tinh bot san cnsx sach hon
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Công nghệ sản xuất sạch hơn tinh bột sắnTRANSCRIPT
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Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn
Ngnh: Sn xut tinh bt sn Phin bn: 06.2008
C quan bin son
B CNG THNG Chng trnh hp tc pht trin
Vit Nam an Mch v mi trng
Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip
B GIO DC V O TO Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni
Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng
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BNG CH VIT TT
Ch vit tt Ch vit y
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc)
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu cu oxy ho hc)
CPI Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip
CPC Trung tm sn xut sch hn
DCE Chng trnh Hp tc Vit Nam an Mch v Mi trng
EPRO Cng ty C phn t vn
FOCOCEV Cng ty C phn Tinh bt sn FOCOCEV Qung Nam
HCN Axt Xyanuahydric
PP polypropylene
SBR Sequencing Batch Reactor
SMB Ch phm ty trng tinh bt
SS Suspense Solite (Cht rn l lng)
SXSH Cleaner Production (Sn xut sch hn)
UASB Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (X l ym kh dng chy ngc)
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Mc lc
TT Danh mc Trang
Bng ch vit tt 2 Mc lc 3
M u 5 1. Chng 1. Gii thiu chung 6 1.1. M t ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn 6
1.1.1. V qui m sn xut tinh bt sn 6
1.1.2. V c th sn xut 7
1.1.3. Cc thch thc 8 1.2. Qa trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c bn 8
1.2.1. Tip nhn c sn ti 10
1.2.2. Ra v lm sch 10
1.2.3. Bm v mi c 11
1.2.4. Ly tm tch b 11
1.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt th 12
1.2.6. Thu hi tinh bt tinh 12
1.2.7. Hon thin sn phm 13
1.2.8. ng bao sn phm 13
1.2.9. Cc b phn ph tr 14 2. Chng 2. S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng 14
2.1. Tiu th nguyn, nhin vt liu 14
2.2. Cc vn mi trng 15
2.2.1. Nc thi 15
2.2.2. Kh thi 18
2.2.3. Cht thi rn 19 2.3. Tim nng ca SXSH 20 3. Chng 3. C hi sn xut sch hn 21 3.1. C hi c th trin khai trong khu x l s b 21
3.1.1. Phn khu tng tr sn vo theo thi gian nhp 21
3.1.2. Bc v v ra 21
3.1.3. Tch b si , t ct trc khi ra 22
3.1.4. Ci tin thit b khuy trn khi ra, iu chnh thng s 22
3.1.5. Thu hi ti s dng nc ra 22 3.2. C hi SXSH c th trin khai giai on tch bt 22
3.2.1. Ci tin my cht, dao bm, my nghin 22
3.2.2. Ti u ho quy trnh vn hnh sng quay 23
3.2.3. Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc 23
3.2.4. Thu hi tinh bt t b thi 23
3.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc lau lc th 23 3.2.6. S dng NaHSO3 hoc ch phm SMB ty trng 23
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3.2.7. Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh 23
3.2.8. S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph 23
3.2.9. Tn dng b sn lm c cht nui trng nm 24
3.2.10. Thu hi tinh bt bng lc ti 24 3.2.11 Thu hi tinh bt bng thp ra kh 24
3.2.12. La chn mi cht truyn nhit l hi nc hay du 25 3.3. C hi SXSH trong khu vc cc thit b ph tr 25 3.3.1. Lm mm nc trc khi cp cho ni hi 25
3.3.2. Tn dng nhit khi thi t ni hi 25
3.3.3. Thu hi v ti s dng nc ngng 25
3.3.4. Tn thu kh biogas t h thng x l nc thi 26
3.3.5. Tn dng nc thi ti h sinh hc v sn xut phn hu c 26 4. Chng 4. Thc hin nh gi SXSH 26 4.1. Bc 1: Khi ng 27 4.1.1. Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH 27 4.1.2. Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph 30
4.2. Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut 33
4.2.1. Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut 33
4.2.2. Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn, nhin vt liu 35
4.2.3. Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi 36
4.2.4. Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi 38
4.3. Bc 3: ra cc gii php SXSH 39
4.3.1. Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH 40
4.3.2. Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c 41 4.4. Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH 43 4.4.1. Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut 43
4.4.2. Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t 44
4.4.3. Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi v mi trng 45
4.4.4. Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin 46
4.5. Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH 47
4.5.1. Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin. 47
4.5.2. Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php 48
4.5.3. Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu 49
4.6. Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH 49
4.6.1. Nhim v 16: Duy tr SXSH 50
4.6.2. SXS bn vng 50
4.6.3. Cc yu t ng gp cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh SXSH
51
5. Chng 5. X l mi trng 52
5.1. Nc thi 52 5.2. Kh thi 55 5.3. B thi rn 57
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M u
Sn xut sch hn (SXSH) c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim
ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin vt liu c hiu qu hn. Vic
p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph
sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua
gim bt chi ph x l mi trng.
Ti liu hng dn SXSH trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c bin son
trong khun kh hp tc gia Hp phn SXSH trong cng nghip (CPI), thuc
chng trnh Hp tc Vit Nam an Mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng
thng v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng
ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni. Ti liu ny c cc
chuyn gia chuyn ngnh trong nc bin son nhm cung cp cc kin thc
c bn cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh nn tham kho v trnh t trin khai
p dng SXSH.
Cc chuyn gia chuyn ngnh dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin
lin quan n hin trng sn xut tinh bt sn ca Vit Nam, cc vn lin
quan n SXSH v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p
dng c trong iu kin nc ta.
Mc d SXSH c gii hn trong vic thc hin gim thiu nhim ti
ngun, ti liu hng dn SXSH ny cng bao gm thm mt chng v x l
mi trng cc doanh nghip c th tham kho khi tch hp SXSH nhm
p ng cc tiu chun mi trng.
Hp phn SXSH trong cng nghip v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit Nam xin
chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca TS. Ng Tin Hin, cc cn b ca Cng
ty C phn t vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph an Mch, thng qua t
chc DANIDA, v Chnh ph Thy S, thng qua T chc Pht trin cng
nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO h tr thc hin ti liu ny.
Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Vn Phng Hp phn SXSH
trong cng nghip, email: [email protected] hoc Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit
Nam, email: [email protected].
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1. Chng 1. Gii thiu chung.
Chng ny cung cp thng tin v tnh hnh sn xut, xu hng pht trin ca th trng,
cng nh thng tin c bn v quy trnh sn xut tinh bt sn Vit nam.
1.1. M t ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn.
Vit Nam l nc xut khu tinh bt sn ng th 3 trn th gii, sau
Indonesia v Thi Lan. Nm 2006, din tch t trng sn t 475.000 ha, sn
lng tinh bt sn t 7.714.000 tn. Th trng xut khu chnh ca Vit Nam
l Trung Quc, i Loan. Cng vi din tch sn c nng ln, nng sut thu
hoch sn cng nh sn lng tinh bt sn c sn xut cng tng ln theo
thi gian. Hnh 1 m t tc tng trng v din tch trng sn, nng sut v
sn lng tinh bt sn ca Vit nam. Theo hnh 1, tc pht trin ca sn
lng tinh bt sn cao hn gp nhiu ln so vi s gia tng ca din tch trng
sn.
Hnh 1. Biu tng trng din tch, nng sut v sn lng tinh bt sn nc ta.
050100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Din tch (1.000 ha)
Sn l-ng (10.000 tn)
Nng sut (100 tn/ ha)
Ngoi tinh bt sn, cc sn phm c ch bin t sn gm cn, ru, bt
ngt, axit glutamic, axit amin, cc loi si r maltoza, glucoza, fructoza, tinh bt
bin tnh, maltodextrin, cc loi ng chc nng, thc n gia sc, phn bn
hu c
1.1.1. V qui m sn xut tinh bt sn.
Vit Nam hin tn ti 3 loi quy m sn xut tinh bt sn in hnh sau:
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Qui m nh (h v lin h): y l quy m c cng sut 0,5 - 10 tn tinh bt
sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m nh chim 70 - 74%. Cng
ngh th cng, thit b t to hoc do cc c s c kh a phng ch to.
