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TNPSC GROUP I MAIN - 2019 MODEL EXAM – PAPER I (TYPE A)

KEY NOTES

Time: 3 hours Total marks: 250

SECTION A 15 x 3 = 45

Answer any FIFTEEN questions only out of EIGHTEEN questions. Answer not exceeding 30 words each

UNIT- I : Modern history of India and Indian culture

1. What is the significance of Tamil Yeoman? jkpo; kwtd; tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? Butterfly species Tamil yeoman (Cirrochroa thais) has been officially declared as state butterfly of Tamil Nadu. Why Tamil yeoman? It was chosen for honour after both Tamil Nadu Forest Department and state conservation groups decided to work together to identify a butterfly species that could be iconic, easily recognisable and easy to spot, and a the same time serve as another symbol of State.

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2. Mention the important contributions of Jhotiba Phule in social reform movement.

r%f rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpw;F N[hjpgh g+Nytpd; Kf;fpa gq;fpid $Wf - Worked extensively in fields of abolition of caste system, untouchability and women’s

emancipation - Founded first non-brahmin movement in India - 1873 Satyasodhak Samaj - He made her wife Savithri Bai Phule as a teacher to teach for depressed class people - The couples was among first native Indians to open a school for girls of India and Savithri

Bai Phule become the first female teacher of India

3. Why is J.N. Tata called the father of Indian modern industry? ,e;jpa etPd njhopw;rhiyapd; je;ij vd J.N. lhl;lh Vd; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;?

❖ Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, popularly known as J. N. Tata (1839– 1904), came from a Parsi (Zoroastrian) business family in Navsari, Baroda.

❖ The first successful Indian entrepreneur, he is called the father of the Indian modern industry. In order to help his father’s business, he travelled all over the world and this exposure helped him in his future endeavours.

❖ His trading company, established in 1868, evolved into the Tata Group. A nationalist, he called one of the mills established in Kurla, Bombay “Swadeshi”. His children Dorabji Tata and Ratanji Tata followed his dream and it was Dorabji Tata who finally realised the long term dream of his father to establish an iron and steel company in 1907.

❖ His enthusiasm was such that he spent two years in US to learn from the American Iron Industrialists. His yet another dream to set up a hydroelectric company did not materialize during his life time.

❖ However, the first major Hydroelectric project – Tata Hydroelectric Company–was set up in 1910. With great foresight the Tatas founded the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

4. What is the importance of Karachi session of Indian National Congress?

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; fuhr;rp khehl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? - 1931 - Karachi session was presided by Vallabai Patel - It endorsed the Gandhi Irwin Pact of 1931 - Resolution of Fundamental Rights was passed for the first time - Economy policy for India was also drafted in its resolution

5. Write a short note on Shimla Conference rpk;yh khehL gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf

❖ Lord Wavell invited 21 political leaders including Mahatma Gandhi and M A Jinnah to Shimla, the summer capital of British India to discuss the Wavell Plan.

❖ The Shimla Conference took place on June 25, 1945.

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❖ The conference was a failure because the League and the Congress could not settle their differences.

6. Write a short note on Jalian Walabhag Massacre [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy Fwpj;J vOJf

❖ The situation in Punjab was alarming as there were riots and protests against the Rowlatt Act.

❖ On the day of the festival of Baisakhi on 13th April 1919 in Jallianwala Bagh, a public

garden in Amritsar, a crowd of non-violent protestors had gathered. Also among the crowd were pilgrims who had come to celebrate Baisakhi.

❖ General Dyer came there with his troops and blocked the only narrow entrance to the garden.

❖ Then, without warning, he ordered his troops to fire at the unarmed crowd which included children as well.

❖ The indiscriminate firing went on for about 10 minutes which resulted in the deaths of at least 1000 people and injured more than 1500 people.

❖ In protest against the massacre and the British failure to give due justice to the victims, Rabindranath Tagore gave up his knighthood and Gandhiji relinquished his title ‘Kaiser-e-hind’ bestowed on him by the British for his services during the Boer War in South Africa.

❖ Michael O’Dwyer, the then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, who had approved the actions of Brigadier General Dyer, was assassinated by Udham Singh in London in 1940 as revenge against the massacre. Udham Singh is believed to have witnessed the massacre as a child.

UNIT- II : Social issues in India and Tamil Nadu

7. What is Jal Shakti Abhiyan? [y; rf;jp mgpahd; jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? - It is a water conservation campaign launched by Government of India with emphasis on

1592 stressed blocks in 256 districts - Jal Shakti Abhiyan will focused on five aspects

i. Water conservation Rain water harvesting ii. Renovation of traditional and other water bodies iii. Reuse of water and recharging of structure iv. Watershed development and intensive afforestation v. Drinking water sanitation

- For this purpose ministry of Jal Shakti is created by merging ministry of water resources,

river development and ganga rejuvenation and ministry of drinking water and sanitation

8. What is EQUIP? EQUIP vd;why; vd;d?

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The Higher Education Department of the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development has finalized and released a 5-year Vision Plan titled as Education Quality Up gradation and Inclusion Programme (EQUIP). About EQUIP This Vision Plan by HRD Ministry is in accordance with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s direction for finalizing a 5-year Vision plan for each Ministry. 10 Focus Areas: EQUIP report has been prepared after a detailed exercise done by Experts covering following ten areas: 1. Strategies for expanding access 2. Towards global best teaching/learning process 3. Promoting Excellence 4. Governance reforms 5. Assessment, Accreditation & Ranking systems 6. Promotion of research & innovation 7. Employability & entrepreneurship 8. Using Technology for better reach 9. Internationalization 10. Financing higher education

9. What is GSP? GSP vd;why; vd;d? The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a U.S. trade program designed to promote economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry for up to 4,800 products from 129 designated beneficiary countries and territories. Essentially GSP is an instrument by which developed nations help the developing countries foster more trade. The GSP scheme is specifically designed to benefit certain developing countries and integrate them into the world economy.

10. What is SHe – Box? SHe – Box vd;why; vd;d? The Ministry of women and Child Development has linked SHe-Box, the online portal to report complaints of sexual harassment at the workplace, to all the Central Ministries, Departments and districts across every States.

11. Write a short note of Pradhan Mandhri Karam Yogi Maandhan Scheme (PMKYMS) gpujk ke;jphpapd; fuk; Nahfp khe;jd; jpl;lk; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf - It is a pension scheme announced in recent budget to 3 crore retail traders and small shop

keepers with annual turnover for less than 1.5 crore - 350 allotted for financial year 2019 to 20

12. What is West Nile Virus? Nkw;F iey; itu]; vd;why; vd;d?

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❖ Commonly found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia,

the West Nile Virus (WNV) causes viral infection which is typically spread by Culex mosquitoes and can cause neurological disease as well as death.

❖ WNV is a member of the flavivirus genus and belongs to the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of the family Flaviviridae

❖ Recently cases of infection due to West Nile Virus have been reported in Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Kerala.

UNIT- III: General Aptitude & Mental Ability 13. List Some Tamil Automation softwares.

jkpo; nkhopngah;G nkd;nghUs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.

