transportation and trees: the need for sustainable

Copyright © 2015 Boeing. All rights reserved.

Transportation and trees: the need for sustainable aviation biofuels

Michael Lakeman, Ph.D.Environmental StrategyBoeing Commercial AirplanesApril 25th, 2017

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Aviation’s Fossil Carbon Challenge

JetFuel

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Oil and Jet fuel Prices are Volatile

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

$/Barrel (Brent Crude Oil)

Brent Crude Oil

Jet Fuel

$/gallon (US Gulf Coast Jet Fuel)

Gary Kelly, Southwest Airlines CEO: “Where is it going to be 90 days from now? It just is alarming to think that you could have that much volatility and that much surprise to the world.”


Aviation’s Carbon Challenge

2%

3%11%

12%

18%25%

29%

Source: Direct and indirect emissions; calculated from IPCC WG III Assessment Report 5

2010 Emissions

Other waste

Other transport

Other energy

Buildings & residential Land use

Industrial process

Aviation


Commercial Aviation Industry Commitments

Source: ATAG

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Strategy to achieve CO2 reduction goals

Use better fuel and less of it.

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2050

Baseline

Sustainable fuels

2050Carbon Neutral Timeline

CO

2 E

mis

sion

s

20502005


Aviation Needs “Drop-In” Biofuel

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New ways to make the same fuel

Blend directly with petroleum jet fuel

Meets or exceeds performance standards of petroleum

No change to airplanes, engines & fueling infrastructure


The Technology Landscape

Diverse, reticulated technology pathways – too many options!9


Sharpening the approach – focus on most likely success

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Downselect approach

• Sustainability merits

• Scalability merits

• Technoeconomic analysis

Best target for further development or transition

Level ofInvestment


Target Fuel Characteristics

Scalable

Affordable Sustainable


An ideal solution?

© 2015 Aaron Toso. Used with permission by the photographer and Washington DNR


Forest-residue based biofuel – scalable?

Scalable


• Instant scale, based on mature industry• Global distribution

© Alpac Industries, used by permission


Forest-residue based biofuel – sustainable?

Scalable


• Avoid food security issues• Residues don’t drive landuse changes• Forest health initiatives• Soil and watershed impacts to manage

© Alpac Industries, used by permission


Forest-residue based biofuel – affordable?

• Stable feedstock costs• No competing high value uses

Scalable


© Conifex, used by permission


Abundant bio-resources Forestry industry seeking new markets Mature energy industry seeking new upstream Strong climate policy Boeing business interests and offsets

Author

Why Canada?


Assessing the viability of forest-to-fuel in Western Canada

Policy environment (constraints, requirements)

Feedstock Supply(scale, distribution,

costs, infrastructure)

Conversion Technologies(Scan, SWOT,

Gaps)

Fuel Markets (size, types, locations,

constraints)

Supply chain logistics, infrastructure

Output: Understanding of conditions for success for supply chain development in Western Canada. Clarity around boundaries for required conversion technology performance.


British Columbia 4.2 million oven dried tons (odt) of forest residues available (+ 1.5M odt in Alberta)

Could produce 700MLY of liquid fuel in BC alone Cf 1500MLY jet fuel demand in the province

Five supply chain scenarios developed

Author

Viability Study Findings – Supply Chain


Biochemical approaches Softwoods are challenging feedstocks (technical challenge) Oxygen-containing intermediates produce higher value products than

biojet (commercial challenge)

Thermochemical - gasification/synthesis Economies of scale incompatible (commercial challenge) Clean up of syngas remains problematic (technical challenge)

Thermochemical – pyrolysis, liquefaction Upgrading to hydrocarbons not yet mature (technical challenge)

Author

Viability Study Findings – Technology Screen

Selected for Further Development


Phase 2 – GARDN-funded projects

Biojet Supply Chain Project− Air Canada, BiofuelNet Canada,

Waterfall Group, others− Supply chain demonstration with

HEFA / HEFA+

Oleochemicaltechnologies

Downstream integration and

logistics


Phase 2 – GARDN-funded projects

Forest-to-fuel project− NORAM Engineering, Bombardier, WestJet,

UBC, SkyNRG, − Upgrading technology for thermochemical

bio-crudes to sustainable hydrocarbon fuel

Oleochemicaltechnologies

Biomass-based technologies

Downstream integration and

logistics


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1. Pacific Northwest roadmap; Sea-Tac Airport initiative

2. Midwest biofuel initiative3. Green diesel

commercialization 4. Renewable Fuel Standard

advocacy5. Canada forest-waste project6. Brazilian Biojetfuel Platform7. Joint research with Embraer8. GOL biofuel flights

9. Virgin Atlantic / LanzaTech collaboration

10. AIREG Membership11. Nordic Initiative for

Sustainable Aviation12. South African Airways

national roadmap

13. UAE project with Etihad, Takreer and Masdar14. BIOjet Abu Dhabi with Etihad15. Southeast Asia smallhold farm initiative16. Biofuel R&D in China17. “Gutter oil” facility with COMAC18. Hainan Airlines commercial flight19. Agricultural waste project in China20. Japan biofuel roadmap21. Australia biofuel roadmap22. Mexico biofuel center of excellence

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Boeing Global Biofuel Engagements

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