Hiu sut thu hi v cht lng tinh bt sn khng cao.
Qui m va: y l cc doanh nghip c cng sut di 50 tn tinh bt sn
phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m va chim 16- 20%. a phn cc
c s u s dng thit b ch to trong nc nhng c kh nng hot ng
n nh v cht lng sn phm khng thua km cc c s nhp thit b ca
nc ngoi.
Qui m ln: Nhm ny gm cc doanh nghip c cng sut trn 50 tn tinh bt
sn phm/ ngy. S c s ch bin sn quy m ln chim khong 10% tng
s cc c s ch bin c nc vi cng ngh, thit b nhp t Chu u, Trung
Quc, Thi Lan. l cng ngh tin tin hn, c hiu sut thu hi sn phm
cao hn, t cht lng sn phm cao hn, v s dng t nc hn so vi
cng ngh trong nc.
Ti nay c nc c trn 60 nh my ch bin tinh bt sn qui m ln,
cng sut 50 - 200 tn tinh bt sn/ ngy v trn 4.000 c s ch bin th
cng. Hin ti tng cng sut ca cc nh my ch bin sn qui m cng
nghip v ang xy dng c kh nng ch bin c 40% sn lng sn
c nc.
Theo s liu thng k cha y , khong 40 - 45% sn lng sn dnh cho
ch bin quy m ln, hay cn gi l quy m cng nghip, 40 - 45% sn lng
sn dnh cho ch bin tinh bt qui m nh v va, dng sn xut cc sn
phm sn kh, ch bin thc n chn nui v 10 - 15% dng cho n ti v
cc nhu cu khc.
1.1.2. V c th sn xut.
C sn ti rt kh bo qun di ngy nn hu ht cc nh my ch bin sn
u hot ng theo thi v, ch yu l t cui thng 8 nm trc n u
thng 4 nm sau. Vng ng Nam B c iu kin thun li v nhit cho
pht trin cy sn nn cc nh my ch bin tinh bt hin nay c th sn xut
c 2 v. Ring cc nh my ch bin ti Ty Ninh c thi gian ch bin ko
di 330 ngy/ nm. Thi gian sn xut trong nm ca cc nh my khc
khong 200 ngy.
Theo cng sut thit k, nhu cu nguyn liu sn ti l: 5.360.000 tn sn
ti/ nm, chim 69,48% sn lng sn hin c. Trong khi sn lng sn
hng nm dnh lm lng thc cho ngi v cho chn nui khong 3.000.000
tn. V vy, vi sn lng sn 7.700.000 tn sn/ nm, nhiu nh my ch
bin tinh bt sn b thiu nguyn liu.
Mt s kt qu nghin cu, chuyn giao cng ngh, sn xut ch bin cc sn
phm sau cng nghip tinh bt sn nh: sn xut tinh bt bin tnh,
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maltodextrin, ng glucoza, si r maltoza, lysin gp phn ko di thi
gian hot ng ca cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn sau ma v.
1.1.3. Cc thch thc.
Ngoi vn v nguyn liu, hin ti cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn
ang i mt vi thch thc ln nht v nhim mi trng v suy thoi t
trng sn. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn a ra cc hng dn
thc hin quy hoch pht trin vng nguyn liu sn xut sn v sn xut tinh
bt sn nhm m bo pht trin bn vng trc mt v lu di.
1.2. Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn c bn.
Quy trnh ch bin th cng.
C sn mua v c ra bng tay v gt v bng dao ri no th cng trn
mt bn no/ mi trn tm thic hoc st mm c c l to g sc mt bn.
Bt sau khi mi c a vo mt tm vi lc buc bn gc v ra bng vi
nc. X sau khi ra c vt kh. Sa bt thu c cha trong x/ thng
cha ch tinh bt lng xung. Thay nc nhiu ln loi b nha v tp
cht v HCN. Bt t vt ln khay hoc vt qua vi lc tch nc ri c
sy kh t nhin.
Quy trnh ch bin bn c gii:
Trong quy trnh ny, vic gt v thng vn c tin hnh th cng. Qu
trnh no/ mi c tin hnh bng my mi. Lc quay trng c truyn
qua trc ng c in v dy curoa. Trng c ph tm kim loi c l c
quay trong mt hp my c gn phu np c pha trn v bt sau khi mi c
chy xung di. Qu trnh mi c b sung mt lng nh nc. Lng
tinh bt c gii phng v ho tan nh cch lm ny c th t hiu sut 70-
90%. Bt nho thu c qua sng lc th, lc mn v lc tinh. C th b sung
nc trong khi tch cc tp cht v b. Dch thu c s qua giai on lng
tch nc. Lng c tin hnh trong b lng hoc bn lng (lng trng lc).
Qu trnh lng c th c b sung ha cht gip lng nhanh hoc ty trng.
Tinh bt c tch ra bng tay. Sy kh tinh bt bng phng php t nhin
hoc cng bc.
Quy trnh ch bin hin i.
Yu t quan trng nht trong sn xut tinh bt sn cht lng cao l ton b
qu trnh ch bin, t khi tip nhn c n khi sy hon thin sn phm phi
c tin hnh trong thi gian ngn nht c th c gim thiu qu trnh
oxy ho, bin i hm lng tinh bt sau thu hoch v trong ch bin. Tinh bt
sn c ch bin t nguyn liu l c ti hoc kh (sn c, sn lt), vi cc
quy m v trnh cng ngh khc nhau. Qui trnh ch bin sn c th hin
hnh 2.
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Hnh 2. Cng ngh sn xut tinh bt sn.
Lu : Qu trnh sy kh sn phm s dng nhiu nhit. Cc qu trnh s
dng nng lng khc nh: chy my, bng ti... u sinh ra kh nh knh
CO2. Cc dng pht thi kh nh knh ny cha c m t c th trong s
quy trnh cng ngh ny.
Theo s hnh 2, qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn gm 7 cng on chnh. Mi
cng on li gm mt s cng on nh hn. Chi tit ca cc bc cng
ngh c m t c th di y:
Nng lng Bao gi
C sn ti
1. Tip nhn c sn
2. Ra v lm sch - Ra s b - Tch v - Ra nc
3. Bm v mi c - Bm - Mi - Nghin, xt
4. Ly tm tch b - Ty mu - Tch b ln 1,2,3
5. Thu hi tinh bt th
6. Thu hi tinh bt tinh
- C c - Ly tm tch nc
7. Hon thin - Lm ti - Sy kh - nh lng - ng gi
Tinh bt sn
V, t ct Nc thi
u c, x sn Nc Nng lng
SO2 Nng lng
Nc
Nc Nng lng Nc thi
Nc thi Nc
Nng lng
Nhit thi Vt liu bao gi hng
Nc Nng lng
Nc thi B thi rn
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1.2.1. Tip nhn c sn ti.
C sn ti c hm lng tinh bt khc nhau, c kim tra nhanh bng thit
b phng th nghim. C sn c cha trong sn rng v chuyn vo phu
cha bng bng ti. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn theo bng ti, cng nhn loi
b rc, tp cht th. Thi gian x l sn c ti t khi thu hoch n khi a
vo ch bin cng nhanh cng tt trnh tn tht tinh bt. Thc hnh ti Vit
Nam l khng qu 48 gi. Thc hnh ti mt s nc trong khu vc khng qu
24 gi.
C phu tip liu thng c ch to theo hnh tr, y hnh ch nht vi
mt nghing m bo cho nguyn liu c th trt xung. Cu trc phu cng
v chc, cho php sn c y vo ming phu. Bn di phu c t
mt sng rung, sng ny hot ng to rung t trc cam, quay bng m t
in. Sng rung c nhim v tip tc tch phn tp cht t cn bm vo c
sn.
1.2.2. Ra v lm sch c.
Cng on ny c tin hnh nhm loi b cc tp cht c trn v c sn,
bao gm cc bc ra s b, tch t , tch v cng v ra li bng nc.
