g o v e r n m e n t & p o l i c y

TO MTBE, OR NOT TO MTBE Congress debates curbing use of gasoline additive, considers ethanol mandate

Cheryl Hogue C&EN Washington

The curtain is closing on the heyday of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as a gasoline additive in the U.S.—

that much is practically a done deal. MTBE from leaking gasoline storage tanks and fuel spills on pavement is washing into groundwater. Drinking water supplies in wells are becoming tainted with the smelly chemical, which is widely used to meet Clean Air Act standards for cleaner burning gas.

But should MTBE's use as a fuel ad­ditive be banned or just curtailed? Should the decision be left to states? Should Congress change the section of the Clean Air Act that was at least in part intended to expand ethanol markets but wound up boosting MTBE sales? And if MTBE is out, what is in?

Opportunities for rapid growth in ethanol markets loom large, regardless of how these questions are answered. Corn Belt interests, oil refiners, and fed­eral and state regulators agree on that point, but not much else.

A lot of the debate on MTBE centers around a provision added to the Clean Air Act in a 1990 package of amend­ments. Those amendments require the sale of cleaner burning fuel, known as reformulated gasoline, in urban areas with serious smog problems. The focus of political debate is on a provision in which Congress speci­fied that reformulated gasoline contain a mini­mum of 2% oxygen by weight. This is called the oxygen mandate.

Ostensibly, the oxy­gen mandate was added to cut pollution emis­sions from vehicles. But it had a political mission as well—to increase eth­anol sales, thus benefit­ing corn growers and processors because most fuel-grade ethanol is pro- Harkln duced from corn kernels. Ethanol, when mixed with gasoline, boosts the oxygen content of the fuel.

But ethanol captured only a small

It stinks I swirl the water in the bottle for the same reason an oenophile swirls a glassful of freshly poured wine—to re­lease the liquid's fragrance, its "nose." I unscrew the cap, noting the hand­written message taped to the front of the glass bottle: "DO NOT DRINK"

After one whiff, I can't imagine that anyone would consider drinking this stuff—water drawn from a well in Santa Monica, Calif. This water contains 600 ppb methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

It stinks. That's why the city no longer draws

drinking water from the well where this tainted H20 came from. The Environ­mental Protection Agency has ordered more than a dozen oil companies to pro­vide drinking water in Santa Monica to help replace water formerly supplied by wells now contaminated with MTBE

that originated in gasoline stored in leaky underground storage tanks.

A number of times I've written that MTBE makes drinking water smell bad at concentrations above 3 to 20 ppb, de­pending on the acuteness of a person's sense of smell. But I'd never actually sniffed MIBE-contaminated water. I got the chance when Sen. Thomas Harkin (D-Iowa) passed the bottle of Santa Mon­ica water around at a hearing last month.

This water was pungent like a sniff of high-proof rum, the odor seeped into my nasal passages and burned a Ktde. But this water certainly didn't smell like rum. It didn't smell much like turpentine ei­ther, although MIBE's odor is often com­pared with turpentine. It just smelled kind of ouy, a definite bouquet of hydro­carbons. This water is not something I'd want to use to reconstitute frozen lemon­ade or freeze in my ice-cube trays.

Cheryl Hogue

portion of the gasoline oxygenate mar­ket. Currently, MTBE accounts for 85% of that market, according to the Ameri­can Petroleum Institute (API). Another 7% is ethanol, and the remaining 8% in­cludes other chemicals such as ethyl tert-butyl ether and tert-butyl alcohol.

According to the Environmental Pro­tection Agency, current ethanol produc­tion for fuels is about 1.5 billion gal per year. About 30% of this is used as a refor­mulated gasoline oxygenate. Another 20% is used as a gasoline oxygenate in areas where wintertime carbon monox­ide levels are high. The remaining 50% is used in conventional gasoline sold across the U.S., according to EPA

Oil companies aren't wild about etha­nol as a fuel oxygenate because it cannot be blended into gasoline at the refinery.

The hygroscopic chemi­cal picks up trace water in pipelines and storage tanks. So to protect the quality of their fuel, gaso­line suppliers ship etha­nol to distribution ter­minals separately from gasoline, explains Marc Meteyer, fuels team lead­er for API. The ethanol is blended into the gasoline during the filling of tank­er trucks that deliver fuel to service stations. Gen­erally, ethanol is found in reformulated gasoline in

the Midwest, and MTBE is used in re­formulated gasoline sold in most of the rest of the U.S., Meteyer says.