Tamil Libra Office, Tamil Open Office, Azhagi Unicode Editor, Ponmozhi, Menthamiz, Kamban, Vani are office automation software working exclusively for Tamil. You can these applications are designed to work completely in Tamil.

14. What is discrete frequency distribution? jdpj;j epfo;ntz; guty; vd;why; vd;d?

Raw data sometimes may contain a limited number of values and each of them appeared many numbers of times. Such data may be organized in a tabular form termed as a simple frequency distribution. Thus the tabular arrangement of the data values along with the frequencies is a simple frequency distribution. A simple frequency distribution is formed using a tool called tally chart.

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15. The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 50 and 250 respectively. If the first number is divided by 2, the quotient is 50. The second number is : ,uz;L vz;fspd; kP.ngh.t. kw;Wk; kP.ngh.k KiwNa 50 kw;Wk; 250 MFk;. mjpy; Kjy; vz;iz ,uz;lhy; tFj;jhy; <T 50 fpilf;fpwJ vdpy;> ,uz;lhtJ vz;iz fz;lwp.

First number second number = LCM x HCF

,uz;L vz;fspd; ngUf;fw;gyd; = LCM x HCF

16. 10% of the soldiers of an army are killed in the battle. 10 % of the remaining soldiers

died of disease and 10% of the remaining men were missing. Now, only 7,29,000 soldiers are left in the army. How many soldiers in all were there in the army in the beginning? xU Nghhpy; 10% ,uhZt tPuh;fs; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wdh;. kPjKs;s ,uhZt tPuh;fspy; 10% Ngh; Nehapdhy; ,wf;fpd;wdh;. kPjKs;sth;fspy; 10% Ngh; fhzhky; Nghfpd;wdh;.

,g;nghOJ 7,29,000 ,uhZt tPuh;fs; kPjKs;sdh; vdpy;> Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,uhZt tPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if vd;d?

Solution:

Let, No.of soldiers in the army = x

100 10 100 10 100 10729000

100 100 100

90 90 90729000

100 100 100

729000 10000001000000

729000

x

x

x

− − − =

=

= =

17. Raju bought a motorcycle for ` 36,000 and then bought some extra fittings to make it

perfect and good looking. He sold the bike at a profit of 10% and he got ` 44,000. How much did he spend to buy the extra fittings made for the motorcycle? ,uh[P ` 36>000f;F xU Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpis thq;fp> mjd; Njhw;wg; nghypT ed;F mikaTk; NkYk; ed;Kiwapy; ,aq;fTk; rpy ,ju ghfq;fisg; nghUj;jpdhh;. gpd;G mk;Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpis ` 44>000f;F 10% ,yhgj;jpy; tpw;fpd;whh; vdpy; ,ju ghfq;fs; thq;f vt;tsT nryT nra;jhh;?

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Directions (18): Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions given below: mwpTiufs; (tpdh 18): gpd;tUk; tiuglj;ijf; ftdkhf Ma;T nra;Jtpl;L> mjw;Ff; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;: Distribution of candidates who were enrolled for MBA entrance exam and the candidates (out of those enrolled) who passed the exam in different institutes MBA EioTj; Njh;Tf;fhf gjpT nra;j tpz;zg;gjhuh;fspd; guty; tptuk; kw;Wk; me;jj; Njh;tpy; ntt;NtW epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;T ngw;wth;fs; (gjpT nra;j tpz;zg;gjhuh;fspy; ,Ue;J) tptuk; Candidates Enrolled = 8550 Candidates who passed the Exam = 5700 gjpT nra;j tpz;zg;gjhuh;fs; = 8550 Njh;r;rp mile;j tpz;zg;gjhuh;fs; = 5700

18. The number of candidates passed from institutes S and P together exceeds the

number of candidates enrolled from institutes T and R together by: S kw;Wk; P epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njh;r;rp ngw;w nkhj;j tpz;zg;gjhuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if> T kw;Wk; R epWtdq;fspy; gjpT nra;j nkhj;j tpz;zg;gjhuh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl vj;jid mjpfk;?

Explanation: Required difference = [(16% + 18%) of 5700] - [(8% + 10%) of 8550] = [(34% of 5700) - (18% of 8550)] = (1938 - 1539) = 399

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SECTION – B 10 x 10 = 100

Answer any TEN questions only out of THIRTEEN questions. 120 words each

UNIT- I: Modern history of India and Indian culture 19. Write a note on Party System in India

,e;jpahtpy; fl;rpfs; mikg;G Kiwia vOJf Political Parties Political parties are an essential part of democracy. Parties are the link between government and the people. Meaning of Political Party A political party is an organisation formed by a group of people with a certain ideology and agenda to contest elections and hold power in the government. A political party has three components: a leader, active members and the followers. Types of a Party System There are three types of party system in the world namely. i. Single-party system in which one ruling party exists and no opposition is permitted.

China, Cuba, the former USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) are the examples for the single-party system.

ii. Two-party system in which only two major parties exist, for example, USA, UK. iii. Multi-party system in which there are more than two political parties, for example,

India, Sri Lanka, France and Italy.

Types of Political Parties

National Parties A party which is recognised as a state party in at least four states is recognised as a national party. Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission while the

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Commission treats all the parties equally. It offers some special facilities to state and national parties. These parties are given a unique symbol. Only the official candidate of the party can use that election symbol. In 2017, there were seven recognised national parties. State Parties Other than the seven national parties, most of the major parties of the country are classified by the Election Commission as ‘state parties’. These are commonly referred to as regional parties. A party is recognised as a state party by the Election Commission of India based on certain percentage of votes secured or a certain number of seats won in the Assembly or Lok Sabha elections. Recognition to the Parties For getting recognition as ‘national party’, a party has to fulfill any one of the following criteria: i. At least 6% votes in at least four states and members to the Lok Sabha. ii. In the election of Lok Sabha, at least 2% members from at least three states are elected

to Lok Sabha. iii. Recognition as a state party at least four states. Functions of Political Parties

❖ Parties contest elections. In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties.

❖ Parties put forward their policies and programmes before the electorate to consider and choose.

❖ Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature.

❖ Parties form and run the governments. ❖ Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of the Opposition to the party or a

group of coalition parties in power, by voicing different views and criticising the government for its failures or wrong policies.

❖ Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues of importance. ❖ Parties function as the useful link between people and the government machinery.

