tnpsc current affairs january 2014

8/17/2019 Tnpsc Current Affairs January 2014

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TNPSC VETRII I S CURRENT AFFAIRS - JANUARY STUDY CIRCLE

www.vetriias.com Page 1

Eminent Persons & Appointments

cr;rePjpkd;w ejpgjp rpq;tp Xa;T ngwwhh:

cr;reP jpkd; w eP jpgjp [p.v];. rpq;tp (65) Gjd;fpoik Xa;Tngw; whh;. %j; j eP jpgjpahd mth;> 2[p ];ngf;l;uk; Coy; tof;F>mjpfhhpfs; kw; Wk; murpay;thjpfs; rptg;G Roy; tpsf;FfisKiwNflhfg; gad;gLj; JtJ njhlh;ghd tof;F cs;gl gy rpf;fyhdtof;Ffis tprhhpj; J muRf;F neUf;fbiaf; nfhLj; jth;.

murpay;thjpfs; kw; Wk; gj; jphpf;ifahsh;fSld; murpay; jufh; eP uh uhbah ciuahbagjpTfs; njhlh;ghf tprhhpf;f rpgpIf;F cj; jutpl;lNghJ> eP jpgjp rpq;tp ehL KOtJk; gpugykhdhh;. ,tuJ gy;NtW jP h;g;Gfs; ViofSf;Fk;> eyptile; jth;fSf;Fk; MWjy; mspf;Fk;

tifapy; mike; jd. Xhpdr; Nrh;f;if Fw; wNk vd ,th; mspj; jJjhd; filrpj; jP h;g;ghFk;. ,e; jj; jP h;g;G rpy %j; j tof;FiuQh;fs; cs;gl gy;NtW jug;gpdhpilNa tpkh;rdj; Jf; Fs;shdJFwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.

rjjP];fh Kjytuhf ukz;rpq; ,dW gjptpNawG:

rj; jP ];fh; khepy Kjy;tuhf njhlh; e; J 3tJ Kiwahf ukz; rpq; tpahof;fpoik (12Mk;Njjp) gjtpNaw; Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;. rj;jP ];fh; khepy rl;lg;Nguitf;F eilngw; w Njh; jypy; nkhj; jKs;s 90 ,lq;fspy; 49-,y; gh[f ntw; wp ngw; wJ.

rpwej kdpjh; Nghg: ilk gj;jphpf;if NjhT:

2013 k; Mz;bd; rpwe; j kdpjuhf Nghg; Mz;lth; gpuhd;rpi] ilk; gj;jphpif Njh;Tnra; Js;sJ. ,isQh;fs; gyiu ey;topapy; khw; Wk; rf; jpahf tpsq;Ffpwhh; vd;gjhy; mtiu‘rpwe;j kdpjh;‛ vd; W $wpAs;sJ.

jpahfp tp];tehjjh]:

jpahfp tp];tehjjh]; (1886 - 1940) Rje; jpug; Nghuhl;l czh;it jdJ ebg;ghy;> ghl;lhy;

Cl;ba ehlf ebfh;. rpwe; j Njrpathjp. Guhz ehlfq;fspy; gf; jpg;ghly;fis kl;LNk ghbath;. J}j; Jf;Fbapy; fhe;jpabfisr; re; jpj; j gpd;dh; Njrgf; jp ghly;fis ghbdhh;. 1919-y; gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy ele; jNghJ ‘gQ;rhg; gLnfhiy ghhpw; nfhbaJ ghpjhgkpf;fJ‛ vd;W ghbdhh;.

‘fjh; fg;gy; NjhZNj‛ vd;gd Nghd;W Rje; jpu Nghuhl;l fUj; Jf;fis ghly;fshf khw; wpghbath;. ,thpd; ehlfq;fSf;F Mq;fpNya muR jil tpjpj; jJ. jilia kP wp rpiwj; jz;lidngw; wth;. xj; Jioahik ,af;fj; jpy; fye;J nfhz;L rpiwthrk; nrd; wth;. ,tUf;fpUe; jNjrgf;jpiaf; fz;L Mq;fpNya muR mQ;rpaJ.

jpUkq;fyk; tl;l fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapYk;> kJiu [py;yh Nghh;bYk;> fhq;fpurpd; rhh;gpy; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue; jth;. Ntlk; jhpg;gjw;fhd cilfisAk;> fjh; j; JzpapNyNa jahhpj; Jmzpe; J ebj; jth;. kapy; kP J KUfd; Ntlj;jpy; ghbf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;NghNj Nkilapy; ,Nj

ehspy; jhd; ,we;jhh;. mNj Ntlj; jpy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;.


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F[uhj Nyhf; MAfjhthf Kddhs; ejpgjp Gr; gjtpNawG:

F[uhj; khepyj;jpd; Nyhf; MAf; jhthf (Coy; Gfhh;fis tprhhpf;Fk; mikg;gpd;

jiytuhf)> eP jpgjp b.gp.Gr; Gjd;fpoik gjtpNaw; whh;. khepy MSeh; fkyh Ngdpthy; jkJkhspifapy; eilngw; w epfo;r;rpapy; Kjy;th; Nkhb. Nguit jiyth; t[{thyh MfpNahh; Kd;dpiyapy; mtUf;Fg; gjtpg; gpukhzk; nra; Jitj; jhh;.

ik h kfuh[h:

ik#iu Mz;l cilahh; rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; filrp kfuh[hthd = fz;ljj;j eurpk;kuh[ cilahh; ngq;f@hpy; fle; j nrt;tha;fpoik khuilg;ghy; fhykhdhh;. ik#h;muz;kidapy; mQ;rypf;fhf itf;fg;gl;bUe; j mtuJ clYf;F yl;rf;fzf;fhd nghJkf;fs; jpuz;L te;J mQ;ryp nrYj; jpdh;. Gjd;fpoik khiy mtuJ cly; ik#hpy; uh[khpahijAld;

jfdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.fh; ehlf Kjy;th; rpj;juhikah> Kd;dhs; gpujkh; NjtfTlh> Kd;dhs; Kjy;th;fs; v];.vk;.fpU\;zh> vr;.b.Fkhurhkp> vbA+ug;gh> n[fjP\; n\l;lh; cs;spl;l gy Kf;fpa murpay; jiyth;fs; = fz;ljj;j cilahhpd; clYf;F mQ;ryp nrYj;jpdh;. murpay; jiyth;fSk; fhty;Jiw mjpfhhpfSk;> G+rhhpfSk; #o;e; J epw;f 30 Fz;Lfs; Koq;f muR khpahijmspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlh; e; J kfuh[htpd; clYf;F mtuJ mf;fh fhaj;hp Njtpapd; kfd; rJuq;f fe; juh[ cilahh; jP %l;bdhh;. ,jd; %yk; 500 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf njhlh; e; jik#h; cilahh; rhk;uh[;[pak; KbTf;F te;jJ.

kz;Nlyh:

kfhj;kh fhe; jpf;Fg; gpwF> khh;l;bd; Y}jh; fpq;Ff;Fg; gpwF mwg; Nghuhl;lj; jpd; mtrpaj;ijAk; mij mikjpg; Nghuhl;lkhf elj; Jtjpy; ,Uf;fpw epue; ju yhgq;fisAk; etP dAfj; Jf;F kW mwpKfk; nra; jth; mth;. tho; ehspy; Rkhh; %d; wpy; xU gFjpia mth; rpiwapy; fopj; jpUe; jhYk; xU rf; jpahf mth; jhd; mk;kf;fis ,af;fpapUf;fpwhh;. epw ntwp Ml;rpiaxopj; jJ kl;Lky;y> njd;dhg;gphpf;fh mJehs; tiu fhzhj ey;yhl;rpia mwpKfg;gLj; jpatUk; mtNu.


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md;id njnurhtpd; rig 133 ehLfspy; 4500 rNfhjhpfshy; ,af;fg;gLfpwJ. va;l;];>njhONeha; kw; Wk; fhrNehahy; gs;spf;$lq;fs; vd gy cs;sd. 1979-y; mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpirAk;> 1980-y; ,e; jpahtpd; ghuj uj;dh tpUijAk; ngw; whh;. nfl;lth;fs; vd

mwpag;gl;lth;fsplKk; ed;nfhil ngw; whh;. rigia NkYk; tsh;g;gjw;Nf ed;nfhilia Kjypy; gad;gLj; jpdhh;. 1997 nrg;lk;gh; 5-y; 87 tajpy; nfhy;fj; jhtpNyNa ,we; jhh;. Nghg; Mz;ltuhy; mUshsh; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Gdpjh; vd mwptpg;gjw;fhd rlq;Ffs; ele; J tUfpd; wd.

eh]fhk jiyth rejpuNrfh:

jfty; njhopy; El;gj; Jiwapd; kpf cahpa mikg;ghd eh];fhtpd; jiytuhf Mh;.re; jpuNrfh;> nghWg; Ngw; Wf; nfhz;lhh;. ,jw;F Kd;G jiytuhf ,Ue; j Nrhk; kpj; jypd; gjtpf; fhyk; Kbe; jijj; njhlh; e;J ,th; nghWg;Ngw; Wf; nfhz;lhh;. jw;NghJ ,e; jpa jfty; njhopy; El;gj; Jiwapd; njhopy; nfhs;fisfis trpf;Fk; mikg;ghf eh];fhk; jpfo;fpwJ. re; jpuNrfh; ,jw;FKd;G njhiyj; njhlh;Gj; Jiw nrayuhf ,Ue; jJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.

Vhpay \Nuhd:

1948-k; tU\k; ,];Nuy; vd; w Njrk; cjakhdJ Kjy; ,];Nuypa uhZtj;jpy; gzpahw; wpath;. 1974-k; tUlk; uhZtg; gzpapy; ,Ue; J Xa;T ngw; W> murpaYf;Fs; Eioe; J 81k; tUlk; uhZt mikr;ruhdhh;. mth; gpujkuhfpg; Gfo;ngwtpy;iy. GfNohL me; jg; gjtpf;Fte; jth;. ,];Nuypd; ghJfhg;G vd;gijj; jdJ jhuf ke; jpukhf tho;ehs; KOtJk; nrhy;ypte; jth; Vhpay; \Nuhd;. ,];Nuypd; 11 tJ gpujkuhd \Nuhd; 2001 Kjy; 2006-k; Mz;L tiugjtpapy; ,Ue; jhh;. mjw;F Kd;G ntspAwT> ghJfhg;G cs;gl 5 Jiwfspy; mikr;ruhf ,Ue; J ,];Nuypd; jdpj; jd ;ikia epiyehl;Ltjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpAs;shh;. ,jdhy; ‘kp];lh;.

nrf;A+hpl;b‛ vd; Wk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; [dthp 11-k; Njjpad;W fhykhdhh;. ,];Nuy; - ,e; jpahTf;F ,ilapy; J}juf cwTfs; Vw;gl;l gpd; 11 Mz;Lfs; fopj; J ,e;jpahTf;F te; jKjy; ,];Nuy; gpujkh; \Nuhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.


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gok;ngUk; njYq;F ebfh; ehNf];tuuht kiwT:

gok;ngUk; njYq;F ebfh; mf;fpNddp ehNf];tuuht; (91) Gjd;fpoik mjpfhiyi`juhghj; jpy; fhykhdhh;. ehNf];tuuht;> jhjh rhN`g; ghy;Nf> gj;gG+\d;> fiykhkzp>rpwe; j ebfUf;fhd Njrpa tpUJ. urpfh;fshy; Vd;Mh; vd; W md;Gld; miof;fg;gLk; ehNf];tuuht;> vk;.[p.Mh;> rpth[p MfpNahhpd; rkfhyj; jpa ebfuhthh;. kiwTf;F jkpof MSeh; Nf.Nuhra;ah> Kjy;th; n[ayypjh MfpNahh; Gjd;fpoik ,uq;fy; njhptpj; Js;sdh;.

rp.gp. Kjjk;kh:

IVv]> Ivg;v]; Njh;Tfspy; Kjypy; ntw;wp ngw; w ngz; rp.gp. Kj; jk;kh (1924 - 2009)Mthh;. ,e; jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; ntspAwTj; Jiw mjpfhhpahf 1949 y; gzpapy; Nrh;e; jhh;. 32Mz;Lfs; muRg;gzpia nra; jgpwF 1982 y; Xa;T ngw; whh;. jdJ 85tJ tajpy; 14.10.2009md;W fhykhdhh;.

vd;.vy.[p. Gjpa jiyth N[.vd.rTjhp:

Njrpa ghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; (vd;.v];.[p) Gjpa jiytuhf (28-tJ) mrhk; khepy fhty; Jiw Kd;dhs; jiyth; N[.vd;. rTj;hp nghWg;Ngw; Ws;shh;. ,th; mLj; j Mz;L Nk khjk; tiu ,e; jg; gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;. mrhk;-Nkfhyah epiyiar; Nrh; e; j 1978-k; Mz;L gphpT I.gp.v];.mjpfhhpahd rTj;hp> jP tputhj jLg;G> flj; jy; jLg;G kw; Wk; Kf;fpag; gpuKfh;fSf;fhdghJfhg;Gg; gzpapy;


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fpj;kj;fh; (,iwtdpd; njhz;lh;fs;) vd; w ,af;fj;ij mikj;jhh;. ,e; jpa gphptpidiafLikahf vjph; j; jhh;. fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gphptid jpl;lj;ij Mjhpj; jTld; vq;fis Xeha;fsplk; vwpe; Jtpl;BNu vd; W fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fsplk; nrhd;dhh; K];yP f; yPf;if vjph; j; jhh;. ,e; jpa

gphptpidf;F gpwF ghfp]; jhdpy; tho; e;j ,th; gyKiw ghfp]; jhd; Ml;rpahy; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,e; jpa csthsp vd;W J}w; wg;gl;lhh;. nghJ kd;dpg;G fofk; mtiurpiwthrpfspd; kdr;rhl;rp vd Gfo; e; jJ.1985-y; Nehgy; mikjp ghpRf;F ghpe; Jiuf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,e; jpa muR mtUf;F 1987-y; ehl;bd; kpf cah; e; j tpUjhd ghuj uj;dhit toq;fpaJ.mijg;ngw; w Kjy; ,e; jpah; my;yhjth; vd;w ngUik ngw; wth;.

nrdid gy;fiyffof Gjpa gjpthsuhf Nltpl [t`h epakdk;:

nrd;id gy;fiyf;fof Gjpa gjpthsuhf Nguhrphpah; gh.Nltpl;[t`h; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sh;. ,th; gp.V. (epWtdr; nrayh;) ,sepiy gl;l Kbj; J kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lg; gphptpy; vk;.gp.V. Muha;r;rpg; gbg;igAk; Kbj;Js;shh;. ,th; ,e; jpa fk;A+dp];l; khepy nrayhsh; jh. ghz;badpd; kfd; Mthh;

ftpQh jQirthzd fhykhdhh;:

ftpQh; jQ;irthzd; (76) fhykhdhh;. ebfh; rpth[pfNzhrDf;F gy Nkil ehlfq;fis vOjp Gfo; ngw; whh;. ‘fsk; fz;l ftpQd;’ ‘rhk;uhl; mNrhfh’ Mfpait ,th; vOjpa ehlfq;fspy; ngah; ngw; wit.

mfpy ,e; jpa thndhypapy; epfo;r;rp jahhpg;ghsuhf gzpapy; ,Ue; jhh;. Gfo; ngw;w taYk;

tho;Tk; epfo;r;rp ,tuJ jahhpg;gpy; jhd; cUthdJ.