Refiners began adding small amounts of MTBE to gasoline as an oc­tane booster when tetraethyl lead addi­tives were phased out in the 1970s and '80s. However, MTBE contamination of groundwater did not become wide­spread until the 1990s, when refiners began adding larger amounts of the compound to fuel to meet the oxygen mandate.

Concern about contaminated wells— especially those used for public drink­ing water supplies and most notably the pollution of groundwater in water-starved Southern California—is focus­ing congressional attention on MTBE.

Congress is debating whether to mandate—directly or indirectly—the use of ethanol as the replacement for MTBE or to allow states the freedom to choose whether to use fuels with oxy­gen-boosting additives within their boundaries. Mixed into the delibera-

4 0 MAY 8,2000 C&EN

What notable discovery enables

technologies

H" •

< ? * , < - . • * : • * , I our

P=oPLe Eric N. Jacobsen

Discoverer of Asymmetric Epoxidation, Asymmetric Ring-

Opening, Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution, and Chiral Amino Acid Technologies, Eric plays an active role in the commercialisation and

development of these technologies at ChiRex. He is a full professor at

Harvard University, a director of ChiRex, and also a member of its

Scientific Advisory Board.

Making the right discoveries can have far-reaching consequences. We should know. One of our

greatest discoveries has been the strength of our people.

ChiRex offers the kind of R & D commitment and capabilities which transform scientific

discoveries into industrial tools.

Our technologies can save time, money and produce more effective drugs with fewer side effects.

With people like Professors Eric Jacobsen, Andy Myers and Stephen Buchwald, working with our

talented chemists, everyday we develop novel routes for pharmaceutical molecules, enabling our

customers to turn prospects into realities in a way not previously possible.

Whether it is with your technology or ours, we

are driven to supply the lowest cost, compliant

processes. Combining our innovation with the

capabilities of our manufacturing services,

development resources and the ability to transfer

technology seamlessly, our customers have every

reason to stay with us, for the life of their product, T H E D R U G S U B S T A N C E C O M P A N Y

For your own evaluation of what ChiRex can do for you, in the USA call (203) 351.2300,

Sandy McKillop With over 30 Years in University Research, working with the fine

chemical industry, Sandy is now full time Research and Development

Director at ChiRex, Dudley. He enjoys gardening, fishing and hill walking.

CHIREX In England or Europe call (+44) 0191 250 0471 or contact us at www.chirex.com

CHIREX CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS, 300 ATLANTIC ST., SUITE. 402, STAMFORD, CT 06901, USA. TEL: (203) 351.2300 FAX: (203) 425.9996 CHIREX DUDLEY, CRAMLINGTON, NORTHUMBERLAND, NE23 7QG, ENGLAND. TEL: (0191) 250 0471 FAX: (0191) 250 1154

CIRCLE 13 ON READER SERVICE CARD

US

ΒΡΜ ΠΗΕΗΕΕ

g o v e r n m e n t & p o l i c y

tions are concerns about U.S. depen­dence on foreign oil and the recent in­crease in oil prices.

'The recent sharp hike in oil and fuel prices has set the stage for a serious dis­cussion about renewable fuels like etha-nol and how they can help put our na­tional energy policy back on track," Sen. Thomas Harkin (D-Iowa), an ethanol supporter, says.

Midwestern Corn Belt interests sim­ply want a national ban on MTBE use in gasoline. This plan would retain the oxy­gen mandate in the Clean Air Act and essentially force refiners to switch from MTBE to ethanol use in reformulated gasoline, boosting farm income and corn processors' profits.

The Clinton Administration has sid­ed with ethanol in this policy debate, embracing farm interests and endorsing the use of ethanol as a way to address the country's growing reliance on im­ported oil and to curb greenhouse gas emissions. But the Administration plan would not merely ban MTBE as a gaso­line additive. This proposal would re­peal the oxygen mandate for reformulat­

ed gasoline and would replace it with a standard for a minimum content of re­newable fuel (read: ethanol) in gasoline. This standard would be based on a na­tionwide annual average, thus allowing differences in seasonal and regional blends of gasoline.