20. Answer the following

gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F tpilasp a. Explain the contributions of B.R. Ambedkar to our nation.

gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fh; ek; ehl;bw;F Mw;wpa gq;fspg;gpid tpsf;Ff.

o Dr. Ambedkar as a social reformer o As an educationist o As a warrior against casteism o As an eminent economist o As an architect to Indian constitution

b. Tagore’s view on Nationalism

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jh$hpd; ghh;itapy; Njrpathjk; 1. Defining Nationalism Tagore opined that the term nationalism was derived from the term nation-state which was nothing but the embodiment of Western ideas of capitalism and mechanisation. He believed that these ideals were intrinsically against the Indian tradition of self-autonomy, pluralism and religious tolerance which one would find in what he termed as the samaj. Tagore’s understanding of nationalism that is, its genuine European version that took its final shape in the 19th century as an inseparable adjunct of the modern nation state and the idea of nationality is explicit in a number of essays and letters. In effect argues that the idea of nationalism is intrinsically non-Indian or anti-Indian, an offence against Indian civilisation and its principles of religious and cultural plurality. Ghare Baire is a story of how nationalism dismantles community life and releases the demon of ethnoreligious violence. Similarly, Char Adhyay is an early, perhaps the first exploration of the roots of industrialised, assembly line violence as a specialisation of the modern times. 2) Tagore Is More Relevant than Ever Before Tagore’s encompassing definition of patriotism is a solution to distortions of the term which was primarily the work of Hindu nationalists of the time. His definition is embedded with values of cooperation and coexistence that transcends boundaries and is meant for humanity at large. This is comprehensively reflected in his work entitled Gora 3. Tagore’s Nationalism Is Substantiated by Secular and not Canonical Texts We can also derive clues on Tagore’s understanding of nationalism through his understanding of cultural unity. Unlike many 19th century thinkers like Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo who rooted Indian cultural unity in canonical texts, Tagore believed that religious texts could be central to classical Indian culture but not to Indian cultural unity which had to be rooted in temporal ideas.

21. Bring out the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntspf;nfhzh;f i. Regular session and special session of INC

ii. Satyagraha Non-violence iii. First mass movement in India iv. Women participated in large numbers v. Three phases – i. surrender of titles ii. boycott of foreign goods, colleges, work places

iii. No taxation vi. Spread of the movement vii. Relevance of Gandhian Movement

22. Write a note on Islamic Reform Movements ,];yhkpa rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf

❖ Wahabi / Walliulah Movement ❖ Titumir Movement

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❖ Faraizi Movement ❖ Ahamadia Movement ❖ Aligar Movement ❖ Deoband Movement

UNIT- II: Social issues in India and Tamil Nadu 23. Discuss the role-played by Gandhi and Ambedkar against untouchability.

fhe;jp kw;Wk; mk;Ngj;fhpd; jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhd gq;fspg;Gfs; ahit? - Both were great social reformers - Worked for the removal untouchability - However, both had fundamental differences

i. Gandhi perceived depressed classes to be integral part of the Hindu society while

Ambedkar was in favour of annihilation of caste system as it was beyond reforms ii. Gandhi had a great appreciation of Hindu Dharma particularly its qualities of

toleration and adjustment but Ambedkar differed on this and he believed in Buddhism

iii. Ambedkar believed that the movement for the amelioration of the cause of depressed classes cannot be launched higher caste it should be led by depressed classes only where as Gandhi believed that any one can launch such movement

iv. Gandhi’s vision for future India was more broad based which includes accommodation of all caste all communities Ambedkar vision was confined to improvement of and empowerment of depressed classes

v. Gandhi believed in peaceful political struggle like non-cooperation and civil disobedience but Ambedkar believed in constitutional means of improvement and change

24. Write a note on role of woman and woman organisations in India ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; mikg;Gfspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpj;J vOJf Major Women Organisations

1. Anti-dowry Movements: Dowry murders have witnessed a sustained campaign by several women's organisations and civil rights groups. Journalists wrote extensively about the dowry problem. In the 1980s several women's and other progressive organisations formed a joint front in Delhi called “Dahej Virodhi Chetna Manch”.

After a sustained campaign, finally a Bill was introduced in the Parliament in 1984, which made certain changes in the Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act of 1961. The Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 1984 was passed.

2. Anti-sati Movement: In 1829 the practice of Sati was abolished through a legislation which marked the culmination of a debate initiated by the British.

3. Anti-rape Movement: An anti-rape movement was launched in the last decade demanding review of the Supreme Court judgment in a rape case, which acquitted the culprit. Women activists forced the government to review Rape Laws. Several women's organisations and legal and social activists held discussions with the Law

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Commission to amend the law and in 1983 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act was passed.

4. Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) (Gujarat)- SEWA is a trade union. It is an organization of poor, self-employed women workers in the unorganized sector of the country. They are the unprotected labour force as they do not obtain benefits like the workers of organized sector. SEWA’s main goals are to organize women workers for full employment.

5. Working Women’s Forum (WWF) (TN)- The forum is committed to poverty reduction and strengthening of economic, social and cultural status of poor working women, through micro-credit, training, social mobilization and other interventions to poor women.

6. Annapurna Mahila Mandal (AMM) (Maharashtra) - It works for welfare of women and the girl child. It conducts various activities that include educating women on health, nutrition, mother and childcare, family planning, literacy and environmental sanitation. It works for the empowerment of women and enables them to take their own decisions and fight for security and rights. The organization also promotes individual and group leadership.

7. Shadaha Movement (Maharashtra) : The Shahada movement, which was a Bhil tribal

landless laborer’s movement against the exploitation of the tribal landless laborers by non-tribal landowners. It began as a folk protest, and became militant with the involvement of the New Left party.

It has been said that women were more active in the movement, and as their militancy increased, they demanded direct action on issues specific to them as women, such as physical violence and abuse as a result of alcoholism. Groups of women would go from village to village, enter liquor dens and destroy liquor pots and containers. If any woman reported physical abuse by her husband, all other women would surround him, beat him up and force him to apologize to his wife in public.

8. Progressive Organisation of Women: The Progressive Organisation of Women

(POW), developed in Hyderabad in the year 1974, worked towards organising women against gender oppressive structures in society, namely, the sexual division of labour and the culture that rationalised this discrimination. The organisation promoted the ideology of ‘equality’ and opposed the economic dependence of women on men.

9. Chipko Movement: Economic hardships faced by women in the Himalayan region due to cutting down of forests resulted in spontaneous mobilisation of women. They hugged the trees to prevent the contractors from felling them. This is popularly known as Chipko movement. The disappearance of forests means acute hardships to women who are primarily responsible for the collection of fuel, fodder, fruits, herbs for medicine and other forest produce which give them income and employment. This

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is why we find that women are even now in the forefront of these ecological agitations.

10. Me too Movement: The Me Too movement in India is a manifestation of the international Me Too movement that is currently taking place in parts of Indian society including government, media, and the Bollywood film industry. In India, the Me Too movement is seen as either an independent outgrowth influenced by the international campaign against sexual harassment of women in the workplace, or an offshoot of the American "Me Too" social movement.

25. What is the link between education and social development? fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;G ahJ?

