the early middle ages main idea: geography influenced where medieval europeans settled and what they...
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The Early Middle Ages
Main Idea:Geography influenced
where medieval Europeans
settled and what they did.
Europe as a Europe as a QueenQueen
Munster, 1588Munster, 1588
Europe as a Europe as a QueenQueen
Munster, 1588Munster, 1588
Europe’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. US
Satellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of Europe
3,800 square miles3,800 square miles
RREEGGIIOONNSS
RREEGGIIOONNSS
Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)
AsiaAsia 44,579,00044,579,000
AfricaAfrica 30,065,00030,065,000
North AmericaNorth America 24,256,000 24,256,000
South AmericaSouth America 17,819,00017,819,000
AntarcticaAntarctica 13,209,00013,209,000
EuropeEurope 9,938,0009,938,000
Oceania (incl. Oceania (incl. Australia) Australia) 7,687,000 7,687,000
Europe: A Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsula of Peninsulas?Peninsulas?
Europe: A Europe: A Peninsula of Peninsula of Peninsulas?Peninsulas?
OROROROR
A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?A Peninsula of Asia?
Europe:Europe: An Asian An Asian PeninsulaPeninsula??
Europe:Europe: An Asian An Asian PeninsulaPeninsula??
Northern PeninsulasNorthern PeninsulasNorthern PeninsulasNorthern Peninsulas
Jutland Peninsula
Scandinavian Peninsula
Southern PeninsulasSouthern PeninsulasSouthern PeninsulasSouthern Peninsulas
Iberian Peninsul
a
Italian Peninsul
a
Balkan Peninsul
a
AnatoleanPeninsu
la
CrimeanPeninsul
a
PPeenniinnssuullaass
PPeenniinnssuullaass
Scand
inav
ian
Pen.
JutlandPen.
Iberian Pen.
Italian Pen. Balkan Pen.
Anatolean Pen.
Crimean Pen.
Peloponnesian Pen.
What’sWhat’sthethe
answeranswer????
What’sWhat’sthethe
answeranswer????
BBooddiieess
ofof
WWaatteerr
BBooddiieess
ofof
WWaatteerr Mediterranean Sea
North Sea
AtlanticOcean Baltic
Sea
BlackSea
AegeanSea
Adriatic Sea
TyrrhenianSea
Bay ofBiscay
Strait ofGibraltar
DardanellesStrait
ArcticOcean
English Channel
CaspianSea
The Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Mare NostrumNostrum
The Mediterranean Sea: The Mediterranean Sea: Mare Mare NostrumNostrum
2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide2,400 miles long & 1,000 miles wide
“ “Crossroads of 3 Continents”Crossroads of 3 Continents”Caesarea on the Caesarea on the
Israeli coastIsraeli coast
Strait of Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar & the& the “Pillars of “Pillars of
Hercules”Hercules”
RRiivveerrss
RRiivveerrss Danube R.
Seine R.Rhine R.
Loire R.
Po R.
Tiber R.
Tagus R.
Thames R.
Elbe R.
Oder R.
Vistula R.
Dnieper R
.
Vo
lga R
.Don R.
Ebro R.
The Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube River
1770 miles1770 miles
The Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube RiverThe Danube River
Flows through the Flows through the 12 countries12 countries of Germany, Austria, of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the Ukraine. Ukraine.
Where Buda Where Buda & Pest Meet& Pest MeetWhere Buda Where Buda & Pest Meet& Pest MeetBiking Biking
Along the Along the DanubeDanube
Biking Biking Along the Along the DanubeDanube
The Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga River
The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.The longest river in Europe --> 2,300 miles.
The Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga RiverThe Volga River
The river is soThe river is so polluted that the polluted that the sturgeon catch has sturgeon catch has been decreased by been decreased by 60%. 60%.
Why are most Why are most of the capitals of the capitals of Europe on of Europe on
major riversmajor rivers????
Why are most Why are most of the capitals of the capitals of Europe on of Europe on
major riversmajor rivers????
Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (1)(1)Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (1)(1)
Paris, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineParis, right bank of the SeineLondon on the ThamesLondon on the ThamesLondon on the ThamesLondon on the Thames
Prague on the VltavaPrague on the VltavaPrague on the VltavaPrague on the Vltava Budapest on the DanubeBudapest on the DanubeBudapest on the DanubeBudapest on the Danube
Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (2)(2)Capitals on the Rivers Capitals on the Rivers (2)(2)
Berlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeBerlin on the SpreeMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow RiverMoscow on the Moscow River
Rome on the TiberRome on the TiberRome on the TiberRome on the Tiber Vienna on the DanubeVienna on the DanubeVienna on the DanubeVienna on the Danube
What’sWhat’sthethe
answeranswer????