"Without the renewable fuels stan­dard, some petroleum-based substitute

CH3

H3C—O—C—CH3

Methyl terf-btityl ether

for ethanol may emerge over time," ac­cording to EPA. 'The proposed renew­able fuels standard would ensure that the current market for ethanol would be maintained and expand over time."

Mark Mazur, director of the Energy Department's Office of Policy, says re­moving MTBE from the nation's fuel supply and not requiring the use of some other additive could hurt U.S. gas-

QUININE AND DERIVATIVES for Research. Processing, & Commercial Use

H ^ X " H ^

Cinchonidine (levorotary) Cinchonine

(dextrorotary)

Quinidine (dextrorotary) Quinine

(jevorotary)

Manufactured by RT. Sinkona Indonesia Lestari (RT. SIL)

Bandung, Indonesia

@ Exclusive U.S. Representative CENTERCHEM, INC.

225 High Ridge Road Stamford, CT 06905

PH: (203) 975-9800 • Fax: (203) 975-8777 fax www.centerchem.com

CIRCLE 7 ON READER SERVICE CARD

oline supplies. Simply removing MTBE and not replacing it would have the same impact on U.S. gasoline supplies as shutting down four to five large refin­eries—or about 4% of the country's gas­oline supply, according to Mazur. More than 280,000 barrels of MTBE are used in the U.S. every day, which is the ener­gy equivalent to 400,000 barrels a day of gasoline production, Mazur recently told the Senate Committee on Agricul­ture, Nutrition & Forestry.

Meanwhile, a new political coalition is advocating a policy plan that contrasts with those sought by the Administration and those who simply want to ban MTBE. Oil refiners, a number of east­ern states, an environmental group, and the American Lung Association want Congress to repeal the oxygen man­date—with the proviso that new blends of cleaner burning gasoline maintain the current air quality benefits provided by oxygenates (C&EN, Feb. 7, page 36).

API's Meteyer says: "We want a per­formance requirement for clean-burn­ing gasoline, not a mandate for use of oxygenates. Tell us what you want to achieve.

'We believe ethanol has a bright fu­ture," regardless of whether the Clean Air Act's oxygen mandate for reformu­lated gasoline is retained or chucked, Meteyer continues. API member com­panies already use ethanol in reformu­lated gasoline sold in the Midwest, he says.

Cost is a major reason why refiners have opted for MTBE over ethanol as an oxygenate in many parts of the country, according to Meteyer. For instance, shipping ethanol from the Midwest to California and then blending it with gas­oline raises the cost per gallon of fuel by 1 to 2 cents compared with fuel contain­ing MTBE, he says. This is primarily why those making reformulated gaso­line for sale in California depend heavily on MTBE, he says.

Meanwhile, officials of northeastern and several Middle Atlantic states are concerned that getting rid of MTBE while retaining the oxygen mandate for reformulated gasoline will actually make urban air quality worse in the summer while forcing fuel prices higher because of ethanol transportation costs. Gasoline containing ethanol evaporates more quickly than fuel without ethanol. Volatile organic compounds, such as gasoline vapor, lead to the formation of ground-level ozone or smog.

"Due to its high volatility and result-

4 2 MAY 8,2000 C&EN

cOxJ^OAc

Dess-Martin Periodinane

4 4 4J

so2ci

PBF-Chloride 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzene-sulfonyl azide

NHo

X £H CHgOH

,NH2 S N / ^ C H 2 0 H H ioc

rCHO

D-Alaninol (S)-(+)-1 - Amino-2-propanol L-Prolinol BOC-L-Prolinal

X)H

o H

(R)-3-Hydroxypyrrolidine

BOCNK CHO

BOC-D-Phenylalaninal H

BOC-L-Tryptophanol

\ = / CH2OH

(S)-(+)-2-Phenylglycinol

^IHBOC

fcH2OH

(S)-CBZ-Oxaproline (S)-(-)-Indoline-2-carboxylic acid BOC-cis-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline BOC-P-amino-L-Alanine

HN r

(S)-(-)-l,l'-Bi-2-naphthol

0 * ^ 0 '

(S)-(+)-4-Phenyl-2-oxazolidinone

(S)-(-)-BINAP (R)-(-)-BNP

OMEGA CHEMICAL CO., INC. Tel: 1-800-661-6342 8800, Boul. de la Rive-Sud (418) 837-4444 L6vis (Quebec) Canada Fax: (418) 837-5196 G6V 9H1 E-mail: 0megachem@qc.aira.aHi1

Omega Chemical Co., Inc. a Canadian based company specialized in the manufacturing of chiral compounds for pharmaceutical companies since 1988.