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Sports & Games

Nghy;l; rhjid KwpabgG:

M]; jpNuypahitr; Nrh; e; j gs;sp khztuhd 14 taJ N[k;]; Nfyhgh; 200 kP . Xl;lj; jpy; cNrd;

Nghy;l;bd; rhjidia Kwpabj; Js;shh;. epA+nrsj;nty;i]r; Nrh; e; jtuhd N[k;]; Nfyhgh; fle; j thuk; nlsd;];tpy;Nytpy; eilngw; w 200 kP . Xl;lj; jpy; 21.73 tpehbfspy; ,yf;if vl;bAs;shh;. ,J cNrd; Nghy;l; jdJ 14 tajpy; 200 kp. Xl;lj;ijf; flf;f vLj; Jf; nfhz;l tpehbiatpl 0.8 tpehbfs; FiwthFk;.

Fsphfhy xypk;gpf;: ,ejpahfs; gq;Nfwf mDkjp:

u\pahtpd; Nrhr;rp efhpy; eilngwTs;s Fsph;fhy xypk;gpf; Nghl;bapy; rh;tNjr xypk;gpf; fTd;rpy; (IXrp) nfhbapd; fP o; ,e; jpah;fs; gq;Nfw;f mDkjpaspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNeuj; jpy; ,e; jpa xypk;gpf; rq;fj; jpd; (IXV) kP jhd r];ngd;l; njhlUk; vd IXrp jiyth; jhk]; Ngr; njhptpj; Js;shh;. ,Jnjhlh;ghf mth; NkYk; $Wifapy;> ‘IXVTf;F Gjpa Njh; jy; ele; jgpwF mjd; kP jhd r] ;ngd;l;

eP f;fg;gLk;. ,e; jpa xypk;gpf; rq;fj; Jf;F Njh; jy; eilngWk; gl;rj; jpy; mjd; kP jhd r];ngd;l; eP f;fg;gLk; vd

IXrp mwptpj; Js;sij kj; jpa tpisahl;L mikr;rfk; tuNtw; Ws;sJ. ,J njhlh;ghf kj; jpatpisahl;L kw; Wk; ,isQh; eyd; Jiw mikr;rh; [pNje; jpu rpq; $wpapUg;gjhtJ: IXV Njh; jYf;Fg; gpwF mjd; kP jhd r];ngd;il eP f;FtJ vd; w IXrpapd; Kbit tuNtw;fpNwd;. ,jd;%yk; xypk;gpf; Nghl;b> Mrpa kw; Wk; fhkd;nty; j; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfspy; ,e; jpah;fs; jq;fspd; jha; ehl;L Njrpaf; nfhbapd; fP o; gq;Nfw;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd; W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

nrdid Xgd;: nlddp];:

nrd;id Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; ];tpl;rh;yhe; jpd; ];lhdp];y]; tht;hpq;fh rhk;gpad; gl;lk;ntd; whh;. Qhapw; Wf;fpoik eilngw; w ,Wjpr;Rw; wpy; tht;hpq;fh 7-5> 6-2 vd; w Neh; nrl;fspy; gpuhd;]pd;

vl;th;l; Nuh[h; Nt]ypidj; Njhw;fbj; jhh;. nrd;id Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;b nrd;id Eq;fk;ghf;fj; jpy; cs;s v];.b.V.b. nld;dp]; ikjhdj; jpy; eilngw; wJ. rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd; w tht;hpq;fhTf;FNfhg;igAld; &.45 yl;rj; Jf;F 63 MapuKk;> ,Wjpr;Rw; wpy; Njhy;tp fz;l Nt];ypDf;F 23 yl;rj; Jf;F73 MapuKk; fpilj; jd.


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\_khf;fh

!

Ntfj; Jld;> tpNtfKk; ,ize; jhy; kl;LNk rhjpf;f KbAk; vd; w ‡ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge; jaj; jpd; epue; ju milahskhf ,Ug;gth; n[h;kdpapd; ikf;Nfy; \_khf;fh; jhd;. ,e; jpah;fs; midtUf;Fk; epidTf;F tUtJ \_khf;fUk;> mtUila rptg;G epw ‡nguhhp fhUk;jhd;. Vnddpy;> mth; 1990-fspy;

‡ghh;Kyh 1 Nghl;bapy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj; jj; njhlq;fpapUe; j NghJjhd; ,e; jpaj; njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy; ‡ghh;Kyh 1 fhh; ge; jak; xspgug;ghdJ. mJjhd; ,e; jpa urpfh;fspd; ,jaj; jpy; \_khf;fh; ,lk; gpbf;ff; fhuzkhdJ.

‡ghh;Kyh 1 Nghl;bay; mjpf Kiw (7) rhk;gpad; gl;lk; ntd; wth;> mjpf Nu]py; (91) ntw;wpngw; wth;. mjpfKiw (77) ‘‡gh];l];l; Nyg;‛ rhjid> mjpfKiw (68) Kjy; thpirapy; ,Ue; JGwg;gl;lth;> mjpf Nu];fspy; (308) gq;Nfw; wth;> mjpfKiw (155) Kjy; 3 ,lq;fSf;Fs; te;jth;> Xh; Mz;by; mjpf Nu];fspy; (13) ntw; wp ngw; wth;> xU rP rdpy; vy;yh Nu];fspYk; Kjy; 3 ,lq;fSf;Fs; gpbj; j xNu tP uh; vd ]{Nkf;fhpd; rhjidfis mLf;fpf; nfhz;Nl Nghfyhk;.

2006-y; ‡ghh;Kyh 1-ypUe; J Xa;T ngw; whh;. 2010-y; kP z;Lk; fhh; ge; jaj; jpy; Eioe; jhYk; mLj; j 3Mz;Lfspy; mth; xU Nu]py;$l ntw; wp ngwtpy;iy. fle; j thuk; gpuhd;]pd; My;g;]; kiyg;gFjpapy; gdpr;rWf;fpy; mthpd; epiy Fwpj; J kUj; Jth;fs; vijAk; cWjpahf njhptpf;f kWf;fpd; wdh;.

M\]; nl]l;by; M];jpNuypah ntwwp:

M\]; nl];l; njhlhpd; 5 Nghl;bfspYk; ntw; wp ngw; W njhliu KOikahff; ifg;gw; wpaJM]; jpNuypa mzp. gq;Nfw; w 5 Nghl;bfspYk; Njhy;tpaile; J ,q;fpyhe; J‘nthapl; th\ ;‛ MdJ. M]; jpNuypa Ntfg;ge; J tP r;rhsh; kpl;nry; [hd;rd; ehafdhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,e; j M\]; njhlhpy; mth; nkhj; jk; 37 tpf;nfl;Lfis tP o; j; jpdhh;. M\]; nl];l; njhliu KOikahfntd; wjd; %yk; rh;tNjr fphpf;nfl; fTd;rpy; (I.rp.rp) nl];l; juthpirapy; 5-tJ ,lj; jpy; ,Ue;J 3-tJ

,lj; Jf;F M]; jpNuypah Kd;NdwpAs;sJ.

tuh;fSfF gprprpI nfsutk;:

gprprpIapd; 7-tJ Mz;L tpUJ toq;Fk; tpoh Kk;igapy; eilngw; wJ. ,jpy;> fphpf;nfl;by; rhjpj; j tPuh;fSf;F gy;NtW gphpTfspd; fP o; tpUJfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ.mjd; tptuk;: fgpy; Njt; - rp.Nf. ehAL tho; ehs; rhjidahsh; tpUJ.

m];tpd; - ghyp ck;hpfh; tpUJ mgpN\f; ehah; - yhyh mkh; ehj; tpUJ Nuh`pj; rh;kh - jpyP g; rh;Njrha; tpUJ


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[P td; N[hj; rpq; nrsfhd; (uQ;rp buhgpapy; mjpf ud; Ftpj; jth;) - khjt;uht; rpe; jpah tpUJ ,e; jg; Nghl;bNahL Nrh; j; J 222 Ngiu Nfl;r; %ykhfTk;> 79 Ngiu ];lk;gpq; %ykhfTk; Ml;lkpof;fr; nra; Js;shh;. rh;tNjr mstpy; ,e; j iky;fy;iy vl;ba 4tJ fP g;gh; Njhdp Mthh;.

mjpfkhNdhiu Ml;lkpof;fr; nra; j tpf;nfl; fP g;gh;fs; thpirapy; M]; jpNuypahtpd; fpy;fpwp];l; 472(287) Nghl;b ,yq;ifapd; rq;ffhuh 424 (362 Ngl;) njd;Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; khh;f; ngsr;rh; 424 (295Nghl;b) MfpNahh; Kjy; 3 ,lq;fspy; cs;sdh;.

ththpq;fhTfF Kjy fpuhz;l;];yhk:

M]; jpNuypa Xgd; nld;dp]; Nghl;bapy; ];tpl;rh;yhe; jpd; ];lhdp];y]; tht;hpq;fh rhk;gpad;

gl;lk; ntd; whh;. ,J mth; ntd; w Kjy; fpuhz;l];yhk; gl;lkhFk;.

nky;Nghh;dpy; efhpy; Qhapw; Wf;fpoik eilngw; w Mlth; xw;iwah; ,Wjpr;Rw; wpy; cyfpy; 8-0k; epiy

tPuhd thq;hpq;fh 6-3> 6-2> 3-6> 6-3 vd; w nrl;fzf;fpy; cyfpd; Kjy; epiy tPuuhd ];ngapd; u‡Ngy;

elhiy tP o; j; jpdhh;.


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M];jpNuypa Xgd:

M]; jpNuypa Xgd; kfsph; xw;iwah; gphpT ,Wjpr; Rw; wpy; rP dhtpd; yP eh> ];NyhNtfpahtpd;

nlhkpdpfh rpGy; Nfhthit tP o; j; jp gl;lk; ntd; wh;. ,J mtUf;F ,uz;lhtJ fpuhz;l;yhk; gl;lkhFk; ,jw;F Kd; 2011- ,y; ‡gpnuQ;R Xgd; gl;lk; ntd; wpUe; jhh;.

,e; j ntw; wpapd; %yk; kfsph; gphptpy; fpuhz;l;];yhk; ntd;w tajhd tP uhq;fid vd; wngUikAk; yP eh ngw; Ws;shh;. ,jw;F Kd; 1973 -k; Mz;L khh;fnfl;ul; Nfhh;l; jd; 30tajpy; fpuhz;l;];yhk; ntd; wpUe; jhh;.

Awards & Honours

efpg; my k ;̀‡G ]; - muG ,yf;fpa cyfpd kdrhl;rp:

‘kjj;ij clw;gapw;rpf; $lkhff; flTs; fUjtpy;iy‛ - muG ,yf;fpa tuyhw; wpy; Kjd;KiwahfNehgy; ghpRf;Ff; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gl;ltuhd efpg; my; k`;‡G+]pd; thrfk; ,J. Nehgy; ghpR ngw; wjd; %yk;> muG ,yf;fpaj;ij cyfpd; ftdj; Jf;Ff; nfhz;Lnrd; w k`;‡G+];> etPd cyf ,yf;fpaj; jpd; khngUk; MSikfSs; xUth;.

vfpg; jpd; jiyefh; nfa;Nuhypy; 1911-y; kjg;gw; W kpf;f eLj; juf; FLk;gj; jpy; gpwe; jhh;. Nehgy; ghpR%yk; k`;‡G+i] ntspAyFf;F milahsk; fhl;ba Gj; jfk; ‘nfa;Nuh l;hpyh[p‛.7

cyfpd rpwej rpe;ijidahshfs gl;baypy mutpe;j nf[;hpthy;:

mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;J ntspahFk; ‘ghhpd; ghyp]p‛ gj; jphpf;ifapd; 2013 k; Mz;bd; kpfr;rpwe; jrpe; jidahsh;fs; gl;baypy; Mk; Mj;kp fl;rpapd; xUq;fpizg;ghsh; mutpe; j; nf[;hpthy;> r%fMh;tyh;fs; Ch;trp Gl;lhypah> ftpjh fpU\;zd; MfpNahh; ,lk;ngw; Ws;sdh;. ,e; jg; gl;baypy; 32-tJ

eguhf mutpe; j; nf[;hpthy; (45) ,lk; ngw; Ws;shh;. CoYf;F vjpuhf gpur;rhuj;ij Kd;ndLj; Jr; nrd; wth;. Fbkf;fspd; Njit mwpe; J muR gzpahw; w Ntz;Lk; vd; w epiyia Vw;gLj; jpath;.