Meaning of Education The term “education” is derived from the Latin educare which literally means to “bring up” and is connected with the verb “educare” which means to “bring forth.” The idea of education is not merely to impart knowledge to the pupil in some subjects but to develop in him those habits and attitudes with which he may successfully face the future. Aims of Education

1. Education aims to develop the personality of individuals

2. Education integrates individual with society

3. Education maintains society

4. Education perpetuates culture

5. Education increases efficiency of individual Link between Education and Social Development Education and Social Development

i. Socialisation of the younger generation through education ii. Transmission of cultural heritage iii. Reformation of attitudes iv. Occupational placement (training and allocation) v. Bringing about social change vi. Conservation vii. Creates awareness viii. Improves HDI ix. Leads to socio economic development x. Elimination of Poverty, illiteracy, diseases and other social evils

The transformation of societies toward more humanistic values based on social justice, the promotion of peace, and the attainment of the fullest possible human development

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26. Write a short note of the following personalities gpd;tUk; egh;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf a. Krishna Kumari Kohli / fpU~;z Fkhhp Nfhyp

❖ Krishna Kumari Kohli has been appointed as the first female senator of

Pakistan from the Hindu Dalit community. She is also the first Thari Hindu woman to be elected to the Pakistan senate. She chaired the session

b. Suman Kumari / Rkd; Fkhhp

❖ Suman Kumari became the first Hindu woman to be appointed as a civil judge in

Pakistan after passing an examination for induction of judicial officers on January 29,2019.

❖ The first judge from the Hindu community was Justice Rana Bhagwandas,vdio served in Pakistan from 2005-2007

c. Prof. N. Kumar / Nguhrphpah; N. Fkhh;

❖ Prof N Kumar, Vice-Chancellor, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),

has been conferred with the 'Life Time Recognition Award' by the Confederation of Horticulture Associations of India on May 28, 2019.

❖ Award given during the International Conference on Innovative horticulture at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand.

❖ He was recognised for his outstanding contribution in the field of horticulture and academic leadership focussed on human resource development in agriculture

d. Seema Mehta / rPkh Nkj;jh

❖ Renowned Kathak dancer Seema Mehta has been conferred the 'Nari Shakti

Puraskar' award for her contribution towards women empowerment over the last 15 years.

❖ She received the award from President Ram Nath Kovind at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi as part of the Women's Day celebrations.

❖ Mehta, who began her journey in Kathak set up her dance school in Mumbai in 2010

e. Jokha Alharthi / N[hf;fh my;`hh;j;jp ❖ Jokha Alharthi, an author from Oman, has won the prestigious Man Booker

International Prize 2019 for her book 'Celestial Bodies' on May 22, 2019. ❖ Her original work 'Sayyidat el-Qamar ' has been translated into English by

Marilyn Booth under the title Celestial Bodies. She is the first Arabic-language writer to win the prize

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27. Write a note on the following gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F Fwpf;F tiuf a. Tamilnadu Health System Reform Programme

jkpof eytho;T rPh;jpUj;j jpl;lk; The World Bank - to provide Rs 1,990 crore ($287 million) to improve healthcare in Tamil Nadu

✓ A loan agreement in connection with the project, Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Programme, was signed between the Centre, state and World Bank, the international financial institution on June 4

✓ The funds will be used to focus on improving quality of healthcare, reducing

noncommunicable diseases (NCD) and bridging the gaps in reproductive and child health services.

✓ Special focus will be on the nine priority districts in Tamil Nadu, which feature in the bottom of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) indicators in the state and have a relatively large proportion of tribal population.

✓ To tackle road injuries, the programme will improve 24x7 trauma care services and establish a trauma registry

✓ Tamil Nadu recorded the highest number of road accidents compared to other Indian states in 2016 and 2017.

b. Measures of Tamilnadu Government to check water crisis

FbePh; gpur;ridf;F jkpof muR Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfs; ahit? 1. The Tamil Nadu government said it was supplying an additional 2,400 Million Litres

Daily (MLD) drinking water, which was more than the amount supplied in previous years. Velumani said Chennai was facing a serious drought condition due to 62 per cent lesser rains compared to 2017 and added as against 450 MLD of water supplied during that period, the government was now supplying 520 MLD.

2. Chennai and its suburbs are experiencing severe water scarcity, with borewells and lakes going dry, forcing people and commercial establishments to depend on water supplied through tankers from villages in neighbouring districts.

3. Not only drinking water, but availability of water for every day use is under severe strain in many neighbourhoods. Chennai Metrowater cannot meet the entire demand, prompting people to depend on private water tanker operators.

4. In Chennai, locals installed hand-pumps near Marina Beach to extract groundwater to manage their daily needs. However, the water, residents say, is of a compromised quality owing to pollutants, thereby forcing them to buy packaged water from shops for consumption.

5. The hospitality industry in Chennai has been severely hit due to the water crisis. Many restaurants and hotels serving South Indian meals are mulling ways to tackle the situation, including stopping lunch meals. Hoteliers said only food grade plastic items are to be used to serve food, which would increase the cost for the hotels.

6. While some IT firms in Chennai have asked its employees to work from home due to water shortage, few companies have reduced the number of bathrooms in offices.

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Employees from a cross-section of IT majors said their managements have turned to various ways to handle the situation, even as tankers and alternative sources are quenching the thirst, albeit at a fortune. To meet the demands for their day to day operations, IT companies largely depend upon private water tankers.

7. Chief Minister had sanctioned Rs 158 crore to Metro Water and TWAD to tackle the summer water crisis in January

UNIT- III: General Aptitude & Mental Ability 28. Answer the following questions

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. Distinguish between primary data and secondary data. Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy juTfspd; NtWghl;ilf; $Wf.

Primary data Secondary data

It is collected for the first time Compiled from already existing sources

It is collected directly by the investigator or by his team

Compiled by persons other than the persons who collected the data

It costs more It costs less

It requires more time It requires considerably less time

Possibility of having personal bias Personal bias is minimized

Kjy; epiy ,uz;lhk; epiy

Kjd; Kjyhfg; ngwg;gLk; juT Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; Mjhuq;fspypUe;J njhFf;fg;gLk; juT.

Ma;thsu; (my;yJ) mtupd; FOtpduhy; Neubahfg; ngwg;gLk; juT

xUtuhy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Kjy;epiy juTfspypUe;J kw;nwhUtuhy; njhFf;fg;gLk; juTfs;.

nrytpdq;fis mjpfupf;Fk; nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwf;Fk; Neuj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapyhd

Neuj;ij vLf;Fk;. jdp egu; gpioahy; ghjpf;fg;gl $baJ.

jdp egu; gpio ntFthf Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.

17 | Page

b. Compare diagrams with graphs. tpsf;fg;glq;fis tiuglq;fSld; xg;gpLf.

1. Diagrams can be drawn on plain papers, whereas graphs require graph papers.

2. Diagrams are appropriate and effective to present information about one or more variables. Normally, it is difficult to draw graphs for more than one variable in the same graph.

3. Graphs can be used for interpolation and/or extrapolation, but diagrams cannot be used for this purpose.

4. Median can be determined using graphs, but not using diagrams.

5. Diagrams can be used for comparison of data/variables, whereas graphs can be used for determining the relationship between variables.

1. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; rhjhuz jhspy; tiua KbAk; Mdhy;

tiuglq;fs; tiujhspy; kl;Lk; tiua KbAk;. 2. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; %yk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;lkhwpfs;

gw;wpa jfty;fisg; nghUj;jkhfTk;> jpwk;glTk; ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;. Mdhy; tiuglj;jpy; rhjhuzkhf xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l khwpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tiutJ fbdk;.

3. tiuglq;fs; ,il,Liffs; kw;Wk; / my;yJ GwKf ,Lif nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tiuglq;fs; ,r;nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ.