CIRCLE 32 ON READER SERVICE CARD

NEED ANY HELP ?

MJULS*^^

Feeling Better ? Amino acid analogues and chiral componds

You haven't seen anything yet !

»« i8^* * *S^A^*8kc^^v>38r>«A ™*>J^OΫnôQr2n.yL^«5

g o v e r n m e n t & p o l i c y

ing increase in evaporative emissions, the use of ethanol during the summer­time ozone season may actually exacer­bate our urban and regional smog prob­lems," comments Jason S. Grumet, ex­ecutive director of the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM), a coalition of eight states from New Jersey to Maine. He recently told the Senate Agriculture Committee that efforts to ban MTBE while retain­ing the oxygen mandate "seek short-term economic enrichment for one re­gion of the country"—the Midwest—"at the economic and environmental ex­pense of all others."

NESCAUM wants Congress to re­duce or, if necessary, eliminate MTBE use as a fuel additive. Under the North­east states' plan, EPA would limit the concentration of MTBE in gasoline to the amounts used before the reformu­lated gasoline program was instituted under the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act.

"Severe curtailment of MTBE use coupled with the tremendous improve­ments in underground storage tanks

that [have] occurred since 1990 will ef­fectively mitigate the risks posed by MTBE contamination," Grumet says. However, he adds, the agency should be required to clamp down further on MTBE—or even ban the substance—if paring back use of MTBE to pre-1990 levels does not adequately protect health or the environment. In addition, Congress should allow states to regu­late MTBE beyond any EPA require­ments, Grumet says. He notes that the Northeast has had less of a problem with MTBE in groundwater than other regions of the nation.

According to Grumet, within four years this plan would more than double the amount of ethanol used as a gaso­line additive.

Meanwhile, some believe policy choices that would expand ethanol mar­kets during a nationwide phaseout of MTBE could attract supporters beyond the Corn Belt. Former CIA Director R. James Woolsey, now chairman of the Clean Fuels Foundation's advisory com­mittee, says a broad coalition could form to lobby for ethanol made from all

sorts of biomass—agricultural residues such as rice straw, crops such as switch-grass, and used paper—and not just corn kernels. The Clean Fuels Founda­tion is a nonprofit group in Washington, D.C., that promotes cleaner burning al­ternative transportation fuels, such as ethanol, that are produced in the U.S.

Ethanol plants in the U.S. mainly use the starch in corn kernels to make the alcohol, which, when blended with gas­oline, lowers the federal tax on the re­sulting fuel by 5.4 cents per gal. The tax break, initially instated in 1978, was extended in 1998 and is authorized through 2007.

'There is a certain amount of under­standable 'corn envy' outside the Mid­west" since the financial benefits of this ethanol tax subsidy flow almost entirely to Corn Belt states, Woolsey recently told the Senate Agriculture Committee. Starch-derived ethanol requires petro­leum products for cultivation and fertil­izer, he noted. These energy inputs can raise questions about the practicality of corn-derived ethanol as a substitute for gasoline, he said.

Synthon C O R P O R A T I O N

N e w Chiral Chemistry . . . Naturally

C A R B O C Y C L E S — NEW

Hydroxy cyclopentanes Hydroxy cyclopentane carboxylic acids Hydroxy cyclohexanes

HETEROCYCLES — NEW

Pyrrolidines, substituted tetrahydrofrans, epoxides Hydroxypyrrolidones and thiopyrrolidones Substituted Carbapenem Intermediates

RARE S U G A R S — NEW

Uloses and Deoxy-ulosonic acids C-glycosides Unsaturated sugars

EPOXY & HYDROXY ACIDS & LACTONES

(R) and (S) hydroxy 7-butyrolactones (R) and (S) 3-hydroxyesters (R) and (S) oxiraneacetic acid esters