Ch;trp Gl;lhypah> ftpjh fpU\;zd; MfpNahh; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghypay; td;Kiwiafz;bj; J Fuy; nfhLj; jjpYk;> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpajpYk; rpwg;ghf nray;gl;lth;fs;. gy;NtW ehLfspd;

jiyth;fisAk;> Kf;fpa egh;fisAk; mnkhpf;f csT mikg;ghd vd;.v];.V. fz;fhzpj; J tUfpwJ.mth;fs; gad;gLj; Jk; nry;Nghd; cs;spl;l njhiyj;njhlh;G rhjdq;fis xl;Lf; Nfl;Fk; gzpapYk;> ,izak; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jfty; ghpkhw; wq;fis jpUb jfty; Nrfhpf;Fk; gzpapYk; vd;.v];.V.


11/42



,e; j gl;baypy; Kjyplk; ngw; Ws;shh;.

Nfh.Mgnlf;]Pf;F 2 Njrpa tpUJ:

1256 $l;LwT rq;fq;fisf; nfhz;l> Mrpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa $l;LwT epWtdk; Nfh.Mg;nlf;];. ehL KOf;f 200 ,lq;fspy; ,jd; N\h&k;fs; nray;gLfpd; wd. 2013-y;> mjpf ifj; jwpj; Jzpfiscw;gj; jp nra; jjw;fhfTk; ifj; jwpj; Jzpfis cw;gj; jp nra;tjpy; kfj; jhd gq;fspg;ig je; jjw;fhfTk; kj; jpa murpd; 2 Njrpa tpUJfis ngw; wpUf;fpwJ .

Nfh-Mg;nlf;];. fle; j 10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;G Vw; Wkjpf;fhd tpUijg; ngw; w Nfh-Mg;nlf;];>cw;gj; jpf;fhd tpUij ngw; wJ fle; j 75 Mz;Lfspy; ,JNt Kjy;Kiw. nly;ypapy; ele; j tpohtpy; kj; jpa [Tspj; Jiw mikr;rh; rhk;grpt uht; Nfh-Mg;nlf;]; eph;thf ,af;Feh; rfhaj; jplk; tpUJfistoq;fpdhh;. tpUJ ngw; wjw;fhf rfhaj; jpw;Fk;> Nfh-Mg;nlf;]; Copah;fSf;Fk; ifj; jwp

nerthsh;fSf;Fk; khepy ifj; jwpj; Jiw mikr;rh; Re; juuh[; ghuhl;L njhptpj; jpUf;fpwhh;.

njd;dhggphpf;fhtpy; fhejpapd Ngjjpf;F tpUJ:

jkpopy; jpahfk ; vd; W nghUs;gLk; ,e; j tpUJ me; ehl;L uhZtk; rhh;gpy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,yhfhe; jp> rd;dp rpq;> nkf; kfuh[; Mfpa 3 ,e; jpa tk;rhtsp njd;Mg;gphpf;fh;fs; cs;gl Mg;gphpf;f Njrpafhq;fpu]pd; MAjg; Nghuhl;l mzpapy; ,lk; ngw; wpUe;j gyh; tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

fky;̀ hrd> ituKjJTf;F gjkg+\z; tpUJfs;:

FbauRj; jpdj;ij Kd;dpl;L xt;Nthh; Mz;Lk; gj;k tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;.

mjd;gb> ,e; j Mz;Lf;fhd gj;k tpg+\z;> gj;k g+\z;> gj;k= cs;spl;l Njrpa tpUJfSf;Fj; Njh; e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;s 127 Nghpd; gl;bait kj; jpa muR rdpf;fpoik mwptpj; jJ.gj;k tpG+\z: Kd;dhs; kj; jpa mwptpay; njhopy; El;g Muha;r;rp fTd;rpypd; Kd;dhs; jiyth;

lhf;lh; Mh;.kNy\y;fh;> gpugy Nahfhrd FU gp.Nf.v]; . Iaq;fhh; Mfpa ,U tUk; gj;k tpG+\z;


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tpUJfSf;Fj; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;. kiwe;j cr;reP jpkd; wj; jpd; jiyik eP jpgjp N[.th;khTf;Fkuzj; Jf;Fg; gpe;ija tpUjhf gjk tpg+\z; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gj;k G+\z;: jkpo; ehl;ilr; Nrh; e; j ebfh; fky; `hrd;> ftpQh; ituKj; J> flk; tpj;thd;

b.vk;.tpehaf;uhk; nld;dp];tP uh; yahz;lh; ga]; MfpNahUf;Fk; ,];Nuh jiyth; lhf;lh; Nf.uhjhfpU\;zd;> eP jpgjp jy;tP h; gz;lhhp> tpQ;Qhdp jpUkyhr;rhhp uhkrhkp> `p]; J]; jhdp ,irg;ghlfpgh;tP d; Ry; jhdh> Mq;fpNyh ,e; jpa vOj; jhshy; u];fpd; ghz;l;l Njrpa ghl;kpz;ld; gapw;rpahsh; Nfhgpre; j; vOj; jhsh; mdpjh Njrha; cs;gl nkhj; jk; 24 NgUf;F gj;k g+\d; tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gj;k=: jkpo; ehl;ilr; Nrh; e; j gpugy njhopyjpgh; ky;ypfh rP dpthrk;> jpiug;gl xspg;gjpthsUk; ,af;FeUkhd re;Njh\; rptd;> kUj; Jtg; Nguhrpah; lhf;lh; b. gTNyh]; N[f;fg;> Adhdp kUj; Jth; Nguhrphpah; `f;fP k; iraJ fyP ‡gJy;yh> lhf;lh; m[a; Fkhh; ghhplh> lhf;lh; Nfhtpe; jd; Re;juh[d;>uhk];thkp> Mh;. Iah;> fphpf;nfl; tP uh; Atuh[;> ];Fth\;> tP uhq;fis jP gpfh gy;ypfy;> euk;gay; epGzh; Rdpy; gpujhd; Gw; WNeha; kUj; Jt epGzh; uhN[\; FNuhth;> kj; jpa Ntshz; mikr;rh; ruj; gthhpd; rNfhjuh; gpujhg; Nfhtpe; juht;> ebif tpj;ah ghyd;> ebfh; gNu\; uhty;> kzy; rpw;gf; fiyQh; Rjh;rd; gl; ehaf;> ehlf ebfh; gd;rp nfsy;> rhuq;fp thj; jpaf; fiyQh; c]; jhj; nkha; DjP d; fhd; cs;spl;l 101Ngh; gj;k= tpUJf;Fj; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;.

,th;fspy; 27 ngz;fs; kw; Wk; ntspehL tho; ,e; jpah;fs; cs;gl 7 ntspehl;ltUk; mlq;Fth;.gj;k tpUJ mwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sth;fspy; 3 Ngh; Vw;nfdNt fhykhfp tpl;ldh;. %lek;gpf;if vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhsp vd;.V. j Nghy;fh; cs;spl;l me; j %tUf;Fk; kuzj; Jf;Fg; gpd; ,t;tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gj;k tpUJfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sth;fSf;F FbauRj; jiyth; khspifapy; tpiutpy; eilngw cs;s tpohtpy; ,t;tpUJfis gpuzhg; Kfh;[p toq;Fthh;.

jkpof muR tpUJfs:

jkpof murpd; rhh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; rpwe; j jkpowpQh;fs; kw; Wk; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; rpwe;Jtpsq;FNthUf;F tpUJfs; mspf;fg;gLk;. jpUts;Sth; tpUJ ijthd; ehl;Lf; ftpQh; A+rpf;Fk;>NguwpQh; mz;zh tpUJ gz;Ul;b v];. uhkr;re; jpuDf;Fk; fhkuh[h; tpUJ ma;ahW thz;ilahUf;Fk;>nghpahh; tpUJ RNyhr;rdh rk;gj; Jf;Fk;> mk;Ngj;fh; tpUJ Nguhrpah; vk;.gpufh\_f;Fk; ghujpahh; tpUJF. Qhdrk;ge; jDf;Fk;> ghuhjpjhrd; tpUJ uhjh nry;yg;gDf;Fk;> jpU.tp.f. tpUJ vOj; jhsh; mNrhkpj; jpuDf;Fk;> fp.M.ng. tpRthehjk; tpUJ tp. n[aNjtDf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;ld.


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kNyrpah tpUJ:

‘Jq;F’ vd;gJ mur FLk;gj; jpdUf;fhd gl;lk;. ,d;ndhU mur Fyg; gl;lk; ‘Jd;’.

mLj; jg;gbahd gl;lk; ‘jhd;=’ . ‘j; jNjh =’ vd;gJjhd; ekJ gj;ktpg+\Df;F my;yJ gphpl;b\hhpd; ‘rh;’ gl;lj; jpw;F epfuhd

kNyrpah tpUJ.

fpuhkp tpUJ:

mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh; e; j Njrpa xypgpbg;G fiyfs;> mwptpay; mflkp rhh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; ,irj; Jiwapy; rpwe; J tpsq;FNthUf;F fpuhkp tpUJfs; toq;fg;gLfpd; wd. 1959 Kjy; fpuhkp tpUJ eilngw; W tUfpwJ. Muk;gj; jpy; vd; wiof;fg;gl;l ,e; j tpUJ gpd;dh; fpuhkp tpUjhf khwpaJ. 56tJfpuhkp tpUJ tpoh mnkhpf;fhtpd; yh]; VQ;ry;]; efhpy; Qhapw; Wf;fpoik eilngw; wJ. ,jpy; lhg;l; gq;f;

vd; w ,Uth; ,irf;FO 5 tpUJfis ms;spaJ.khDty; b N`hnkk; fpwp];Nlh> jhk]; Ngq;fhy;lh; MfpNahh; mlq;fpa me; jf; FOtpdh; vg;NghJk; n`y;nkl; mzpe;Nj fhzg;gLth;. nghJ ,lq;fspy; ,J tiu mth;fs; Kfj;ijntspfhl;bajpy;iy fpuhkp tpUJ tpohtpy; mth;fs; n`y;nkl;Lld; fye; J nfhz;ldh;. mth;fspd; nfl; yf;fp Nuz;lk; mf;r]; nkkhp]; Mfpa ,ir My;gq;fs; tpUJfis ms;spf; Ftpj; jd. rpwe; jMy;gk; cs;spl;l gphpTfspy; mth;fs; 5 tpUJfis ntd; wdh;. Nkilapy; tpUJfis thq;fpa ifNahLurpfh;fSf;fhf mth;fs; ,d;dpir tpUe; Jk; gilj; jdh;.

Nkf;fy;Nkhh;> uahd; nytp]; uhg; Mfpa ,irf;fiyQh;fspd; Nrk; yt;> jp `p];l> jphpg;gl; \hg; ,ir My;gq;fs; 4 tpUJfisg; ngw; wd. epA+yhe;ij Nrh; e; j ghg; ,ir ghlfp yhh;bapd; (17) uhay;];> ,ir My;gk; ,e; j Mz;bd; rpwe; j ghly; rpwe; j jdpegh; ghly; Mfpa gphpTfspy; 2 tpUJfisg; ngw; wJ. kiwe; j ,e; jpa rpjhh; ,irf;fiyQh; gz;bl; utp rq;fhpd; jp yptpq; &k; nr\d;]; ghh;l; 2 ,irMy;gKk; tpUJf;Fg; ghpe; Jiuf;fg;gl;bUe; jJ Mdhy; me; j My;gk; tpUJf;F Njh; e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy.tpohtpy; ,e; jpa ,iraikg;ghsh; V.Mh;.u`;khDk; fye; J nfhz;lh;h. fle; j 2010-k; Mz;L fpuhkp tpUJtpohtpy; mth; ,uz;L tpUJfis ntd; wJ epidT$uj; jf;fJ.


14/42



Socio Economic Problems

tpjpfspdgbNa N[gprp mwpf;if jhffy;:

2[p miyf;fw;iw xJf;fP L tptfhuk; njhlh;ghd N[gprp (ehlhSkd; w epiyf;FO)mwpf;if tpjpfspd;gbNa kf;fsitapy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd; W mjd; jiyth; gp.rp.rhf;Nfh njhptpj; jhh;.

N[gprp tprhuiz mwpf;ifapd; tiuT efy;fs; midj; J cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk; fle; j Vg;uy; khjk; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlh;e; J eP z;l ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF fle; j nrg;lk;gh; 27-Mk; Njjp tiuT mwpf;ifia ,Wjp nra;tjw;fhf N[gprp $baJ.

k.gp. Njhjypy; 6 ylrk; ‘Nehllh‛ gjpT:

kj;jpag;gpuNjrj; jpy; mz;ikapy; ele; J Kbe; j rl;lkd;w Njh; jypy; 6 yl;rj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l thf;fhsh;fs;> mjhtJ 1.9 rjtP jk; Ngh; ahUf;Fk; thf;fspf;f tpUk;gtpy;iyvd;gjw;fhd Nehl;lh (ed; M‡g; j vgt;) trjpia gad;gLj; jpAs;sdh;. khepy Kjd;ik Njh; jy; mYtyfk; mspj; Js;s jftypd;gb> ,k;khepyj; jpy; 2>633 jghy; thf;Ffs; cs;gl nkhj; jk; 6yl;rj; J 43 Mapuj; J 144 thf;fhsh;fs; Nehl;lh trjpia gad;gLj; jpAs;sdh;.

tWik:

jpl;l fkp\dpd; nghUshjhu epGzh; RNu\; b. nlz;Ly;fh; tFj; jspj;j Kiwapy;fzf;fpl;ljd;gb 2010-11 ,y; ,e; jpahtpy; 21.9 rjtP jk; (26.93 Nfhb) Ngh; jhd; tWikf;

Nfhl;Lf;F fP o; cs;sdh; vd;fpwJ jpl;lfkp\d; mwpf;if. fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; xU khjj; Jf;F&.816-f;Fk; FiwthfTk; (xU ehisf;F &.27.20)> efh;g;Gwq;fspy; xU khjj; Jf;F &.1>000-f;Fk; FiwthfTk; (xU ehisf;F &.33.33) tUtha;


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mstpy; 30 rjtP jk; Ngh; ,e; jpaf; Foe;ijfshf cs;sdh;. 2005-06 ,y; Njrpa FLk;g RfhjhuMa;T - 3 ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 6 khjk; Kjy; 35 khjk; tiu taJ cs;sFoe;ijfspy; 78.9 rjtP jk; NgUk;> jpUkzkhdth;fspy; 15 Kjy; 49 taJ tiu cs;s

ngz;fspy; 56.2 rjtP jk; NgUk; uj;j Nrhifahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh; vd;gJ ,e;j Ma;tpy; njhpa te; jJ.

tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;F Nky; cs;sth;fspd; tPLfspy; fhd;fphP l; jsk; ,y;iy vd;gJk; 2011kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy; njhpate; Js;sJ. ehl;by; cs;s nkhj;j tP Lfspy; 20 rjtP jk; tP LfSf;F kl;LNk fhd;fphP l; jsk; cs;sJ. kw; w 71 rjtP j tP Lfspd; jsq;fs; Xiy> kQ;R (xUtifg; Gy;) Nghd; wtw;why; Ntag;gl;l $iuahfNth> nrk;kz;> fspkz; Nghd; wtw; why; fl;lg;gl;l jskhfNth cs;sd.

