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TRANSMISSION ROUTE DEFINITIONS

Disease causing agents can be spread from animal-to-animal or animal-to-human and vice versa, through a variety of transmission routes.

• Aerosol— Droplets are passed through the air from one animal to another.

• Oral— Consuming disease causing agents in contaminated feed, water or licking/chewing on contaminated environmental objects.

• Direct contact— A susceptible animal becomes exposed when the disease agent directly touches open wounds, mucous membranes, or the skin through blood, saliva, nose to nose contact, rubbing, or biting.

• Reproductive — A subtype of direct contact that includes diseases spread through mating or to the fetus during pregnancy.

• Fomite — An inanimate object carrying a disease agent from one susceptible animal to another.

• Traffic —A subtype of fomite transmission in which a vehicle, trailer, or human spreads organic material to another location.

• Vector-borne — An insect acquires a disease agent from one animal and transmits it to another.

• Zoonotic — Diseases transmitted from animals to humans.

Environmental contamination must always be taken into consideration.

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Feline—Aerosol Transmission

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

Aspergillus spp.

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Calicivirus (FCV)

Canine Parvovirus 2

Chlamydophila felis

Coccidioides immitis

Cryptococcus neoformans

Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus)

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV)

Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)

Hendra Virus

Histoplasma capsulatum

Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)

Nipah Virus

Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Pneumocystis carinii

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium spp.)

foreign animal disease

zoonotic disease


Feline—Oral Transmission


Babesia spp.

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

Campylobacter jejuni

Canine Parvovirus 2

Coccidiosis (Isospora spp.)

Cryptosporidium parvum

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)

Feline Distemper (Feline Panleukopenia, Feline Parvovirus)

Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus (FIV)

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Giardia spp.


Helicobacter pylori

Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.)

Leptospirosis (Leptospira spp.)

Listeria monocytogenes


Pseudorabies

Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

Salmonella spp.

Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.)

Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.)

Toxoplasma gondii


Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

Whipworms (Trichuris campanula)


zoonotic disease


Feline—Fomite Transmission



Canine Parvovirus 2

Chlamydophila felis


Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FRV)

Giardia spp.


Nipah Virus

Ringworm (Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.)

Salmonella spp.


zoonotic disease


Feline—Direct Contact Transmission


Capnocytophaga canimorsus

External Parasites

Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus (FIV)


Haemobartonella felis


Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses)


Rabies


Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease)

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)


zoonotic disease


Feline—Vector Transmission

Babesia spp.—ticks

Bartonella spp.—ticks & fl ies

Cytauxzoon felis—ticks

Ehrlichia spp.—ticks

Haemobartonella felis—fl eas

Leishmaniasis—sandfl ies

Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks

Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fl eas

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks

Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes

Screwworm Myiasis—fl y larvae

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks & fl ies

West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes


zoonotic disease


Canine—Aerosol Transmission


Aspergillus spp.

Blastomyces dermatitidis


Canine Distemper Virus

Canine Parvovirus 2

Coccidioides immitis

Cryptococcus neoformans


Histoplasma capsulatum

Infectious Canine Hepatitis (CAV-2)


Nipah Virus

Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Pneumocystis carinii





zoonotic disease


Canine—Oral Transmission


Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

Brucellosis (Brucella canis)

Campylobacter jejuni

Canine Coronavirus

Canine Parvovirus 2


Cryptosporidium parvum

Echinococcus granulosus

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Giardia spp.


Helicobacter pylori

Hookworms (Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala)


Listeria monocytogenes


Neospora caninum

Pseudorabies

Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

Salmon Poisoning (Neorickettsia helminthoeca)

Salmonella spp.

Strongyles (Strongyloides spp.)

Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus spp.)



Verminous Myelitis (Baylisascaris procyonis)

Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis)


zoonotic disease


Canine—Fomite Transmission




Canine Distemper Virus

Canine Parvovirus 2


Dermatophilus congolensis (Dermatophilosis)

Giardia spp.



