 tudi da nhudng ngdi lai cho con, tim nai tu hanh. Ke dd de'n vua Tran Thanh Tdng lay tu each mgt vi thien tfl ma di tu lam Hda thugng. Vua Tran Nhan Tdng cung hai vi cao tang Phap Loa va Huyen Quang da dUng nen phai Tnic Lam - mdt triet ly va td chflc Phat giao thuan tuy Viet Nam. Dd la True Lam tam td. Cac Hoang Hau cung di tu lam ni cd, cac vUang cdng di tu lam tang ' chung. Cho nen rat nhieu ngUdi khac cung di tu. Hg cd ldng thanh kinh thUc sfl vdi dao Phat. Trong so dd, mdt sd' ngfldi do sd'ng khd qua, mud'n tim ngudn an nui tinh than nen phai di tu. Han nfla di tu, hg dugc miin sUU dich, thue ma. Cdn nha chua khi ay, lai cd nhieu rudng da't phi nhieu, di tu vao chua, tu nhien se cd bdng ldc. Vi the khdng it ngUdi mud'n lgi dung dao Phat de chie'm doat rudng da't, an chai ddng dai. TrUgng Han Sieu da ndi rd dieu dd trong hai bai ky "Van bia chua Khai Nghiem" (1339) va "Bai ky thap Linh Te d nui Due Thuy" (1343):

47

- "The JihUng nhitng ke gido hogt trong bgn sU sdi lgi bo mdt cdi hdn y "khd khdng" cua dgo Phdt md chi chdm lo chiem nhitng nai ddt tdt, cdnh dep, tu gidt vdng ngm nggc cho chd a ciia chung rite rd, to diem cho mdn do cua chiing long Idy nhu voi rong. Duang thdi hgn co quyen the, bgn ngogi dgo a dua lgi dua ddi hda theo. Vi the nhdng nai tu nhd thanh ky trong nUdc, chiia chien da chiem mdt mgt niia. Bgn do thdm, do vdng tu tap a ddy, khdng cay md dn. khdng det md mac; nhitng ngudi thdt phu, thdt phu thudng bo cita nhd, bd ldng xdm lu lugt quy theo" (Van hia chiia Khai Nghiem).

- "Ditc Thich Ca Ido trilgng Idy "tam khdng" de chicng dgo. Khi Phdt tich roi, ddi sau it ngitdi tdn thd gido ly ciia Phdt md chi ldm me hogc chung sinh. Ddt thien hg ndm phdn, chiia chien chiem mdt, ldm cho hu ndt dgo thudng, hao phi tien cda; hgn sit sdi thi ddng ddi md nhitng ngudi khd khgo lgi tin theo. Nhu the md khdng trd thdnh quy qudi gian td, that ciing hiem cd. Nhitng viec ldm dy khdng the dugc, khdng the dUgc!" (Bdi ky thdp Linh Te a nili Due Thuy).

' Nhfl the cd nghia la Trflang Han Sieu da len tie'ng phe phan va bai xich Phat giao. Sach "Lich sfl Viet Nam", tap I, cd nhan dinh: "Den cudi ddi Trdn, cudo xung dot gida Nho vd Phdt bdt ddu.

48

Nhitng nhd nho cd tieng liic hdy gid nhu Le Vdn Huu, Le Qudt, Tritang Hdn Sieu... dd len tieng phe phdn vd hdi xich Phdt gido. Uu the cua Phdt gido gidm ddn de rdi nhudng chd cho Nho gido". Nhflng su bai xich phe phan d day, chi la ndi tdi nhflng viec xau xa, tieu cfle d trong nha chua, "nhitng k^ gido hogt trong bgn sU sdi", "hgn cd quyen the, hgn ngogi dgo", nhitng ke "it tdn thd gido ly cua Phdt md chi ldm me hogc chung sinh", tflc la chdng lai sU tha hda trong cudc sdng sinh boat the' tuc cua sfl sai, chfl khdng he chdng lai giao ly cua Phat giao. Ong van tin theo va ca nggi triet ly cua dao Phat, khdng bai Phat. Vi the chung ta mdi hieu dflgc hai bai van bia cua Trflang Han Sieu v in dflgc nha chua bao ve, tdn trgng va tfl hao. Hg tfl hao khi da luu gifl dflgc chfl nghia cua con ngudi cd uy tin, tieng tam. Hp tU hao ve the loai van hoc cua hp, do hp yeu cau viet va cho cham khac vao nui, vao da nhu nhflng tac pham nghe thuat rieng de thudng thfle, nggi ca. Thdi dd, hp cung la nhflng ngUdi cd uy tin, cd trinh dp, neu da la bai van bia bai xich giao ly Phat giao thi khdng bao gid hp lUu gifl de'n ngay nay.

Cd the ndi rang, phe phan nhflng mat "tha hda" cua nha chua, cung la cua con ngUdi, Truang Han Sieu cung vdi cac tri thfle phong kien dflang thdi

4 THS 4i:-

da di tien phong bao ve sfl lanh manh va tie'n bd cua Phat giao ndi rieng va ca Tam giao ndi chung, tflc la bao ve he tu tudng cua thdi dai. Dieu dd co y nghia, TrUang Han Sieu gian tiep gifl gin, bao ve ban sac van hda truyen thd'ng Viet Nam rat sdm.

- l y i t "ill;; -.fu-i

^ 8HT

8 - TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA NGOAI GIAO

Hien nay, sfl sach khdng tha'y chep Trflang Han Sieu di sfl Trung Qud'c. Nhung trong sd tha van cdn lai cua dng, lai cd bai "Qua Td'ng dd" (Qua kinh dd nha Td'ng). ChUa rd trudng hgp nay la do sfl sach xUa ghi chep sdt hay nham lan tac pham?

' • QUA KINH DO N H A TONG '

Nui Cdn cung Thdn dd mdt roi, Menh mdng co biec cdo chdn chui. Quyen sa Vuang, Thdi nen nghieng ngiia. Viec den Khdm, Huy ddng ngdm ngui. Vgc chuyen trdi Nam, thdi Id hdi, Guam thu ddt Bdc dd qua thdi. Ngodi mdy thdnh khuyet, di ddu td? Tha khdch thuang cho lua td't bdi

(DAO PHUONG BINH dich) Qua bai tha nay, chung ta thay TrUang Han Sieu

cd tam long be ban ddi vdi dat nUdc, nhan dan Trung Hoa lang gieng thud xUa. Ong la sfl gia Dai Viet, khdng coi nhan dan Trung Hoa nhfl bgn vua quan nha Nguyen, da chia se ndi cam gian cua nhan dan Trung Hoa dd'i vdi may dng vua bat tai cudi ddi nha Td'ng la Td'ng Huy Tdng (1101 - 1126)

51

va Td'ng Kham Tdng (1126), hi quan Kim bat dUa ve giam d phuang Bac. Sau khi hai dng vua dd bi bat, Td'ng Cao Tdng ky hiep udc giang hda vdi quan Kim rdi dd xud'ng phuang Nam, ggi la Nam Td'ng. Tfl dd nha Td'ng suy sup mai, cudi cung mat ve tay nha Nguyen. Ong da thau hieu, thdng cam ndi dau xdt, bat hanh cua ngudi dan Trung Hoa thdi ay. Phai chang, dd cung la long thuang ngUdi khdng bien gidi, tinh nhan loai, tinh nhan van cao ca cua Truang Han Sieu!

.iV\.

Sl6u ^0^ V;!^\ :>,S\0 ^ n - > v .

!ri>tb KV'ia o/inMH-iOA:!-

.:fh i\i.i\\\ 'I^'.JU i^;b it>"' '

ar-' iv.jd \idi' f.oH '^maV ixkh uiidv fo ;L'; ' / r - : i:,,m iou s a Bldo Sb .tl'^,\U)(A ,

i • ' ^f-J lu-r j>rtd v~ri!f (^ '

52

9 - TRUONG HAN SIEU - NHA VAN LON THOI TRAN

iU

Ddng gdp ldn nha't cua TrUang Han Sieu la linh vUc van hpe. Ong la nha van Viet Nam thdi Tran, cao ban nfla la nha van ldn hang dau, tieu bieu cho giai doan Thinh Tran ca ve sd' lugng va chat lugng. ...,,,. ,,,, , . , ,,, .

