ENCOUNTERS WITH THE WESTToday’s LEQs:

• Which cultures did Europeans encounter, and how were they received?

• How did the Columbian Exchange affect Africans, Europeans, and Native Americans? Who benefited the most and why?

Reasons for Exploration Reconquista

(1257/1492C.E.): Years that Muslims (whom Christians called “Moors”) were defeated in Portugal and Spain

Wars created a sense of national identity

New Monarchs consolidated power and created ideologies around Christianity – a great way to justify centralization was to push for conversion of people to Christianity

Plague

Asian/North African cities hit hard by plague; land routes disrupted

Luxury goods scarce & expensive; perfect time to make $$$ through trade!

Collapse of Pax Mongolica

Silk Roads unsafe after the collapse of the Khanates in the late 1300s, so trade slowed down

Desire for Indian cotton, Chinese silks, and porcelain remained strong

Fall of Constantinople 1453 CE, Ottomans defeated

Byzantines Muslims in total control of trade

routes Prices of luxury goods continued to

rise

Inventions & Desires

Improvements in maritime and military technologies Compass, caravel ship, astrolabe and

sextant, gunpowder Revival of urban life & trade Desire for trade to acquire Asian Luxury

Products Governments in Europe willing to

sponsor exploration with financial backing, in the hopes of making money

Portuguese Exploration

Geographically it was natural to explore routes in the Atlantic Ocean

Remember Henry the Navigator? He represents gov’t support of exploration to seek trade

First action of Portugal = attack on Ceuta (rich North African city) in 1415

Driven by interest in gold

Portuguese Exploration

Portugal’s goal: Go AROUND Africa to reach Asia

As they moved down the coast of Africa… LEASED a West African trade port from

Songhai and traded peacefully for gold and ivory

Were NOT strong enough to dominate – had to pay Songhai’s gov’t for trading rights

African rulers wanted, guns, cannons, and metal goods

Are you picking up what I put down?!

Why did direct sea routes increase the wealth Europeans were able to gain through trade with Asia?

Sugar and Slave Cycle Begins As Portugal and later Spain

moved into the Atlantic, they encountered tropical islands – disease killed off the natives and they began using slaves purchased in West Africa to grow sugar

A new “Atlantic System” of trade develops

African Slave Trade Begins West African Kingdoms =

Empire Building Kongo, Benin, Angola W. African Empires traded

male POWs for European weapons

Portuguese Reach Indian Ocean 1497-1498: Vasco da Gama sailed

around Africa & reached India He traded at the port of Calicut for

luxuries (mostly pepper) This wide swing around West

Africa to catch the ocean currents led to the discovery of South America – Portugal takes Brazil

Changes in IOMS Trade

Before = no central control Traders operated independently of

gov’ts Portuguese introduced use of

organized gov’t military force European gov’ts like Portugal and

later the Netherlands invested in the success of trading operations

Spain Builds an Empire European

explorers reached the Americas by the late 1400s & scramble to est. colonies and empires

Spain conquered two of the greatest native empires of the Americas, the Aztecs and the Incas

Spain in the Caribbean First areas settled were

Caribbean islands like Hispaniola & Cuba

Colonial economy based on mining of gold & silver, farming

For labor, set up the Encomienda System A colonist was given land

and a Native American labor force.

The colonist then Christianized the natives.

Encomienda System Fails

Natives were overworked and often mistreated.

“Great Dying”: Europeans brought smallpox, tuberculosis and measles and the natives had no resistance and millions died

The Conquest of Mexico & Peru Complete the Conquest & Colonies Web Quest

Life in the Spanish Empire Spain gained control of Peru and Mexico. The Spanish King chose officials called

viceroys to rule over American holdings Bartolome de Las Casas was a vocal

reformer who defended the plight of the Native Americans Recommended replacing them as laborers

with imported African slaves Slave labor soon becomes common practice

in the Americas

The Columbian Exchange

Interaction & trade btwn the Old World (Europe, Africa, & Asia) & the New World (the Americas)