4. tiuglq;fs; %yk; ,ilepiy msit rupahff; fzf;fpl ,aYk; Mdhy; tpsf;fg;glq;fs; %yk; ,ilepiy msitf; fzf;fpl ,ayhJ.

5. tpsf;fg;glq;fs; juT / khwpfis xg;gplg; gad;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tiuglq;fs; khwpfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;gpidf; fhzg; gad;gLfpwJ.

29. In the Annual sports meet, among the 260 students in XI standard in the school, 90

participated in Kabadi, 120 participated in Hockey, and 50 participated in Kabadi and Hockey. A Student is selected at random. Find the probability that the student participated in a. Either Kabadi or Hockey b. Neither of the two tournaments c. Hockey only d. Kabadi only e. Exactly one of the tournaments.

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Mz;L tpisahl;L Nghl;bapy; 11 Mk; tFg;gpy; gbf;fpd;w 260 khzth;fspy;> 90 Ngu; fgb Nghl;bapYk;> 120 Ngu; `hf;fp Nghl;bapYk; kw;Wk; 50 Ngu; ,uz;L Nghl;bapYk; fye;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;. xU khztd; rktha;g;G Kiwapy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. Nju;e;njLf;Fk; khztd;. a. fgb my;yJ `hf;fp b. ,uz;L Nghl;bapYk; fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhd c. `hf;fpapy; kl;Lk; d. fgbapy; kl;Lk; e. rupahf xd;wpy; kl;Lk; fye;J nfhs;tjw;fhd epfo;jfT fhz;f.

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30. Three containers have their volumes in the ratio 3:4:5. They are full of mixtures of milk and water. The mixtures contain milk and water in the ratio of 4:1, 3:1 and 5:2 respectively. The contents of all these three containers are poured into a fourth container. The ratio of milk and water in the 4th container is %d;W fyd;fspd; fd msTfs; 3 : 4 : 5 tpfpjj;jpYs;sd. mitfspy; ghy; kw;Wk; ePh;f;fyitfs; epiwe;Js;sd. mitfspy; KiwNa ghYk;> jz;zPUk; 4:1> 3:1 kw;Wk; 5:2 fye;Js;sd. ,e;jf; fyitfs; xU ehd;fhtJ fydpy; Cw;wg;gLfpd;wd vdpy;> ehd;fhtJ fydpy; ghYk; jz;zPUk; ,Uf;Fk; tpfpjk;.

Let the volumes of three containers be 3 litres, 4 litres and 5 litres respectively Container 1

Milk = 4 3 12

5 5

= litres. Water =

3

5 litres.

Container 2

Milk = 4 3

4

= 3 litres Water = 1 litres.

Container 3

Milk = 5 5 25

7 7

= litres Water =

10

7 litres

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Required ratio in container 4:

= 12 25 3 10

3 : 15 7 5 7

+ + + +

= 84 105 125 21 35 50

:35 35

+ + + +

= 314 106

:35 35

= 157 : 53

31. Answer the following questions gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. Vishal deposited Rs.200 per month for 5 years in a recurring deposit account in a

post office. If he received Rs. 13,830. Find the rate of interest tp~hy; xt;nthU khj Jtf;fj;jpYk; &.200 I Xh; mQ;ryfj;jpy; 5 Mz;LfSf;F nrYj;jp te;jhh; Kbtpy; mth; &.13>830 ngw;whh; vdpy; tl;b tPjk; vd;d?

Explanation:

Maturity Amount(Kjpu;Tj; njhif) = 100

PNrPn+

A = 13,830, P = 200, n = 5 x 12 = 60 months(khjq;fs;)

Period, N = ( )11

12 2

n nyears

+

= =

1 61 30560

12 2 2years

Amount Deposited (itg;Gj; njhif) = P x n = 200 x 60 = 12,000

Maturity Amount(Kjpu;Tj; njhif) = 100

PNrPn+

13830 = 12000 + 200 x 305

2 100

r

13830 - 12000 = 305 x r 1830 = 305 x r

r = 1830

305 = 6%

b. At what rate of interest compound interest per annum will Rs.640 amount to

Rs.774.40 in 2 years Mz;L $l;L tl;bapy; vd;d rjtPjj;jpw;F &.640 MdJ ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; &.774.40 MFk;?

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SECTION – C 7 x 15 = 105

Answer any SEVEN question only out of TEN questions. Answer not exceeding 250 words each

UNIT- I : Modern history of India and Indian culture 32. Write a note on South Indian Rebellion

njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf SOUTH INDIAN REBELLION, 1800 – 1801 Learning a lesson from the fall of Kattabomman, the rebel leaders of Sivaganga, Dindigal, Coimbatore, Malabar, Mysore, and Maharashtra formed a Coalition, conspired, hatched out a plan of action and rose in rebellion against the British rule and regime under the leadership

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of Maruthu Pandyan of Sivaganga. This South Indian Rebelhon is claimed to be the First War of Indian independence. i. First major resistant ii. Causes of the rebellion iii. Role of French revolutionaries iv. Formation of regional leagues -

i. Ramnad League – Maruthu Pandiar ii. Tirunelveli League – Kattabomman iii. Dindigul League – Gopala Nayak iv. Malabar - Coimbatore League – Kerala Varma

v. The rebellion vi. Trichy Proclamation

33. Trace the growth of Education in India with special reference to New Education Draft

Policy 2019 ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp tsh;r;rp Fwpj;J vOjp Gjpa fy;tp tiuTf; nfhs;if 2019-,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Ff Pre-independence committees i. 1854 – Charles Woods Despatch ii. 1882 – Hunter Commission iii. 1902 – Thomas Raleigh Commission iv. 1917 – Sadler Commission v. 1923 – Itchcap Commission vi. 1944 – Sargeant commission After Independence committees i. 1948 – Radhakrishnan commission ii. 1952 – Midget Committee iii. 1964 – Kothari Committee iv. 1968 – National Education Policy v. 1986 – National Education Policy vi. 1992 – Reinventing National Education Policy vii. 2019 – Draft Plan of National Education Policy

Key Features of the Draft Policy

❖ The policy covers school education, higher education and professional education which in turn include agricultural education, legal education, medical education and technical education.

❖ It also looks at the verticals of vocational education by including teacher education and the research and innovation.

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❖ The early child care and education have been sought to be integrated within the Ministry of Education (a changed name has been suggested for the Ministry of Human Resource and Development - MHRD).

❖ The policy also tries to focus on certain foundational skills that children should have in the proposed new structure of 5+3+3+4. o The first stage of five years (for children of 3-8 years of age) i.e. foundational stage

looks at discovery learning and learning by play. The foundational literacy and numeracy skills is a mission mode approach under it that includes National Tutors’ Program, remedial instructional aid programmes etc. It considers nutrition as very critical for strengthening the levels of 3-8 years of children.

o The next stage is Preparatory Stage for the children in the age group of 8 to 11 years (grades 3 to 5) followed by the Middle Stage (grades 6 to 8) for the students in the age group of 11-14 years and the Secondary Stage (Grades 9-12) for students in the age group of 14-18 years.