Dau tien phai ke de'n so' lugng tac pham cua dng hien cdn: 2 bai ky, 1 bai phu, mdt chum tha 4 bai va 3 bai tha khac nfla. Sd' Iflgng tac pham cua dng nhfl the khdng it. Bdi vi, van tha Ly - Tran la van bgc thdi ky dau cua nen van hgc viet Viet Nam, sd' Iflgng nha van, nha tha va tac pham khdng cd nhieu. Khdng Ld Thien Sfl chi cdn lai hai bai tha "Ngdn hoai" (Td ldng) va "Ngfl nhan" (Canh nhan cua dng ngfl) vSn dflgc coi la nha tha. Chi mdt "Hich tfldng si van" (Bai hich tfldng si) ma Tran Hflng Dao dflgc liet vao hang cac nha van ldn thdi Tran. , Tac pham cua Truang Han Sieu cdn phong phu ve the loai, gdm: tha, ky va phu.

Khdng nhflng the, dieu dac biet la nhflng tac pham cua Trflang Han Sieu hau nhfl khai quat dflgc toan bd nhflng tu tUdng nghe thuat ldn nhat cua thdi dai Ly - Tran, vdi sU ket hgp kheo leo gifla trfl tinh va triet ly. Nghia la tha van Trflang Han

53

Sieu khdng chi ndi den cai chung, ca nggi trieu dinh, xa tac, nhflng chien cdng hien bach cua dat nudc, ma cdn bieu dat dugc sac thai ca nhan - cai "tdi" trfl tinh, tflc la cd cam xuc hfldng ngoai va cam xuc hfldng npi.

Nhan dinh ve dieu nay, giao sU Nguyen Hue Chi viet:

"Tdi cho rdng vdn hgc Ly - Trdn dd tim thdy mdt phuang thitc hieu dgt rieng, tgm ggi la phitang thdc ludng phdn, trong do vita c6 phdn cgng dong, vita CO phdn cd the, vita mang khi the xd tdc, vita la sUphdn dnh cda tdm trgng cd nhdn... (J TrUang Hdn Sieu, theo tdi, cdch gidi quyet phuang thdc ludng phdn la sU ket hgp kheo leo gida trd tinh vd triet ly. Con ngudi cd the cua nhd tha dd khdng chiu nhudng con ngUdi cgng dong md vdn cii mgnh dgn hoc Ig qua sdc thdi trd tinh dam ddc trong tdc phdm" (1).

Tha van Truang Han Sieu viet each ngay nay gan 650 nam. Nhflng nhflng dieu ma dng da viet, cho de'n bay gid v in dung. Dd la gia tri hien dai ldn lao cua tac pham, se cdn cd tac dung ddi vdi chung ta trong thdi dai ngay nay.

(1) Nguyen Hu§ Chi: "Nhd vdn Truang Hdn siiu td goc nhin vdn hoa" - Tap chi "Vdn hgc" sd 4 ndm 1994

64

Phong each nghe thuat trong tha van TrUang Han Sieu la su ke't hgp gifla cd dien va hien dai, mang tu tudng hoai cd, nhflng bieu hien bang the "ddng" va "tinh".

Phong each nay the hien rat rd trong bai "Bach Dang giang phu".

Day la bai phu noi tie'ng nha't trong 13 bai phu d ddi Tran - Mdt ang van hay "khdng tien khoang hau".

Ddi Tran cd 13 bai phu, 8 bai lay de tai Trung Qud'c, mdt bai de tai vu tru, hai bai de tai ve con va: va hai bai viet ve de tai Viet Nam, thi "Bach Bi \g giang phu" la tia hoi quang phan chieu nhflng trang lich sfl sang chdi hflng hflng khdng khi cua chien tran, lam sdng day chien cdng chdng giac ngoai xam cua da't nude Dai Viet. Chi ndi rieng dieu nay, "Bach Dang giang phu" da cd gia tri ldn lao.

Nhufng "Bach Dang giang phu" lai vao loai ndi ' ieng trong lich sfl van hpe Viet Nam, vi nd chfla dflng mdt tfl tfldng hoai cd, cd the "ddng" va "tinh" xuyen sudt bai phu. Day cung la dac trUng cua van hpe Ly - Tran va van hpe cd dien, nhUng lai la nhflng gi rat rieng biet cua Truang Han Sieu, chi cd dng mdi viet dugc nhu the.

Cung la hoai cd, nhUng hoai cd cua TrUang Han

55

Sieu la nhd lai mdt thdi oanh liet cua dan tdc, cd budn tiec qua khfl nhung xen ldn vdi niem tU hao, xua't phat d cam hflng yeu nUdc sau sac. Han nfla trong thdi Van Tran, da't nudc dang binh yen, ngUdi ta de quen di qua khfl oanh liet da qua, "Bach Dang giang phu" nhfl mpt ldi canh tinh cua Trflang Han Sieu dd'i vdi mpi ngfldi khdng dflgc lang quen qua khfl hao hung de vuan tdi le sd'ng chan chinh.

Chu de kep trong "Bach Dang giang phu" la tam trang yeu nUdc va ta'm long xdt thuang con ngUdi cua Trflang Han Sieu. Dd la cam hflng yeu nudc va cam hflng nhan van dugc the hien d the "ddng" va the "tinh".

"Ddng" d day la TrUang Han Sieu ca nggi ch en thang oanh liet tren sdng Bach Dang - mdt khung canh cua the tran dd'i nhau, dpi ngu chinh te, khf gidi day du, tinh ky phap ph^i^ am thanh nao ddng bdi tieng reo hd cua ba quan va guam giao va cham vao nhau:

"Duong khi dy: Thuyen be mudn ddi, Tinh ky phdp phdi. Ti hd ba qudn, Gido guam sdng chdi. Trdn ddnh thu hung chita phdn. Chien liiy Bdc Nam chdng ddi.

56

Anh nhdt nguyet chil phdi md. Bdu trai ddt chit sdp ddi" '"" ' -•••'' • "Ddng" la qua khfl nhfl the, nhflng cung la hien

tai ciia canh thien nhien hung vT, ngoan muc tren song Bach Dang, nhflng con thuyen trdi tren sdng, cd "Khach" ndi chuyen vdi bd lao - mdt ddng sdng menh mdng chay dai theo lich sfl gifla sac trdi may nfldc bao la:

"Den sdng Bgch Ddng bong binh ?7idi cheo. Bdt ngdt sdng kinh mudn dam Thudt tha duoi tri mdt mdu. Nudc trdi: m ' * sdc Phong cdnh: )a thu".

Cdn "tinh" d day la ta'm ldng - cai "Tdi" trfl tinh cua Trflang Han Sieu cd thu "tieu dieu" ddng dieu vdi tam hdn Tfl Trfldng, yeu thien nhien, mudn con ngfldi va thien nhien hda nhap de vui vdi canh sdng nfldc Bach Dang nhfl tren, cdn la niem tu hao vdi ddng sdng bat khuat mang chien cdng cua dan tdc:

"Khdc ndo:

Trdn Xich Bich, qudn Tdo Thdo tan tdc tro hay Trgn Hgp phi, gidc Bo Kien hodn todn chet trui Den nay sdng nitdc tuy chdy hodi, •'''•''' Md nhuc qiMn thii khdn rda noi. ^'~''' ' ' Tdi tgo cdng lao '• ' >• ;

57

Nghin ddi ca nggi". Dd cung la ndi budn thuang xdt cua TrUang Han

Sieu mang tinh nhan ban, nhan van khi nghi den bao ngudi anh hung da hy sinh vl nUde va ca nhflng sinh linh ke thu xam Iflpc bd mang d nai day - mpt thfl tinh thflang nhan loai da cd trong Trflang Han Sieu rat sdm:

"Bd lau san sdt, Ben Idch diu hiu Song chim gido gdy, Gd ddy xuang khd. Buon vi cdnh thdm, Diing ldng gid ldu. Thuang ndi anh hung ddu vdng td". Ong cdn nhfl tinh lang de suy tfl, triet ly ve vai

trd con ngfldi lam nen chien thang, nhat la con ngfldi cd dflc dflgc nhan dan kinh phuc:

"Gidc tan mudn thud thanh hinh, Bdi ddu ddt hiem, cdt minh ddc cao". "Dflc cao" ay chinh la dao ly truyen thd'ng, long

yeu nudc, yeu hda binh, chinh nghia - cdi nguon cua sflc manh Viet Nam. The "tinh" trfldng tdn cung bai phu la nhu vay. Nd cung cdn la khi Truang Han Sieu hinh dung ra dugc hinh anh Tran Hung Dao ung dung, binh tinh, lam chu dugc tinh the trong chien dau. Day cung la ban linh cua dan tpc Viet Nam chung ta:

58

"Kia trdn Bgch Ddng md dgi thdng, ••.,••-,'/ , Bdi Dgi vuang coi the gidc nhdn".