FbeP iu vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nlhkhdhy;> 32 rjtP j kf;fs; kl;LNk Rj; jpfhpf;fg;gl;l FbeP iuFoha;fs; %yk; ngWfpd; wdh;. 47 rjtPj tP Lfspy; kl;LNk mth;fs; trpg;gplq;fspNyNaVNjhnthU tifapy; FbeP iug; ngWfpd; wdh;. 18 rjtPj tP Lfisr; Nrh; e; jth;fs; fpuhkq;fspy;miu fpNyhkP l;lUf;F NkYk;> efuq;fspy; 100 kP l;lUf;F NkYk; nrd;Nw FbeP h; ngWk; mtyepiycs;sJ. 37.5 Nfhb kf;fs; (31.4 rjtP j tP Lfs;) tpsf;nfhpg;gjw;F kz;nzz;iziajhd; gad;gLj; Jfpd; wdh;.

0.5 rjtP jk; kf;fs; (Rkhh; 60 yl;rk; Ngh;) tP Lfspy; tpsf;Nf ,y;iy. cyf tq;fpapd; mwpf;ifAk; murpd; Gs;sptptuq;fistpl mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhdth;fs; tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;FfP o; tho;tjhff; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. ,e; jpahtpy; 2010-y; 32.7 rjtP jk; Ngh; (Rkhh; 40 Nfhb) jpdrhp 1.25

lhyUf;Fk; (Rkhh; &.62) FiwthfTk; 68.7 rjtP jk; Ngh; (Rkhh; 84.1 Nfhb) 2 lhyUf;Fk; (Rkhh; &. 100) FiwthfTk;> 81.1 rjtP jk; Ngh; (Rkhh; 99.2 Nfhb) 2.5 lhyUf;Fk; (Rkhh; &.125)FiwthfNt tUtha; cly; eyk; kw; Wk; FLk;gey mikr;rfj; jpdhy; ; [dthp 7-k; NjjpmwpKfg;gLj; jg;gl;l Gjpa jpl;lk; ,ij kj; jpa mikr;rh; jpU. Fyhk; egp Mrhj; mth;fs;

njhlq;fp itj; jhh;.


16/42



Nehf;fk;:

,isQh;fSf;fhd cly; ey MNuhf;fpak; kw; Wk; cly; eyf; NfL jLg;G Kiwfs; gw;wpatphpthd mwpT+l;ly;. mjw;fhf gs;spfspYk; kw; Wk; rKjha mq;fj; jpdhplk; kUj; Jt Kfhk;fs; mikj;jy;.

Kf;fpajJtk;:

1. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfs; kw; Wk; ghypay; eyk;2. czT+l;lk; 3. kdeyd; 4. fhaq;fs; 5. tP L kw; Wk; ghy; njhlh;ghd td;Kiwfs;6. guth Neha;fs;

gyd milNthh:

Vwf;Fiwa 24 Nfhb ,isQh;fs; ,j;jpl;lj; jpd; %yk; gyd; milth;. ,jdhy; ,isQh; rKjha kl;lj; jpy; ed; cUthf;fKk;> jiyikg; gz;Gk; kw; Wk; Ntiyj; jpwDk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;.

NkwF tqf khepy kdpj chpikfs; Mizajjiyth ejpgjp fqFyp uh[pdhkh:

gapw;rpg;ngz; tof;FiuQh; ghypay; Gfhh; $wpajhy; vOe; j rh;r;iria mLj; J>Nkw;Ftq;f khepy kdpj chpikfs; Mizaj; jpd; jiyth; gjpapypUe; J cr;reP jpkd; wKd;dhs; eP jpgjp V.Nf. fq;Fyp jpq;fs;fpoik uh[pehkh nra; jhh;. nfhy;fj;jhtpy;> Nkw;F tq;fkhepy MSeh; vk;.Nf. ehuhazid jpq;fs;fpoik re;jpj; J fq;Fyp jdJ uh[pehkh fbjj;ijmspj; jhh;. ,e; j rk;gtk; Fwpj; J cr;reP jpkd; w jiyik eP jpgjp rjhrptk; mikj; j FOtprhuiz elj; jp mwpf;if rkh;g;gpj; jJ. me;j mwpf;ifapy; fq;Fypapd; ngah; njhptpf;fg;gl;lijmLj; J> ghypay; GfhUf;F cs;shdth; eP jpgjp fq;Fyp vd;gJ ntspr;rj; Jf;F te;jJ.

fle; j 1994-Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk;> nfhy;fj; jh cah; eP jpkd; wj;jpy; epue; ju eP jpgjpahfV.Nf. fq;Fyp epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. mjd; gpwF xb]h kw; Wk; nrd;id cah; eP jpkd; wq;fspy; jiyik eP jpgjpahf gzpahw; wpdhh;. gpd;dh; 2008Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 17-,y; cr;repjpkd; w eP jpgjpahf nghWg;Ngw;w mth;> 2012 Mk; Mz;L gpg;uthp khjk; Xa;T ngw; whh;. cr;reP jpkd; w eP jpgjpahf gzpahw; wpaNghJ> 2[p miyf;fw;iw xJf;fP l;L Coy; njhlh;ghf fq;Fyp njhptpj;j


17/42



Ml;Nrgfukhd thh; j;ijfshy; jhd; jpKf Kd;dhs; kj; jpa njhiyj; njhlh;Gj; Jiw mikr;rh;M. uhrh jdJ gjtpia uh[pehkh nra; jhh;. ,J jtph; j; J fpNul;lh; neha;lh tptrhapfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd 156 n`f;Nlh; epyj;ij mth;fsplk; jpUk;g mspj; jy;> kfhuh\;bu muRf;F &.10

yl;rk; mguhjk; tpjpj;jJ cs;spl; Kf;fpa jP h;g;Gfis mth; toq;fpAs;shh;.

rpjk;guk; eluh[h Nfhapy;:

rpjk;guk; eluh[h; Nfhapiy nghJ jP l;rpjh;fNs eph;tfpf;fyhk; vd; W cr;r eP jpkd; wk; jP h;g;gspj;Js;sJ. Nfhapy; eph;thfj;ij jkpof muR Vw; W elj;jyhk; vd; W nrd;id cah; eP jpkd; wk; gpwg;gpj;j cj; juit cr;r eP jpkd;wk; jpq;fs;fpoik uj;J nra; jJ. ,j; jP h;g;ignaLj; Jgy tUl ,ilntspf;Fg; gpwF rpjk;guk; eluh[h; Nfhapy; eph;thfg; nghWg;G nghJ jP l;rpjh;fs; trk; tuTs;sJ.

ek;k lhanyl; jpllk;:

jkpof efuhl;rpfs; eph;thf Mizah; re;jpufhe;j; gp. fhk;g;Ns topfhl;Ljypd; Nghpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L> jhk;guj; jpy; midtuJ VNfhgpj;j ghuhl;il ngw; W nray;gl;L tUfpwJ ek;klha;nyl; fopg;gpl jpl;lk;.

fhtphp eLthkdwj; jiyth ejpgjp nrs`hd:

fhtphp eLth; kd; wj; jiyth; gjptpf;F ePjpgjp gp.v];. Nrs`hid epakpf;fyhk; vd; Wcr;reP jpkd; wj; jiytik eP jpgjp gp. rjhrptk; kj; jpa muRf;F ghpe; Jiu nra; Js;shh;. eLth;kd; wj; jpd; Njhw;wk;: Kd;djhf> khepyq;fspilapyhd ejp eP h; tptfhuq;fs; rl;lg;gb fhtphp eLth;kd; wj;ij 1990-Mk; Mz;L kj; jpa muR cUthf;fpaJ. mijj; njhlh; e; J ejp eP h;g; gq;fP LFwpj; j ,ilf;fhy cj; juit eLth; kd;wk; 1991 [_d; 25-Mk; Njjp gpwg;gpj; jJ. 2005-,y; eLth; kd; wj; jpd; ,Wjpj; jP h;g;ig mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd; W murhizapy; Muk;gj;jpy;Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe; jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; gy Kiw gjptpf;fhyk; eP l;bf;fg;gl;l eLth; kd; wk; 2007 gpg;uthp5-Mk; Njjp ,Wjpj; jP h;g;ig toq;fpaJ.

2007-,y; ,Wjpj; jP h;g;G mjpy; fhtphp eP hpy; ,Ue; J fh; ehlfj; Jf;F 270 b.vk;.rp.Nfusj; Jf;F 30 b.vk;.rp. GJr;Nrhpf;F 7 b.vk;.rp eP iu jkpofk; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd; Wk; jP h;g;gpy;

$wg;gl;bUe; jJ. Mdhy; mj;jPh;g;G njhlh;ghf rpy tpsf;fq;fisf; Nfl;L fh; ehlfk;> jkpo; ehL>GJr;Nrhp> Nfusk; Mfpa khepy muRfs; eLth; kd; wj;jpy; jdpj; jdp kDf;fisj; jhf;fy;


18/42



nra; jd. mtw;wpd; kPJ mwpf;if mspf;f VJthf eLth; kd; wj;jpd; gjtpf; fhyk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L khjk; MW khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw eP l;bf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

eP jpgjp vd;.gp.rpq; tpyfy;: ,e; epiyapy; fhtphp eLth;kd;wj; jiytuhf 1996 Kjy;

gzpahw; wpa eP jpgjp vd;.gp.rpq; cly; eyf;Fiwitf; fhuzk; fhl;b 2012 Vg;uypy; gjtpiauh[pehkh nra; jhh;. mijj; njhlh; e; Js;sjhy; jP h;g;gpd;gb fhtphp ejp Nkyhz;ik thhpak;> fhtphpxOq;FKiwf;FO Mfpatw;iw kj; jpa muR mikf;ftpy;iy ,e; j tptfuj; jpy; cr;r eP jp kd; wk; jiyaplf; Nfhhp jkpof muR mz;ikapy; kD jhf;fy; nra; jJ. ,e; epiyapy; tUk; [_d; khjk; gjtpapy; ,Ue; J xa;TngwTs;s eP jpgjp gp.v];. Nruhdpd; ngaiu eLth;kd; wj; jiyth; gjtpf;Fcr;r eP jpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp ghpe; Jiu nra; Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

‘Coy; vjphg;G kNrhjhf;fs;:

tUk; Vg;uy;> Nk khjq;fspy; kf;fsitj; Njh; jy; eilngWTs;sJ. mjw;F Kd;djhfgpg;uthp 5 Kjy; 21-k; Njjp tiu ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj;ij elj; j kj;jpa muR jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,f;$l;lj; jpy; CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLNthUf;F ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; kNrhjh> Coy; jLg;Gr; rl;lj; jpUj; j kNrhjh> Fbkf;fs; chpik rhrdr; rl;lk;> ntspehl;L nghJ Copah;fs; Coy; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; Mfpatw;iw epiwNtw; w kj;jpa muR Vw;ghLfis nra; J tUfpwJ.

2005-f;F Kd:

fle; j 2005-Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;G ntspaplg;gl;l midj; J &gha; Nehl;LfisAk; tUk; Vg;uy; khjk; Kjy; jpUk;gg; ngw ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp (Mh;.gp.I) KbT nra; Js;sJ. nghJ kf;fs;

midtUk; Vg;uy; 1-Mk; NjjpapypUe; J jq;fsplKs;s &gha; Nehl;Lfis tq;fpfspy;nfhLj; Jkhw; wpf; nfhs;syhk;. &gha; Nehl;Lfs; jpUk;gg; ngwg;gLtJ Fwpj; J nghJkf;fs; gPjpailaj; Njitapy;iy. mit njhlh; e; J nry;yj; jf;fit. ve; j tq;fpapYk; mtw;iwf; nfhLj; J GjpaNehl;Lfisg; ngw; Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

,jw;fhf midj; J tq;fpfspYk; ghpkhw; w trjp nra;ag;gLk;. kW mwptpg;G tUk; tiu ,e; j Vw;ghL mkypy; ,Uf;Fk;. gj; Jf;Fk; Nky; &.500 kw; Wk; &.1000 Nehl;Lfis khw;Wgth;fs; jq;fsJ milahs kw; Wk; ,Ug;gplr; rhd;iw tq;fpapy; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; j mwptpg;Gf;fhd fhuzk; vijAk; hprh;t; tq;fp Fwpg;gpltpy;iyvd; whYk;> fUg;Gg; gzj;ij ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk;> fs;s Nehl;Lg; Gof;fj;ij xopf;fTNk

,e; j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLtjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

Ntiyapdik:

,e; jpa kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy; (Census) gj; jhz;Lf;F xU KiwAk;> NSSO(National Sample Survey Organisation), Ie; jhz;Lf;F xU KiwAk; ehl;bYs;s Ntiy>Ntiyapd;ik gw;wpa Jy;ypakhd tphpthd Gs;sp tpguq;fis Nrfhpf;fpd;wdh;. ,J xU khjphpfzf;nfLg;G ehl;bYs;s %d;W my;yJ ehd;F rjtpfpj FLk;gq;fspy; ,f;fzf;nfLg;Gnra;ag;gLk;. mjidf; nfhz;L ehl;by; epyTk; xl;Lnkhj;j Ntiyapd;ik vt;tsT vd;W

jP h;khdpf;fg;gLk;.


