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Mathematics tips for parents (Third- fifth Grade)

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INTRODUCTION:

Kids grow as the years pass. But our knowledge to teach your kid in

better ways never stops. Mathematics is a lot more than addition and

subtractions. These tips and strategies are to brush up the basics that

your kid needs to know from their 3rd

grade.

CONTENTS:

Prime and composite numbers

Decimals and Fractions

Multiplication and division

HCF / LCM / multiples

Areas and Perimeter (rectangle and square)

Angles

Data interpretation

PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS:

Any number that can be either divided by 1 or by itself is known as

Prime number. And it must be a whole number greater than 1.

For example – 7 can only be divided by 1 or 7 itself. This concludes

that 7 is a Prime number. Even 3, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,

47 …etc are prime numbers.

Why these numbers are called prime can be visualized too.

For example - 6 can be

divided evenly by 2, or by 3:

6 =2× 3

Divided into 3 groups or Divided into 2 groups

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But we cannot divide 7 evenly.

And we give them names:

When a number can be divided up evenly it is a Composite number.

When a number can not be divided up evenly it is a Prime Number

So 6 is Composite, but 7 is Prime.

This is the demonstration for whole numbers.

And 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number.

MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION:

Multiplication is a higher step for addition. Let’s work this with an example before anything else.

Example:

Here there are three groups of 2 balls there are two groups of

three balls

So 3 X 2 = 6 2 X 3 = 6

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Multiplication is about dividing the set of numbers evenly and adding

them together.

When two numbers are to be multiplied, one of the numbers can be

considered as the number of groups and the other as the number

representing elements in each group.

MULTIPLICATION WORKSHEET:

Division is quite opposite to multiplication.

The system of division can be termed as grouping the number evenly

according to the value of divisor (a number by which another number

is to be divided).

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For example: There are 12 chocolates, and 3 friends want to share

them, how do they divide the chocolates?

12 Chocolates 12 Chocolates Divide by 3

Answer: 12 divided by 3 is 4: they get 4 each.

There are many more worksheets available like this.

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AREAS & PERIMETER (Square & Rectangle): Area is the measurement

of the space inside a shape. To start with, areas are a new concept for

your kid as it involves equating the values of the sides of a square or a

rectangle to find the area.

SQUARE

1CM2

Let’s take a square with ‘S’ as the length of each side.

Area of a square is SX S = S2

This means one side of the square has

been multiplied with the value of the

adjacent side.

This is simply multiplying the value of

one side with itself as all the sides are

equal.

Now if we replace S with 4cms.

This means the square now has each

side of 4centimeters.

Area of this square is 4 x 4 = 16 cm2

To make it easier, divide the square

evenly in both the directions.

Now if we count, there are 16 more 2

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Practice questions to find area of square:

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L

B

RECTANGLE

Practice questions to find area of rectangle:

Let’s take two squares and now join them together with two sides.

Now, this is how it looks.

The perimeters of this figure indicate that not all the sides are same.

Rectangle has opposite sides equal to each other.

And the lengthier sides are known as length ‘L’ of the rectangle and the shorter sides are knows as breadth ‘B’.

As we know area of a square is S2.

Now let’s replace one of the sides with L, and the area of rectangle

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ANGLES:

Angles are the measure of turn between two straight lines that have a

common end point (the vertex).

Acute angle: when the angle of turn between two lines is less than 90o.

Right angle: when turning angle between two lines is 90o.

Obtuse angle: when two lines are intersecting at more than 90o.

Straight angle: when the two lines are parallel to each other and are at

180o.

Reflex angle: when the two lines are angled at more than 180o.

Full rotation: its one complete cycle of rotation from 0o

to 360o.