Led to widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Olive

Oil Birds Peppers Black Pepper

Chicken

Donkey Turnips Cabbage

Lettuce Rabbit Cotton Rat

Olives Coffee Bean Banana Rice Onion Turnip Pigs Barley Grape Peach Sugar

Cane Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear Wheat Horse

Cattle Sheep

OLD WORLD

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Strawberry

Cocoa Pineapple Cassava Potato

Peanut Tomato Vanilla Corn

Chocolate Birds (Fowl)

• Pecan Bear

Sunflowers

Alpaca Honeybee

Bison

Papaya Guinea Pig Muscles Llama

Chilies Shrimp Crabs

NEW WORLD

Form a hypothesis based off these lists:

Why did conquistadors like Pizzaro and Cortez defeat great civilizations like the Incas and the Aztecs? Why wasn’t it the other way around?

Pick a spokesperson and be ready to share your hypothesis!

Impact of Local Flora & Fauna Native plants and animals has a huge

impact on the way history unfolds... The Old World had beasts of burden

enabling specialization Large animals capable of domestication

increase agricultural productivity Less human labor needed More food = more people and more complex

societies Humans freed up to focus on specific skills

such as making weapons

Guns, Germs, & Steel(Jared Diamond (ep. 7-

10) As you watch this documentary record evidence and examples to support your answer to the question below.

Why did conquistadors like Pizzaro and Cortez defeat great civilizations like the Incas and the Aztecs? Why wasn’t it the other way around?

S.O.S. Response

State your positionOffer reasonsSupport with evidence and examples (from the documentary)

MENU CHALLENGE!

The Portuguese in Brazil

Established huge farming estates in the 1530s

Limited by the Treaty of Tordesillas

Originally use Native American laborers, but…

African Slave Trade

The Encomienda System failed & created a labor shortage in the Americas

This leads to the start of the African Slave Trade

African Slave Trade

Captured Africans marched to slave ships where they became part of the Triangular Trade

African Slave Trade

Why enslave Africans? Proximity – close to Europe & already resistant to disease

Theory of Social Darwinism – Felt Africans were inferior

Phases of Becoming a Slave

1.Capture2.Transportation

(Middle Passage)

3.Seasoning4.Slavery

Late-Eighteenth-Century Drawing

In this drawing, African slave traders conduct a group of bound captives from the interior of Africa toward European trading posts.

SOURCE: Culver Pictures, Inc.

Plan of the British Slave Ship Brookes, 1788. This plan, which may undercount the human cargo the Brookes carried, shows how tightly Africans were packed aboard slave ships.

“Coffin” Position“Coffin” Position

Role of African Rulers & Merchants

Some participated in the capturing and enslavement of Africans Capture or be captured mentality

Profit to be made Most people sold were

captives from wars or criminals

Social Consequences

Demand for slaves encourages destruction and enslavement of weaker communities

Men preferred over women; left disproportionate number of women

Local economies robbed of most productive members

African plantations produced goods desirable to Europeans

African Diaspora – African culture found all over the world

End of the African Slave Trade

Peaks during the 18th century Both the Enlightenment and Industrial

Revolution mark the decline Enlightenment ideals promoted equality

and dignity for all people; slave revolts arise

Industrialization brings less labor intensive production processes; demand for slave labor declines

Three Types of Colonies Across the Americas Differences resulting from economic

basis Slave Plantation Economies:

Caribbean, Brazil, some in southern North America

Settler Agricultural Economies: Northern North America

Ranching/Mining Economies: former Aztec and Inca lands

Class/Gov’t Structure

Spanish born = most elite Wealthy colonials = powerful Large, intrusive gov’t bureaucracy =

Council of the Indies Influences of Africans, Amerindians, and

Europe blended to form new cultures = syncretism

Little female immigration = more fluid social classes! (b/c European men marry and have mixed race children with Amerindian women)

Web Quest

http://mswynnworldhistory.wikispaces.com

Click on “Columbian Exchange Web Quest”

Mapping Exploration (continued) Grab a red world history textbook

(“Human Legacy” ) and turn to page 74.

Add in the French, British, and Dutch voyages to your world map.

On the back, compare and contrast these voyages to those of the Spanish and Portuguese What do you notice about where and

when they explored?