19/42



1. Ntiyapd;ikapd; tof;fkhd Kf;fpa epiy (Usual Principle Status of unemployment – UPS) xUth; jd; jpwikf;Nfw; w Ntiy VJk; fpilf;fhky; fle; j xU tUlj; jpy; Ntiy ,y;yhky; ,Ue; jhy; mjid UPS Ntiyapd;ik vd;W NSSO juk; gphpf;fpwJ.

2. Ntiyapd;ikapd; tof;fkhd Kf;fpa kw; Wk; Jizepiy (Usual Principle and Subsidiarystauts of unemployment – UPSS) xUth; jd; jpwikf;Nfw;g Ntiy fpilf;ftpy;iyvd;whYk;> rhjhuz Ntiy nra;aj; jahuhf ,Ue; Jk;> mt;thwhd rhjhuz NtiyAk;fle; j xU tUlj; jpy; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;why; mJ Ntiyapd;ik vd;W $wg;gLk;. ,jpy;Ntiyapd;ikAk; Nrh; e; J ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt Ntiyapd;ik msittpl UPSS Ntiyapd;ik msT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

3. elg;G thuhe;jpu Ntiyapd;ikapd; epiy (Current weekly stauts of unemployment –

CWS)NSSO fzf;nfLg;gpd;NghJ> fle; j xU thuj;jpy; Fiwe; jgl;rk; xU kzp Neuk; Ntiyapy; ,Ue; jhh;fsh vd; w epiyiaf; $WtJ CWS ,t;thW fle; j xU thuj; jpy; xU kzp Neuk; $l ve; j NtiyAk; fpilf;fhjth;fs; ,e;j CWS Ntiyapd;ikfzf;fpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLth;.

4. elg;G jpdrhp Ntiyapd;ikapd; epiy (Current Daily stauts of unemployment) NSSOfzf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ fle; j xU ehspy; Fiwe; jgl;rk; xU kzp Neuk; Ntiyapy; ,Ue; jhh;fsh vd;w epiyia $WtJ CDS ,t;thW fle; j xU ehspy; xU kzp Neuk; $lve; j NtiyAk; fpilf;fhjth;fs; ,e; j CDS Ntiyapd;ik fzf;fpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLth;.

,jpy; UPS, UPSS vd;g eP z;l fhy Ntiyapd;ikikAk;> CWS, CDS vd;gd FWfpaf;fhy Ntiyapd;ikiAk; fzf;fpl;L fhl;Lfpd; wd.

tuggd; $llhspfspd J}f;F jzlid ujJ:

re; jdf; flj; jy; tP ug;gdpd; $l;lhspfs; gpyNte; jpud;> irkd;> Qhdgpufhrk;> khijahcs;gl 15 NgUf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l J}f;F jz;lizia MAs; jz;lidahff; Fiwj;J cr;r eP jpkd; wk; jP h;g;gspj;jJ. mth;fsJ fUiz kDf;fs; kP J KbntLf;f xd;gJ Mz;Lfs; tiu jhkjk; Mdjhy;> jz;lid Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf jP h;g;gpy; eP jpgjpfs; njhptpj; Js;sdh;. jiyik eP jpgjp gp. rjhrptk;> eP jpgjpfs; uQ;rd; NfhNfha;> rptfP h; j; jp rpq; mlq;fpa mkh;T

mspj; j jP h;g;G. ,J J}f;Fj; jz;lid ifjpfspd; fUiz kDf;fs; kPJ murpaiykg;gpd; 72/161 rl;l tpjp toq;fpa mjpfhuj;ijf; FbauRj; jiytNuh> khepy MSeNuh gad;gLj; JtJmth;fspd; flikNa jtpu jdpAhpik fpilahJ.

murpayikg;gpd; kpf cahpa me; j];jpy; ,Ug;gth;fs; vd;gjhy;> fUiz kDf;fs; kPJFbauRj; jiytUk; MSeUk; KbT vLf;f Ntz;b fhyj;ij murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij ,aw; wpaKd;Ndhh;fs; tFf;ftpy;iy. mg;gbnad;why; fUizkDf;fs; kP J epahakhd fhyj;Jf;Fs;mth;fs; KbntLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mh; j;jk;. ,j; jifa #oypy; fUiz kDf;fs; kP JKbntLg;gjpy; ephakpy;yhj tpsf;fk; mspf;f Kbahj $Ljyhf fhy mtfhrk; vLj; Jf;

nfhs;sg;gLkhdhy; mjpy; jiyapl;L murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;baJ cr;r eP jpkd; wj; jpd; flikahFk;.


20/42



Coy;fspd jha (

Mother of Corruption):

gjpndl;L taJ epuk;gpa xt;nthU ,e; jpaUk; thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; mNj Nghy 18 taJ epuk;gpa midtUk; ngaiu thf;fhsuhf ,izj; Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; gzj; jpw;fhf tpiykjpg;gw; w xl;Lfis tpw;ff;$lhJ Mfpa Nfhhpf;iffis Kd;itj; J ,isQh;fsplk; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;JtJ Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdj; jpy; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

Xl;L tpw;gid vd;gJ murpaiy gpbj; j Gw;WNeha; thf;fhsh;fSf;F murpay; fl;rpfs;gzk; nfhLf;Fk; ,opnray; midj; Jk; Coy;fspd; jha; (mother of all corruption) vd;Wmiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

thf;fspg;gJ xU mbg;gil chpik. mjid fhRf;F tpw;ff; $lhJ. ,jd; xUmilahskhf xt;nthU tP l;bd; thrypYk; vdJ thf;F tpw;gidf;F my;y vd; W vOjp itf;fNtz;Lk;> xt;nthU fpuhk rigAk; vq;fs; Chpy; thf;F tpw;gidf;F my;y vd; W mwptpf;fNtz;Lk;. ,t;thW nrhy;tij vy;NyhUk; ngUikahf fUj Ntz;Lk;.

,khrry gpuNjrk;:

1971y; KOikahd khepy me; j];ij ngw; wJ. cyf mstpy; Gfo;ngw; wJ. cyf mstpy; Gfo;ngw; w Rw; Wyhjyk;. kiyg;ghq;fhd> gRikahd ,lk;> Mg;gps; cs;spl;l goq;fSk; NjapiyAk; ,e; j khepyj; jpd; rpwg;G ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjy;Kiwahf vy;yh rpiwthrpfSk;

jq;fsJ cwtpdh;fis tP bNahfhd;guhd;]; %yk; ,q;F ciuahl trjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.kj;jpa murpd; rpfnul;Lfs; kw; Wk; Gifapiy nghUs;fs; gw; wpa rl;lj;ij rpwg;ghfmkyhf;FfpwJ khepykhfTk; mJ cs;sJ


21/42



SEBI nrgp cjjuT:

nrgp tpjpKiwfis kP wp KjyP l;lhsh;fspd; gzj;ij RUl;Lk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw; wpd; chpikahsh;fs; kP J nrgp fLikahd eltbf;if vLj;J tUfpwJ. ,jd;gb ,Jtiu65 tof;Ffspy; 311 nrhj; Jfs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;L & 2>000 Nfhb kP l;fg;gl;Ls;sJ

njYq;fhdh kNrhjhit jpUggp mDgg KbT:

kj;jpamuR tpthjpf;f mDg;gpa njYq;fhdh kNrhjhtpy; gy;NtW jtWfs; cs;sjhy; mjid jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vd Me; jpu Kjy;th; fpuz;Fkhh; nul;b rl;lkd; wj; jiytUf;Frdpf;fpoik Nehl;B]; toq;fpdhh;. njYq;fhdh kNrhjh Fwpj; J Me; jpu rl;lkd; wj; jpy;

tpthjpj; J 23-k; Njjpf;Fs; jpUg;gp mDg;gp itf;FkhW FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[pNfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. Mdhy;> fhyf; nfLit eP l;bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Me; jpu muR Nfhhpajd;Nghpy; ,k;khjk; 30-k; Njjp tiu fhyf;nfLit FbauRj; jiyth; ePl;bj; jhh;.

,ijj; njhlh; e; J> fle; j 2 ehs;fshf rl;lkd; wj; jpy; Ngrpa Kjy;th; fpuz;Fkhh; nul;bkhepyk; gphpf;fg;gl;lhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Fwpj; J vLj; Jiuj; jhh;. ,e; j epiyapy; Me; jpuKjy;th; fpuz;Fkhh; nul;b> njYq;fhdh kNrhjhtpy; gy;NtW jtWfs; cs;sjhy; mjidrl;lkd; wj; jiyth; jpUg;gp mDg;g Ntz;Lk; vdTk; rl;lkd;w tpjp 77-d; gb jpUk;g mDg;g jP h;khdk; epiwNtw; w Ntz;Lk; vd; Wk; rdpf;fpoik Nehl;B]; mspj; jhh;. NkYk; njq;fhdh

kNrhjhit ehlhSkd;wj; Jf;F mDg;g Ntz;lhk; vdTk; gy;NtW cWg;gpdh;fs; rhhh;gpy;FbauRj; jiytUf;F Nfhhpf;if tpLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.


22/42



Latest Events

Xhpdr; Nrhf;ifapy Foe;ijfs; chpikfSf;fhdmikg;G> u]h mflkp> mfpy ,e; jpa K];ypk; jdpegh; rl;l thhpak;> jkpo; ehL K];ypk; Kd;Ndw; wf; fofk; cs;spl;l gy;NtW r%f> kj mikg;Gfs; cr;r eP jpkd; wj; jpy; Nky; KiwaP L nra; jd.

,e; jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk; 377 tJ gphptpd;gb Xhpdr; Nrh;f;ifapy; kj; jpa rl;l mikr;rfj; jpw;F> kf;fsit nrayhsh; nrt;tha;f;fpoik mDg;gp itj; jjhf muR jug;G

jfty;fs; njhptpf;fpd; wd. mjd;gpwF mjid FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[papd; xg;GjYf;fhfkj; jpa rl;l mikr;rfk; mDg;gpAs;sjhfTk; me; j jfty;fs; $Wfpd; wd. ehlhSkd; wj; jpy;

epiwNtw; wg;gl;l Nyhf;ghy; kNrhjhTf;F FbauRj; jiyth; xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gpwFmurpjopy; ntspaplg;gl;lJk;> Nyhf; ghy; rl;lk; mkYf;F tUk;.

fhyzlh:

,d;iwf;F ehk; gad;gLj; jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhyz;lhpd; taR ehD}w; wp nrhr;rk; tU\q;fs; jhd;. ,jd; ngah; fphpNfhhpad; fhyz;lh;> mij cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue; jth; Nghh; fphpNfhhp. 1572 ,y; Gjpa Nghg;ghf Md fphpNfhhp 13> fhyz;liug; GJg;gpf;ff; fTd;rpy; Mg; bnud;l; vd; w FOit cUthf;fpdhh;. 1582 ,y; me; jf; FO ghpe; Jiuj; j fhyz;lh; khw;wk; Vw; Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L

mf;Nlhgh; 4-k; Njjp> mf;Nlhgh; 15-Mk; Njjpahf khw; wg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb rk ,uTgfy; ehs; khh;r; 21-,y; te; jJ. 1752 ,y; jhd; fphpNfhhpad; fhyz;liu ,q;fpyhe; J Vw; Wf; nfhz;lJ. ek; ehL ,q;fpyhe; jpd; fhydpahf ,Ue;jjhy;> ek;kplKk; fphpNfhhpad; fhyz;lh; gutyhfptpl;lJ.


23/42



ciwgdpapy; rpf;fpa fggy;fs;:

vk;.tp. mfhlkpf; N\hfy;];fp vDk; u\pa Muha;r;rpf; fg;gy; 74 gazpfSld; mz;lhh;f;bf; flypy; ciwgdpapy; fle; j brk;gh; 24 Mk; Njjp rpf;fpaJ. mjid kP l;fr; nrd; w rP d kP l;Gf; fg;gy; [pA+ yhq;f; vDk; fg;gYk; ciwgdpapy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,U fg;gy;fisr; Rw;wpAk; Rkhh; 12 mb jbkDs;sciwgdp #o; e; Js;sJ. ,U fg;gy;fSk; ciwgdpapy; ,Ue; J kP z;L> ,ay;ghd eP h;g;gFjpf;F tu 21 fp.kP njhiyT nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

,U fg;gy;fSk; efu Kbahky; cs;s epiyapy;> mtw;iw kP l;f mnkhpf;fhtpd; cjtpiaM]; jpNuypa fly; ghJfhg;G kw; Wk; kP l;G ikak; ehbAs;sJ. u\pah kw; Wk; rP dhTk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; cjtpia ehbAs;sd. ,J njhlh;ghf mnkhpf;f flNyhu ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; grpgpf; gpuhe; jpa Jizml;kpuy;ghy; vg;[{Fe; $Wifapy;> ‘flypy; capUf;Fg; ghJfhg;G vd;gNj vq;fspd; mjpfgl;r

Kd; Dhpikahf ,Uf;Fk;‛ vd; whh;. 399 mb eP sKs;s mnkhpf;f fg;gy;> ‘Nghyhh; ];lhh;‛ 120 Ngh; nfhz;lFOTld; kP l;Gg; gzpapy; Ath; Mdh;> Ath; yhh;l;\pg; vd miof;f Ntz;bafl;lhakpy;iy vd; W cr;r eP jpkd; wk; njhptpj; Js;sJ. cr;r eP jpkd; w eP jpgjpfs; vr;.vy;.jj; J kw; Wk; v];.V.ghl;Nl MfpNahh; mlq;fpa mkh;T jpq;fs; fpoik $wpaJ.

fhyk; kWephzak;:

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,e; jpahtpd; fhy msT cj; jug; gpuNjrj; jpd; kP h;rhG+h; topahfr; nry; Yk; 82.5 bfphp jP h;f;fNuifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e; jf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fpof;Nf cs;s khepyq;fSf;F.Nkw;Nf cs;s khepyq;fistpl kpff; Fiwthd gfy; nghONj fpilf;fpwJ. gfy; nghOij tPzhf;fhky;

,Uf;f gphpl;b\dhh; 150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; ‘rha; gfhd;‛ vDk; fhyKiwiaf; filg;gpbj; jdh;. mij

mrhk; Njapiyj; Njhl;l njhopyhsh;fSf;fhf mky;gLj; jpdh;. mjdhy;> njhopyhsh;fs; #hpacjaj; Jf;F Vw;g mjpfhiyapNyNa vOe; J> tP l;by; Ntiyia Kbj; Jtpl;L> Njhl;l Ntiyf;Fte; JtpLth;. ,jdhy;> mth;fSila ciog;G NeuKk; cw;gj; jpj; jpwDk; ,d; wsTk; tP zhfhky; gad;gLj; jpf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.