Nhfl the' gia tri ldn lao cua "Bach Dang giang phu" la tu tudng hoai cd, the "ddng" va "tinh" dan xen hda quyen gifla hien tai vdi qua khfl de khang dinh sfl sd'ng hien tai va mai sau, ma diiu cdt ldi lam nen mpi chien thang la yeu td' con ngfldi -Ta't ca the hien y nghia triet hpe sau sac trong van tha Trflang Han Sieu.

Hai bai: "Van bia chua Khai Nghiem" va "Bai ky thap Linh Te d nui Due Thuy" cua TrUang Han Sieu deu ca nggi canh dep cua thien nhien, ca nggi canh chua, ca nggi cdng dflc Phat va cac nha sfl, ddng thdi phe phan nhflng mat tieu cfle tha hda cua nha chua, dac biet cdn chfla dflng mdt tam nhin ve van hda, du lich, len tieng bao ve, tdn tao cac cdng trinh kien true, di tich lich sfl cua dan tdc va an chim vin la cai "Tdi" trong sang, cao dep, mudn ve sdng vdi que hflang, vui thu vdi canh thien nhien tho mdng.

Nhflng bai tha cdn lai cua TrUang Han Sieu la cam xuc hudng ndi - hoai cd - mdt cai "Tdi" trfl tinh cd ca tinh rd net: yeu con ngfldi, yeu thien nhien, yeu cudc sdng, hoai luyen cd huang, mong mdi dugc ve, nhirng cung u hoai, ban khoan trudc thdi cudc.

59

"Nghe thuat ngdn ngfl cua TrUang Han Sieu tinh te, lang dpng man mac d trong tha, gan cdt chac nich phong phu, uyen chuyen mim mai trong ky; nhung d ca ba the loai dd lai diu cd chung mdt dac diem: sU van dung hinh dung tfl ndi len dam net, song mat khac khdng bao gid rai vao thai qua" (Nguyin Hue Chi) (1).

Truang Han Sieu - nha van ldn cua chung ta la nhfl the!

Tdm lai, Trflang Han Sieu la mdt con ngUdi "Tinh tinh cUomg trilc, hpe van uyen tham" (Nguyen Dinh Chu) (2), "la nha van hang dau" (Nguyen Hue Chi) (3) CO tu tudng mdi me, ddng gdp cho dan tdc tren nhiiu linh vflc nhif; chinh tri, quan sfl, phap che, van hda, lich sfl, du lich, ngoai giao, tdn giao, dac biet la van hpe. "Trflang Han Sieu la mpt danh nhan van hda, mot nha van ldn ddi Tran co tam vdc dat nUdc" (J^guyin Hue Chi) (4).

Ninh Binh ngdy 14 thdng 7 ndm 1999 ^ "'"•' Viet nhdn dip ky niem 645 ndm

ndm Truang Hdn Sieu mdt ' (1354 - 1999)

(1) "Til dien vdn hgc" - Tdp II - NXB KHXH Hd Ngi -

1984 - Trang 163

\i (2) "Vdn hgc lap 10" - Tap II - NXB Gido due - Hd Ngi -

1993 - Trang 203

(3), (4) - Tap chi vdn hgc" - sd 4 - 1994 Trang 22 vd 23.

60

jm vkm

Phien am:

cue HOA BACH VINH

Vu du khai phd di can thuc Suang hau tuan li trich nhi thu. Mac dao u nhan hdn lai tan, Nha't nien mang sfl thi tham thu.

II •

Nhat thu da vu hUu da phong Khdi y thu hoa thugng man tung. l/ng nhi thien cdng lan lanh lac, Cd' lUu ban nhi ban suy dng.

Trung duang thdi tiet kim trieu thi Cd qud'c hoang hoa khai vi khai? Khudc flc cam tdn t i in nhat nha, Ky hdi tao thu phu quy lai.

IV Khfl nien kim nhat hflu hoa da, Dd'i khach sau vd tflu kha xa, The sU tuang vi mdi nhu thfl, Kim trieu hflu tflu khudc vd hoa.

63

Dich nghia: . ^ ^ ^. VjNH HOA c u e

I

Mua tgnh, md cita vitdn ddnh gdc trong, Sau khi suang xud'ng, dgo quanh giau nhdt

nhi hoa. Chd hdo ngudi d dn vdn ludi nhdc, Liic ban rgn nhdt trong ndm Id cudi miia thu.

II "

Cd mua thu nhieu mUa lgi nhieu gio, Ddu nga hoa thu vdn day khom. Dung Id thg trdi thuong ke qugnh hiu, Nen ddnh tgi loai hoa chiu dugc ret de ldm bgn

^ vdi dng gid dm yeu. %m'ub guihT

30Up OO

Sdng nay Id tiet trung duang (1) Khdng hieu hoa vdng nai que cu dd nd chua? Lgi nhd tdi thu vui tao nhd udng rUgu gdy ddn

ngdy trUdc, Mdy ldn gdi ddu ldm hdi tha "quy lai" (2)

X'ld.i i. j v rf ''•'•• •

Ngdy ndy ndm ngodi hoa dang nd rg, Nhung hudn vi khdng cd rUgu de cung khdch

• ' thoa thue.

Viec ddi thudng vdn trdi ngugc nhau nhu the,

Hdm nay cd rugu lgi khdng cd hoa. ^ _..•.,

D i c h t h d : . ,i ^, ,^JV^ .1 J^-3>o.'^^^ ; M » v.i

Mz/a ton/i r a fi/dn tia gdc trdng,

Suang gieo, quanh giau lugm tiing hdng.

Chd rdng nhdn dn nen ludi nhdc, '

Ban rdn khi ngdy sdp tdi ddng.

(DAO PHUONG BINH dich)

II

Trdi thu ldm gid lgi nhieu mUa,

Khdm triu hoa thu that chdng ngd.

Tgo hda, phdi chdng thuang qugnh vdng,

Ddnh hdng hoa Ignh hgn gid nua.

•-•—•• (DAO PHUONG BINH dich)

I I I

: in Sdm nay vita tie't trung duang,

Chdng hay que cii hoa vdng nd chua?

Rugu ddn trgnh nhd thu xUa,

Vd ddu, mdy ban ldm tha "di ve" ,,

(HUE CHI dich)

5-THS 65

Ngdy ndy ndm ngodi hoa dang rg, ^ *^^ ' Khdng rugu, ngoi sudng khdch vdi ta. Trdi ngugc, viec ddi thudng vdn the, Hdm nay cd ritgu lgi khdng hoa. f"

(NHOM LE QUt DON dich) Chii thich: (1) Trung Ducm.g: Ngdy 9 thdng 9 dm lich hdng ndm (2) Quy lai: Ddo Tiem ddi Tdn khi bd quan ve nhd cd ldm

bdi "Quy khit lai tii", ngi dung noi den tinh cdm cao khiet ciia ngudi d dn ddi vdi rugng vudn vd ndi nhgc nhdn ciia ke ldm quan. (J ddy TrUcmg Hdn Sieu co y noi minh cdng mudn nghi quan,

P h i e n am:

HOA CHAU TAC \ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Nggc kinh hdi thu ngu van tham, ^^^ ^^^^ Linh lac tan sinh khd bat cam (cam). j\f\nQ Di bien hoang giao mai benh cdt, Hai thien thao mdc cdng sau ngam.

Dich nghia:

THO LAM d HOA CHAU (1) Ngodnh ddu lgi Nggc kinh (2), ndm mdy (3)

thdm thdm, Kiep sdng tdn dieu linh xa xdc, kho khdng

chiu ndi.

66

Dd sda sogn chdn hoang vu de chdn vdi ndm xuong dm yeu,

Co edy nai trdi hien xa xdi cung ta ngdm tha sdu.

Dich thd: ^'"^ > ' "*'' "' - ' • '^^' '^x^^^:/-.

Ngodnh lgi ndm mdy phd dedd, ' '• "'• ' ^ Hon tdn hao xiet kho ba va. -^ - '''-"••' ^

• Thdi ddnh cdi ram viii xUang benh, • Cdy CO chung sdu cUng hga tho.

(HOA BANG dich) Chu thich: (1) Hoa Chdu: Nay Id ddt thudc Thiia Thien - Hue. Cd the

xdc dinh ddy Id bdi tha TrUang Hdn Sieu ldm trong nhiing

ngdy cudi d Hda Chdu, g'ltta mgt con benh ndng, sau dd dng

dugc Idnh trd ra Bdc rdi mdt.