❖ For school education, governance level changes have also been suggested. A State

regulatory authority has been suggested for regulating education in the country. The body will decide the accreditation of different schools. The government will continue to fund and operate education in the country.

❖ Main takeaways for higher education: o Restructuring of the higher education system into Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3. o Tier 1 includes research universities focusing equally on research and

teaching, Tier 2 includes teaching universities focusing primarily on teaching; and Tier 3 includes colleges focusing only on teaching at undergraduate levels. All such institutions will gradually move towards full autonomy - academic, administrative, and financial. The idea is to spread ‘research culture’ at the undergraduate level.

o The policy also talks about National Scholarship Fund to financially support students for higher education.

❖ Promotion of classical and regional languages have been emphasised upon. ❖ The policy also proposes to increase the class of compulsory education up to grade 12

(age-18). The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act - RTE, 2009 (represents Article 21-Aof the Indian Constitution) made education, a fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14.

❖ The policy aims to achieve a fully literate society where all adults are literates by 2030 or so.

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34. What are the basic principles of India’s foreign policy? What role did Prime Minister Nehru in organizing the Afro-Asian countries into a non-aligned movement. ,e;jpa ntspTwTf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ahit? mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpy; Mg;gphpf;f Mrpa ehLfis ,izj;jjpy; gpujkh; NeU mth;fspd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff

Foreign Policy Objective (a) ensure regional security, stability and peace, (b) strengthen the economic structure in the region, (c) fine tune regional organizations to interlink the region, and (d) keep India's strategic importance relevant. Asian Consolidation This is perhaps the first time in the history that there are three simultaneous growing powers in Asia; China, Japan and India. Asian consolidation and emergence of united Asia could have been feasible if these three worked in unison.

Major powers in Asia has to cooperate, compete and or leverage power and relationships to shape their strategic space within the dynamics of politics and economics in their respective countries. Emerging Regional Economic Power As an emerging regional benign economic power beginning from the reform era in the nineties and a vibrant democratic country in Asia, India, which shares similar culture, language, ethnicity, history, religion and heritage with its neighbours, is poised to assume political leadership to preserve peace and stability in the region. Foreign Policy Formulations

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Foreign policy formulations are increasingly being influenced by economic and mili-tary might of the respective country and also the authority that it can exert in regions far and near. The Foreign Policy Initiatives The emergence of new transnational challenges such as terrorism, economic migration, environmental degradation and organized crime have ushered national governments to think and act regionally. In order to address these non-traditional security challenges India needs to actively engage with its neighbours at multiple levels. Neighbourhood Policy India's neighbours occupy much of its attention in its overall foreign policy dilemmas. Except Bhutan, India is facing security challenges from all its neighbours. Most of these challenges are traditional in nature; however non-traditional challenges such as environmental issue are also prominently emerging in their security discourse. Nehruvian Neighborhood Policy Soon after Independence, under the leadership of Pt. Nehru India’s foreign policy thrust was influenced by Gandhian ideals of non-violence and non-alignment and Nehruvian socialistic values and the idea of “panchasheel”. This could also be seen as India’s soft-power projection in the region. Unfortunately, this neither changed India's image in its neighbourhood nor did it help to secure a permanent membership in the UNSC. Realizing the fact that ethics and values serve little in foreign policy in a rapidly changing global security environment, Indira Gandhi tried a pragmatic approach towards the neighbours. The liberation of Bangladesh in 1971 through direct Indian military intervention and subsequent creation of a nation in South Asia demonstrated India's ability to exercise Panchsheel hard-power in its foreign policy options. Since then, military power has been an indispensable component of India's foreign policy even though it incurs huge drain on its overall GDP. But India's national security challenges persist despite a strong military and show of strength, mainly due to foreign policy dithering. The end of cold war, which heralded the rise of multipolar world order, dramatically altered India's foreign policy priorities followed by rapid economic liberalization.

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Inspired by Joseph Nye's idea of ’Soft- Power', India began to embrace its neighbours with soft-power skills which involved striking a common cord with neighbours on religion, culture, ethnicity and linguistic basis. This realisation was reflected in the famous Gujral Doctrine, the first official Neighbourhood Policy, which sets out five principles to guide India's foreign policy towards its immediate neighbours. The most convincing reason for this shift from hard-power to soft-power approach was the growing Chinese influence in its neighbourhood. Yet, the lack of a compre-hensive neighbourhood policy strategy and dearth of broad understanding of security challenges blurred India's prospect to become an effective regional power. The Regional Approach A regional approach will provide the most feasible solution and it needs to be evolved based on mutual consensus among these countries through regular dialogues and proper institutional frameworks. Such approach can be applied in foreign policy strategy with less focus on military might and more emphasis on developmental efforts.

Role in formation of NAM

UNIT- II: Social issues in India and Tamil Nadu 35. Mention the schemes introduced to safeguard vulnerable sections of the society

rKjhaj;jpy; eyptile;j gphptpdUf;fhd ghJfhg;G jpl;lq;fis Fwpg;gpLf. ❖ Define vulnerable sections – Women, Children, Senior citizens, SC, ST,

Religious Minorities, Linguistic Minorities, Transgenders, Physically Challenged

❖ Write schemes for those mentioned in the above list. 36. Give a detailed note on Urbanization and its impact on the society problems and

remedies efh;kakhjypdhy; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd jPh;Tfs; ahit?

Urbanization

Urbanization is a process whereby populations move from rural to urban area, enabling cities and towns to grow.

Urbanism

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Urbanism is a way of life. It reflects an organization of society in terms of a complex division of labour, high levels of technology, high mobility, interdependence of its members in fulfilling economic functions and impersonality in social relations. Characteristics of urbanism Louis Wirth has given four characteristics of urbanism

1. Transiency 2. Superficiality 3. Anonymity 4. Individualism

Soroking and Zimmerman have identified the following characteristics of the urban social sytem:

1. Non agricultural occupation 2. Size of population 3. Density of population 4. Environment 5. Social differentiation 6. Social mobility 7. Social interaction 8. Social solidarity

Causes of Urbanization

1. Industrialization 2. Commercialization 3. Social benefits and services 4. Employment opportunities 5. Modernization and changes in the mode of living 6. Rural urban transformation

Social Effects of Urbanization

1. Urbanization and Family 2. Urbanization and Caste 3. Urbanization and Status of Women 4. Urbanization and village life

Causes of Urban Problems

1. Migration 2. Industrial Growth 3. Apathy of the Government 4. Defective Town Planning 5. Vested Interests

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Problems of Urbanization

1. Housing and slums 2. Crowding and Depersonalization 3. Water Supply and Drainage 4. Transportation and Traffic 5. Power Shortage 6. Sanitation 7. Pollution 8. Poor health and spread of diseases 9. Urban crime 10.