PROPANE DERIVATIVES

1- Halopropane diols Amino dihydroxypropanes Monotritylated glycerol

OTHERS — NEW

a, (3, and 7 Custom amino acids Amino alcohols Acetals

7 Deer Park Drive, Monmouth Junction NJ 08852 Phone (732) 274-0037 Fax (732) 274-0502 www.synthoncorp.com

CIRCLE 4 8 ON READER SERVICE CARD

4 4 MAY8,2000C&EN

In contrast, Woolsey told the panel, ethanol made from cellu­lose would enjoy wider national support because biomass—plant material and paper waste—"is essentially everywhere." He pre­dicted that ethanol derived from biomass would garner endorse­ments from farmers and environ­mental advocates seeking clean­er air and water and curbs on greenhouse gas emissions. A political bloc he called "cheap hawks"—those interested in na­tional security but not wanting to Inhofe fight wars in the Middle East over oil unless "absolutely necessary"— may line up behind cellulose-derived ethanol as a way of cutting U.S. depen­dence on imported petroleum, accord­ing to Woolsey, who is an attorney with Shea & Gardner in Washington, D.C.

Congress is considering a number of bills to address MTBE. But whether the federal legislature can hammer out and pass such legislation during an election year remains to be seen.

Sen. Robert C. Smith (R-N.H.), chair-

Smith

man of the Senate Environment & Pub­lic Works Committee, and Sen. James Inhofe (R-Okla.), who chairs that pan­el's Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wet­lands, Private Property & Nuclear Safe­ty, have introduced a measure (S. 1886) that would allow individual states to de­cide how to address MTBE. The bill would allow states to waive the oxygen content requirement for reformulated gasoline and would encourage develop­ment of voluntary standards to prevent

| and control releases of MTBE | from underground storage c tanks. A spokesman for the com-% mittee says members of the pan-| el have discussed concerns °- about MTBE with various inter­

est groups. Smith hopes to move MTBE legislation some­time in 2000, he says.

In the House, dozens of Cali­fornia legislators have lined up behind a bill (H.R. 11) that would release their state from federal reformulated gasoline standards if air quality benefits can be maintained through state

standards for gasoline. The bill was ap­proved in September by a subcommit­tee and sent to the House Commerce Committee. The committee's chairman, Rep. Thomas Bliley Jr. (R-Va.), has asked EPA for detailed information about MTBE and oxygenates, accord­ing to a spokesman for that panel. Bliley is waiting to receive that information be­fore deciding whether to move legisla­tion this year, the committee spokes­man said.

V I S I T U S O N L I N E A N Y T I M E

Check out Austin's websites for new products, suppliers and reaction methods that can help your company source and bring pharmaceutical products to market faster and more safely.

With 5000 searchable items in our database and technical data updated v

monthly by our on-staff MS and PhD chemists, Austin can become your resource forfresh news and technology.

•j/ïWïiWiÎW r ffifflVi'CT/J/'l

Ausiin Chicago T. (847) 520-9600 F. (847) 520-9160 New Jersey T. (732) 946-8667 F. (732) 946-8682

Austin Chemical Com pa )? y, Inc.

CIRCLE 3 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 15 ON READER SERVICE CARD

MAY8,2000C&EN 4 5

kVAVAV^IIMmWiMiilHilMiliil

Hour Ac ce s s

4 υ sîiη Chemical Com pa η y, Inc.

Ι ^ ^ ^ Τ Γ Γ Γ , 3EE^ffl5EL ::::c;â 1 ne ̂ ^W^^SB^

• QA, QC, Analytical, and R&D Ι^ρ • Sample/Lot Tracking •Integrated SPC, Reporting & Query Tools •Shop Floor Process Monitoring •Certificate of Analysis Management • Windows 32-bit, ODBC, Client/Server

Transaction Based , i w — — • —

Β* Computing Solutionai β«»"Β:»:*' . '

g o v e r n m e n t & p o l i c y

Sen. Thomas Daschle (D-S.D.) is for­mulating a bill that closely resembles the Clinton Administration's proposal on MTBE. Daschle's plan would phase out the use of MTBE in the U.S. fuel supply and establish a renewable fuels standard. But the South Dakota senator wants to re­tain the oxygen mandate. However, Da­schle's plan also would allow states to opt out of the oxygen mandate for reformu­lated gasoline as long as they retain the air quality benefits reaped from the use of oxygenated fuels.