(2) Nggc Kinh; Chi kinh dd '-" '*"" " ' ' ' •> ^

(3) - Ndm mdy: Mdy ndm mdu sdc, chi nai vua a. ^

Phien am: '^''''' ' ' '••^^'•' ' '''' '• ^ '

DUC THUY SON ' '" ' ' ^

San sac chinh y y, _^„,,, , ,, . vc.-,-. .v. . \,/. Du nhan hd bat quy? , , ^,^^ ;, , Trung luu quang thap anh, Thugng gidi khai nham phi. Phu the nhu kim biet, . , . ^" Nhan danh ngd tac phi. ' " Ngu Ho thien dia khoat, Hao phong cUu ngU ky.

67

D i c h n g h i a : u i ..ni*isf< .-t. it '-"^o^ DIJK

. '•:^^ NUI DUC THUY (1) Sdc niii vdn [xanh] mitgt md,

Ngudi di chai sao khdng ve? ^''"V.rft finl^ Gida ddng sdng ngdi bong thdp, Thugng gidi md cdnh cita hang. Co cdch hiet vdi cudc ddi trdi ndi nhit ngdy nay, Mdi hiet rd cdi danh hd trUdc kia la khdng diing. Trdi ddt d Ngu Ho (2) rdng theng thang, Hdy tim lgi tdng dd ngoi cdu khi trUdc.

D i c h t h d : "• •••'' ' ^ ^ v v l t>As •

Sac mii cdn xanh ngdt, Ldu roi, ngudi vdn di! Ldng sdng in hdng thdp,

Tdng thdm cda thdi che. . , . , „ Td cdch xa ddi tuc, _ ^'" Mdi hay dieu thi phi. Ndm Ho trdi ddt rgng, • 'Y •' ' •a mjR Ben cu khi ndo ve?

.ido (BANG THANH dich)

Chu thich:

(1) Bdi tha dugc khdc tren vdch mii Due Thuy

(2) Ngu Hd: Mgt thdng cdnh cda Trung Qud'c, Triiang

Hdn Sieu miign de ndi cdnh sdng nUdc d Ninh Binh.

68

P h i e n am:

QUA TONG DO Tl^T" ..i> QJJ^ .p^'l^Q £JQ .< 1

Can nhac Than tieu that cd' ky, Mang mang yen thao mdt hd ly. ^, -, j Chinh kinh Vuang, Thai thuy vi le, Su dao Huy, Kham diec kha bi. Nam do trung hung nang ky nhat, " " ^ Trung nguyen khdi phuc di vd ky. ' ' Duy du thanh khuyet lien van ngoai, Khdng tfl hanh nhan phu "Thfl Ly". ." ^

• " . \ \ - '•

Dich nghia: " , . . . , ,,, '

QUA KINH DO NHA TONG (1) i •

Cung Thdn tieu nui Cdn (2) nen cu dd mdt,

Chi thdy cdo chon dn ndp trong ddm co xanh

.(,• loii'fj vj'iiinT fH)i.i yaoii.: i :i ii-iwj t'>. menh mdng.

Chinh sU qua tay hgn Vitang, Thdi (3) hoi ai gdy nen tai va?

. . . . ' I . . • . .

Viec de'n nhu Khdm, Huy (4) that cung

ue; ot{» '•'. , :,.•' • ddng thuang.

n Kinh dd ddi xudng phuang Nam, lieu dugc mdy

' ngdy trung hitng? (5)

' Viec khdi phuc ddt Trung nguyen dd khdng cdn

hy vgng nda!

Chi tro lgi thdnh khuyet ngodi ddm mdy ddy

m

11- ldp ldp,

Ludng khien ngudi qua ditdng ngdm tha "Thit

Ly" (6)

Dich thd:

Nui Cdn cung Thdn dd mdt rdi,

Menh mdng co biec cdo chon chui.

Quyen sa Vitang, Thdi nen nghieng ngda.

Viec den Khdm, Huy ddng ngdm ngui.

Vgc chuyen trdi Nam, thdi Id hdi,

Guam thu ddt Bdc dd qua thdi

Ngodi mdy thdnh khuyet, di ddu td?

Tha khdch thuang cho lua td't bdi.

•"•• ^''' • ' • ^ (DAO PHUONG BINH dich)

Chu thich: t ^.^'-ysl 0,1,;, An

(1) - Nha Tong: Mpt trieu dai phong kien Trung Quoc ttf

nam 960 den nam 1276.

(2) Cung Than tieu nui Can (Can nhac Than tieu): Can

nhac: la mot ngpn nui do Tong Huy Tong nghe ldi phUPng sy

khoi cong dap or phia Dong Bac cam thanh. Dong Bac thuoc

pliirong Can nen goi la nui Can, cung gpi la Van tue thp Can

nhac. Cung Than tieu: Tong Huy Tong thich dao thuat, Lam

Linh To tau rSng: "Tren trcri co chin cung, Than tieu cao

nhat. Con trudng Thupng de, Ngpc Thanh ViTong 6 cung Than

tieu, hieu la Trudng Sinh Dai de quan, chinh la be ha". Huy

Tong nghe rat thich, truyen cho khap thien ha xay dUng

cung Than tieu van tho. ^

70

(3) Vuang Thai: Vuang An Thach va Thai Kinh. Vuong An

Thach lam Te tUdng ddi Tdng Than Tong de ra "tan phap";

Thai Kinh lam Thupng thu hUu bpe xa kiem Trung thu thi

lang dudi thdi Td'ng Huy Tong, chu truong khdi phuc "tan

phap" ciia Vuong An Thach. Hai ngudi thudng bi cac siir gia

phong kien phe phan.

(4) - Huy, Kham: Huy Tong (1101 - 1126), va Kham Tong

(1126), hai vua eud'i cung cua trieu Bac Tdng bi quan Kim Bat

dua ve giam d phuong Bac.

(5) - Sau khi Huy, Kham bi bat, Td'ng Cao Tdng ky hiep

udc giang hda vdi quan Kim roi ddi do xud'ng phuong Nam,

gpi la Nam Td'ng. Tir dd nha Tong suy sup mai, cudi ciing

mat ve tay quan Nguyen.

' 0 - Thuf Ly: Ten mpt bai tho trong "Vuong phong", "Kinh

thi Bai tho ndi len niem cam khai ciia vien quan Dai phu

nha Ddng Chu khi di qua Kinh dd eu nha Tay Chu thay noi

ay da thanh canh dong ngd lua tUoi td't. :.,•! r tJ i i.

' "

.11 id

E^'

• i ">

J i l l

i :d;

t ' .3 <

;j i}'

1'

*

• ^

- . 1

! l ^

ll-

• • ' . 1 : .1 ^ ; l - > ' , •

! • -. ."-^ i i v •

; • / ; i f

.•,i i U ' i ^

'J i ;n ( . ! ' ' '

=• UKJ \1'''

i ' ipi fT')u

71

B a n d i c h : n ' T '••• .f •

BAI PHU SONG BACH DANG (*) (Bach Dang g iang phii)

Khach (1) cd ke: Giflang budm giong gid khai vai; Lfldt be chai trang mai miet. Sdm gd thuyen chfl (2) Nguyen Tflang (3) Chieu lan tham chfl Vu Huyet (4) Cflu Giang, Ngu Hd, Tam Ngd, Bach Viet (5) Nai cd ngudi qua. Dau ma ching biet. Dam Van Mdng (6) chfla vai tram trong d; p-f! rim) nrirj cuiig nhiiu Ma trang chi bd'n phuang van cdn tha thiet, Ben gifla ddng chfl budng cheo, Hpe Tfl Trfldng chfl thu tieu dieu (7) Qua cfla Dai Than, ngflgc ben Ddng Triiu (8) Den sdng Bach Dang bong benh mai cheo. Bat ngat sdng kinh mudn dam (9) Thfldt tha dudi tri mdt mau (10) Nfldc trdi: mgt sac Phong canh: ba thu (11) Bd lau san sat, Ben lach diu hiu.

72

Sdng chim giao gay, (5-) iilj vbado %iin'') ifti. ?