Nipah Virus


Salmonella spp.



zoonotic disease


Canine—Direct Contact Transmission



Capnocytophaga canimorsus

External Parasites


Haemobartonella canis


Pasteurella spp. (Bite wound abscesses)


Rabies


Sporothrix schenckii (Rose gardener’s disease)



zoonotic disease


Canine—Vector Transmission

Babesia canis—ticks

Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis,

Trypanosoma cruzi)—Triatomine bug

Ehrlichia spp.—ticks

Haemobartonella canis—ticks

Leishmaniasis—sandfl ies

Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)—ticks

Plague (Yersinia pestis)—fl eas

Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)—ticks

Rift Valley Fever—mosquitoes

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)—ticks

Screwworm Myiasis—fl y larvae

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)—ticks

West Nile Virus (WNV)—mosquitoes


zoonotic disease

Selected* Viral Families, Viruses and Species Affected

E:

Envelo

ped

NE:

Nonenvelo

ped

Virus Family (relative size)

SS = single stranded DS = double stranded

Fo

reig

n A

nim

al

Dis

ea

se (

for

US

)

Zo

on

oti

c (

Z)

Virus (Disease)

Hu

ma

ns A

ffe

cte

d

Animal Species Affected

A=avian; B=bovine; Bt=bat; C=canine; Cp=caprine; Cv=cervine; Eq=equine; F=feline; Fr=ferret; H=human; L=lagomorph; R=rodent; NHP=non-human primate; O=ovine; P=porcine; Diseases in RED or with a = Foreign Animal Diseases 1

DNA Virus Families

D

N A

NE Adenoviridae

80 – 100 nm

DS linear

Bovine adenoviruses A, B, C B

Canine adenovirus (infectious canine hepatitis) C

Caprine adenovirus Cp

Equine adenoviruses A, B Eq

Fowl adenoviruses A – E A

Human adenoviruses A – F (respiratory and/or ocular disease) H NHP

Ovine adenoviruses A, B, C O

Porcine adenoviruses A, B, C P

D N

A

E Asfarviridae

175 – 215 nm

DS linear

African swine fever

P

D

N A

NE Circoviridae

17 – 22 nm SS circular

Chicken anemia virus A

Porcine circovirus P

Psittacine beak and feather disease virus A

D N

A

E Hepadnaviridae

42 nm

partial DS circular

Z Hepatitis B virus H NHP

D N A

E Herpesviridae

150 - 200 nm

DS linear

Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (malignant catarrhal fever) B, Cv

Avian herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis) A

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) B

Bovine herpesvirus 2 (pseudo-lumpy skin disease, bovine mammillitis) B

Bovine herpesvirus 3/ bovine cytomegalovirus B

Canine herpesvirus 1, 2 (hemorrhagic disease of pups) C

Caprine herpesviruses 1, 2 Cp

Equine herpesvirus 1 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis; equine abortion) Eq

Equine herpesvirus 2 Eq

Equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema) Eq

Equine herpesvirus 4 (equine viral rhinopneumonitis) Eq

Feline viral rhinotracheitis virus F

Human herpes simplex virus 1 H NHP

Human herpes simplex virus 2 H

Human herpesvirus 3/ varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox, shingles) H

Human herpesvirus 4/ Epstein Barr virus H

Human herpesvirus 5/ human cytomegalovirus H

Human herpesviruses 6, 7 (roseola infantum) H


E:

Envelo

ped

NE:

Nonenvelo

ped



Fo

reig

n A

nim

al

Dis

ea

se (

for

US

)

Zo

on

oti

c (

Z)

Virus (Disease)

Hu

ma

ns A

ffe

cte

d



Herpesviridae (continued)

Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish virus disease) Fish

Koi herpesvirus disease Fish

Marek’s disease virus A

Oncorhynchus masou virus disease (or salmonid herpesvirus type 2 disease)