What’sWhat’sthethe
answeranswer????
Answer:Answer:Answer:Answer:
They are They are Europe’s lifeline!Europe’s lifeline!
They are They are Europe’s lifeline!Europe’s lifeline!
MMoouuttaaiinnss
&&
PPeeaakkss
MMoouuttaaiinnss
&&
PPeeaakkss
Alps Mts.Pyrennes Mts.
Apennines Mts.
Dinaric Alps
Carpathian Mts. Caucasus Mts.
Ural M
ts.
Mt. Etna ^
Mt. Vesuvius ^Mt. Olympus ^
ElevationElevationElevationElevation
AlpsCarpathians
Caucasus
Urals
Pyrennes
Apennines
The AlpsThe AlpsThe AlpsThe Alps
Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, Cover most of Switzerland, Austria, andand parts of Italy and France. parts of Italy and France.
Mt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the AlpsMt. Blanc in the Alps
Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feetHighest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet
The Caucasus MountainsThe Caucasus MountainsThe Caucasus MountainsThe Caucasus Mountains
The origin of theThe origin of the word word CaucasianCaucasian..
TransylvaniaTransylvania in the Carpathian in the Carpathian MountainsMountains
TransylvaniaTransylvania in the Carpathian in the Carpathian MountainsMountains
Home of Home of Vlad TepešVlad Tepeš, the, the Drakul Drakul (“Count Dracula”)(“Count Dracula”)
Ural Mountains: “The Great Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”Divide”
Ural Mountains: “The Great Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide”Divide”
Divides the European and Asian sections of Divides the European and Asian sections of Russia.Russia.
1500
mile
s
The Ural MountainsThe Ural MountainsThe Ural MountainsThe Ural Mountains
PPllaaiinnss
PPllaaiinnss
Northern European Plain
Steppes
Siberian Lowlands
The BENELUX CountriesThe BENELUX CountriesThe BENELUX CountriesThe BENELUX Countries
* BelgiumBelgium
* NetherlandsNetherlands
* LuxembourgLuxembourg
* BelgiumBelgium
* NetherlandsNetherlands
* LuxembourgLuxembourg
Holland’s DikesHolland’s DikesHolland’s DikesHolland’s Dikes
Amsterdam’s CanalsAmsterdam’s CanalsAmsterdam’s CanalsAmsterdam’s Canals
The The Netherlands:Netherlands:
The The “Dagger”“Dagger” Pointing at the Pointing at the
Heart of Heart of Britain!Britain!
The The Netherlands:Netherlands:
The The “Dagger”“Dagger” Pointing at the Pointing at the
Heart of Heart of Britain!Britain!
PPllaatteeaauuss
PPllaatteeaauuss
Meseta
CCoommpplleetteedd
MMaapp
CCoommpplleetteedd
MMaapp
North Sea
AtlanticOcean Baltic
Sea
BlackSea
AegeanSea
Adriatic Sea
TyrrhenianSea
Bay ofBiscay
Strait ofGibraltar
DardanellesStrait
ArcticOcean
English Channel
CaspianSeaDanube R.
Seine R.Rhine R.
Loire R.
Po R.
Tiber R.
Tagus R.
Thames R.
Elbe R.
Oder R.
Vistula R.
Dnieper R
.
Vo
lga R
.Don R.
Ebro R.
Alps Mts.Pyrennes Mts.
Apennines Mts.
Dinaric Alps
Carpathian Mts. Caucasus Mts.
Ural M
ts.
Mt. Etna ^
Mt. Vesuvius ^Mt. Olympus ^
Siberian Lowlands
Northern European Plain
Steppes
Scand
inav
ian
Pen.
Jutland Pen.
Iberian Pen.
Crimean Pen.
Balkan Pen.
Anatolean Pen.
Peloponnesian Pen.
Italian Pen.
10,000 BCE – Ice Age10,000 BCE – Ice Age10,000 BCE – Ice Age10,000 BCE – Ice Age
Norwegian Norwegian FjordsFjordsNorwegian Norwegian FjordsFjords
Glaciers Glaciers cut deep cut deep valleys in valleys in the the oceanocean during during thethe Ice Age. Ice Age.
Earthquake ZonesEarthquake ZonesEarthquake ZonesEarthquake Zones
Reykjavik, Iceland:Reykjavik, Iceland:“The Youngest Oldest Country”“The Youngest Oldest Country”
Reykjavik, Iceland:Reykjavik, Iceland:“The Youngest Oldest Country”“The Youngest Oldest Country”
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Hot Hot SpringsSprings
GeysersGeysers
Mediterranean IslandsMediterranean IslandsMediterranean IslandsMediterranean Islands
Generally ruggedGenerally rugged & mountainous. & mountainous.
Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea so polluted Sea so polluted (will take 1000 (will take 1000 years to clean up). years to clean up).
SardiniaSardinia
CyprusCyprus
MaltaMalta
Mt. Etna, SicilyMt. Etna, SicilyMt. Etna, SicilyMt. Etna, Sicily
An activeAn active volcano volcano
Mt. Vesuvius, ItalyMt. Vesuvius, ItalyMt. Vesuvius, ItalyMt. Vesuvius, Italy
1944 eruption1944 eruption
Pompeii, Pompeii, 79 CE 79 CE
Herculaneum, 79 CEHerculaneum, 79 CE
Russia’s Russia’s 1010 Time ZonesTime ZonesRussia’s Russia’s 1010 Time ZonesTime Zones
Siberia --> Siberia --> PermafrostPermafrostSiberia --> Siberia --> PermafrostPermafrost
Average temperatures of January Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C July from 1 to 25°C
150,000,000 population.150,000,000 population. A former “A former “gulaggulag”” Soviet prison camp. Soviet prison camp.
Lake Baikal, SiberiaLake Baikal, SiberiaLake Baikal, SiberiaLake Baikal, Siberia
The oldest and deepestThe oldest and deepest lake in the world. lake in the world.
20% of the world’s 20% of the world’s totaltotal unfrozen water supply. unfrozen water supply.
Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad
Completed in 1905.Completed in 1905.
Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad
TThe main line runs 5,785 miles.he main line runs 5,785 miles.
Europe’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. USEurope’s Latitude v. US
ClimatClimatee
ClimatClimatee
Average Annual Average Annual PrecipitationPrecipitation
Average Annual Average Annual PrecipitationPrecipitation
Europe’s Natural RegionsEurope’s Natural RegionsEurope’s Natural RegionsEurope’s Natural Regions
The North European PlainThe North European PlainThe North European PlainThe North European Plain
The Northern European Plain --> The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice (& Vice
Versa?)Versa?)
The Northern European Plain --> The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice (& Vice
Versa?)Versa?)
SteppesSteppes: “Soviet” : “Soviet” BreadbasketBreadbasket
SteppesSteppes: “Soviet” : “Soviet” BreadbasketBreadbasket
The SteppesThe SteppesThe SteppesThe Steppes
25% of the old 25% of the old Soviet Union’s Soviet Union’s food supply. food supply.
Major Regional Divisions of Major Regional Divisions of the Former U. S. S. R.the Former U. S. S. R.
Major Regional Divisions of Major Regional Divisions of the Former U. S. S. R.the Former U. S. S. R.
Chernozen SoilChernozen Soil
Germany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black Forest
Germany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black ForestGermany’s Black Forest
Tundra: The Not-So-Barren Tundra: The Not-So-Barren LandLand
Below the Arctic CircleBelow the Arctic Circle
Tundra: The Not-So-Barren Tundra: The Not-So-Barren LandLand
Below the Arctic CircleBelow the Arctic Circle
LLaanndd
UUssee
LLaanndd
UUssee
Agricultural ActivityAgricultural ActivityAgricultural ActivityAgricultural Activity
RREESSOOUURRCCEESS
RREESSOOUURRCCEESS
MajorMajorIndustrialIndustrialResourceResource
ss
MajorMajorIndustrialIndustrialResourceResource
ss
Oil Export Routes in the Caucasus AreaOil Export Routes in the Caucasus AreaOil Export Routes in the Caucasus AreaOil Export Routes in the Caucasus Area
MajorMajorEnvironmentaEnvironmenta
llDisastersDisasters
& Pollution& PollutionProblemsProblems
MajorMajorEnvironmentaEnvironmenta
llDisastersDisasters
& Pollution& PollutionProblemsProblems
Acid RainAcid RainAcid RainAcid Rain
World Population by ContinentsWorld Population by ContinentsWorld Population by ContinentsWorld Population by Continents
AsiaAsia 3,737,000,0003,737,000,000
AfricaAfrica 823,000,000823,000,000
EuropeEurope 729,000,000 729,000,000
North AmericaNorth America 486,000,000486,000,000
South AmericaSouth America 351,000,000 351,000,000
Oceania (incl. Oceania (incl. Australia) Australia) 31,000,000 31,000,000
AntarcticaAntarctica no permanent no permanent population population
Population DensityPopulation Density[People Per Square Mile][People Per Square Mile]
Population DensityPopulation Density[People Per Square Mile][People Per Square Mile]
BelgiumBelgium 336.82 Mexico 52.15
Japan 336.72 United United StatesStates
29.77
India 336.62 World 14.42
United United KingdomKingdom
244.69 NorwayNorway 14.42
ItalyItaly 192.96 Canada 3.36
FranceFrance 108.09 RussiaRussia 8.61
PopulationPopulationDistributioDistributio
nn
PopulationPopulationDistributioDistributio
nn
PopulatioPopulationn
GrowthGrowth
PopulatioPopulationn
GrowthGrowth
Members of the Indo-Members of the Indo-European Language FamilyEuropean Language Family
Members of the Indo-Members of the Indo-European Language FamilyEuropean Language Family
MajorMajorReligiouReligiou
ssGroupsGroups
ininEuropeEurope
MajorMajorReligiouReligiou
ssGroupsGroups
ininEuropeEurope
The Rhine, Danube, Vistula, Volga, Seine, and Po rivers made it easy to travel into the interior of Europe and encouraged people to trade.