Gd day xuang khd. iorn ioi gnut r^iiMrl :/'t»!i';'"

Budn VI canh tham, af.H .-JT' 'T n'o^= r'tnO

Dflng l ang gid lau. /^.r, .i ; . r

Thflang ndi anh hung dau vang ta (12) uu : i

Tiec thay da'u ve't ludng cdn luu (13) •? • .fl^

Ben sdng bd lao, M/;

Hdi ta sd cau (14) '" o i:. . , . . • . , i

Cd ke gay le chd'ng trUdc (15)

Cd ngudi t h u y i n nhe bai sau. "i'' 'H": . •> i

Vai ta ma thUa rang:

"Day la chien dia budi Trung Hung nhi t h a n h

(16) ba t 6 Ma (17)

Cung la bai da't xUa, thud trUdc Ngd chua pha

Hoang Thao (18)

Duong khi ay: u ,

Thuy in be mudn ddi, r; • • , / o i

Tinh ky (19) phap phdi. . i - M-.'i. i>> >

Ty hd (20) ba quan, •' (//i > ;• '.• ''"-''i i-i ;

Giao guam sang chdi. • ' ••* i ' v^u'•

Train d a n h thfl hung chfla phan (21) i , i J , ; ; dai

Chien luy Bac Nam chd'ng dd'i (22)

Anh n h a t nguyet chfl phai md (23) .>; •>; rs ^-t'-i r

Bau t rdi da't chfl sap ddi!

Kia: '- -T a t Liet (24) the cfldng, ^i.. .... %,.. )

73

LflU Cung chudc dd'i (25) Nhflng tfldng tung roi mdt lan, Quet sach Nam Bang bd'n cdi (26) The nhflng: Trdi cung chiiu ngUdi, Hung dd het ldi, Khac nao: Tran Xich Bich, quan Tao Thao tan tac tro

bay (27) Train Hgp Phi, giac Bd Kien hoan toan chet

trui (28) Den nay sdng nUdc tuy chay hoai. Ma nhuc quan thu khdng rfla ndi. Tai tao cdng lao (29) Nhin ddi ca nggi" Tuy nhien: Tfl cd vu tru. Da cd giang san.

Qua la: Trdi dat cho nai hiem trd, Cung nhd: nhan tai gifl cudc dien an (30). Hdi nao bang hdi Manh Tan: cd vflang sfl hp

La (31) Tran nao bang train Duy Thuy: cd qudc sy

hp Han (32) Kia tran Bach Dang ma dai thang, Bdi Dai vflang coi the giac nhan (33)

74

Tieng tham ddn mai, ,; ,«,: : Bia mieng khdng mdn. De'n chai sdng chfl u mat, -^^^ ^ •'-'- s^'^

, Nhd ngudi xUa chfl le chan (34) Rdi vfla di vfla ca rang: ". ' "Sdng Ddng mdt gidi ddi ghe,

' Song hdng cuon cudn tudn ve be Ddng. Nhdng ngudi bdt nghia tieu vong (35) Nghin thu chi cd anh hung luu danh (36)" Khach cung nd'i tiep ma ca r ing: ''-"Anh minh hai vi thdnh qudn (37) Sdng ddy rda sgch mdy ldn gidp hinh (38) Gidc tan mudn thud thanh binh,

) Bdi ddu ddt hiem, cdt minh ddc cao" \ • . > • , • • • *

(Bdn dich cua Bui Vdn Nguyen, cd dila theo bdn dich cua Nguyen Hdu Tien vd cua Nguyen Dong Chi, d ddy co sda chda mdt sd chd) ,;..

(*) Bach Dang: Ten ndm la sdng rifng (vi trUdc day hai bd toan la rifng ram). Sdng cd sdng bac dau, nen mdi cd ten chuf Bach DSng Giang. Sdng nay chay tiT sdng Luc Dau thudc Bac Ninh. phan lUu chay ve Hai Duong. Mdt chi theo My Giang, mdt chi theo chau Cdc Son. hai chi hpp lai d xa Doan Le. Khiic sdng hpp lai nay gpi la sdng Bach Dang, phia Nam giap huyen Thiiy Dudng (Hai Duong), phia Bdc giap huyen Yen Hung (Quang Yen cu) chuyen ve phia Nam 29 dam do ra bua bi§n Nam Trieu. D SOSM iM;s-n v •.u t)J;> \T-)\fc \ n v

75

Chu thich: • '^" "*"'" ' (1) - Khdch: O ddy cd the la tdc gid til xilng. Trong the

phii thuang hay cd nhdn vat khdch de ke chuyen cho hdp ddn.

(2) - Chil: Dich til "he" trong nguyen tdc. Til "he" la mdt tic dim thudng cd trong Sa til cua Trung Qudc xila md cdc bdi phil cung thudng hay diing xen vdo.

(3) - Nguyen Tuang: Sdng Nguyen, sdng Tucmg a tinh Hd

Nam (4) - Vil Huyet: Phdn mg ciia vua Vil Tilang truyen d mii

Cdi Ke thudc tinh Chiet Giang (5) - Citu Giang: Cd nhieu cdch hieu: ten mgt qudn cd tic

ddi Tdn ndm giiia dao Hodi Til vd tinh Chiet Giang. Ten mgt con sdng do 9 nhdnh sdng hgp lai. Ten khdc ciia hd Dgng Dinh. ,.-'.i.' J- -V

- Ngu Hd: Cd hai cdch hieu: Biit danh cila Thdi HS. Mgt trong hai khu vile ndm hd (mgt Idy hd Ddng Dinh la trung tdm, mgt lay Thdi hd ldm trung tdm).

- Tam Ngd: Ten mdt ddt cil cua nudc Ngd bao gdm ba dia phuang.

Bach Viet: Tea chung chi cdc bg tgc ngudi Viet c6 sd'ng d phia Nam sdng Trudng Giang (Trung Quoc).

(6) Vdn Mdng: Von la hai ddm Vdn vd ddm Mdng thugc tinh Hd Bdc, cd ddn cil ddng due vd diigc ggi chung Id ddm Vdn Mdng. Tu Md Tuang Nhu cd cdu: "Nud't nhiing tdm chin cdi ddm Vdn Mdng vdo trong bung", y ndi chl khi ldn lao, khodng dat. 6 ddy Truang Hdn Sieu dd dila theo y ndy.

(7) Til Tnldng: Ten chd cita sil gia nd'i tieng Trung Qud'c ddi Hdn la Tu Md Thien, ngudi dd tiing du lich nhieu nai thdng cdnh vd di tich lich sil.

- Tieu dieu (dao): Thdnh thai di ddy di dd, khdng chid

76

ban tdm. -,, ' ,, .. .j

(8) Dgi Than, Ddng Trieu: Ten cda bien vd ten dd't thugc tinh Qudng Ninh ngdy nay.

(9) Sdng k'mh: Sdng to nhu hinh cd voi. (10) Dudi tri: Dudi chim tried hinh ddi nhu bdnh ldi thuyen.

Y cd cdu: Td nhiing con thuyen nd'i nhau di tren sdng. (11) Ba thu: Cd ba cdch hieu: Ba miia thu (ba ndm), ba

thdng ciia miia thu, thdng thii ba cua miia thu. Ddy theo nghia thil ba.

(12) Td: Til vila cd nghia nghi vdn, vda cd y tdn thdn, nay it diing.

(13) Ludng cdn lilu: Nguyen vdn: Khdng lilu. Chit "Ludng" khdng cd nghia rieng, chi tao them mdu sdc cdm thdn cho hai chu "cdn luu".

(14) So cdu: dieu mud'n, cd mud'n tim. (15) Gdy li: Gdy ldm bdng cdy le, mdt thd cdy cd hinh

tning sdc dd, la non dn dugc. (16) Triing Hilng: Nien hiiu ddi Trdn Nhdn Tdng. Nhi

Thdnh: Hai vua tilc Trdn Thdnh Tdng (Thdi Thugng Hodng) vd Trdn Nhdn Tdng (ldm vua), diu dd Idnh dao cudc khdng chien chd'ng qudn Nguyen - Mdng.

(17) 6 Md: 6 Md Nhi, tUdng gidc Nguyen - Mdng bi bdt d trdn Bach Ddng ndm 1288.

(18) Ngd chiia: Ngd Quyen. Hodng Thao: Con Luu Cung vua Nam Hdn, bi giet a sdng Bach Ddng ndm 938. ^.^,

(19) Tinh ky: Cd xi (20) Ti hS ba qudn: Qudn ddi (gdm ba qudn: tien qudn,

trung qudn, hdu qudn) manh nhil ho bdo. (21) Thu hiing: Thu la mdi, hiing Id trdng. Ddy ndi bgi vd

thdng. Thu himg chda phdn: thdng bai chila rd. (22) Bdc Nam: Ddy ndi nudc ta (Nam) vd Trung Qud'c

n

phong kien (Bdc)

(23) Nhdt nguyet: Mat trdi, mat trdng.

(24) Tdt Liet: Hot Tdt Liet tilc Nguyen The Td\ ngUdi ldp

ra nhd Nguyen a Trung Qudc sau khi qudn Mdng Cd ddnh

bgi nhd Td'ng.