My bc v c dng tch v cng ra khi c. C sn c a t bn
cha n my bc v bng mt bng ti. Ti y, ct, t v cht thi khc
tip tc c loi b trong iu kin m. My bc v c thit k theo hnh
ng c gn thanh thp trn thnh ng nh mt lng xoy c khe h rng
khong 1cm, mt trong ca my c g xoy gip cho vic a c n mt
cch t ng. tng hiu qu loi b t ct c th dng g xoy dng bn
chi. Thng thng sn phi c loi c v cng v v la (dy khong 2-3
mm) v l ni c cha n 50% tinh bt v hu ht lng axit xyanua hydric
(HCN).
C sn sau khi bc v c chuyn n my ra. Qu trnh ra c tin
hnh bng cch phun nc ln nguyn liu c sn vi nhng bnh cho t
trong mt mng nc. Mng nc trong my ra c thit k hnh ch U,
cho php c sn di chuyn vi khong cch di hn, trong thi gian lu hn.
Ti y, qu trnh ra lm sch, loi b lp v ngoi cng nh mi tp cht
khc. Cng on ra nn s dng vi phun p lc cao tng hiu qu ra.
Nu ra khng hiu qu, cc ht bn dnh trn c sn s l nguyn nhn lm
gim trng ca dch sa v sn phm.
Nc ra v nc dng bc v c th c ly t cc my phn ly tinh
bt. Nc ra ti s dng c cha trong b cha trc khi dng.
C sn ti sau khi ra c bng ti chuyn n cng on sau. Sau cng
on ny, 1000 kg sn c ti cho khong 980 kg sn c sch.
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1.2.3. Bm v mi c.
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny nhm lm v c, to thnh cc mnh nh, lm tng
kh nng tinh bt ho tan trong nc v tch b.
C sn khi ra khi my ra, qua bng ti, c bm thnh nhng mnh nh
khong 10 20 mm ti my bm. My bm c gn 2 b li, b th nht c
20 li c nh, theo cu trc chun ca khong cch khe, b th 2 gm 21
li gn vi mt trc chnh 4 gc khc nhau. Trc chnh c chuyn ng
bng m t in 240 vng/ pht. Sau khi bm, nguyn liu c chuyn vo
my mi bng vt ti v b phn phn phi dm.
Vic mi c c hiu qu l yu t cn thit cho sn lng tinh bt cao. My
mi c mt rt c ch to bng thp khng r, c cc rnh gi cc li
mi, rt ny t trong hp v b mt mi to thnh vch ng c th cha
c, i din vi mt mi l mt m chn cho php iu chnh kch thc bt
mi. Bng cch chn b m ny, c sn ti s c mi trn b mt li
mi. B sn c y ra t cc khe h y.
Trong qu trnh mi, nc c a vo phu nhm gim nhit lng sinh ra
v y b sn ra khi my. Trong qu trnh ny, HCN trong c sn trng thi
t do, ho tan dn trong nc n khi khng cn trong sn phm. S tip xc
gia axit HCN vi st d hnh thnh cht ferocyanid lm cho dch tinh bt sn
c mu hi xanh l. Do vy cng on ny tt c cc b phn thit b c tip
xc vi dch tinh bt sn cn c lm bng thp khng r.
Dch sa to thnh sau qu trnh ny c bm sang cng on tip theo.
1.2.4. Ly tm tch b.
Ly tm c thc hin nhm c c dch sa v loi b x.Ty mu c tin
hnh ngay sau khi hnh thnh dch sa. Trong qu trnh ny, tinh bt c tch
khi si xenluloza, lm sch si mn trong bt sa v ty trng tinh bt
trnh ln men v lm bin mu. Mc ch ly tm tch b l tch tinh bt ra khi
nc v b. ty trng tinh bt, c th dng cc hp cht SOx c tnh oxy
mnh (NaHSO3 38% hoc dung dch SO2) ty mu. C th s dng ch
phm c tn thng mi SMB vi thnh phn chnh l nc v NaHSO3. SMB
ang c s dng ph bin ty trng trong sn xut tinh bt nhm thay
th cng ngh s dng clo hoc t lu hunh to thnh SO2 trc y. u
im ca SMB so vi clo v SO2 l gim thiu nhim mi trng khng kh,
nc v c bit d dng khng ch c lng SO42- trong tinh bt, p ng
cht lng tinh bt theo tiu chun quc t xut khu.
Thng thng vic tch b c tin hnh 3 ln bng cng ngh v thit b ly
tm lin tc. Dch sa c a vo b phn r hnh nn v c nhng vi
phun nc vo b trong sut qu trnh ra b v ho tan tinh bt. Phn x thu
hi, sau khi qua giai on lc cui cng, c cha 90 - 95% hm lng nc
v mt t l thp l tinh bt st. y l iu kin thun li tch b v tinh
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bt. Do vy, tinh bt sa sau khi i qua b phn ly tm u tin vi kch thc
khe h hp l s c tip tc bm qua cc b phn ly tm tip theo. B phn
ly tm gm c 2 cng on v c thit k vi sng ry mn. Trong cc b
phn ly tm ny thng c b phn lc mn v b phn lc cui thu hi trit
tinh bt. Phn x mn c loi b lm thc n chn nui.
Sa tinh bt loi th sau khi qua my lc ln cui t mc c c khong 3 0B hoc 5,1 - 6,0 0Bx, hoc tng ng 54 kg tinh bt kh/ m3 dch. Dch tinh
bt ny cn cha cc tp cht nh protein, cht bo, ng v mt s cht
khng ho tan nh nhng ht xelluloza nh trong qu trnh mi c. Cc tp
cht s b loi b trong qu trnh tinh lc tinh bt.
1.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt th.
Vic tch bt th c th c tin hnh bng phng php lng nhiu ln, lc,
hoc/ v ly tm vi mc ch tch b v tch dch. Phng php lng c
tin hnh vi quy m nh. Vi qui m trung bnh v ln, qu trnh tch tinh bt
t si xelluloza c tin hnh bng phng php lc hoc ly tm lin tc.
y l phng php lc tinh bt t si xelluloza giai on lc cui trc khi
thi b. Lc tinh bt c tin hnh qua ly tm r xoy lin tc. Hn hp tinh
bt v b c a vo b phn sng quay hnh nn v nhng vi phun nc
ra b. di hnh nn ny m bo thu li hon ton tinh bt. B c thu
gom n b phn p b. Nc sau khi p b c th a vo ti s dng cho
qui trnh sn xut tit kim nc. Sau cng on ny, dch sa th t 5%
cht kh.
1.2.6. Thu hi tinh bt tinh.
Sau khi ly tm tch b, dch sa c tip tc tch nc. Bt mn c th c
tch ra t sa tinh bt bng cc phng php lc chn khng, ly tm v c
c.
Trong sa tinh bt, hm lng cc cht dinh dng v ng kh cao, nn
cc vi sinh vt pht trin dn n hin tng ln men gy mi. S thay i tnh
cht sinh ha ny lm nh hng xu n cht lng sn phm. V vy, yu
cu trong giai on ny phi din ra nhanh, bng my ly tm siu tc v lin
tc thit k theo cng ngh thch hp tch nc v nng cao nng tinh
bt.
Tinh bt sa c a vo my ly tm siu tc bng vi phun thit k theo 2
nhnh chnh v ph t trong thnh bn. Nc ra c bm vo my ng
thi. Vic phn ly tch tinh bt sa c t trng cao hn v tinh bt sa c t
trng thp hn nh nhng a hnh chp nn trong bn my phn ly. Cc
thnh phn nh l tinh bt dng sa c nng thp c a qua cc a
phn ly t bn trong bn phn ly. Bn phn ly c lp cc ng dn nc
ra ho tan tinh bt. Nhiu my phn ly c lp t theo mt dy lin tc.
Tinh bt sau cng on ny t nng 20 oBx.
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Phng php ly tm kh nc ny c thit k theo kiu r, lp b phn
chu c c l, mt tm vi lc v mt tm li c l rt nh t bn trong.