Fish

Ovine herpesvirus-1 O

Ovine herpesvirus-2 (malignant catarrhal fever) B, Cp, Cv, O, P

Porcine herpesvirus 2/ porcine cytomegalovirus P

Pseudorabies virus (Aujeszky’s disease) B, C, Cp, F, O, P

D N A

NE Iridoviridae

125 – 300 nm

DS linear

Epizootic haemotopoietic necrosis (EHN) Fish

Largemouth bass disease Fish

D

N A

NE Papovaviridae

45 - 55 nm

DS circular

Bovine papillomavirus B

Equine papillomavirus Eq

Human papillomavirus H

D N

A

NE Parvoviridae

18 - 26 nm SS linear

Adeno-associated viruses 1-6 H

B19 virus H

Canine minute virus/ canine parvovirus 1 C

Canine parvovirus 2 (“parvo”) C

Feline panleukopenia virus (Feline parvovirus) F

Porcine parvovirus P

D N A

E Poxviridae

250 X 200 X 200 nm

DS linear

Z Bovine papular stomatitis virus H B

Z Contagious ecthyma/contagious pustular dermatitis/orf virus H C, Cp, Cv

Z Cowpox virus H B, F, R

Feline pox virus F

Fowlpox virus A

Lumpy skin disease virus B, Bf

Z Monkeypox virus H NHP, R

Z Pseudocowpox virus (milker’s nodules) H B

Sheep and goat pox viruses Cp, O

Smallpox virus (Variola) H

Swinepox virus P

Z Vaccinia virus H B, L, P


E:

Envelo

ped

NE:

Nonenvelo

ped



Fo

reig

n A

nim

al

Dis

ea

se (

for

US

)

Zo

on

oti

c (

Z)

Virus (Disease)

Hu

ma

ns A

ffe

cte

d



RNA Virus Families

R

N A

E Arenaviridae

110 - 300 nm

SS linear segments

Z Lassa virus H NHP, R

Z Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus H C, NHP, P, R

Z Machupo virus (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever) H NHP, R

R N

A

E Arteriviridae

50 – 70 nm SS linear

Equine arteritis virus (equine viral arteritis) Eq

Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus R

Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus P

Simian hemorrhagic fever virus NHP

R

N A

NE Astroviridae


Avian nephritis viruses 1, 2 A

Bovine astrovirus B

Feline astrovirus (gastroenteritis) F

Human astroviruses 1-8 (gastroenteritis) H

Ovine astrovirus (gastroenteritis) O

Porcine astrovirus (porcine acute gastroenteritis) P

Turkey astrovirus (poultry enteritis and mortality syndrome) A

R N

A

NE Birnaviridae

60 nm

DS linear segments

Infectious bursal disease virus A

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) (hemorrhagic kidney syndrome) Fish

R

N A

E Bunyaviridae

80 – 120 nm

SS linear segments

Akabane virus (Akabane/congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly) B, Cp, O

Cache Valley virus H B, O

Z California encephalitis virus H R

Z Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus H A, B, C, L, O

* Z Hantaviruses (various serotypes)* H R

Z Jamestown Canyon virus H Cv

Z La Crosse virus (La Crosse encephalitis) H Cp, Cv, R

Z Nairobi sheep disease virus H Cp, O, R

Z Rift Valley fever virus H B, C, Cp, F, O

R N

A

NE Caliciviridae

30 -38 nm SS linear

Bovine enteric calicivirus B

Canine calicivirus C

Feline caliciviruses (upper respiratory disease) F

Fowl calicivirus A

Z Hepatitis E virus H P

Noroviruses (Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses) H

Porcine enteric calicivirus P

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus L

San Miguel sea lion virus Other, P

Z Vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesicular exanthema) H B, Eq, NHP, P


E:

Envelo

ped

NE:

Nonenvelo

ped



Fo

reig

n A

nim

al

Dis

ea

se (

for

US

)

Zo

on

oti

c (

Z)

Virus (Disease)

Hu

ma

ns A

ffe

cte

d



R

N A

E Coronaviridae

80 – 160 nm

SS linear

Avian infectious bronchitis virus A

Bovine coronavirus B

Canine coronavirus C

Feline enteric coronaviruses F

Feline infectious peritonitis virus F

Human coronaviruses (colds) H

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus P

Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus P

Z Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus H F

Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus P

Turkey coronavirus (bluecomb disease) A

R

N A

E Filoviridae

790 – 970 X 80 nm

SS linear

Z Ebola virus H NHP

Z Marburg virus H NHP

R N

A

E Flaviviridae


Border disease virus O

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) viruses 1, 2 B

Classical swine fever virus (hog cholera) P

Z Dengue virus H NHP

Hepatitis C virus H

Z Japanese encephalitis virus H A, P

Z Louping ill virus H A,B, C, Cp, Cv, Eq, O, P,R

Z Murray valley encephalitis virus H A, B, C, Eq

Z Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus H R

Z St. Louis encephalitis virus H A, Eq

Z Tick-borne encephalitis viruses (various subtypes) H B, C, Cp, O, R

Z Yellow fever virus H NHP

Z Wesselsbron virus H B, Cp, O

Z West Nile Virus (WNV) (West Nile fever) H A, Eq

R N A

NE Nodaviridae

30 nm

SS linear

Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (viral nervous necrosis) Fish