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,e; jpahtpy; Neu khw; wf; Nfhhpf;iffs; eP z;l fhykhfj; njhlh; e; jhYk;> eph;thfr; rpf;fy;fisf; fhuzk; fhl;b> ,Jtiu nksdk; rhjpj; jJ kj; jpa muR. ,g;NghJ mrhk; jd; Neuj;ij khw; w KidAk;

jUzj; jpy;> ehl;bd; midj; Jg; gFjpfspy; cs;sth;fSf;fhTk; nghJthd fhy Neuj;ij kP z;Lk; khw; wpmikg;gijg; gw; wp kj; jpa muR Nahrpf;fyhk;. Nkw;F tq;fk; - mrhk; vy;iyf;F mUfpy; cs;s - 90 bfphp jP h;f;f Nuifia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ,e; jpag; nghJ Neuj;ij miu kzp Neuk; $l;lyhk;. mrhkpd; gpur;rpidia XusT jP h;g;gNjhL> ehL KOtjw;Fk; Neu eph;zaj; jpy; rP h;ikiaf; nfhz;L tuTk; ,JcjTk;. Rkhh; xU kzp Neu #hpa xspNeuk; $Ljyhff; fpilf;Fk;. mJ vhprf; jp Nrkpg;Gf;Fk; toptFf;Fk;.

ntspehl;L tho ,ejpah jpdk:

ntspehLtho; ,e; jpah; jpdj;ij nrt;tha;fpoik njhlq;fp itj; J tayhh; utp Ngrpdhh;. ,e; j epfo;r;rpapd; ,e; j Mz;bd; ikaf;fUj; J ,isQh;fSld; neUf;fk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e; jpahtpy; cs;s ,isQh;fSk; ntspehLfspy; thOk; ,e; jpa ,isQh;fSk; fuk; Nfhj; J jkf;Fs; njhlh;igtYg;gLj; jpdhy; th; j; jfk;> njhopy;> njhopy;Kidthw; wy;> r%fg;gzpfspy; $l;L Kaw;rpf;F topfpilf;Fk;. mg;NghJ Ntiytha;g;G ngUfp ehL nry;t tsk; kpFjpahfp kf;fSf;F ed;ik fpilf;Fk;.

gpujkh; kd;Nkhf;d; rpq; ntspehLtho; ,e; jpah; jpdj;ij Kiwg;gb Gjd;fpoik njhlq;fpitf;fpwhh;. rpwg;G tpUe;jpduhf kNyrpa ,aw;if tsk; kw; Wk; Rw; Wr;#oy; mikr;rh; x.gp.jhLf;nrhpgodpNty; gq;Nfw;fpwhh;. [dthp 9-k; Njjp elf;Fk; epiwT tpohtpy; FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[pgq;Nfw; W ntspehLtho; ,e; jpah; tpUJfis toq;Ffpwhh;. ,e; j Kiw 14 NgUf;F ,e; j tpUJ toq;fg;glcs;sJ.

16 tajpy; njdJUtg gazk;: gphpl;ld khztd rhjid: gphpl;ld; gphp];ly; gFjpiar; Nrh; e; j Y}ap]; fpshh;f; (16) ciwaitf;Fk; ikd]; 50 bfphp

nry;rpa]; FShpy; njd; JUtj;ijf; fle; J rhjid Ghpe; Js;shh;. kpf ,sk; tajpy; njd; JUtj; jpd; 1>129 fp.kP njhiyit ntWk; 48 ehs;fspy; ele; J fle; jth; vd; w rhjid Y}ap]; fpshh;f; trkhfpAs;sJ. mz;lhh;bf; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; ,Ue; J njd; JUtj; jpy; cs;s mKd;l;nrd; ];fhl; gFjpia ,th; nrd; wile; jhh;.

Njrpa thffsh jpdk: Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdk; ehL KOtJk; rdpf;fpoik ([dthp 25) filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh; jypy;

thf;fhsh;fs; midtUk; fz;bg;ghf thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj; jp ‡Ng];Gf; ,izajsj; jpd; %yKk; gpur;rhuk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jw;nfd Njh; jy; Mizaj; jpd; rhh;gpy; gpuj;Naf

Kfthp gf;fk; (www. Facebookcomtnelection 2014) njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njh; jy; Mizaj; jpd; rhh;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk; Njrpa thf;fhsh; jpdj;jpd; NghJ thf;fspg;gpd; tpopg;Gzh;T thrfq;fs; ntspaplg;gLk;. mNjNghd; w ,e; j Mz;L fz;zpaj; Jld; thf;fspg;Nghk; vd; wthrk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; thf;fspg;gjw;fhf gzk; thq;ff;$lhJ vd;gJ Nghd; w fUj; Jfs; kf;fsitj; Njh; jy; KbAk; tiu thf;fhsh;fsplk; typAWj; jg;gLk; vd; whh; khepy jiyik Njh; jy; mjpfhhp.

CNN -rpvdvd; ,izajsjjpy; CLUty: mnkhpf;fh nra; jp Clf epWtdkhd rpvd;vd;-dpd; r%f ,izajsg; gf;fq;fspy; rphpahitr;

Nrh; e; jth;fs; CLUtp> mjpy; jq;fspd; fUj; Jfisg; gjpT nra; Js;sdh;. rpvd;vd; epWtdj; jpd; ‡Ng];Gf;> l;tpl;lh;> tiyg;G+ jsq;fspy; mj; JkP wp Eioe; Js;s rphpad; vyf;luhdpf; Mh;kp rpy jtwhd

jtfty;fisg; gjpT nra; Js;sJ. mg;gjpTfs; cldbahf eP f;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. vq;fspd; gf;fq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf cs;sd cd; W rpvd;vd; epWtdk; njhptpj; Js;sJ. rpvd;vd; epWtdj; jpd; l;tpl;lh;


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gf;fj; jpy; rphpad; vyf;l;uhdpf; Mh;kp ,q;Fs;sJ. ngha; nrhy;tij epWj; Jq;fs; cq;fspd; nra; jpfs; midj; Jk; ngha;ahdit vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe; jJ. ,e; j CLUtYf;Fg; gpd;dzpapy; ehq;fs; ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd rphpad; vyf;l;uhdpf; Mh;kp xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ehl;bd kpfg;nghpa Njrpa nfhb:

48 mb mfyk;> 72 mb eP sk;> 31 fpNyh vil nfhz;lJ. ek; ehl;by; ,utpy; Njrpaf; nfhbiagwf;ftpLtJ tof;fj; jpy; ,y;iy. MdhYk;> cr;r eP jpkd; wj; jP h;g;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e; jf; nfhb 24 kzpNeuKk; gwf;Fk;. ngq;f@hpy; cs;s MSeh; khspif mUNf ,Uf;Fk; Njrpa uhZt epidtplj; jpy; 207mb cauk; nfhz;l nfhbf;fk;gk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. FbauR jpdtpohit Kd;dpl;L> gpuk;khz;lkhdme; j Njrpaf; nfhbia fh; ehlf MSeh; n`r;.Mh;.guj;th[; Qhapw; Wf;fpoik Vw; wp itf;fpwhh;.

,e; jf; nfhbia epWtpath; fhq;fpu]; vk;.gp.Ak; nfhb mwf;fl;lisapd; epWtdUkhd etP d; [pe; jhy; Mthh;. 24 kzp NeuKk; Njrpaf; nfhbia gwf;ftpLtJ xt;nthU Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil chpikvd 2004 [dthp 23-y; cr;r eP jpkd; wk; jP h;g;G toq;fpaJ. ,ijf; nfhz;lhLk; tifapy;> jP h;g;G ntspahfp

10-Mz;Lfs; fopj; J ehl;bd; kpfTk; caukhd nfhbf; fk;gKk; Njrpaf; nfhbiaAk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

eh; Kofp fggy;:

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Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; nrd;id nfhz;L tug;gl;L jkpof murplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fg;giy

Rw; Wyh tsh;r;rp Jiw rhh;gpy; khky;yGuj; jpy; mikf;fg;gl;L tUk; fly; rhh; G+q;fhtpy; Rw; Wyh

gazpfSf;F fhl;rp nghUshf itf;f jkpopf muR jpl;lkpUe; Js;sJ.

ghujpahhpd; gilgGfis njhFjj uh.m. gjkehgd:

%j; j gj; jphpifahsUk; tuyhw; WtpayhsUkhd mth;> ghujpahhpd; gilg;G jpfo; e; jth;.

ghujpahhpd; gilg;Gfis Ma;T nra; jhh;. ghujpahhpd; 5 mhpa Gifg;glq;fspy; 2 Gifg;glq;fs; uh. m.

gj;kehgd; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj; jitahFk;. ghujpahhpd; ftpijfs;> fl;Liufs;> ,e; jpah ,jopy; ghujpahh;

vOjpagilg;Gfs; Nghd; wtw;iw njhFj; J toq;fpAs;shh;.

ghujpahh; Fwpj; j glq;fspd; njhFg;Gfis rpj;jpu ghujp vd; w ngahpy; ntspapl;Ls;shh;. Kjd;

Kjyhf 1957Mk; Mz;L gjpg;gf;fg;gl;l ,e; j njhFg;gpd; %yk; gutyhf mth; mwpag;gl;lhh;. Rje; jpug;

Nghuhl;l tP uh;fspd; tho;fifia vspa Kiwapy; nghJkf;fsplk; nfhz;L Nrh; j; jhh;. t.Nt.f.> eP yfz;lgpukr;rhhp> Rg;gpukzpa rpth Nghd; w Rje; jpug; Nghuhl;l jpahfpfspd; tuyhw;iwAk; mth; vOjpAs;shh;.

NkYk; jkpo; ,jopaypd; njhlf;f fhy tuyhw;iwAk; rpwe; j Kiwapy; gjpT nra; Js;shh;.


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,th; GJ jpy;yp midj; jpe; jpa thndhypapy; gzpahw; wpaNghJ> kfhj;kh fhe; jpapd; m];jp fiug;G

epfo;rpria jkpopy; mwptpg;G nra; jhh;. Foe;ijfSf;fhf mth; vOjpa ghujp vd; w Gj; jfk; Njrpa Gj; jf

mwf;fl;lis %yk; 16 nkhopfspy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

khepyqfsitj Njhjy;:

jkpofj; jpy; 6 vk;.gp. gjtpfSf;fhd khepyq;fsitj; Njh; jy; tUk; 7-k; Njjp elf;f cs;sJ.

mjpKf Ntl;ghsh;fshf v];. Kj; Jf;fUg;gd;> V.Nf. nry;tuh[;> vy;. rprfyh G\;gh> tp[pyh rj; jpahde; j>

khh;f;rp];l fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp Ntl;ghsh; b.Nf. u];fuh[Dk; kD jhf;fy; nra; Js;sdh;.

jkpof khepyq;fsit Njh; jy; tuyhw; wpy; ,Jtiu 4 Kiw kl;LNk xl;Lg;gjpT eilngwTs;sJ.

1970- k; Mz;L gpujkh; ,e; jpufhe; jp MjuTld; Nghl;bapl;l fhq;fpu]; Ntl;ghsh; rp. Rg;gpukzpad;

Njhy;tp mile; jhh;. 1986-k; Mz;L jpKf Ntl;ghsh; b.Mh;.ghY ,lJrhhpfspd; MjuTld;

Nghl;bapl;lNghJ MSk; mjpKf fhq;fpu]; jug;gpy; rpyh; xl;L Nghl;ljhy; mjph;\;ltrkhf ntd; whh;.mjpKf - fhq;fpu]; MjuTld; Nghl;bapl;l [djh fl;rpapd; ,uh. nropad; Njhy;tpaile; jhh;.

1996-y; thbg;ghb Nfh\;biar; Nrh; e; j cjaghZ> Nghl;b Ntl;ghsuhf fsk; ,wq;fpa NghJ>

fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; mjpfhuG+h;t Ntl;ghsh; gP l;lh; my;Nghd;]; ntd; whh;. mJNghy> fle; j Mz;L ele; j

Njh; jypy; jpKf Ntl;ghsh; fdpnkhop> NjKjpf Ntl;ghsiu ntd; whh;.