Solutions to Urban Problems

1. Systematic Development of Urban Centres 2. Regional Planning along with city planning 3. Creation of Job opportunities 4. Encouraging industries to move to backward areas 5. Municipalities to find own financial resources 6. Encouraging private transport 7. Amendment of Rent Control acts 8. Adopting pragmatic housing policy 9. Structural Decentralization 10. Building sustainable and environmentally friendly cities 11. Provision of essential services 12. Population control

To conclude, it may be pointed out that the effects of urbanization and urbanism and

the problems of cities can never be solved until urban planning is modified and radical measures are taken. Government measures

37. Discuss the problem of unemployment in India and what are the steps taken by the

current government to check unemployment in its recent budget. ,e;jpahtpy; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikahy; cz;lhFk; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;J vOJf NkYk; jw;Nghij muR mjd; epjpepiy mwpf;ifapy; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikia Nghf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; ahit? Define Unemployment Current scenario India’s Unemployment rate 8.1% 45 years high World Bank said that India needs to create 8.1 million jobs annually Asper NSSO survey states like Kerala, Punjab, Odisha, Tamilnadu recorded lower employment rate than national average.

29 | Page

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

1. Structural Unemployment 2. Cyclical Unemployment 3. Disguised Unemployment 4. Open Unemployment 5. Educated unemployment

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Rapid Population Growth 2. Limited Land 3. Fragmentation of Land 4. Backward Method of Agriculture 5. Defective Education 6. Lack of Transport and Communication 7. Economic Inflation 8. Economic Recession 9. Changing Technology

10. Job Dissatisfaction EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Lost Production 2. Government Expenditures 3. Inflation 4. Increased Rich Poor Divide 5. Anti-social Elements

MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT

Removal of unemployment is the responsibility of the state. The Constitution of India has the "Directive Principles" of the State and enjoined this duty on the State Government.

The Government of India has undertaken various measures to solve the problem of unemployment. The most important among them are as below:

1. Almost all the Five Year Plans aim for the increase of employment opportunities. The Second Five Year Plan expanded employment opportunities in India by creating 10 million new jobs. The Tenth Five Year Plan aimed for 10 million employment opportunities per year.

2. To generate employment opportunities the government launched National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) in 1980, which generated around 1,000 million jobs.

30 | Page

3. The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), which was introduced in 1983 guaranteed employment to at least one member of every landless family at least for 100 days in a year.

4. Training for Rural Youth Employment Programme of 1979 provide technical skills to the rural youth to enable them for self employment.

5. The Self Employment Programme for urban poor was introduced in 1997 to provide self employment opportunities for the poor.

6. The Jawahar Rozgar Yojna (JRY) was implemented in 1989 is an employment guaranteed programme. This provides financial assistance to rural areas through village panchayats.

POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES TO REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

• Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) (October 1980)

• Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (August 1979)

• Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) (October 1993)

• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (April 1989)

• Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJGSY) (April 1999)

• Swarna Jayanti Shaheri Rozgar Yojana (December 1997)

• Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojna (September 2001)

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (December 2005)

• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (2005)

• Five loan schemes for unemployed youth i. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana ii. Loan subsidy scheme iii. Cash loans iv. Agricultural loan v. Secured loans for unemployment

• Job creation through start-up India, Stand-up India, Make-in India, SFUTI ASPIRE, Kadhi clusters and creation of 75 thousand entrepreneurs in rural India

38. Discuss Social changes in India

,e;jpahtpy; r%f khw;wk; Fwpj;J tpthjp MEANING AND NATURE OF SOCIAL CHANGE The International Encyclopaedia of the Social Science (IESS 1972) looks at change as the important alterations that occur in the social structure, or in the pattern of action and interaction in societies. Alterations may occur in norms, values, cultural products and symbols in a society. Three Aspects of Social Change

31 | Page

i. Social change is essentially a process of alteration with no reference to the quality of change.

ii. Changes in society are related/linked to changes in culture, so that it would be sometimes useful to talk about ‘socio-cultural change.

iii. Social change can vary in its scope and in speed. Change may include continuous processes like specialisation, and also include discontinuous processes such as a particular technical or social invention which appears at some point of time.

Characteristics of Social change

i. Social change is universal or it is an essential law. ii. Change with diff. in speed & form simple society … change was slower. iii. Change is unpredictable in general Revolt is a process of social change. What

speed & in what form the change takes place is not easily predictable. iv. Social change is change in community v. Social change generally changes in direction. There are 3 patterns of social change.

a. linear change generally leads to progress (change for good) can't cycle –car – train –plain

b. Fluctuating change – the change may be upward & downward. The demographic change is such also economic change,

c. Cyclical change – the change is in a cycle. Fashion, sometimes also in economical aspect (Karl max gave this idea).

Three Basic Sources of Social Change i. Discovery A shared human perception of an aspect of reality which already exists e.g. discovery of blood circulation in biology. It is an addition to the world’s store of verified knowledge. However, it becomes a factor in social change only when it is put to use, not when it is merely known. ii. Inventions A new combination or a new use of existing knowledge e.g. the assembling of the automobile from an already existing idea. The idea of combining them was new. Inventions can be material (technology) and social (alphabet, trade union). Each invention may be new in form (i.e. in shape or action) in function (what it does) or in meaning (its long range consequences) or in principle (the theory or law on which it is based). iii. Diffusion Diffusion refers to the spread of cultural traits from one group to another. It operates both within and between societies. It takes place whenever societies come into contact with each other. Exogenous and Endogenous Origin of Change

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A major part of sociological analysis consists in identifying the spheres and groups, that are principally affected, and the ways in which innovations are diffused from one sphere to another. Acceptance of and Resistance to Social Change When a social change occurs society may accept or it will resist to social change. FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE Biological Demographic factors – Population plays an important role in society it there is change in the composition of pop there is change in society by composition we mean the structure i.e. sex ratio. For balance in society the sex ratio should be 1:1 and if there is change in the ratio there is change in society if there are more females than the status & position goes down (because in Polygene more wives & the hubby now their status goes down). In the other case the females position rises. The bride –price increases (in the tribunal society). Age group – childhood, adulthood, old age. If the population of children is most then increase of population will be slower. If adults more than there will be rapid change in society cause they are the most regulative. In case of old more there is conflict in society they don't wish for change. Marital status in production of children. If girls are married young there will be over population & he health is also in danger. Status of women becomes lower. And if at too late a stage – a girl is married fertility is less. Changes in demography – Birth rate & Death rate. Higher birth rate creates a lot of problems. Malthus theme of population – Economics. Over population-poverty unemployment increases. Death – rate – man – power decreases. Immigration & Emigration – 1 is coming into country, 2 – going out of the country. Causes cultural problems leads to over population. 2 – Brain – drain is the problem. Natural factors – National calamities, floods, epidemics affect society in its social relationships and its structure. People become selfish as during scarcities they are more bothered feeding themselves. Technological factors Mechanization & social change – machines gave women the chance to work gave rise to women come up in the social ladder. On the other hand Unemployment and other related issues may rise because of demolition cottage industries due to technological factors. Urbanization – changed job opportunities. Transport gave rise to social contacts. Communication gives rise to greater awareness and means of recreation too. CULTURAL FACTORS SANSKRITISATION