E:

Envelo

ped

NE:

Nonenvelo

ped



Fo

reig

n A

nim

al

Dis

ea

se (

for

US

)

Zo

on

oti

c (

Z)

Virus (Disease)

Hu

ma

ns A

ffe

cte

d



R

N A

E Orthomyxoviridae

80 - 120 nm

SS linear segments

Infectious salmon anemia Fish

Z Influenza virus A: H A, Eq, F, Fr, P

Z Avian influenza H A, Eq, P

Equine influenza Eq

Z Swine influenza H A, P

Human influenza H Fr, P

Z Influenza virus B: (human influenza) H Fr

Influenza virus C: (human influenza) H P

R

N A

E Paramyxoviridae

150 – 300 nm

SS linear

Z Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease) H A

Avian paramyxoviruses 2-9 A

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) B, O

Canine distemper virus C, Fr

Canine parainfluenza virus C

Z Hendra virus H Bt, Eq, F

Human parainfluenza viruses 1-4 H

Measles virus H NHP

Mumps virus H

Z Nipah virus H Bt, C, Cp, Eq, F, O, P

Parainfluenza 3 virus H B, O

Peste de petitis ruminants virus Cp, O

Respiratory syncytial virus H

Rinderpest virus B, Cp, O, P

R N

A

NE Picornaviridae

28 - 30 nm SS linear

Avian enteroviruses (encephalomyelitis, hepatitis) A

Bovine enteroviruses B

Bovine rhinoviruses B

Z Encephalomyelocarditis virus (encephalomyelocarditis) H NHP, P, R

Equine rhinoviruses 1, 2 Eq

Foot and mouth disease virus¥ H¥ B, Ca, Cp, Cv, O, P

Z Human hepatitis A virus H NHP

Human rhinoviruses H

Poliovirus H

Porcine enteroviruses (porcine enteroviral encephalomyelitis/ Teschen-Talfan disease)

P

Z Swine vesicular disease virus H P

R N

A

NE Reoviridae

60 - 80 nm

DS linear segments

African horse sickness viruses 1-10 Eq

Avian orthoreoviruses A

Bluetongue viruses 1-24 B, Cp, Cv, O

Z Colorado tick fever virus H R

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses B, Cv, O

Rotaviruses, group A to F (rotaviral gastroenteritis) H B, Eq, L, O, P, R


E:

Envelo

ped

NE:

Nonenvelo

ped



Fo

reig

n A

nim

al

Dis

ea

se (

for

US

)

Zo

on

oti

c (

Z)

Virus (Disease)

Hu

ma

ns A

ffe

cte

d



¥ Unconfirmed mild human cases have been reported. R

N A

E Retroviridae

80 – 130 nm

2 copies SS linear

Avian leukosis virus A

Bovine immunodeficiency virus B

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) B

Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus Cp, O

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIA) Eq

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) F

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) F

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2) (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - AIDS)

H

Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1, 2 H

Maedi-visna virus (ovine progressive pneumonia) Cp, O

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus (pulmonary adenomatosis) Cp, O

Simian immunodeficiency virus NHP

Simian leukemia viruses 1-3 NHP

R N

A

E Rhabdoviridae

180 X 75 nm SS linear

Bovine ephemeral fever virus B

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) Fish

Z Rabies H All mammals

Spring viremia of carp Fish

Z Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 and New Jersey subtypes) H B, Cp, Eq, O, P

Z Vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 2 and 3 subtypes) H B, Cp, Eq, O, P

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (Egtved disease) Fish

R

N A

E Togaviridae

70 nm

SS linear

Z Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEE) H A, Bt, Eq, P, R

Rubella virus H

Z Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) H A, Eq, R

Spring viremia of carp Fish

Z Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE) H A, Eq

Chart researched and compiled by Kristine Edwards, MA, DVM, MPH; Anna Rovid-Spickler, DVM, PhD and Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH.

References: Aiello SE, Mays A, editors. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 8th

Edition. Whitehouse Station, NJ; Merck and Co: 1998.