Science & Technology

`PNkhgpypah rq;fjjpd nts;sptpoh:

`P Nkhgpypah rq;fj; jpd; nkl;uh]; fpisapd; 25tJ Mz;L epiwT tpohf; nfhz;lhl;lk; nrd;idmilahwpy; cs;s rp.vy;. Mh;.I.. tshfj; jpy; Gjd;fpoik elf;fpwJ. ,e; j tpohtpw;F Kd;dhs; FbauR

jiyth; lhf;lh; V.gp.N[. mg; Jy;fyhk; rpwg;G tpUe; jpduhff; fye; J nfhs;fpwhh;. `P Nkhgpypah (uj; jk; ciwahik) vd;gJ Neha; ,y;iy. guk;giuahf tUk; xU gpwtpf; FiwghL. ,e; j FiwghLcs;sth;fSf;F clypy; uj; jk; ciwAk; jd;ik ,oe; JtpLfpwJ. uj; jj; jpy; nkhj; jk; 13 fhuzpfs; cs;sd. ,tw; wpy; 8-k; kw; Wk; 9-k; fhuzpfs; ,y;yhjjhy; ,e; jf; FiwghL Vw;gLfpwJ.

jkpofj; jpy; ,e; j Fiwghl;bdhy; 1>1400 Ngh; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,e; jpah KOtJk; 15 Mapuk; Ngh; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. 10 Mapuk; Mz; Foe;ijfs; gpwe; jhy;> mjpy; xU Foe;ij

,e; j Fiwghl;Lld; gpwf;f tha;g;Gs;sJ.

nrttha; fpuf gazjJf;F 20>000 ,ejpahfs; tpz;zg;gk;:

nrt;tha; fpufj; Jf;F nrd; W mq;NfNa epue; jukhf jq;Ftjw;fhd gazj; Jf;F ,e; jpah;fs; 20>000 Ngh; cs;gl gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,Ue; J nkhj; jk; 2>02>586 Ngh; tpz;zg;gpj; Js;sdh;. nrt;tha; fpufj; jpy; epue; jukhf jq;Ftjw;fhd ‘xU topg; gazk;‛ xd;iw ‘khh;]; xd;‛ vd; w jdpahh; epWtdk; Vw;ghL nra; Js;sJ. ,e; jg; gazj; Jf;fhf 5 khjj; jpy; 140 ehLfspy; ,Ue; J Rkhh; 2 yl;rk; tpz;zg;gq;fs; me; j jdpahh; epWtdj; jpy; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e; j nkhj; j tpz;zg;gj; jpy; 24 rjtP jk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; ,Ue; Jk;> 10 rjtP jk; ,e; jpahtpy; ,Ue; Jk;> 6 rjtP jk; rP dhtpy; ,Ue; Jk;> 5 rjtP jk; gpNurpypy; ,Ue;Jk;> kP jKs;s tpz;zg;gq;fs; gphpl;ld;>fdlh> u\pah> nkf;[pNfh> gpypg;gpd;];> ];ngapd; cs;gl gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd.

khh;]; xd; epWtdj; jpd; Njh;Tf; FO Njh;T nra;Ak; jFjpAila egh; ;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;L>mth;fs; 2023 Mk; Mz;L xU FOthf nrt;tha; fpufj; Jf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLth;.


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nrtthapy; Guhjd Vhp fz;Lgpbg;G:

nrt;tha; fpufj; jpy; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G Vhp ,Ue; jjw;fhd milahsk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrt;thapy; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; ‘f;A+hpah rpl;b‛ Ma;Tf;fyd;

mDg;gpAs;s jfty;fisf; nfhz;L> ,e; j Vhp 360 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ vd; Wk;> ,jpYs;s jz;zP hpy; ‘nfNkhyp NjhNlhbNuhg;‛ Nghd; w vspa caphpdq;fs; tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fhh;gd;>i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> iel;u[d;> ry;‡gh; Nghd; wit epiwe; jpUf;ff;$Lk; vdTk; tpQ;Qhdpfs; njhptpj; Js;sdh;.

[p.v];.vy;.tp:

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,J nghJtpy; Rkhh; 400 my;yJ 600 fp.kP cauj; jpy; ,uz;L ld; Df;Fk; Fiwthd nraw;iff; Nfhs;fisr; Rke; J nry; Yk; jpwd; nfhz;lJ. gp.v];.vy;.tp. 1993-y; njhlq;fp ,Jtiu xNu xU

Njhy;tpia kl;LNk fz;Ls;sJ. 24 jlit ntw; wp nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpfgl;rkhf 1>850 fpNyhfpuhk;tiujhd; ,J Rke; J nrd; wpUf;fpwJ.

,g;NghJ ehk; jahhpj; JtUk; vil kpf;f nraw;iff;Nfhs;fs; midj; Jk; njd; mnkhpf;fhtpy; gpnuQ;R fahdhtpy; cs;s $& tpz;ntspf; Nfe; jpuj; Jf;F vLj; Jr; nry;yg;gl;L> INuhg;gpa tpz;ntspmikg;gpd; Vhpahd; uhf;nfl; %yNk caNu nrYj; jg;gl;L tUfpd; wd. ,J gy Mz;Lfshf ele; JtUfpwJ. ,e; jpahtpd; mt;tif nraw;iff; Nfhs;fis $&Tf;F vLj; Jr; nry; Yk; nryT> caNunrYj; jpj; jUtjw;F ehk; mspf;Fk; fl;lzk; Mfpa tifapy; nryT mjpfk;. MfNt> rf; jpkpf;fuhf;nfl;Lfis cUthf;Fk; jpl;lj; jpy; ,e; jpah i`l;u[d; thAf;fis ekf;Fj; njhpAk;. ,e; j ,U thAf;fisAk; jdpj; jdpNa

jputkhf;fp> me; j ,uz;Lk; Nrh; e; J vhpAk;gb nra; jhy; mJ mjpf ce; J jpwid mspf;Fk;. Mf;rp[d; thAit ikd]; 223 bfphp msTf;Ff; Fsph;tpj; jhy; mJ jputkhfptpLk;. i`l;u[d; thAit ,NjNghy


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ikd]; 253 bfphp msTf;Ff; Fsph;tpj; jhy; mJ jputkhfptpLk;. ,e; j ,uz;ilAk; gad;gLj; Jfpwuhf;nfl; ,d;[pd; fpiuNahn[dpf; (fLk; Fsph;tpg;G epiy) uhf;nfl; ,d;[pd; vdg;gLfpwJ.

cyfpy; ehd;F ld; my;yJ Ie; J ld; vil nfhz;l nraw;iff; Nfhs;fisr; nrYj; Jk; rf; jpkpf;fuhf;nfl;Lfs; midj; jpYk; fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pd;fNs gad;gLj; jg;gLfpd; wd. ,e;jtif ,d;[pd;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd njhopy; El;gj;ijf; fhR nfhLj; J u\;ahtplkpUe;J thq;Ftjw;F ,e; jpah 1990-fspy; Kad; wJ. Mdhy; mnkhpf;fh FWf;fpl;L> u\;ahtplkpUe; J ,j;njhopy; El;gk; fpilf;fhjgb jLj; J tpl;lJ. ,t;tpj ,d;[pd;fs; Fwpj; J Muha;r;rp elj; jTk; kw; Wk; ,tw;iwr; nray;gLj; jp Nrhjpg;gjw;fhfTk; xU Nfe; jpuk; jkpofj; jpy; kNfe; jpufphp vd; Dkplj; jpy; cs;sJ.

vilkpf;f nraw;iff; Nfhs;fisr; nrYj; Jtjw;Fg; nghJtpy; %d; wLf;F uhf;nfl; gad;gLj; jg;gLk;. rpy ehLfs; ,uz;L mLf;F uhf;nfl;Lfisg; gad;gLj; Jfpd; wd. ,e; jpahtpd; [p.v];.vy;.tp. uhf;nfl; %d; W mLf;F uhf;nfl; MFk;. ,jpy; %d; whtJ mLf;fpy; nghUj; Jtjw;fhfj; jhd; fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pd; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ nrYj; jg;gl;l ,Uf;Fk; [p.v];.vy;.tp. uhf;nfl; %yk; ,e; jpa fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pdpd; jpwd; cWjpg;gLj; jg;gLkhdhy;> uhf;nfl;

Jiwapy; ,dp Ntfkhd Kd;Ndw; wj;ijf; fhz ,aYk;.

[p.v];.vy;.tp.uhfnfl fleJ tej ghij...

=`hpNfhl;lhtpy; cs;s rjP\; jtz; tpz;ntsp ikaj; jpy; ,Ue;J ,Jtiu 7 [p.v];.vy;.tpuhf;nfl;Lfis tpz;zpy; nrYj; jpAs;sJ. ,jpy;> 4 uhf;nfl;Lfs; ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;ld. 3

jlit Vtg;gl;l uhf;nfl;Lfs; Njhy;tpaile; jd. ,];Nuh Kjd;Kjyhf 2001-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 18-e;Njjp>[p.v];.vy;.tp.b1 uhf;nfl;il [prhl; - 1 nraw;iff;NfhSld; ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj; jpaJ.mijaLj; J 2003-k; Mz;L Nk 8-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp.b-2 uhf;nfl;> [prhl; - 2 nraw;iff;NfhSld;

ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj; jg;gl;lJ.

gpd;dh;> 2004-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 20-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;-01 uhf;nfl;> [{rhl; ([prhl; - 3) nraw;iff; NfhSld; ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;lJ. 2007-k; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 2-k; Njjp>[p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;-4 uhf;nfl;> ,d;rhl;-4rpMh; nraw;iff; NfhSld; ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; nrYj; jg;gl;lJ. ,g;gb 4 Kiw ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;l [p.v];.vy;.tp. uhf;nfl;> 3 KiwNjhy;tpaile; jJ. 2006-k; Mz;L [_iy 10-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;02 uhf;nfl;il> ,d;rhl; - 4rpnraw;iff;NfhSld; tpz;zpy; nrYj; Jk; Kaw;rp Njhy;tpapy; Kbe; jJ.

mijaLj; J 2010-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; 15-k; Njjp> [p.v];.vy;.tp-b3 uhf;nfl;il> [prhl;-4 nraw;iff; NfhSld; tpz;zpy; Vt ele; j Kaw;rpAk; Njhy;tpaile; jJ. gpd;dh;> 2010-k; Mz;L brk;gh; 5-k; Njjp>[p.v];.vy;.tp-vg;-06 uhf;nfl;il> [prhl;-5gp vd;w nraw;iff;NfhSld; tpz;zpy; mDg;Gk; Kaw;rpAk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe; jJ. 8-tJ jlitahf 2014-k; Mz;L [dthp 5-k; Njjp [p.v];.vy;.tp-b5 uhf;nfl;> [prhl;-14 vd; w jfty; njhlh;G nraw;iff;NfhSld; ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; Vtg;gl;Ls;sJ. uhf;nfl; ntw; wpfukhf tpz;zpy; gwe; j gpwF ele; j gj; jphpf;ifahsh; re; jpg;gpy; Ngrpa jpl;lf;FO ,af;Feh; Kidth; Nf.rptd;> fpiuNahn[dpf; ,d;[pid Mapuk; nehbfs; rhptu gwf;fitf;f Mapuk; ehl;fs; Njitg;gl;ld.

36 geJfspy; rjk: (mjpNtf rjkbjj Kjy 10 tuh;fs;)

36 geJfspy rjk: Nfhhp Mz;lh;rd; (epA+]pyhe; J) 2014 - y; Nkw;fpe; jpaj; jP TfSf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j

ud;fs; 131* 37 geJfspy; rjk:mg;hpb (ghfp]; jhd;) 1996-y; ,yq;iff;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 102*


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44 geJfspy rjk;: khh;f; gTr;rh; (njd;dhg;gphpf;fh) 2006-y; [pk;ghk;Ntf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 147*

45 geJfspy; rjk:yhuh (Nkw;fpe; jpaj; jP Tfs;) 1999-y; tq;fNjrj; Jf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 117*

45 geJfspy; rjk:mg;hpb (ghfp]; jhd;) 2005-y; ,e; jpahTf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 102*

46 geJfspy rjk;: n[];rp iulh; (epA+]pyhe; J) 2014-y; Nkw;fpe; jpaj; jP TfSf;F vjpuhf nkhj; jud;fs; 104*

48 geJfspy; rjk:n[a#h;ah (,yq;if) 1996 - y; ghfp]; jhDf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 134*

50 ge;Jfspy; rjk;: nftpd; X gpiuad; (mah;yhe; J) 2011 - y; ,q;fpyhe; Jf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 113*

52 geJfspy; rjk:tpuhl; Nfhyp (,e; jpah) 2013 - y; M]; jpNuypahTf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 100* 53 geJfspy; rjk:mg;hpb (ghfp]; jhd;) 2010 - y; tq;fNjrj; Jf;F vjpuhf nkhj; j ud;fs; 124*

‘Nejuh‛:

,izaj; jpy; re;Njfj; Jf;F chpa eltbf;iffis csTj; Jiwapdh; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf ‘Nej;uh‛vd; w nkd;nghUis ghJfhg;G Muha;r;rp kw; Wk; tsh;r;rp mikg;G (b.Mh;.b.X) cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; %yk; r%f tiyj; jsq;fs;> kpd;dQ;ry;fs;> tiyg;G+f;fs;> ,iza ciuahly;fs; Nghd; wtw; wpy; ‘jhf;Fjy; (attack)> Fz;L itj; jy; (bomb)> Fz;L ntbg;G (blast)> nfhiy nra; jy; (kill) Nghd; wre;Njfq;fSf;F chpa thh; j;ijfs; gad;gLj; jg;gl;lhy;> mit cldbahf ,e; jpa csTj; Jiwmjpfhhpfspd; ftdj; Jf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;. b.Mh;.b.X-tpd; Xh; mq;fkhd nraw;if Ez;zwpTkw; Wk; nuhNghtpay; Ma;tfk; (rpVIMh;) ,e; j nkd;nghUis cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

Nehikahd jfty jpUlL

(Ethical hacking):

fzpdp rhh; e; j jfty;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; gzpahFk;. xU epWtdj; jpd; my;yJ jdpeghpd; my;yJmurhq;fj; jpd; jfty;fs; midj; Jk; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; ifg;gw; wp jfty;fisj; jpULk; n`f;fh;fisg; NghyNt> njhopy; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj; jp cs;Ns GFe;J jfty; jpUlg;gLk; tha;g;GfisMuha; e; J> mjw;Nfw;g Kd;$l;bNa eltbf;if vLj; J> jfty; juT fsQ;rpaj; jpYs;s Xl;ilfismilj; J jfty;fs; jpUlg;glhky; ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj; j fy;tpNa Ethical hacking MFk;.

tq;fpapd; fld; ml;il> gz gw; W ml;il Nghd; wtw; wpd; flTr; nrhw;fs; Nghd; wtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ rhh; e; j gzpfisr; rhh; e; j gzpfisr; nra;Ak; Neh;ikahd n`f;fh;fis epakpg;gjpy; tq;fpfs; Mh;tk; fhl;b tUfpd; wd. rkP gj; jpy; jkpofj; jpy; jdpahh; njhiyf;fhl;rp kw; Wk; mjpKftpd; mjpfhug;G+h;t ,izajsq;fspy; n`f;fh;fs; Eioe; J tp\kj; jdk; nra; J itj; jdh;. gpd;dh; jkpoffhty; Jiwapy; cs;s irgh; fpiuk; fhty; Jiwapdh; rk;ge; jg;gl;l n`f;fh;fisf; ifJ nra; jdh;.

kpd ,izgG:

‘gth;f;hpl;‛ epWtdj; jpdh; uha;r;#h; - N\hyhg;G+h; 765 fpNyhNthy;l; kpd; ghij (l;uhd;];kp\d; iyd;];) mikj; jjd; %yk;> ekJ ehl;bd; kw;iwa gpuhe; jpaq;fisj; njd; gpuhe; jpaq;fSld;

,izj; jpUf;fpwhh;fs;.

mnkhpf;f ,ejpa tpQQhdpf;F &.5 Nfhb epjpAjtp:

mnkhpf;f ,e; jpaUk;> euk;gpay; tpQ;QhdpAkhd fyP y; u]hf;> fhJ Nfshikia jLf;Fk; tifapy;

%is euk;gpay; Jiwapy; Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s 8 yl;rj; J 66 Mapuk; mnkhpf;f lhyh; (Rkhh; &.5NfhbNa 40 yl;rk;) epjpAjtp toq;fg;glTs;sJ. ,e; j njhifia Njrpa mwptpay; mwf;fl;lismtUf;F toq;fTs;sJ. ,e; j epjpAjtpiag; ngw; W> Kjpath;fSf;F fhJ Nfshik Vw;gLtijj; jLg;gJnjhlh;ghf mth; Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;sTs;shh;.