Tinh bt c chuyn vo dng lng. Trong sut qu trnh phn ly nc
c loi b bi mng lc v tinh bt c gi li thnh chu to thnh
bnh hnh tr. Chu k hot ng ca my bt u din ra t lc np tinh bt
sa 18 - 20 oBx vo b phn hnh r cho n khi t mc cho php th
ngng np. Sau khi hon tt chu k no bt th qu trnh np dch tinh bt mi
bt u hot ng tr li.
Sau ly tm tch nc, tinh bt tinh thu c t m 38%, c chuyn
sang cng on sau di dng bnh tinh bt.
1.2.7. Hon thin sn phm.
Bnh tinh bt sau khi c tch ra t cng on trn c lm ti v sy kh
tip tc tch nc nhm mc ch bo qun lu di.
Vic lm ti tinh bt t l rt cn thit khi tng b mt tip xc ca ht tinh bt
vi khng kh nng trong qu trnh sy. lm ti, tinh bt t c dn n
b phn vt ti lm ti v b phn ry bt t ng. Nhit b phn ny
c gi n nh l 55 oC. Nu nhit trong ng dn nhit gim, thp hn 55 oC, c ngha l hm m ca tinh bt cao, tn hiu c truyn n b phn
iu khin nhit v b phn bin tn s lm gim vn tc m t v tc trc
vt, khi lng tinh bt t a vo my sy gim theo, cho n khi nhit
trong ng dn t n tr s n nh.
Tinh bt c sy bng my sy nhanh. Tinh bt t c np vo my sy
nhanh t hm m 10- 13%. Qu trnh sy do khng kh nng c to ra
t b phn trao i nhit vi mi cht l du nng. Lng khng kh c sy
nng i qua b phn lc lm sch, kh bi, tp cht bn trong khng kh.
Khng kh cp vo my sy nhit 180 200 oC. Trong qu trnh sy, tinh
bt c chuyn i bng kh t y ln nh thp sy bng hi nng khong
150 oC v sau ri xung. Qu trnh sy c hon tt trong thi gian rt
ngn (vi giy) bo m cho tinh bt khng b vn v khng b chy.
Vic gim nhit tinh bt ngay sau khi sy c ngha quan trng. V vy my
sy c lp b phn xoy gi c bit h nhanh nhit sn phm.
1.2.8. ng bao sn phm.
Tinh bt sau khi sy kh c tch ra khi dng kh nng, c lm ngui
ngay bi dng lc kh nng v hot ng ng thi ca van quay. Sau tinh
bt ny c a qua ry ht bo m to thnh ht tinh bt ng nht,
khng kt dnh vn cc, t tiu chun ng u v mn. Tinh bt sau khi
qua ry c bao gi thnh phm.
Thit b dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn ch yu c nhp ca c, Nht,
Php, i Loan, Trung quc, Thi Lan v mt phn c ch to trong nc.
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14
Trung bnh t 1.000 kg sn c ti thu c 250kg tinh bt, 20 kg tinh bt sn
th phm v 70 kg ph ph liu khc (b, m...)
1.2.9. Cc b phn ph tr.
Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn s dng hi gin tip sy tinh bt hoc mi
cht du c gia nhit. Hi c sinh ra t thit b l hi. Loi l hi ph
bin trong cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn l loi chy bng du, hoc
bng than, c cng sut ph hp lm nng mi cht l du.
Thay cho hi nc, du c gia nhit p lc cao c cung cp cho cc
thit b s dng nhit, thit b sy kh.
Kh SO2 c th c to ra bng cch t lu hunh trong khun vin nh
my, c s dng ty trng nguyn liu hoc thnh phm.
C th nhp mua ho cht ty trng tinh bt c tn thng mi SMB vi thnh
phn chnh l NaHSO3 38%.
2. Chng 2. S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng.
Chng ny cung cp thng tin c th v tiu th nguyn, nhin, vt liu v tc ng
ca qu trnh sn xut n mi trng, cng nh tim nng p dng SXSH trong ngnh
sn xut tinh bt sn.
Qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn s dng lng ln nc v nng lng, ng
thi sinh ra cht thi di c ba dng rn, kh, lng c trnh by trong cc
phn di y.
2.1. Tiu th nguyn, nhin, vt liu.
Qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn s dng nguyn liu chnh l sn c ti, nc
ra, nng lng in chy my, nhit nng sy (sinh ra t thit b l
hi) cng nh ha cht ty trng. Nc s dng yu cu t pH trong
khong 5 - 6.
nh mc tiu th nguyn, nhin, vt liu ca mt s nh my sn xut tinh bt
sn ca Vit nam v cc nc trong khu vc c th hin trong bng sau:
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15
Bng 1. nh mc tiu th nguyn, nhin, vt liu sn xut tinh bt sn
Nguyn nhin liu n v Vit Nam Cc nc khc Thc hnh tt
1. Sn c ti tn/ tn sn phm 3,67- 5.00 3,5 - 4 3,67- 4,5
2. Nc m3/ tn sn phm 30- 40 24- 30 24- 35
3. Phn chua Kg/ tn sn phm 0,08- 0,09 0,066 0,08 0,066- 0,08
4. Lu hunh Kg/ tn sn phm 2- 2,78 2,0 - 2,2 2,0- 2,5
5. Nng lng
5.1. Du FO tn/ tn sn phm 0,03-0,05 0,03 - 0,04 0,03- 0,04
5.2.Than cm tn/ tn sn phm 0,6- 0,8 0,5 0,7 0,5- 0,6
5.3. in Kwh/ tn sn phm 175- 180 120-130 120- 150
Trung bnh t 100kg sn c ti c hm lng bt 25% tr ln s thu c t
nht 25 kg tinh bt thng phm loi 1 c m 12%
2.2. Cc vn mi trng.
Sn c hm lng nc khong 55,2%, tinh bt khong 25- 29%, hm lng
prottein 0,4mg/ 100g cht kh, hm lng HCN 2,9 mg/100g sn ti, thay i
theo ma v, iu kin cnh tc, ging sn, thi v, thi gian v iu kin bo
qun.
Chnh cc thnh phn hu c nh tinh bt, protein, xenluloza, pectin, ng...
c trong nguyn liu c sn ti l nguyn nhn gy nhim cao cho cc
dng nc thi ca nh my sn xut tinh bt sn trong qu trnh sn xut.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh sn xut, HCN ho tan trong nc ra b, thot khi
dy chuyn sn xut cng gp phn gy nhim mi trng to mu sm ca
nc thi.
Kh thi trong nh my sn xut tinh bt sn phi k n l cc hp cht SOx
t qu trnh ty ra dng nc SO2, dung dch NaHSO3, CO2 t qu trnh ln
men, cc loi kh NH4, indon, scaton, H2S, CH4 t cc qu trnh ln men ym
kh v hiu kh cc hp cht hu c nh tinh bt, ng, protein trong nc
thi, b thi.
Cc cht thi rn nh v snh (v lp ngoi cng ca c sn), cc phn s, b
thi rn cha nhiu xenluloza, b lc t my lc, my ly tm.
2.2.1. Nc thi.
Nc sn xut c s dng nhiu nht cng on ra v ly tm tch b.
Lng nc thi ra mi trng thng chim 80- 90 % nc s dng.
Nc thi sinh ra t dy chuyn sn xut tinh bt sn c cc thng s c
trng nh: pH thp, hm lng cht hu c v v c cao, th hin qua hm
lng cht rn l lng (SS), cc cht dinh dng cha N, P,K, cc ch s v
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16
nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc (BOD), nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD), mu... vi
nng rt cao, vt nhiu ln so vi tiu chun mi trng. Nc thi c
sinh ra t cc cng on sn xut chnh sau y:
- Bc v, mi c, p b: cha mt hm lng ln cyanua, alcaloid, antoxian,
protein, xenluloza, pectin, ng v tinh bt. y l ngun chnh gy
nhim nc thi, thng dao ng trong khong 20-25m3/ tn nguyn liu,
c cha SS, BOD, COD rt cao.
- Lng trch ly: cha tinh bt, xenluloza, protein thc vt, lignin v cyanua, do
c SS, BOD, COD rt cao, pH thp.