How to find angles? Kids need to practice and know about angles well

enough to cope up with topics like geometry, trigonometry etc. Ask

your kid to use a protractor and measure the angles between any two

intersecting lines like this:

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Be Careful What You Measure

This is an Obtuse Angle And this is a Reflex Angle

Positive and Negative Angles

When measuring from a line:

a positive angle goes counterclockwise (opposite direction that clocks go)

a negative angle goes clockwise

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Practice:

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DATA INTERPRETATION:

Data interpretation is the process of using numerical data that has been

collected and analyzed to solve problems and present it. There are several

different types of graphs. The four mostly used are:

Bar graphs to show numbers that are independent of each other. Example

data might include things like the number of people who preferred each of

McDonald’s takeaways, Subway takeaways, Pizza-hut takeaways and

Bawarchi takeaways.

Pie charts to show you how a whole is divided into different parts. You can

show how a budget had been spent on different items in a month.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

McDonald's

Subway

Pizza-hut

Bwarchi

under $25

under $15

under $10

$650

$700 $400

$900

Sales

Groceries

House maintainance

Vehicular maintainance

General expenditure

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Line graphs show you how numbers have changed over time. They are

used when you have data that are connected, and to show trends, for

example, average night time temperature of Dallas in each month of 2016.

Histograms have numbers on both axes, which therefore allow you to

show how changes in one thing affect another. These are widely used in

mathematics, and particularly in Algebra. A histogram displaying the top

ten women's figure skating scores for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

27 31

43 43

26 24

36

62 59

42

37

28

44

52

61 58

36 37

45

77 77

59

49

44

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Avg. low

Avg. high

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dfcThe worksheets for practice are available online.

Factors and Multiples:

Factors are numbers we can multiply together to get another number. Factors

are either composite numbers or prime numbers (except that 0 and 1 are

neither prime nor composite).

For example : 2 and 3 are factors of 6, because 2 × 3 = 6.

A number can have MANY factors!

For example: What are the factors of 12?

3 and 4 are factors of 12, because 3 × 4 = 12.

Also 2 × 6 = 12 so 2 and 6 are also factors of 12.

And 1 × 12 = 12 so 1 and 12 are factors of 12 as well.

So 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are all factors of 12

And -1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -12 also, because multiplying negatives makes a

positive.

Multiples: A multiple is the result of multiplying a number by an integer (not a

fraction).

Now what is HCF (Highest Common Factor)? :

The largest common factor of two or more numbers is called the highest

common factor (HCF).

The common factors or of 12 and 18 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.

The largest common factor is 6, so this is the H.C.F. of 12 and 18.

It is very easy to find a H.C.F. of small numbers, like 6 and 9 (it is 3) or 8 and 4

(it is 4).

The best way is to keep finding the factors of the smaller number, starting

from the largest factor. The first factor of the smaller number that is also a

factor of the larger number is a H.C.F.

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For example: to find the multiples of 3, multiply 3 by 1, 3 by 2, 3 by 3, and so

on. To find the multiples of 5, multiply 5 by 1, 5 by 2, 5 by 3, and so on. The

multiples are the products of these multiplications.

Worksheet for HCF and LCM:

We will solve different types of problems given in the Worksheet on H.C.F. and

L.C.M.

I. Find highest common factor of the following by complete factorisation:

(i) 48, 56, 72

(ii) 198, 360

(iii) 102, 68, 136

(iv) 1024, 576

(v) 405, 783, 513

II. Find the H.C.F. by long division method:

What is LCM (Least Common Multiple)? :

The smallest positive number that is a multiple of two or more numbers.

We get a multiple of a number when we multiply it by another number. Such

as multiplying by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc, but not zero.

So how do we find one?

List the multiples of the numbers until we get our first match.

Example:

Find the least common multiple of 4 and 10:

The multiples of 4 are: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, ... and the multiples of 10 are: 10, 20, ...

So we found the LCM of 4 & 10 which is 20.

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(i) 84, 144

(ii) 120, 168

(iii) 430, 516, 817

(iv) 632, 790, 869

(v) 291, 582, 776

(vi) 219, 1321, 2320, 8526

III. Find lowest common multiple of the following numbers:

(i) 16, 24, 40

(ii) 40, 56, 60

(iii) 207, 138

(iv) 72, 96, 120

(v) 120, 150, 135

(vi) 102, 170, 136