Seas and rivers provided safety and opportunities for trade.
As a continent, Europe is a large peninsula that is divided into many smaller peninsulas.
Most of Europe lies within 300 miles of an ocean or sea and this encouraged trade and fishing.
Bodies of water also kept people separated and allowed them to develop their own distinct cultures.
Europe has many mountain ranges which made it difficult for one group to rule all of Europe and encouraged the development of independent kingdoms.
The Roman Empire united all the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
The last Roman emperor fell from power in A.D. 476 and the unity was lost.
Western Europe was then divided into many kingdoms as Germanic invaders began conquering large areas of Europe.
The Germanic KingdomsMain Idea: The Franks, Angles, and
Saxons of Western Europe built new societies and defended them against Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings.
Germanic Kingdoms
The kingdoms of western Europe developed different societies
based on their locationsVisogoths
of Spain and the Ostrogoths
of Italy were close to the center of the old Roman Empire so they adopted many
Roman ways.
Other groups farther
from Rome held
on to more of their
Germanic Traditions.
The Angles and Saxons
invaded Britain from
Denmark and Germany and
became the Anglo-Saxons.
Germanic Kingdoms
The Celts were pushed out of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons and went to the present day areas of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.
Who were the Franks?
A Germanic people called the Franks settled the area
that is now France.
The most important
nobles were chosen to become Mayor of the Palace whose role was
to give out land, settle disputes, and
fight their own wars.
After Clovis died, his sons divided
his kingdom and beganfighting over land allowing nobles to
take over many royal duties.
King Clovis of the Franks became a Catholic, won the
support of the Romans, and influenced most Franks to become
Catholic
The most powerful mayor, Charles Martel, wanted
to unite all Frankish nobles under his rule and restore order in
the lands of the western Roman
Empire.
The pope, who was head of the Catholic Church,
offered his support to Charles Martel
The Catholic Church wanted all of Europe
to be Catholic.
North Africa conquered Spain and Muslim forces.
In A.D. 711, a Muslim army from invaded France.
In A.D. 732, Charles Martel led the Franks against the Muslims and defeated them at the Battle of Tours to stop the Muslim advance into Europe.
Christianity remained western Europe’s major religion.
When Charles Martel died, his son Pepin became Mayor of the Palace and with the support of the Catholic Church, he eventually became king of the Franks.
When the Lombards threatened the pope, Pepin defeated them.
Pepin donated the land he conquered to the pope and the pope ruled these lands as if he were a king. They became the Papal States.
After Pepin died, hisson Charles became king.
Who wasCharlemagne?
Charles invaded eastern Germany and defeated
the Saxons orderingthem to convertto Christianity.
Later, he invaded Spain and
fought theMuslims for
control
Charles also protected
The pope from theLombards.
By A.D. 800, Charles
kingdom had grown into an empire
and coveredmuch of
western and central
Europe
Charlesconquests earned himthe name
of Charlemagne
or Charles
the Great.
OnChristmas
Day inA.D. 800,the popecrowned
Charlemagneand declared
him the NewHoly
RomanEmperor.
Charlemagne made Aachenthe capital of his empire
and to uphold laws, he set upthe courts throughout the
empire.
Nobles called counts ranthe courts.
Charlemagne sent out inspectors
called the lord’s messengers
to make sure the courts were
obeying orders.
Charlemagne believed in education and wanted his people to be educated.
He asked a scholar named Alcuin to start a school in one of the royal palaces to teach children of
government officials.
His students studied religion,
Latin, music, literature, and
arithmetic.