All the Virology on the WWW. Available at http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/ATVGlossary.html

American Society for Virology. Available at http://www.mcw.edu/asv/

Big Picture Book of Viruses. Available at http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology.html

Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. Principles of Virology, Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control of Animal Viruses. 2nd Edition. American Society of Microbiology, 2003. Princeton University, NJ.

Gelderblom HR. Structures and Classification of Viruses. 1996. Medical Microbiology. Baron S, editor. Available at http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [ICTV]. Universal Virus Database [onLine]. ICTV; 2002. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/index.htm Accessed May 2005.

MedBio World Virology. Available at http://www.sciencekomm.at/both/assocdb/virology.html

Murphy FA. Gibbs EPJ, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ. Veterinary Virology, 3rd Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.; 1999.

The Journal of Virology. American Society of Microbiology. Available at http://jvi.asm.org

The Virology Journal. Available at http://www.virologyj.com

Virus family graphics adapted with permission from Medical Microbiology, 4th edition, Baron S., editor. 1996. Available at http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/images/fig41_6.jpg

*This table was developed as a supplement for the CFSPH “Disinfection 101” document (http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/disinfectants.htm)

which provides an overview of important principles for the development of disinfection protocols, including how to choose an appropriate

disinfectant. We expect this virus table to be useful for veterinarians, veterinary students and graduate students in virology. The mammalian, avian

and fish viruses selected are those we perceive to be the ones veterinarians will most likely need to know about.

http://www.tulane.edu/~dmsander/ATVGlossary.html

http://www.mcw.edu/asv/

http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology.html

http://www.gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/index.htm

http://www.sciencekomm.at/both/assocdb/virology.html

http://jvi.asm.org/

http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/images/fig41_6.jpg

http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRM/disinfectants.htm

DisinfectantCategory Alcohols Aldehydes Biguanides Halogens:

Hypochlorites

Halogens: Iodine Compounds

Oxidizing Agents Phenols

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC)

Sample Trade Names

Ethyl alcoholIsopropyl alcohol

FormaldehydeGlutaraldehyde

ChlorhexidineNolvasan

Virosan

Bleach Betadyne

ProvidoneHydrogen peroxidePeracetic acidVirkon S

Oxy-Sept 333

One-Stroke Environ

Pheno-Tek II Tek-Trol

Roccal

DiQuat

D-256

Mechanism of Action

•Precipitatesproteins•Denatureslipids

•Denaturesproteins•Alkylates nucleic acids

•Altersmembranepermeability

•Denaturesproteins •Denaturesproteins •Denatureproteinsand lipids

•Denaturesproteins•Alterscellwallpermeability

• Denaturesproteins• Bindsphospholipids ofcellmembrane

Advantages

•Fastacting•Leavesnoresidue

•Broadspectrum •Broadspectrum •Broadspectrum•Shortcontacttime•Inexpensive

•Stableinstorage•Relativelysafe

•Broadspectrum •Goodefficacywithorganic material

•Non-corrosive•Stableinstorage

• Stableinstorage• Non-irritatingtoskin• Effectiveathigh

temperatures and high pH (9-10)

Disadvantages

•Rapidevaporation•Flammable

•Carcinogenic•Mucousmembranesandtissue irritation•Onlyuseinwellventilated areas

•Onlyfunctionsinlimited pH range (5–7)•Toxictofish(environmental concern)

•Inactivatedbysunlight•Requiresfrequentapplication•Corrodesmetals•Mucousmembraneand tissue irritation

•InactivatedbyQACs•Requiresfrequentapplication•Corrosive•Stainsclothesandtreated surfaces

•Damagingtosomemetals

•Cancauseskinandeye irritation

Precautions Flammable CarcinogenicNevermixwithacids;

toxic chlorine gas willbereleased

Maybetoxictoanimals, especially

cats and pigs

Vegetative Bacteria Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective Effective YES—Gram Positive

Limited—GramNegative

Mycobacteria Effective Effective Variable Effective Limited Effective Variable Variable

Enveloped Viruses Effective Effective Limited Effective Effective Effective Effective Variable

Non-enveloped Viruses Variable Effective Limited Effective Limited Effective Variable Not Effective

Spores Not Effective Effective Not Effective Variable Limited Variable Not Effective Not Effective