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The term sanskritisation was coined by M.N. Srinivas. It may be briefly defined as the process by which a ‘low’ caste or tribe or other group takes over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and, in particular, a ‘twice-born (dwija) caste’. The impact of Sanskritisation is many-sided. Its influence can be seen in language, literature, ideology, music, dance, drama, style of life and ritual. WESTERNISATION M.N. Srinivas defines westernisation as “the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, the term subsuming changes occurring at different levels…technology, institutions, ideology and values”. MODERNISATION The term modernisation has a long history. From the 19th and more so the 20th century the term began to be associated with positive and desirable values. People and societies wanted to be modern. In the early years, modernisation referred to improvement in technology and production processes. Increasingly, however, the term had a wider usage. It referred to the path of development that much of west Europe or North America has taken. And suggested that other societies both have to and ought to follow the same path of development. SECULARISATION The ancient Indian civilization was dominated by religion, but under the influence of Westernization it is becoming increasingly secular these days. Under the influence of secularisation the influence of religion over social institutions, traditions, practices and usages in declining and in its place utilitarianism and personal predilections govern human behavious. After independence the Indian government has adopted the ideal of secularism. This has given impetus to the process of secularisation. Democratization Democratization is 'the transition to a more democratic system of government.' economic equality, political equality, Greater education, good international relations, industrial technology, cultural values, and even the growth of a middle class have all been proposed to influence the move towards democratization. Politization Political factors have also play dominant role in social change. Casteism, communalism, linguistic chavanism, regionalism are mostly encouraged on account of politics involved in it. ECONOMIC FACTORS

i. Industrialization ii. Urbanisation iii. Technological Changes

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UNIT- III: General Aptitude & Mental Ability

39. Answer the following questions gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. To do a certain work B would take three times as long as A and C together and C

twice as long as A and B together. The three man together complete the work in 10 days how long would each take separately xU Ntiyia B Kbf;f vLj;Jf; nfhz;l NeukhdJ A kw;Wk; C Nrh;e;J mt;Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; Neuj;ijg;Nghy %d;W klq;fhFk;. mt;Ntiyia C Kbf;f vLj;Jf; nfhz;l NeukhdJ A kw;Wk; B Nru;e;J mt;Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; Neuj;ijg;Nghy ,uz;L klq;fhFk;. mt;Ntiyia %d;W NgUk; Nru;e;J Kbf;f 10 ehl;fs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdh; vdpy;> xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa mt;Ntiyia Kbf;f vt;tsT ehl;fs; MFk;.

Solution:

A + B + C = 1

10 ------ (1)

A + C = 3B -------(2)

A + B = 2C -------(3)

On solving equation (i)&(ii),

3B + B = 1

10 4B =

1

10 ∴ B =

1

40

On solving equation (i)&(iii),

2C + C = 1

10 3C =

1

10 ∴ C =

1

30

1 1 1 1

40 30 10A+ + =

1 1 1 1

10 40 30A= − −

12 3 41 5 1

120 120 24A

− −= = =

A = 24 days B = 40 days C = 30 days

b. A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 10, 12, and 15 days respectively. They began

the work together but B leaves after two days, how long would it take A and C to finish the Remaining work?

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XU Ntiyia A> B kw;Wk; C Kbf;f vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ehl;fs; KiwNa 10> 12 kw;Wk; 15 MFk;. ,k;%tUk; Nrh;e;J mt;Ntiyia njhlq;fp ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F gpwF B vd;gth; tpyFfpwhh; vdpy;> kPjKs;s Ntiyia A kw;Wk; C Nrh;e;J Kbf;f vt;tsT ehl;fs; MFk;.

Solution:

(A, B, C) 1 day work = 1 1 1

10 12 15+ +

= 6 5 4

60

+ + =

15

60 =

1

4

∴ 2 days work = 1

4 x 2 =

1

2

Remaining work completed by A and C = 1 1

12 2

− =

= 10 151

2 25

= 1

62 = 3 days.

40. Answer the following questions

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. A garden roller whose length is 3 m long and whose diameter is 2.8 m is rolled to level a garden. How much area will it cover in 8 revolutions? ePsk; 3 kP kw;Wk; tpl;lk; 2.8 kP cila xU rkd;gLj;Jk; cUisia nfhz;L xU Njhl;lk; rkd;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 8 Rw;Wfspy; vt;tsT gug;ig cUis rkd; nra;Ak;?

b. The length, breadth and height of a hall are 25 m, 15 m and 5 m respectively. Find the cost of renovating its floor and four walls at the rate of `80 per m2. Xh; miwapd; ePsk;> mfyk; kw;Wk; cauk; KiwNa 25 kP> 15 kP kw;Wk; 5 kP MFk;. miwapd; jiu kw;Wk; ehd;F Rtu;fisAk; GJg;gpf;f 1 rJu kPl;lUf;F `80 tPjk; nryT MFk; vdpy;> nkhj;jr; nryitf; fhz;f.

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Solution:

41. Answer the following questions gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp

a. Differentiate between volatile and non-volatile memory.

mopAk; epidtfk; kw;Wk; mopah epidtfk; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; NtWgLj;Jf.

Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory

Definition

Volatile Memory is the type of computer memory that is temporary in nature. It stores the data inside it only until the power is supplied.

Non-Volatile Memory is the type of computer memory that is permanent in nature. The data stored in such kind of memory remains there even after the system is turned off.

Data Volatile memory store data Non-volatile memory store

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Stored of the programs that are currently in process by the CPU. Frequently used data and information about the process is stored in Volatile memory.

data of the basic booting process of the computer system BIOS. All kind of media and data that has to be saved permanently or for the longer period.

Effects

Volatile Memory has effects on the system’s performance. The more storage space on the volatile memory such as RAM and cache, the more efficient will be the performance of the system.

Non-Volatile Memory has effects on the system storage. The more storage space, the more amount of data can be stored in the computer system and can be stored permanently.

Speed

Volatile memories are the fastest memories in nature. They contain frequently used data inside them and data is accessed from them quickest than all.

Non- Volatiles memories whereas are relatively slow as compare to volatile memories. The data accessed from non-volatile memory is slow as compared to volatile memory.

Example

Common Examples of volatile memory includes the RAM of the computer, Cache, etc.

Common Examples of the Non-volatile memory includes ROM ( Secondary Storage, Hard disc) of the computer, optical storage discs, flash memory, etc.

b. Find 1’s Complement and 2’s Complement for the following Decimal number: (-

135)10 nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s (-135)10 vd;w jrk vz;zpw;F 1 kw;Wk; 2 –d; epug;gpia fhz;f.

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c. What is Cache memory management?

Nfr; epidtfj;jpd; mikg;G vd;why; vd;d?

The cache memory is a very high speed and expensive memory, which is used to speed up the memory retrieval process. Due to its higher cost, the CPU comes with a smaller size of cache memory compared with the size of the main memory. Without cache memory, every time the CPU requests the data, it has to be fetched from the main memory which will consume more time. The idea of introducing a cache is that, this extremely fast memory would store data that is frequently accessed and if possible, the data that is closer to it. This helps to achieve the fast response time, Where response Time, (Access Time) refers to how quickly the memory can respond to a read / write request. Figure shows the arrangement of cache memory between the CPU and the main memory.

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