Other ideas are floating around Capitol Hill. "One solution that has been tossed out is the concept of modifying the oxygen re­quirement so states that wanted to get out of it could," says Trevor T. Guthmiller, executive di­rector of the American Co­alition for Ethanol, a Sioux Falls, S.D., nonprofit advo- Daschle cacy group. "But in lieu of opting out of the oxygen requirement in their reformulated gasoline areas, they would then have to opt into a renewable fuel standard," he says.

Several bills have been introduced that would simply ban MTBE, but Con­gress is not expected to act on them.

While Congress wrangles over how to address MTBE on a nationwide basis, states are beginning to move on their own.

Federal legislators are closely moni­toring a request by California that EPA

waive the Clean Air Act's oxygen man­date for reformulated gasoline in the Golden State because of MTBE contami­nation in wells. The agency is expected to rule on the California petition this sum­mer. Many midwestern legislators, in­cluding Harkin, are pressuring EPA offi­cials to reject the California request, thus ensuring that California will have to buy ethanol derived from corn grown in their

states. Sen. Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa) says granting the California re­quest would amount to "denying markets for $1 billion worth of corn this year."

California accounts for more than a third of the U.S. consumption of MTBE and almost a quar­ter of worldwide MTBE use. But officials in the state are leery of simply replacing MTBE in refor­mulated gasoline with ethanol for the same rea­

son cited by northeastern states: Adding ethanol to gasoline increases emissions of volatile organic compounds, which are precursors to ground-level ozone. How­ever, the California Air Resources Board says ethanol use in the state will increase significantly even if EPA agrees to waive the requirement for oxygen content in re­formulated gasoline.

Last year, California Gov. Gray Davis (D) issued a directive banning the use of MTBE in gasoline sold in the state by the

end of 2002 (C&EN, April 5, 1999, page 9). The California Air Resources Board al­lows refiners to reduce or eliminate oxy­genates in their gasoline if they can dem­onstrate that the resulting fuel will not in­crease emissions. This sort of cleaner burning gasoline is sold in Northern Cali­fornia. However, the federal Clean Air Act's oxygen mandate essentially prohib­its the sale of this fuel in Southern Califor­nia and Sacramento, which account for 70% of the state's gasoline market.

Other states are beginning to follow California's lead. Missouri Gov. Mel Carnahan (D) last month asked EPA to waive the requirement for sale of refor­mulated gasoline in St. Louis. Carnahan, who supports the use of ethanol to re­place MTBE, says he plans to ban the use of MTBE in the state. However, Car­nahan said he will wait to implement this plan until Congress acts to "prevent gasoline shortages and price increases that could result from an MTBE ban" and resolves the controversy around the oxygen mandate.

The New York legislature last month passed a bill that would phase out use of MTBE in gasoline in the Empire State as of 2004. The bill is pending before Gov. George E. Pataki (R).

Whether or how these state actions on MTBE will factor into the federal debate on reformulated gasoline and the Clean Air Acf s oxygen mandate is unclear. Eth­anol is waiting in the wings as MTBE takes its final bow in the reformulated gasoline market. But just how big a role ethanol will land remains to be seen.^

iHftefT } High enantiomeric purity.

(£98%e.e.) * "Chiral Glycidol" and "Chiral

Epichlorohydrin" Equivalent. } Sufficient stability. * Reasonable price.

+81 -(0)6-6443-5996 at our Osaka Office. Osaka Office : 1 -10-8, Edobori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0002, Japan

Fax No./+81-(0)6-6445-5787 E-mail / tkitanoOdaiso.co.jp

Dussektorf Office: I mmermannstrasse 56,40210 Dusseldorf, Germany Tel No./+49-(0)211-353146,353147 Fax No. /+49-(0)211-362286 E-mail / OaisoDuesseldorfOt-online.de

URL: http://www.daiso.co.jp/

% DAISO CO., LTD. CIRCLE 17 ON READER SERVICE CARD

46 MAY 8,2000 C&EN

-̂ ^J II I Ι Μ. ^ 1 ^W ^ M ^ ^ ^A. . m. , L w ^M. τ** J | ^/A /