(25) Lilu Cung chudc dd'i: Lilu Cung ldp chudc lila dd'i vila

nhgn vdng bac ciia tin viet gian Kieu Cdng Tiin, vila dem

qudn sang ndi Id giiip Tiin nhiing thilc ra xdm liigc nildc ta.

(26) Tung roi: Bd Kien, ngiiai niidc Tdn khi vdo ddnh

nildc Tdn cd ndi: "Cil nhil sd qudn cila ta thi chi nem roi

ngUa xudng sdng cung dii chq.n ditng ddng sdng".

Nam Bang: Nildc Nam, y CQ hai cdu: Gidc tudng minh

ddng vd mgnh cd the quet sgch cd nildc ta.

(27) Xich Bich: Ddy nid tren bd sdng Diiang Til Thai

Tam Qud'c, Chu Du diing ke hda cdng (ddnh bdng Ida) cda

Gia Cdt Luang dot thuyen tieu diit 82 vg,n qudn cua Tdo

Thdo trin qudng sdng ndy. Td Ddng Pha cd hai bdi phd

"Tien Xich Bich" vd "Hdu Xich Bich" rdt n6i tieng viet vi

trdn Xich Bich.

(28) Hgp Phi: Tin mdt huyin d tinh An Huy (Trung Qudc)

nai sdng Hodi hgp vdi sdng Phi, Tg Huyin ddi Tdn ddnh bgi

mgt trdm vgn qudn cua Bd Kien nudc Tdn tgi ddy.

(29) Tdi tgo cdng lao: 'Y ca ngogi cdc vua Trdn da mgt ldn

mia ldp nin chien cdng tren sdng Bgch Ddng.

(30) Diin an: Giii viing nin hda binh, an ninh.

(31) Mgnh Tdn hg Ld: Thdi An, vua Tru tdn dc, Vd Vuang

hgi cdc niidc chu hdu d ben Mgnh Tdn vd giao cho Ld Vgng

(hg Ld, chl Khuang Td Nha, tdc Thdi Cdng Vgng) cdm qudn

de chd'ng lgi. Ddy cd y nhdc lgi Trdn Qud'c Tudn hgi tUdng sy

78

vuang hdu a Binh Than.

Vuang SU: Ldm nguoi qudn sU (gdn cd nghia nhu cd vdn) cho nhd vua.

(32) Duy Thiiy, hg Hdn: Hdn Tin giup Lilu Bang ddnh

thdng Ly Tii Xa nudc Te trin dng Duy Thuy thugc tinh San

Ddng (Trung Quoc)

Quoc sy: K^ sy cd tie'ng cd nUdc, Hdn Tin Id ngudi nhU vdy.

(33) Y cd cdu: Sau hai ldn thdt bgi, ndm 1287, gidc Nguyen lgi sang xdm lugc nildc ta. Vua Trdn Nhdn Tdng hdi Trdn Qud'c Tudn: "Gigc din ldm thi' ndo?" Ong tdu: "Ndm nay the gigc nhdn (di phd)!."

(34) Hai cdu ndy trong nguyen vdn: "Hodi cd nhdn hi vdn the, Ldm giang luu hi hdn nhan" ldu nay vdn dich Id "KJidch chai sdng chd ii mgt, Nguai hodi c6 chil li chan". Ddy dich Id "De'n chai sdng chii li mgt. Nhd ngudi xila chil li chan "de trdnh hii'u ldm Id ldi nhdn vdt khdch tu ndi md vdn Id ldi cdc bd Ido ndi vdi khdch. Diiu ndy cd lien quan tai cdch hiiu bd cue cdu tii ciia bdi phii.

(35) Tiiu vong: Tieu diet hit cd. (36) Luu danh: Tie'ng tdm di lgi.

(38) Gidp binh: Ao gidp vd binh khi, vil khi

79

Ban dich:

VAN BIA CHUA KHAI NGHIEM (1) (Khai nghiem tu* bi ky)

Tugng giao (2) dat ra la de dao Phat dung lam phuang tien te dp chung sinh; chinh vi mudn khien cho nhflng ke ngu ma khdng giac ngd, me ma khdng tinh lay dd lam nai trd vi vdi thien nghiep. The nhUng nhflng ke giao boat trong bpn sfl sai lai bd mat cai ban y "khd khdng" (3) cua dao Phat ma chi cham lo chiem nhflng nai dat tdt canh dep, tfl giat vang nam ngpc cho chd d cua chung rUc rd, td diem cho mdn dd cua chung long l iy nhu voi rdng. Duang thdi bpn cd quyin the, bpn ngoai dao a dua lai dua ddi hua theo. Vi the nhflng nai u nha thanh ky trong nfldc, chua chiin da chiem mat mdt nfla. Bpn ao tham, ao vang (4) tu tap d day, khdng cay ma an, khdng det md mac; nhflng ngfldi that phu that phu thfldng bd cfla nha, bd lang xdm lu lugt quy theo.

Than di! Cac bac thanh hi in ngay cang xa each, chinh dao ngay cang lu md; nhflng ke lam thay, lam tfldng da khdng cd bac Chu, Thieu (5) de dan dau viec giao hda, cac xdm thdn chau huyen lai khdng cd trfldng de day dd nghia hieu thao hda than, nhfl the thi ngfldi ta tranh sao khdi hoang 13 THS 81

mang, ngoanh nhin rdi bd di theo dfldiig khac. Do cung la the tat nhien.

Chua Khai Nghiem d xa Thfl Nhi, tong Nhu Ngdt, mi in tren Id Bac Ha (6) la ngdi chua do cdng chua Nguyet Sinh trieu Ly (7) xay dirng. Xung quanh: nui Tien San chau phia Nam, sdng Diim giang (8) bao phia Bac; canh dep ca mdt vung thfle da quy tu d nai day. Nhflng tiec thay quy md xay dflng trflde da dd nat ching cdn duge bao nhieu. Luc dd Chu Tue lam chflc Ndi nhan hda dau (9) dat d in dan lang gdp cdng xay dUng lai. Khdi cdng tfl nam Quy Dau, nien hieu Khai Hflu thfl nam, de'n nam At Hgi nien hieu Khai Hflu thfl bay (10) thi xong. Trong chua dien Phat, phdng tang deu theo kieu cu. Ngay lam l i khanh thanh, gia tre trong ca mdt vung deUy dhip tay khen nggi, tfldng nhfl cdng chua Nguyet Sinh sdng lai.

Mua ddng nam Mau Din (11) Chu Tue than hanh den phu Thien Trfldng xin ta viet cho bai ky va ndi:

- Chua nay xUa vdn cd chudng, nay mdi thay bang bia da. Neu khdng ghi lai sU tich, sg sau nay mai mgt mat dau xUa (12)

Ta ndi: - Chua hdng lai xay da ngoai y mud'n cua ta thi

viec dung bia khic chfl cd can he gi de'n van tfl cua

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ta? Va lai ngay nay thanh triiu mudn md mang giao hda de sfla doi phong tuc ddi bai. Di doan (13) dang phai truat bd, chinh dao phai dflgc phuc hflng. Da la ke sy dai phu, neu khdng phai dao Nghieu Thuan, khdng bay td trUdc vua; khdng phai dao Khdng Manh, khdng trUde thuat. The ma ta lai duang duang tu die, ban bac dai ddng vi dao Phat, ta se Ifla dd'i ai?

Tuy nhien, Chu Tue da tflng lam trong Ndi mat vien, thdng tao viec ty tao; den luc tudi gia khinh dudng sy hoan, ham viec bd thi, cd tfl bdng ldc, tU xin vi an dat de duge an nhan, thi dd la viec ta mud'n hgc ma chUa dugc. Cho nen dd cung la viec dang ghi chep vay.

Ngay 15 thang 2 nam Ky Mao, nien hieu Khai Huu thfl 11 (25-3-1339).

Chinh nghi dai phu, Han lam hgc sy, Tri che cao kiem Thiem tri ndi mat vien sfl Chudng bao tfl kim ngfl dai nha thuy Trflang Han Sieu tfl Thang Phu viet.

(NGUYfiN Dtrc VAN dich)

(1) Tdm bia hiin vdn ddt tgi chiia, a xd Vgng Nguyet, huyen Yin Phong, tinh Bdc Ninh ngdy nay. Bia dd diigc khdc lgi vdo ddi Quang Todn.

(2) Tugng gido: Thudt ngii dgo Phdt chi phuang phdp truyin day bdng hinh tugng. . , . . , •

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! (3) Khd khdng: Cd thi'gidi diu Id khdng, hu do (khdng c6 ta, khdng cd mgi vdt...), tdt cd deu Id "khd" (gidu cung kh6, ngheo cung kho, vui budn sung sildng deu Id khS).