Fungi Effective Effective Limited Effective Effective Variable Variable Variable

Efficacy with Organic Matter Reduced Reduced ? Rapidly reduced Rapidly reduced Variable Effective Inactivated

Efficacy with Hard Water ? Reduced ? Effective ? ? Effective Inactivated

Efficacy with Soap/Detergents

? Reduced Inactivated Inactivated Effective ? Effective Inactivated

Characteristics of Selected Disinfectants

Disclaimer: The use of trade names does not in any way signify endorsement of a particular product. For additional product names, please consult the most recent Compendium of Veterinary Products.RefeRences: Linton AH, Hugo WB, Russel AD. Disinfection in Veterinary and Farm Practice. 1987. Blackwell Scientific Publications; Oxford, England; Quinn PJ, Markey BK. Disinfection and Disease Prevention in Veterinary Medicine, In: Block SS, ed., Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. 5th edition. 2001. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia. ©2008 CFSPH

foR MoRe InfoRMatIon, see the ‘DIsInfectIon 101’ DocuMent at www.cfsph.iastate.edu

? Information not found


Disinfectant Product Good points Cautions

RescueTM

, formerly branded as

Accel ® (accelerated hydrogen

peroxide)

http://ogenasolutions.com/rescue-

for-companion-animals/

Formulations: Rescue Concentrate

(most economical), Rescue RTU

(faster-acting), Rescue Wipes

(faster-acting)

Good detergent activity and

effective in the presence of organic

material making it a one-step

product.

Short contact time (1-10 min.

depending on concentration or

formulation).

Marketed efficacy against non-

enveloped viruses and

dermatophytes.

Liquid concentrate form for easy

dilution.

Various application options (e.g.

spray bottles, hose-end applicators,

centralized systems, pump up

foamers).

90 day shelf life once diluted.

No independent research

available yet to verify Pure

Oxygen (product by the same

company) shampoo’s efficacy

against dermatophytes (m.

canis).

Potassium peroxymonosulfate (e.g.,

Virkon® or Trifectant®)

http://www.tomlyn.com/products/cat

-dog-dog-cat-

ferret/sanitizer/trifectant%C2%AE-

tub

Completely inactivates un-

enveloped viruses and

dermatophytes when used

correctly.

Some detergent activity.

Relatively good activity in the face

of organic matter.

Short contact time (5-10 min.

depending on pathogen).

Dry powder form.

Not designed for easy

application through hose-end

applicator systems (can be

applied through specialized

delivery systems).

Leaves visible residue on

some surfaces.

7 day shelf life once diluted.

Sodium hypochlorite (Bleach)

Usually used at 1:32 dilution of 5%

household bleach (1/2 cup per

gallon), applied to clean, non-porous

surface


enveloped viruses when used

correctly.

Effective against dermatophytes at

high concentration (1:10) –

however this dilution is caustic.

Very inexpensive.

Stable for 30 days once diluted if

stored correctly.

Significantly inactivated by

organic matter, exposure to

light, or extended storage.

No detergent activity.

Surfaces must be pre-cleaned

and all organic matter

removed prior to disinfection

– thus always a two-step

process.

Corrosive to metal.

Calcium hypochlorite (e.g.,

Wysiwash®)

https://www.wysiwash.com/



correctly.

Can be used in hose-end applicator

system (specific to this product).

Dry tablet form.

No detergent activity.

Dry form is irritating to

mucous membranes if

inhaled.

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate

(e.g., Bruclean®)

http://www.brulin.com/productdetail

s.aspx?pid=52&cid=26



correctly.

Less corrosive to metal than

bleach.

Less of a respiratory irritant than

bleach.

Dry tablet form.

Dry form is irritating to

mucous membranes if

inhaled.

Requires multiple step

process for cleaning and

disinfection via a specialized

applicator.

http://ogenasolutions.com/rescue-for-companion-animals/

http://ogenasolutions.com/rescue-for-companion-animals/

http://www.tomlyn.com/products/cat-dog-dog-cat-ferret/sanitizer/trifectant%C2%AE-tub




https://www.wysiwash.com/

http://www.brulin.com/productdetails.aspx?pid=52&cid=26

http://www.brulin.com/productdetails.aspx?pid=52&cid=26

Quaternary ammonium compounds

(e.g., Roccal, Parvo-sol, A33,

Maxxon, many others)

Some detergent activity.