- Ra my mc, thit b, v sinh nh xng: c cha du my, SS, BOD.
- Nc thi sinh hot (nc thi t nh bp, nh tm, nh v sinh) cha cc
cht cn b, SS, BOD, COD, cc cht dinh dng (N, P) v vi sinh vt
- Nc ma chy trn ti nh my cun theo cc cht cn b, rc, bi.
Kt qu phn tch nc thi ti mt s doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn
Vit Nam (Bng 2). Bng ny cho thy khong cch dao ng v cc ch tiu
nc thi cao hn nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php. Thnh phn nc
thi ph thuc vo quy m sn xut, tng mc u t, trnh cng ngh v
h thng thit b x l nc thi, quy trnh vn hnh v quan trc mi trng.
Tuy nhin, nc thi sn xut tinh bt sn cc quy m khc nhau, hu nh
cha t c tiu chun nc thi cng nghip ca Vit Nam.
Bng 2. Cht lng nc thi ca t sn xut tinh bt sn
Cc ch tiu
n v
Quy m nh v va
Quy m ln
TCVN 5945:2005*
A B C
pH 4.0-5.6 3.8-5.7 6-9 5.5-9 5-9
BOD mg/l 7.400-11.000 6.200-23.000 30 50 100
COD mg/l 13.000-17.800 7.000-41.000 50 80 400
SS mg/l 1.200-2.600 330-4.100 50 100 200
CN- mg/l 3,4-5,8 19-36 0,07 0,5 1
SO42- mg/l 79-99 10-73 0,2 0,5 1
Ghi ch: * Cc thng s quy nh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quan n dung tch ngun tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thi, trong :
A - Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hot. B - Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A. C - Ngun tip nhn c quy nh.
Bng trn cho thy cht lng nc thi t quy trnh sn xut tinh bt sn
hon ton khng p ng c tiu chun mi trng. Ngoi tnh cht axit,
nc thi cn cha lng cht rn, cc cht hu c, HCN cn c x l. Vi
hm lng BOD/ COD nh bng trn, nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn
c th c x l ym kh (UASB), hiu kh, h sinh hc, s dng ch phm vi
sinh vt p ng cc tiu chun mi trng (tham kho mc 5 trang 50).
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Tc ng ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi:
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) l nhu cu oxy sinh ho hc xc nh
mc nhim ca nc cp, nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot
- Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) l nhu cu oxy ho hc oxy ho cc
cht hu c v v c cha trong nc thi cng nghip
S nhim ca cc cht hu c dn n suy gim nng xy ha tan (DO)
nc. xy ha tan gim s tc ng nghim trng n h thy sinh, c bit l
h vi sinh vt. Khi xy ra hin tng phn hy ym kh vi hm lng BOD
qu cao s gy thi ngun nc v git cht h thy sinh, gy nhim khng
kh xung quanh v pht tn trn phm vi rng theo chiu gi.
Tc ng ca cht rn l lng (SS)
Cht rn l lng cng l tc nhn gy nh hng tiu cc ti ti nguyn thy
sinh ng thi gy mt cm quan, bi lng lng h, sng sui...
Tc ng ca axt hu c xyanuahydric (HCN)
Axit HCN l c t c trong v sn. Khi cha o, trong c sn khng c HCN
t do m dng lin kt glucozit gi l phazeolutanin c cng thc ha hc l
C10H17NO6. Sau khi o, di tc dng ca enzym xyanoaza hoc trong mi
trng axit th phazeolutanin phn hy to thnh glucoza, axeton v axit
xyanuahydric. Axit ny gy c ton thn cho ngi. Xyanua dng Ing trong
dung dch l cht linh hot, khi vo c th n kt hp vi enzym trong
xitochrom lm c ch kh nng cp xy cho hng cu. Do , cc c quan ca
c th b thiu xy. Nng HCN thp c th gy chng mt, ming ng,
bun nn. Nng HCN cao gy cm gic bng bnh, kh th, da hng, co
git, m man, bt tnh, hoa mt, ng t gin, au nhi vng tim, tim ngng
p v gy t vong.
Trong sn xut sn, HCN tn ti trong nc thi, c phn ng vi st to thnh
st xyanua c mu xm. Nu khng tch nhanh HCN s nh hng ti mu
ca tinh bt v mu ca nc thi. Hm lng c t HCN trong c sn 0,001-
0,04 % ch yu v.
Nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn quy m ln c BOD 6.200 -
23.000 mg/ lt v khi lng nc thi kh ln 1.500m3/ ngy m. Nu nc
thi khng c x l trit , khng t tiu chun mi trng, s gy
nhim nghim trng cho ngun nc, t v khng kh.
X l nc thi cho cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn t tiu chun mi trng l iu
bt buc. Vic x l c th p dng cng ngh ln men ym kh to biogas c thu hi
v ti s dng cho qu trnh sn xut (tham kho thng tin chng 5).
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18
2.2.2. Kh thi.
Kh thi ca nh my sn xut tinh bt sn c mi hi. Mi hi hnh thnh do
s phn hu ca tinh bt sn v cc cht hu c. Cc cht ny c trong b
thi, lu ng trong thit b sn xut v khu vc nh xng. Nc thi lu tr
trong h b phn hu ym kh cng gy mi hi v gy kh chu i vi cng
nhn lao ng trc tip sn xut v dn c ln cn.
Cc ngun sinh ra kh thi gm:
- B thi rn, h x l nc thi ym kh, sinh kh H2S, NH4
- L hi, phng tin chuyn ch sinh kh NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, HC
- Khu vc sy v ng bao c nhiu bi tinh bt sn.
- Kho bi cha nguyn liu c sn ti c bi, t, ct, sn ph liu, vi sinh
vt.
- Bi nhp nguyn liu, than, dy chuyn np liu, kho cha nguyn liu c bi
t ct
- Gu ti, my xt trng, my bc v, my sy tinh bt, my pht in, qut gi,
xe vn ti... gy ting n.
Tc ng ca cc cht nhim H2S, CH4 v NH4 n mi trng khng kh.
Mi hi sinh ra do qu trnh phn hy t nhin cc cht hu c, thnh phn
ch yu to ra mi hi l H2S v mt s cht hu c th kh. Cc loi kh ny
lm cho con ngi kh th v nh hng gin tip ti sc khe lu di.
Bi: Bi gy vim mi, hng, ph qun ngi lao ng. Bnh bi phi gy tn
thng chc nng phi cp tnh hoc mn tnh, to nn nhng khi u cung
phi, gin ph qun v cc khi u bn trong c ht bi.
Axit (SOx, NOx): Cc kh ny kch thch nim mc, to thnh cc axit H2SOx,
HNOx nhim vo c th qua ng h hp hoc ha tan vo nc bt ri vo
ng tiu ha sau phn tn vo mu, kh ny khi kt hp vi bi s to
thnh cc ht bi axit l lng v i vo ph nang ph hy thc bo, dn n
c ch thn kinh trung ng v lm h huyt p, kch thch nim mc lm chy
nc mi, ho, gy tai bin phi.
Tu nng NO2 v thi gian tip xc t vi ngy n vi tun c th gy vim
cung phi, vim mng phi n t vong.
i vi thc vt: Cc kh SOx, NOx khi b xy ha trong khng kh v kt hp
vi nc ma to nn ma axit gy nh hng ti s pht trin ca cy trng
v thm thc vt
i vi vt liu: S c mt ca SOx, NOx trong khng kh nng m lm tng
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19
cng qu trnh n mn kim loi, ph hy vt liu btng, v cc cng trnh
xy dng khc.
CO: Kh cacbon oxit khng mu, khng mi v, pht sinh t s t cc vt liu
tng hp c cha cacbon v chim t l ln trong nhim mi trng khng
kh. CO khi vo c th kt hp vi Hb lm mt chc nng vn chuyn xy ca
mu ti cc b phn c th, rt d gy t vong. Tc ng ca CO i vi sc
khe con ngi ph thuc hm lng HbCO (t 1 n 40%) trong mu, c th
gy nh hng n h thn kinh trung ng, gim kh nng phn bit v thi
gian, gic quan km nhy cm, co git tng cn, gy hn m v dn ti t
vong.