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taJ mjpfhpg;gjhYk;> Neha; fhuzkhfTk; gyh; fhJ Nfl;Fk; jpwid ,of;fpd; wdh;. ,jw;F fhJNfl;Fk; jpwd; njhlh;ghd %is euk;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw; wq;fNs fhuzk;. ,e; j khw; wq;fNs fhuzk;.

,e; j khw; wq;fisj; jLg;gJ Fwpj; J fyP y; u]hf; Ma;T nra;aTs;shh;. fyP y; u]hf; nrd;idiar; Nrh; e; jth;. mth; nrd;idapy; ,Ue; jNghJ fhJ Nfl;Fk; jpwd; ,oe; j Foe;ijfSf;fhd njhiyNgrpiafz;L gpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; me; j xypia rhpahfmilahsk; fz;L Ghpe;Jnfhs;s ,ayhikjhd;. ,jw;F xypia fpufpj; J mwpe; J nfhs;s Ntz;ba%isapy; khw; wk; Vw;gLtNj fhuzkhFk;. %isf;Fj; jftiy vLj; Jr; nry; Yk; epA+uhd; nry;fs;njhlh;ghf Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;> mtw;iw rhpnra;tjw;fhd top Kiwfisf; fz;lwpa KbAk;‛ vd; whh;.%is euk;gpay; rhh; e; j Muha;r;rpia jtpu> ntsthy; njhlh;ghd fUj;juq;FfisAk; fypNghh;dpahmwptpay; ikaj; jpy; fyP y; u]hf; elj; jp tUfpwhh;.

Nkff; fzpdpak njhopy;Elgk;:

Nkff; fzpdpak; (cloud computing) vd;gJ fzpdpj; jpwid ,izaj; jpd; thapyhf ngwf;$ba

xU kpf etP d njhopy; El;gkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; fzpdpj; jpwd;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fsplk; ,Ue; J cs; fl;Lkhdk;> ,aq;F jsk; kw; Wk; nkd;nghUs; Mfpatw;iw xU Nritahf vspjhfg; ngw KbAk;. ,e; j

njhopy; El;gj; jpd; %yk; fzpdpj; jpwd; rpwe; j Kiwapy; njhFf;fg;gLk; ,jd; %yk; muRj; Jiwfs;

jq;fSf;nfd jdpahd fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj; Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; fhyjhkjk; kw; Wk; fzpdp jpwid

Fiwthf gad;gLj; JtJ jtph;f;fg;gLk; NkYk; jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd Njit. fzpdp gad;ghLfspd;

Nghplh; jfty; kP l;G Mfpatw; wpw;F ,e; j Nkff; fzpdpak; ngUk; cjtpfukhf ,Uf;Fk;. Fiwthf nryT

gfph; e; jspf;fg;gl;l cs;fl;Lkhdk;> Fiwthd Nkyhz;ik nryT gue; j mstpyhd gad;ghLfisAk;

cldbahf mZf KbtJ Nghd; w vz;zw; w gad;fs; ,e; j Nkff; fzpdpak; %yk; Vw;gLfpd; wd.

tiuglq;fis gjptpwf;f Gtprhh; jfty; mikgG

jkpofj; jpy; muRj; Jiwfspd; %yk; Gtprhh; jfty;fs; gy;NtW nkd;nghUs;fspy;

gad;gLj; jg;gl;L tUfpd; wd. ,it midj; Jf;Fkhd xU nghJthd fl;likg;G juk; Mfpad ,J

tiu ,y;yhky; cs;sJ. ,e; j Fiwghl;il eP f;Fk; tifapy; jkpo; ehL Gtprhh; mikg;G

cUthf;fgl;Ls;sJ.

,e; jj; jpl;lj; jpd; %yk; ,lk;rhh; juTfSf;fhd xU nghJthd fl;likg;G cUthf;fg;gLk; ,jd;

%yk; gy;NtW muRj; Jiwfspy; Gtprhh; jfty;fis kf;fSf;F gad;gLk; tpjj; jpy; ghJfhg;ghd

Kiwapy; gad;gLj; jpl KbAk;. ,J jtpu murpd;midj; J epiyfspYk; rpwe; j eph;thfj;ij cWjp nra;Ak;

Gtpapay; rhh; e; j jfty;fis ntspg;gilahf ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sTk; ,J cjtp nra;Ak;.

ek;k it‡ig

nghJ ,lq;fspy; kf;fs; ,izajs trjpia gad;gLj; Jk; tifapy; ,ytr it‡ig jpl;lj;ij

,e; jpahtpNyNa Kjy;Kiwahf fh; ehlf muR ngq;f@hpy; njhlq;fpAs;sJ. ,j; jpl;lj; Jf;F ek;k


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it‡ig vd ngah; #lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; jpahtpd; Ib jiyefuhfTk; rpypf;fhd; rpl;bahfTk; jpfOk;

ngq;f@hpy; nghJkf;fs; mjpfstpy; ,izaj;ij gad;gLj; Jfpwhh;fs;. ,e; jpahtpNy ,izajsk;

%yk; mjpf Nritfis ngWtjpYk; ngq;f@h;thrpfs; Kd;dzpapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;.

Kf;fpakhf 5 ,lq;fspy; ,ytr it‡ig jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd;gb vk;.[p.NuhL>

nkl;Nuhuapy; epiyak; > gphpNfl; uapy; epiyak;> gphpNfl; NuhL ,e; jpuh efh;> ,ytrkhf ,izajs

trjpiag; gad;gLj; jyhk;. xU ehspy; xU thbf;ifahsh; ,jid miu kzpNeUk; gad;gLj; jpf;

nfhs;syhk;. ,jd; Ntfk; 512 Nf.gp.gp.v];.

I - Nghd 6

I Nghd; 5-d; mLj; j nth;\dhf I Nghd; 6 [P dpy; re;ijfis njhlTs;sjhf $wg;gLfpwJ

Vw;nfdNt ,Uf;Fk; nth;\id tpl jpiu msTk; gpf;]y; msTk; mjpfk; vd;gJ I- Nghd; 6-d;

Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhk;. fpl;ljl;l 5 ,Q;r; jpiuAk; 1136 gpf;]y; jpiu hpnrhy;A+rDk; nfhz;lJ.

nghkp\d yhf

];khh;l;Nghdpy; cs;s gpur;id ekf;Nf njhpahky; rpy mg;spNf\d;fs; jhdhf ,d;];lhy; MfptpLtJ jhd; . Fwpg;ghf Mz;l;uha;L 4.3 nth;\dpd; ,J mjpfk; elg;gjhf nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

,jw;F fhuzk; mjpYs;s `pld; ];fphP d; vdg;gLk; kiwjpiu ,af;fk;. ,jpy; Njitapy;yhj rpy

mg;spfNf\d;fs; ekf;F njhpahkNyNa ,af;f Muk;gpj; JtpLk;. ,jw;F fhuzk; gpuT]hpy; ehk;

,iza cyfpw;Fs; nry; Yk; NghJ rpy rpd;dr;rpd;d mg;spNf\d;fs; mioahtpUe;jhspahf ek;

Nghdpy; FbNawptpLk; ,e; j Njitapy;yhj Mg;];fspd; tUifia jLf;f ngh;kp\d;yhf; vd; Dk;

gpugykhd mg;spNf\d; yhf; vd; Dk; gpugykhd mg;spNf\d; cs;sJ. ,J Njitapy;yhj

rh‡gl;Nth;fspd; tUifia ek;kplk; nrhy;yp myh;l; nra;Ak;.

Vbvk; ghJfhgGf;F Gjpa fUtp

tq;fspd; jhdpaq;fp gzg;gl;Lthlh (Vbvk;) ikaq;fis eph;tfpf;f Gjpa ghJfhg;G fUtpia[pfhk; epWtdk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ehL KOtJk; 1.65yl;rk; Vbvk; fs; cs;sd. Vw;nfdNt

thbf;ifahsh;fs; Vbvk;fis gad;gLj; Jtjw;F xU ghpth; j; jidf;F & 4 Kjy; & 5 tiu nrythfpwJ.

,e; j nryit tq;fpfs; jhd; Vw;fpd; wd.

Vbvk;fspy; 24 kzp Neu fhtyh;fs; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy; xU ghpth; j; jidf;F & 10

njhifia thbf;ifahsh;fs; nrYj; jpdhy; kl;LNk rhj; jpakhFk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Vbvk;fSf;F KO Neu ghJfhg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; tq;fpfSf;F $Ljy; nrythFk;. ,e; j nryit

tq;fpfs; thbf;ifahshplkpUe; Jjhd; t#ypf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,j; jifa #oypy; kpd;dZ ghJfhg;G

rhjdq;fis mspf;Fk; [pfhk; epWtdk; Vbvk;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F Gjpa Kiwia cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

kpd;rhuj;ij Nrkpf;fk; mNj rkak; 24 kzp Neuk; nray;gl$ba njhiy J}uj; jpypUe; J

eph;tfpf;ff; $ba ghJfhg;G fUtpia Vw;gLj; jpAs;sJ. Mrhjhuz #oy; Vw;gLk; Vbvk; fspy;


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cldbahf nrd; W ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; f;A+Mh;vk; Nrit ,izg;Gk;

,j; Jld; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kw; wpYk; Nrit mbg;gilapyhdJ. ,jw;F $Ljy; KjyP Lk;

Njitapy;iy Mz;L eph;thff; fl;lzKk; nrYj; j Ntz;bajpy;iy.

xU Vbvk;-kpw;F ,uz;L fhtyh;fis epakpg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; nryitf; fhl;bYk; kpff;

FiwthFk;. Hprh;t; tq;fp kw; Wk; ,e; jpa tq;fpfs; rq;fk; ,e; jpa tq;fpfs; rq;fk; (IgpV) tFj; Js;s

tpjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e; j ghJfhg;G rhjdk; nray;gLk;.

Organizations & Schemes

Mk; Mjkp ghzpapy CoYfF vjpuhd ,isQh; mikgG:

nrd;idia Nrh; e; j nre; jpy; MWKfk; (36)> kw;Wk; rpt. ,sq;Nfh (36) Mfpa ,U ,isQh;fs;

CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl Gjpa cf; jpia ifahsg;gl;Ls;sdh;. jkpofk; KOtjpYk; cs;s vspakf;fSf;F muR eyj; jpl;l cjtpfs; gw; wpAk;> mtw;iwj; ju kWf;Fk; Copah;fis topf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtJ gw; wpAk; 24 kzp NeuKk; jfty; nfhLf;f ,ytr njhiyNgrp fl;Lg;ghl;L miwapidnjhlq;fTs;sdh;. tUk; 15k; Njjp nrd;id irjhg;Ngl;ilapy; mjpfhug; G+h;tkhf ,e; j fl;Lg;ghl;Lmiw njhlq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jid I.V.v]; mjpfhhp rfhak;> jp.efh;> rh;.gpl;b jpahfuhah muq;fpy; njhlq;fp itf;fpwhh;.

mth;fs; ‘rl;lg;gQ;rhaj; J‛ vd; w mikg;G njhlq;fpAs;sdh;. ,k;ikak;> njhlq;fg;gLtjw;FKd;ghfNt ,th;fs; Ng];Gf; (facebok.com/sattapanchayath) gf;fj; jpy; xU khjj; jpNyNa 5>300cWg;gpdh;fs; Nrh; e; Js;sdh;. ,e; j ikaj; jpd; ‘7667100100‛ vd; w njhiyNgrp Nrit vz;iz>Nrhjid Kiwapy; fle; j Mf];l; 28-k; Njjp Nkw;fz;l ,UtUk; mwpKfg;gLj; jpdh;. ,jpy;> Nurd; fhh;L

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Environment & Ecology

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gjg;gLj; jg;gl;l czTfis cz; ZtjhYk;> Gifg;gpbj; jy;> kJ mUe; Jjy; Nghd; w gof;f tof;fq;fspd;

fhuzkhfTk; ,iug;ig Gw; WNeha; cUthf tha;g;G cs;sJ.

cyfpy; ngz;fistpl Mz;fNs ,iug;ig Gw; W Nehahy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd; wdh. ,jw;F

fhuzk; Mz;fspd; czTg; gof;fKk;> Gif> kJ Nghd; w jP a gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F mbikahtJ MFk;.

grpapd;ik> nky; tapw; wpy; typ> nfhQ;rk; rhg;gpl;lhYk; tapW epuk;gpaJ Nghd; w czh;T> tapw; wpy; fl;b>fUg;G epwj; jpy; kyk; ntspNaw; wk; uj; j the; jp vLj; jy; Nghd; wit ,iug;ig Gw;WNehapd;

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tnpsc current affairs january 2014

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