(4) Ao thdm, do vdng: Ao cila cdc nhd su thudng mdu thdm. Mdu vdng chl sU sdi.

(5) Chu, Thieu: Chu cdng tin Id Ddn vd Thiiu cdng tin li Thich con thu! Chu Vdn Vuang. Hai ngudi diu Id hiin thdn ciia nhd Chu, rdt cd cdng xdy dung vd bdo vi nin vdn hda chinh tri ciia nhd Chu thdi dd.

(6) Xem chil thich (1) ciing bdi. (7) Cdng chiia Nguyet Sinh: chUa ro con vua ndo trieu Ly. (8) Sdng Diim Giang: Mgt khue cila sdng Cdu ngdy nay. (9) Ndi nhdn hda ddu: Mdt chdc quan to hdu cdn nhd vua,

chua rd chuyin vi viec gl. (10) Khai Huu: Niin hieu ciia Trdn Hii'n Tdng (1329 -

1341). Chiia bdt ddu xdy dung lgi tit 1333 den 1335 thi xong. (11) Tilc ndm 1338. (12) Cdu ndy y ndi: Chiia Khai Nghiem tritdc cd bdi bia

hay bdi ky khdc tren chudng, nay dinh thay bdng bia dd. (13) Di doan: Nho gido diing tic ndy di chl nhiing hi tU

tudng khdc ddi ldp vdi dgo Nho nhu dgo Phdt, dgo Lao.

• ::ii: '••, • • O^jr^ : ' l5r. 'rri>V:) ':"•

•' ' 1 *v "::\-}S{

84

Ban dich:

BAI KY THAP LINH TE 6 NUI DUC THUY (1) (Due Thiiy scfn Linh Te thap ky)

• , .• ; *

Que ta nhiiu canh dep, thud thieu thdi dao chai, in da'u chan h iu khip. Tflng dflng thuyin len nui nay, vd ta'm bia ben vach nui, cao reu ma dpc ky, mdi biet ngdi thap cu day xay tfl nam Tan Mui, nien hieu Quang HUu thfl 7 tr i iu Ly. De'n khi treo len tan dinh cheo leo, chi tha'y n in hoang ngdi vd vui lap gifla lum cay ram rap, da tang ngdn ngang, bat giac bui ngui than thd. Sao sU hung vong thanh bai mdi trai hai tram may muai nam ma da trd thanh dau vet cu ky? Rdi day se mai mdt ca U? Hay lai cd ngUdi xay dUng lai? Tfl cd vu tru da cd nui nay, khach len nui dao chai rdi vang bdng, khdng biet da bao ngfldi?

Vi sau ta lam khach bdn phflang, gifl viec quan tai tri iu, lam dfl chflc nai Dai s inh (2) thi chdn an dat xfla d ben trdi chi cdn ddi luc dflgc vi tham trong giac mgng ma thdi!

Vao mua ddng nam thfl hai sau khi dflc vua len ngdi (3), ta dang d Kinh thanh thi vi son tang la Tri Nhu tdi bao rang:

- Viec xay dung lai thap bau b i t dau tfl nam

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Dinh Sflu, nien hieu Khai Huu (4), qua 6 nam trdn, nay da xong, xin dng lam cho bai ky. Cdng dflc to ldn khdng biet chflng nao ma viec bao flng cung vay. Khi mdi xem da't de khdi cdng, sU Dflc Van dem chiem bao thay ban mdt nghin ngfldi tu hpp d dinh nui, trong dd cd ba vi quy nhan, tUdng mao khac thudng, bao vdi mpi ngUdi rang: "Cac ngUai nen biet xay thap la mdt viec tdt dep, de cflu vdt chung sinh thoat khdi tam dd" (5). Hdm b i t tay vao viec, sfl Dflc Mdn lai chiem bao tha'y dflc Tnic lam Phd Tue (6) ke't an gifl cho thap yen vflng. The rdi khi cac sfl Dflc Tinh, Dflc Minh, ke trflde ngfldi sau dang lam viec xay dudng di vao thap, bdng day rai mdt tang da ldn, ngUdi cung rai theo, lan lpc cdc de'n may nhan (7). Mpi ngdi trdng tha'y deu kinh hai chay tan het, cho rang than the hg tat phai nat vun. The ma khi rai tdi da't, vUc day thi khdng bi tdn thuang mdt chd nao. Thap xay bdn tang, dem tda hao quang, ke xa ngUdi gin deu trdng thay rd. Tat ca nhflng viec ay, cd viec nao khdng phai do phep mau nhiem cua dflc Phat ta.

Va tdi lai nghe ndi: Xfla vua A Due (8) sai quy th in xay bd'n van tam nghin ngdi thap; ngfldi den chiem ngfldng cung bai diu nhfl chinh m i t dflgc trdng tha'y Phat. Hinh thap khic d diu gay cung cd the trfl dflgc yeu khi; ca ngdi thap vflgt qua be

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chi phut chdc da lan khuat trong may mu. Sfl viec dd khdng phai la quai dan ma xfla va nay diu phu hgp; xin khic vao bia da, truyin lai cho ddi sau, gufi lai lau dai nai canh chua, dung lam ben ldm ciu te' do chung sinh (9). Nhfl vay ha ching nen sao?

Tandi : '•• - • •

> - Dflc Thich Ca lao trflgng (10) lay "tam khdng" (11) de chflng dao. Khi Phat tich rdi, ddi sau it ngfldi tdn thd giao ly cua Phat ma chi lam me hoac chung sinh. Da't thien ha nam phin, chua chiin chiem mdt, lam cho hu nat dao thudng, hao phi t i in cua; bpn sfl sai thi ddng dai ma nhflng ngirdi khd khao lai tin theo. Nhfl the ma khdng trd thai:h quy quai gian ta, that cung hiem cd. Nhflng vie( lam ay khdng the dflgc, khdng the dflgc!

Tuy nhien, sfl Tri Nhu la ngfldi theo hau dflc Phd Tue, tham hieu tdn chi cua phai True lam, tu than khd hanh, bd duge l i nghi phiin phflc (12) gia hai ban tay khdng ma lam nen viec ldn. Nghi de'n viec nha sfl lan chan may, xep tflng hdn da, tfl mdt tac den mdt thfldc, tfl mdt thfldc den mdt nhan, mdt bflde tien them mdt bfldc, mdt t ing cao thfm mdt t ing; tdi hie thap cao sflng sflng, the cham trdi xanh, to them ve dep cua non sdng, tranh

«7

cdng xay dflng ciing tao hda, thi bpn sU sai tam thudng dau cd the sanh dugc!

Than di, mai sau may tran nam nfla, chdc lat canh tflgng bie'n ddi, neu lai cd ke budng ldi than thd nhu ta, le nao khdng cd vai ngUdi nhU sU Nhu xay dung lai? Viec ay khdng doan trUdc dugc!

Cdn nhu non xanh nUde biec, bdng thap in ddng, liic chieu ta budng chiec thuyin con lenh denh dudi nui, nang mai bdng nhin quanh ngao nghi, gd man thuyin ca khue Thuang lang (13), thfl sgi day cau tim phong each thanh cao cua Tfl Lang (14), dao chai Ngu Hd hdi fldc cu cua Dao Chu (15), thi canh nay tinh nay duy cd ta vdi non sdng naj bit t nhau ma thdi.

Miia he ndm Quy Mui, nien hieu Thieu Phong thd 3 (1343) Td ty lang trung, Td gidn nghi dgi phu Truang Hdn Sieu tu Id Thdng Phu ghi.

(BANG THANH - HUE CHI dich)

(1) Bdi ky dugc khdc trin vdch mii Due Thuy - Bdn dich ndy cd tham khdo cdc bdn dich cua Nguyin

Nggc San vd Bid Vdn Nguyen vd bdn trich dich cua Thi Nham.

(2) Ddi sdnh: Dai Hdn ggi Thugng thu Id Trung ddi, vi d trong Cdm sdnh nin ggi Id Ddi sdnh. De'n dai Dudng, Thugng thu sdnh ggi la Trung ddi, mdn hg sdnh ggi la Ddng ddi, Trung thu sdnh ggi Id Tdy ddi. Ddi sdnh ndi chung chi nai

88

ldm viec cua cdc quan to ddi xUa. Truang Hdn Siiu ldm tdi chile Tham tri chinh sU cung tUang duang vai chdc Thugng thu hay Trung thu sdnh.