CO2: CO2 gy ri lon h hp phi v t bo do chim ch ca xy trong
mu. CO2 cn l tc nhn gy hiu ng nh knh, dn n hin tng nng ln
ca tri t, bin i kh hu ton cu.
HC: HC l hp cht ha hc do hydro v cacbon to thnh, sinh ra do s t
chy nhin liu s dng cho cc phng tin c gii, hoc do s t khng
hon ton ca cc ng c t trong. i vi ngi, kh HC lm sng ty
mng nhy phi, lm thu hp cung phi v lm sng ty mt. HC cn l
nguyn nhn gy ra ung th phi.
Ting n: Ting n cao hn tiu chun cho php s gy nh hng ti sc
khe con ngi nh mt ng, mt mi, tm l kh chu, lm gim nng sut lao
ng, km tp trung lao ng, dn n nguy c gy tai nn trong khi lao ng.
Cc bo co phn tch v mi trng trong sn xut tinh bt sn cho thy vn kh thi
cn quan tm nht l cc kh c, mi v bi tinh bt sn. Cng nh cc ngnh cng
nghip khc, kh thi ca l hi cng l vn cn quan tm. Kh thi l mt trong nhng
ni dung ca chng 5.
2.2.3. Cht thi rn.
Cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ch yu bao gm:
- V g v v c, chim khong 2- 3 % lng sn c ti, c loi b ngay
t khu bc v. Ph liu ny c th c s dng lm thc n gia sc
dng kh hoc t.
- X v b sn c thu nhn sau khi lc ht tinh bt. Loi cht thi rn
ny thng chim 15 - 20 % lng sn ti, gy nhim mi trng nu
khng c x l kp thi. S v b sn sau khi trch ly c tch nc lm
thc n gia sc.
- M: lng m kh chim khong 3,5 - 5 % sn c ti. M c tch ra t
dch sa, c hm lng cht hu c cao (1.500- 2.000 mg/ 100g) v x
(12.800-14.500 mg/ 100 g) nn gy mi rt kh chu do qu trnh phn hy
sinh hc, cn c lm kh ngay. Tuy nhin, thc hnh ti nhiu doanh
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20
nghip sn xut thng m di dng t. Lng tinh bt cha trong
m l 51.800-63.000 mg/ 100 g, gp i lng tinh bt c trong v g v v
c. M c s dng lm thc n gia sc.
- Bn lng sinh ta t h thng x l nc thi.
- Bao b ph thi.
B thi rn ca ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn thng c cc doanh nghip
sn xut tn dng lm sn phm ph di dng thc n gia sc. Ngun thu t
sn phm ph ny l khng ng k, cn c cc bin php s dng v qun l
b thi rn hiu qu hn. (Tham kho mc 3, trang 20- 25).
Tc ng ca b thi rn
Cht thi rn c khi lng rt ln. Vi cng sut 60 tn tinh bt/ ngy, ti
lng phn v g chim khong 4 800 kg/ ngy, phn v c 8 000 kg/ ngy, b
sn nhiu nht 16 800 kg/ ngy. Nu khng thu gom v x l ngay trong ngy
th qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong cht thi rn sau 48 gi s
to ra cc kh H2S, NH4 gy mi hi thi lm nhim mi trng.
B thi rn ca qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn gm cc hp cht hu c d b phn hu,
gy mi hi thi kh chu, ng thi l mi trng tt cho cc loi vi sinh vt c hi pht
trin v c kh nng pht tn i xa theo chiu gi, gy nhim mi trng khng kh
khu vc xung quanh. Thng tin x l cht thi rn c trnh by chng 5.
2.3. Tim nng ca SXSH.
Tham chiu bng nh mc tiu hao nguyn nhin vt liu trong qu trnh sn
xut tinh bt sn, cho thy nhu cu tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu ca cc
doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn trong nc c bin ln, ch yu ph
thuc vo sn lng, cng ngh v thit b sn xut.
tng tnh cnh tranh vi cc nc trong khu vc, cc doanh nghip ch
bin tinh bt sn trong nc cn c nhng bin php tch cc gim thiu
hn na mc tiu th cc nguyn nhin vt liu trn mt n v sn phm. Vi
cng ngh sn xut vi mc trung bnh Vit nam, vic p dng SXSH c
th gim nh mc tiu hao i vi nguyn liu sn c ti l 20%, phn 10%,
lu hunh 20%, du FO 20%, than 12%, in 25%. Lng nc s dng trn
mt n v sn phm ca Vit Nam hin cn cao hn so vi cc nc khc
trong khu vc. Tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu trn mt n v sn phm cao
hn so vi cc nc trong khu vc khng ch lm tng gi thnh sn xut sn
phm m cn lm tng chi ph x l mi trng.
Hiu sut thu hi tinh bt ca Vit Nam trung bnh ch t 70% trong khi
hiu sut thu hi tinh bt sn ca cc nc khc c thc hnh tt c th ln
n 88%.
Ngoi k thut tch tinh bt, cht lng nguyn liu sn cng l vn cn
quan tm.
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21
Thng tin v vc trin khai p dng SXSH trong ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn
trong v ngoi nc cn hn ch. Ti liu ny cng trnh by mt s kt qu
nghin cu khoa hc, pht trin cng ngh, mt s kinh nghim t c t
thc t sn xut v c hi SXSH.
Chng ny dn ra mt s v d v gii php SXSH c th p dng thnh cng trong
ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn. Ni dung ny s tip tc c cp nht khi c thm cc
thngn tin mi t cc doanh nghip p dng SXSH .
Tht thot tinh bt lm gim hiu xut tng thu hi trong ngnh sn xut tinh
bt sn. Tinh bt b mt trong tt c cc cng on sn xut, t x l s b
(ch yu trong lu tr), tch bt (ch yu trong k thut tch b, ra, ly tm v
lc) v trong hon thin sn phm (ch yu trong sy). Lng tinh bt mt i
khng ch lm nh hng trc tip n gi thnh sn xut m cn nh hng
n chi ph x l mi trng.
3. Chng 3. C hi sn xut sch hn.
3.1. C hi c th trin khai trong khu x l s b.
Khu x l s b bao gm cc cng on tip nhn c, ra v lm sch. Yu
cu ca khu ny l tip nhn v lm sch c sn chun b cho qu trnh
tch tinh bt. Cc cht c tch ra ch yu l t ct bm vo b mt c.
Mc d khu ny khng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng nhng trc tip
nh hng n hiu qu ca vic tch tinh bt trong cc cng on sau .
Vic s dng cc bin php qun l v x l nguyn liu u vo, tc ng n
vic tch t. S dng cc thit b ra hiu sut cao nn c p dng trong
cng on ny nhm tng hiu qu s dng nng lng v nc trn mt n
v sn phm, ng thi rt ngn thi gian ch gia cc cng on sn xut.
Yu cu thi gian lu ca sn c ti cng on ny cng ngn cng tt.
3.1.1. Phn khu tng tr sn theo thi gian nhp.
Sn mua v c nhp vo kho bi. Lu sp xp khu tng tr sn theo thi
gian nhp m bo sn nhp trc c sn xut trc. Bng cch ny, sn
khng b mt tinh bt, ng thi gim ly nhim vi sinh vt. Thi gian a sn
vo x l c khuyn co l khng qu 24 gi t khi thu hoch.
3.1.2. Bc v v ra.
V g v v la c bc trc khi ra nhm loi b phn ln HCN l cht to
mu cho tinh bt thnh phm. C ti 50% tinh bt cha trong lp v la. Tuy
nhin, cc nh my ln, ch c lp v g ngoi cng l c loi ra v c th
thu hi c tinh bt t lp v la (8-15% trng lng c) v gim thiu
lng cht thi rn.