Only moderate inactivation by

organic matter (less than bleach).

Low tissue toxicity when diluted

correctly.

Not reliably effective against

un-enveloped viruses or

dermatophytes.

Potential to be toxic to cats

causing tongue ulcers.

Chlorhexidine (e.g., Nolvasan®)

https://www.zoetisus.com/products/c

ats/nolvasan-solution.aspx

Very low tissue toxicity. Relatively expensive.


un-enveloped viruses or

dermatophytes.

Alcohol (e.g., Ethanol, Isopropyl

alcohol)

Usually in hand sanitizers

Less irritating to tissue than

quaternary ammonium or bleach.

Moderately effective against

calicivirus at higher concentration.


parvovirus or dermatophytes.

https://www.zoetisus.com/products/cats/nolvasan-solution.aspx

https://www.zoetisus.com/products/cats/nolvasan-solution.aspx

Wood, A. P., Payne, D. (1998). The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-

enveloped viruses. J Hosp Infect, 38 (4), 283-95.

Eleraky, N. Z., Potgieter, L. N. D., Kennedy, M. A. (2002). Virucidal Efficacy of Four New Disinfectants.

J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 38 (3), 231-234.

Howie, R., Alfa, M. J., Coombs, K. (2008). Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses on surfaces

compared with other micro-organisms and impact of suboptimal disinfectant exposure. J Hosp Infect , 69

(4), 368-76.

Jimenez, L., Chiang, M. (2006). Virucidal activity of a quaternary ammonium compound disinfectant

against feline calicivirus: A surrogate for norovirus. Am J Infect Control , 34 (5), 269-273.

Kennedy, M. A., Mellon, V. S., Caldwell, G., Potgieter, L. N. (1995). Virucidal efficacy of the newer

quaternary ammonium compounds. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc , 31 (3), 254-8.

Lages, S. L., Ramakrishnan, M. A., Goyal, S. M. (2008). In-vivo efficacy of hand sanitisers against feline

calicivirus: a surrogate for norovirus. J Hosp Infect , 68 (2), 159-63.

Malik, Y. S., Maherchandani, S., Goyal, S. M. (2006). Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol

against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Am J Infect Control , 34 (1), 31-5.

Remove all grossly visible debris.The presence of gross contamination or organic material,

especially feces, will inactivate most disinfectants.

Wash the area or itemwith water and detergent.

Allow the area to dry completely.

Select and applyan appropriate, e�ective disinfectant.

Thoroughly rinse away any residual disinfectant and allow the area or item to dry.

Thoroughly rinse the cleaned areato remove any detergent residue.

Some disinfectants may be inactivated by detergents; therefore, it is very important to rinse well after washing the area or item.

Allow the proper contact time!This is one of the most overlooked steps!!

Contact time may vary depending on the disinfectant selected,but is usually at least 10 minutes. Consult the product label.

Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol

Wet hands and forearms with warm water

Add at least 3-5 mls of soap (the size of an olive)

Lather up and vigorously scrub each side of the hands beyond the wrist for 10-30 seconds, cleaning under rings and scrubbing dirty fingernails

Rinse under warm water until no soap residue remains

Turn off running water with a paper towel, not bare hands

Dry hands with paper towel or hot air dryer

=

BACTERIA

FUNGI

=

PARASITES

VIRUSES

Animal Severity of disease in potentially affected species

Mild Moderate Severe

Incu

ba

tio

n

Pe

rio

d

www.cfsph.iastate.edu [email protected] 515.294.7189

Disease C

att

le

Sh

ee

p

Go

ats

Pig

s

Ho

rses

Do

gs

Ca

ts

Bir

ds

Oth

er

Prominent Clinical Signs

Animal Severity of disease in potentially affected species

Mild Moderate Severe

Incu

ba

tio

n

Pe

rio

d

www.cfsph.iastate.edu [email protected] 515.294.7189

Disease C

att

le

Sh

ee

p

Go

ats

Pig

s

Ho

rses

Do

gs

Ca

ts

Bir

ds

Oth

er

Prominent Clinical Signs

PARASITES

VIRUSES

BACTERIA

FUNGI

PARASITES

VIRUSES

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