(3) (j ddy Truang Hdn Sieu muon chl Trdn Du Tdng vd n&m thvC 2 tiic Id ndm Nhdm Ngg (1342).

(4) Khai Hiiu: Niin hiiu cila Trdn Hien Tdng (1329 -' 1341). Ndm Dinh Silu Id ndm 1337).

(5) Tam dd: Hda dd, huyet dd, dgo dd (ba cdi tdi tdm cd ba hinh phat khdc nhau).

(6) Trdc ldm Pho Tui: Tdc Phdp Loa, vi td thit hai ddng Thiin True Ldm.

(7) Nhdn: Mdt dan vi do luang cu bdng 7 hogc 8 thitdc Trung Quoc cu.

(8) A Due: Vua nitdc An Do thdi xUa. (9) Chirng sinh: Nhdn logi (10) Chiing tdi tgm dich Id" Ido trugng" (11) Tam khdng: VU tru Id khdng, mgi vdt trong the gidi

la khdng (Khdng cd ta k''dng cd mgi sU vdt vd do dd khdng cd ldng mong mudn gl mia).

(12) Vi su Tri Nhu vugt ra ngodi nhiing li nghi phiin philc, nen TrUang Hdn Siiu cd y khen.

(13) Thuang lang: Von la ten khdc ciia sdng Hdn Thuy, vi sau cd them mgt nghia tugng tning: khue hdt ciia ldng chdi.

(14) Til Ldng: Ten til ciia Nghiem Quang la bgn cila Quang Vu liic nhd. Sau ndy Quang Vu ldm vua, cd mai dng ra lam quan, dng til chdi, bd ve di cdu a sdng Ddng.

(15) Ddo Chu: Ten hieu ciia Phgm Ldi ngitdi nildc Sd thai Xudn Thu. Ong cd cdng ldn trong viic giiip Viet Vitang Cdu Tiin phuc qud'c. Nhitng khi cdng viec dd thdnh, dng liin tic quan, cheo ihuyen di chai Ngii Hd roi de'n a ddt Ddo, Idy ten Id Ddo Chu.

89

^ NIEN BIEU TRl /dNG HAN SIEU • (? -1354)

Nam CUOC Dd i TRUdNG HAN SIEU Trieu vua

Truong Han Sieu, tu la Thang Phu, hieu la Don Tau, ngUdi lang Phiic Thanh, huyen Yen Ninh, phu TrUdng Yen, sau la thdn Phiic Am, thudc thi xa Ninh Binh, t inh Ninh Binh

Tran Thanh Tdng (1258 -1278). (Con trudng vua Tran Thai

Tdng)

Tir nam 1285 de'n nam 1288

Tham gia cudc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen - Mdng lan thuf hai (1285) va lan thiiba (1287 - 1288), vdi cUOng vi la "thu nhi" nhu chiie thu ky rieng ciia Tran Hung Dao, soan thao cac dao sac chuyen den nhufng doan quan

Tran Nhan Tdng (1279 -

1293)(Con trudng vua

Tran Thanh Tdng)

Tir trUdc nam 1300 den

trUdc nam 1308

- Cudc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen - Mdng ke't thuc thiing lpi, Tran Hung Dao tien eu dng vao trieu dinh - Nam 1300 Tr in Hung Dao mat. - TCf sau nam 1300 den nam 1308, cd the dng da ve nghi d que mpt tlidi gian.

1308

- Giuf chiifc Han lam hpe sy, soan tliao van chuong cliieu cao de ban bd va van tir ngoai giao ciia trieu dinh. - Viet bai bieu "Ta trir Han lam vien trUc hoc sy" dang len vua.

Tran Anh Tdng (1293 -

1314)(Con trudng vua Tran Nhan

Tdng)

91

1326

Khoang nam 1338

1339

1341

1342

1343

1345

1351

Giu chiie H a n h Kh ien ( H a m Thupng thu)

Khoang 50 nam sau cudc khang chien chdng quan Nguyen - Mdng thang lpi (1288), viet bai "Bach Dang giang phii"

- Lam Mdn ha hUu ty lang trung. - Ngay 15 thang 2 nam Ky Mao, nien hieu Khai Huu thii 11 (25-3-1339) viet bai "Van bia chiia Khai Nghiem"

Cung Nguyen Trung Ngan bien soan bd "Hoang trieu dai dien" va soan bd "Hinh thu"

Giu chu'c Ta ty lang trung kiem k inh luoc sii L a n g Giang (Lang Son)

Miia he nam Quy Mui, nien hieu Thieu Phong thir ba. viet "Bai ky thap Linh Te d niii Due Thuy"

Lam Ta gian nghi dai phu (chiic quan chuyen viec can gian nha vua)

Lam Tham tri chinh sU (ngang vdi chu'c Thuong thu)

Tran Minh Tdng (1314 -

1329)(Con thu! tu vua Tran Anh

Tdng)

Tran Hien Tdng (1329-

1341)(Con thii vua

Tran Minh Tdng)

Tran Du Tdng (1341 -

1369)con thii 10 cua vua Tran

Minh Tdng)

92

Trudc thang 9

nam 1353

1353

1354

1363

1372

1823

Cd the ve que nghi mdt thdi gian, lam nha ben niii Due Thiiy d

Thang 9 (am lich) vao Hda Chau (viing Thira Thien - Hue ngay nay) tran giU bien gidi phia Nam khi quan Chiem Thanh de'n quay pha.

- Thang 11 (am lich), bien thiiy yen on, xin trd ve trieu, nhung chua ve tdi kinh sU thi mat. - Thi the dupc an tang tai que nha. - Dupc truy tang chu'c Thai Bao.

Truy tang chufc Thai Phd

Ban tang dupe tdng tU d mieu Khong Tuf (Van Mieu - Ha Ndi)

Phu thd d mieu "Lich Dai De Vuong" (Hue)

oQ-t n e b tiiiri n s v

y . i

• ^ - ^ : - ^

i ! / . ! ; : :

Tran Nghe Tdng (1370 -1372)(Con thu! 3 vua

Tran Minh Tdng)

Minh Mang (1820 -1840)

93

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1 - "Dai Viet suf ky toan thxi" - Tap II - NXB

KHXH - Ha Ndi - 1985

2 - 'Van t h d Ly - Tran" - Tap II - Quyen thugng

- NXB KHXH - Ha Ndi - 1989

3 - 'Tap chi Van hoc" - Sd 4 - 1994

4 - Trvtdng Han S ieu - Nha v a n IdTn thdi Tran,

danh nhan van hoa dan toe" - Hoi van hoc

nghe thuat Ninh Binh - 1994

9.4

MUC LUC

fi^lAUT oviAQ r.y,)' : ,, ;,v, ... '•, Trang

1 - Ldi gidi thieu ciia GS Nguydn Hue Chi 3

2- Cudc ddi 15

3. Su nghiep 23

4. Tho van 61

5. Nien bieu Truang Han Sieu 91

6. Tai lieu thao khao 94

i , ' : . . r l f [^:^:i: •. ^ j '

CUNG MOT TAC GIA

DA IN:

— Danh thing Ninh Binh: Tap I - Sd Van hoa Thong tin Ninh Binh - 1993 (in chung) - Tai ban 1994.

— TrUdng Han Sieu - Nha van ldn thdi Iran. Danh nhan Van hda dan tQC . Hpi Van hgc Nghe thuat Ninh Binh -

1994 (in Chung) — Ve vdi "Vinh Hg Long cgn": - Sd Van hoa Thong tin*

Ninh Binh - 1995 - Tai ban 1996 — Tam Cdc - Bich Dpng - Cong ti Du ijch Tam Cd'c -

Bich Dong -1996

— Thd Van xUa vjnh c^nh d?p Ninh Binh (SUu tSm, Bien soan) - Sd Du Ijch Ninh Binh - 1996

— Thing cinh Van Long - Cong ti khach san Du lich HoaLU - 1997

— Cinh d?p Ninh Binh - Nha xua't ban The gidi - Ha Noi -

1997 — Chua Djch Lgng - Sd Du ijch Ninh Binh - 1997

— Danh nhan Van hpe Ninh Binh - Tap I - Cong ti sach va thiet bj trudng hpe Ninh Binh - 1998 (in chung)

— Nui Due Thuy - Nha xuat ban The gidi - Ha Npi - 1998 — Cddd HoaLU- Nha xua't ban Thanh Nien - Ha Npi -1998

— TrUdng Hin Sieu - Cugc ddi - Si/ nghidp - Thd Vin -

Hpi Van hpe Nghe thuat Ninh Binh - 2000

SE IN:

— Hon que

Gia lO.OOOd