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22
3.1.3. Tch b si , t ct trc khi ra.
Sn c vn chuyn theo bng chuyn trc khi ra. Trong qu trnh vn
chuyn kh, c th s dng sng rung tch si , t ct v dng nam
chm tch st. Do , lng nc ra s gim, ng thi bo qun tt hn
thit b (li lc trong my ly tm v trch ly).
3.1.4. Ci tin thit b khuy trn khi ra, iu chnh thng s.
Thay v dng mi cho o trn sn trong khi ra, c th dng khng kh nn
tng o trn. Gii php ny gip gim hao ph tinh bt ha tan trong nc
thi.
3.1.5. Thu hi ti s dng nc ra.
Nc sch c s dng ra t ct v ra sau khi tch v cng. Nc
ra sn cng on sau, c cha t t ct bn c th thu hi v ti s dng
cho ra s b tit kim nc sch.
3.2. C hi SXSH c th trin khai giai on tch bt. Cc cng on sn xut chnh bao gm: bm, mi, nghin, lc tch b, tch
bt th, tch bt mn v thu hi sn phm:
Cc bin php c hc nh bm, mi, nghin, trch ly kt hp vi cc bin php
ha hc tch bt v ty trng. y l cc cng on gy nhim mi
trng ln nht do lng tinh bt b tht thot theo nc thi. Ha cht ty
trng s gim khi rt ngn c chu k sn xut ca tng cng on. C th
xem xt cc gii php lin quan n k thut bm nh, lc, trch ly, tch b
cng nh cc gii php tun hon, ti s dng nc ra. Yu cu ca cng
on ny l gim thiu khi lng tinh bt tht thot theo b thi, gim thiu
khi lng nc thi v ha cht thi ra mi trng.
3.2.1. Ci tin my cht, dao bm, my nghin.
tng hiu qu tinh bt ha tan trong nc, vic cht, bm, nghin n kch
thc nh, u l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh. Vic tng s lng li
dao, tc cht, bm, nghin cng nh c chng trnh bo dng my mi
hoc thay cc li dao hng l nhng c hi n gin nht gim tinh bt b
tiu hao.
Thit b mi rng ca hin i l mt trng quay ng knh 40-50cm, di 30-
50cm vi cc li dao rng ca c b tr dc trn cc rnh khc trn mt
trng. Mi li dao c t 8-10 rng ca/ cm, t cch nhau 6-10mm, cao hn
b mt trng 1mm. Tc quay ti u ca trng l 1000 vng/ pht. nhiu
nh my, lp bt nho th cn li trn sng lc u tin khi mi c gom v
x l my mi th cp c cc li dao nh v nhiu rng ca hn (10-12
rng/ cm), ri c sng li. Hiu sut mi tch bt t khong 85% sau ln
mi th nht v t 90% sau ln mi th 2.
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23
3.2.2. Ti u ha quy trnh vn hnh sng quay.
Hiu sut ca vic tch b ph thuc vo khi lng nc ra b, cht lng
nguyn liu v tc vng quay ca my. Vic tng tc ly tm v lng
nc b sung trong tch b s tng hiu qu tch b nhng li tiu tn thm
nng lng v pha long thm hm lng tinh bt. Vic th nghim tm ra
thng s ti u hay quy trnh chun tch b c thc hin ti tng doanh
nghip theo hng tiu tn nng lng thp nht v tn tht tinh bt t nht.
3.2.3. Dng ly tm siu tc v lin tc.
Tch tinh bt mn c thc hin bng ly tm siu tc v lin tc gp phn
gim lng hao ph tinh bt, gim thi gian tch tinh bt v gim c chua
ca sn phm so vi ly tm thng, lc, p vt th cng.
3.2.4. Thu hi tinh bt t b thi.
B sn sau khi ly tm cn cha n 7% tinh bt. Dng nc sch thu hi li
tinh bt ny bng cch ra b v ly tm tch nc c th tng hiu sut thu hi
tinh bt sn phm, ng thi gim c lng cht hu c thi ra mi trng.
Tuy nhin, cn phn tch hiu qu kinh t khi phi s dng nhiu nc hn, chi
ph nng lng cao hn.
3.2.5. Thu hi tinh bt v ti s dng nc sau lc th.
Thu hi tinh bt c thc hin ngay trong qu trnh tch nc. Nc c
tch ra cn cha mt lng tinh bt. Tinh bt ny cn c thu tch ra khi
dng thi trc khi thi vo mi trng lm thc n chn nui. Nc thu
hi sau lc th c th ti s dng ra c.
3.2.6. S dng NaHSO3 hoc ch phm SMB ty trng.
l gii php hu hiu gim gi thnh, gim nhim kh SOx v nng cao cht lng sn phm thay cho SO2 bng cng ngh t lu hunh
3.2.7. Tn dng b sn lm phn vi sinh.
B sn c hm lng cht hu c cao, nu khng c vn chuyn ra khi
nh my v x l kp thi s to mi kh chu. Hin ti b sn thng c
cc cng ty sn xut tinh bt sn k hp ng x l. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu
gn y cho thy c th tn dng b sn c hm lng cht hu c v cht
s cao lm tng xp ln men lm phn vi sinh.
3.2.8. S dng m sn sn xut sn phm ph.
Nh trnh by trn, m sn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn
dng t, c mi kh chu do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c. M
sn cn c tch ra nhanh chng khi dy chuyn sn xut v lm kh
gim thiu mi. C th s dng m sn lm cc loi sn phm ph sau:
- Lm phn bn: M sn c cha thnh phn N,P,K v cc cht khong
khc.
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24
- Sn xut tinh bt bin tnh, siro maltoza, siro glucoza, siro fructoza,
ng glucoza... trong qu trnh thy phn tinh bt c trong m bng
cc phng php axit- enzym hoc enzym- enzym.
- Sn xut enzym thy phn: M sau khi tch mt phn nc, c lm
giu thm v dinh dng bng mt s khong cht, cht hu c
s dng lm mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men
sn xut cc enzym thy phn nh alpha amylaza, amyloglucosidaza,
pectinaza...
- Sn xut cn v glucodextrin 15 cng em li hiu qu kinh t.
- Cc sn phm ph trn y l hon ton c th sn xut c khi
lng ln. Tuy nhin do lng m sn sinh ra nh (khong 70 kg/ 1000
kg sn c ti), nn cn nhc vic tp trung x l kt hp m sn t
nhiu c s sn xut tinh bt sn.
3.2.9. Tn dng b sn lm c cht nui trng nm.
B sn c b sung vo mn ca, rm, r c tc dng lm ti xp, gi m,
cung cp dinh dng cho mi trng nui trng nm, to ra sn phm c gi
tr dinh dng v bo m v sinh an ton thc phm.
3.2.10.Thu hi tinh bt bng lc ti.
Qu trnh sy lm mt mt lng tinh bt. Thit b lc ti c kh nng thu hi
tinh bt tht thot trong qu trnh sy n trn 95%, nng hiu sut thu hi 1-
2% so vi quy trnh thu hi thng thng.
3.2.11. Thu hi tinh bt bng thp ra kh.
Trong khu sy, vic lp t cc thit b thu hi tinh bt bng cyclone hoc lc
ti vi c th t hiu sut 95%. Phn 5% tn tht c th c thu hi t thp
ra kh. Thp thng c hiu sut thu hi 90%, tng ng vi vic tng hiu
xut thu hi thm 4,5% tinh bt. Tinh bt ha tan trong nc sau khi thu hi t
thp ra kh c th c tch ra bng phng php lng. y l tinh bt sch,
c th ti ch trong qu trnh sn xut.
Hiu qu thu hi tinh bt bng thp ra kh ti nh my sn xut tinh bt sn 200 tn/ngy ti Thi Lan.
Chi ph u t 1.330.000.000 ng Chi ph vn hnh 1.680.000 ng/ ngy
Tinh bt tn tht ti cyclon 5,26 tn/ ngy
Tinh bt thu hi t thp ra kh 5.15 tn/ ngy
Gi thnh tinh bt thu hi 2.500 ng/ kg
Tit kim t tinh bt thu h 12.875.000 ng/ ngy
Li rng 11.194.000 ng/ ngy
Thi gian hon vn 118 ngy
Ghi ch: S liu trn y t nh my c sn lng tinh bt 200 tn/ ngy, thi gian lm vic 19 gi/ ngy, 240 ngy/ nm v gi bn tinh bt thi im 2.500 ng/ kg
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25
3.2.12. La chn mi cht truyn nhit l hi nc hay du. S la chn mi cht truyn nhit ph thuc vo thit b, cng ngh v sn phm. Hu ht cc nh my sn xut tinh bt sn sau cng on ly tm tch nc, phi sy kh tinh bt, c s dng mi cht truyn nhit l du. u im ni tri l du sau khi truyn nhit c thu hi trit v ti s dng. Mi cht du lm nng gin tip v khng tip xc trc tip vi nguyn liu v sn phm.
Mt s nh my sn xut tinh bt sn v cc sn phm sau tinh bt sn c
dng hi nc lm mi cht truyn nhit. Hi nc bo ho, nhit cao,
p sut cao (8 kg/ cm2) c s dng tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip vi c
cht l dch tinh bt nng nhit hoc lm bc hi nc khi sy kh. S dng
hi nc trc tip vi nguyn liu trong cc thit b ni nu chu p lc (4- 5
kg/ cm2) hoc ngay trong ng ng chu p lc cao hn 8 kg/ cm2. S dng
hi nc trc tip hay gin tip hiu sut truyn nhit thp, kh thu hi v ti
s dng nhit.
3.3. C hi SXSH trong khu vc cc thit b ph tr.
Cc thit b ph tr chnh ca qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn l ni hi, bn
cha, bm, h thng in ng lc, in chiu sng, h thng x l cp nc
sch v x l nc thi. y l b phn s dng nhiu nng lng vn
hnh. Nn tham kho ti liu hng dn s dng tit kim nng lng c
thng tin y hn. Sau y l mt s tng v SXSH c p dng
thnh cng.
3.3.1. Lm mm nc cp cho ni hi.
Vic lm mm nc cp vo ni hi s gim lng cn, m bo hiu sut trao
i nhit cao hn, duy tr hiu sut sinh nhit trn mt n v nhin liu cao
hn. Vic lm mm nc cp cho ni hi cn gp phn ko di tui th ni
hi.
3.3.2. Tn dng nhit khi thi t ni hi.
Khi thi ni hi c nhit khong 200oC. Vic thu hi nhit thi c th thc
hin qua thit b trao i nhit lp ti ng ng thi. Nhit thu c dng
un nc cp cho ni hi. Tuy nhin, cn cn i cc nh hng ca thit b
trao i nhit c th lm gim cng sut v hiu sut l hi, lm tng chi ph
nng lng in dng tng cng cho qut gi.
3.3.3. Thu hi v ti s dng nc ngng.
Nc ngng t qu trnh sy, t cc thit b s dng hi nc trc tip l
nc mm, c nhit cao (trung bnh 80oC), nn c thu hi cp li cho
ni hi. y cng l ngun nc sch c th tn dng trong cc cng on
lc, li tm tinh bt .
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26
3.3.4. Tn thu kh biogas t h thng x l nc thi.
Nc thi ngnh sn xut tinh bt sn c cha hm lng cc cht hu c
cao. C th p dng x l ym kh sinh ra kh biogas l CH4. Vic thu hi v
s dng kh gas ny lm nhin liu cho l hi phc v qu trnh sn xut
(sy kh tinh bt) l thc hnh ph bin nht. Kh gas cng c th c
chuyn thnh in nng, khi d tha trong cng on sy.
3.3.5. Tn dng nc thi ti h sinh hc v sn xut phn hu c.
Sau x l ym kh thu hi kh biogas, BOD trong nc thi gim xung mc
250 mg/ l v c th c x l tip h sinh hc, sau c s dng
nui trng thu sn. Nc thi t b nui c s gim n mc p ng c
tiu chun mi trng, ng thi bn s l ngun phn bn hu c cho cy
trng.
4. Chng 4. Thc hin nh gi SXSH.
Chng ny s trnh by tng bc tin hnh nh gi SXSH ti doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn vi mc tiu tm kim c y hn cc gii php SXSH, ph hp hn vi iu kin sn xut ca doanh nghip. Cc biu mu i km c th c s dng thu thp v x l thng tin.
Vic thc hin nh gi SXSH tun theo nguyn tc c bn l mi nguyn
nhin vt liu c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, nu khng nm li trong
sn phm s b thi ra mi trng, di dng ny hoc dng khc. Vic trin
khai nh gi SXSH mt cch bi bn s h tr doanh nghip tip cn cc
phng php gim thiu khi lng nguyn nhin vt liu s dng mt cch
hu hiu nht, ng thi c th tng c nng sut lao ng, hiu sut, cht
lng sn phm v tit kim chi ph x l mi trng. cng chnh l mc
tiu ca vic p dng SXSH.
Vic p dng SXSH yu cu thi gian v n lc ca cc b phn trong ton
doanh nghip, trong s cam kt v h tr mnh m ca Ban lnh o cng
ty s l yu t quyt nh cho thnh cng ca chng trnh. Chng ti khuyn
co p dng SXSH theo 6 bc bao gm 18 nhim v sau y:
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27
4.1. Bc 1: Khi ng.
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm:
- Thnh lp c nhm nh gi SXSH.
- Thu thp s liu sn xut lm c s d liu ban u.
- Tm kim cc bin php ci tin n gin nht, hiu qu nht v c th hc hin ngay.
4.1.1. Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH.
Vic thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH l rt cn thit khi trin khai chng trnh
nh gi SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm l cn b ca doanh nghip trc tip
thc hin nu qua o to v c th c s h tr trin khai ca chuyn gia
bn ngoi. Thnh phn ca nhm s ph thuc vo quy m ca doanh nghip,
bao gm i din Lnh o, qun c, trng phng, ban v nhm cc chuyn
gia trin khai ph c thnh lp ty theo thi im. Vi doanh nghip nh,
nhm c th ch gm i din lnh o v qun c ph trch cc cng vic
phn xng chnh sn xut tinh bt sn. Cc thnh vin trong nhm phi c
php hp nh k, trao i ci m, c tnh sng to, c php xem xt, nh
gi li quy trnh cng ngh v qun l hin ti cng nh nng lc p dng
trin khai cc tng SXSH .
Vi cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn, nhm nh gi SXSH nn bao
gm i din lnh o ph trch k thut, qun c phn xng, i din b
phn tip nhn nguyn nhin vt liu v khu ph tr. Vic mi thm cn b
ph trch ti chnh, cn b t vn ngoi cng ty cng nn c xem xt cc
kin a ra khch quan. Nhm nh gi SXSH s bt u qu trnh nh gi
bng vic thu thp cc thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip cng
phn tch vi cc thnh vin trong nhm. Vic thu thp thng tin c th s
dng Phiu cng tc s 1.
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28
Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn Tn v a ch doanh nghip S ngy
lm vic trong nm:
Nhm SXSH
Tn Chc v - b phn Nhim v nhm
1
2
3
4
5
Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip
Sn phm chnh Cng sut thit k
(tn/ nm)
Cng sut thc hin (tn/nm)
- Tinh bt sn
- Sn lt
- Sn vin
- Loi khc (ghi r)
Nguyn nhin liu s dng
Ng
uyn
li
u c
hn
h
Tn/ nm
Ho
c
ht
Tn/ nm
- Sn c ti Lu hunh - Sn lt Vi - Khc (ghi r) Xt
Clorin
Phn
Polyme
X phng
Khc (ghi r)
N
c v
n
n
g l
n
g
Khi lng Cng sut
Nc cp m3/ nm
Th
it
b
v p
h
tr
Ni hi du 1 tn/ gi Nc t khai thc m
3/ nm Ni hi du 2 tn/ gi
Than tn/ nm Ni hi than 1 tn/ gi Du cho ni hi tn/ nm Ni hi than 2 tn/ gi Du cho my pht tn/ nm My pht in Kw/ gi
in li Kwh/ nm
in t sinh Kwh/ nm
Than tn/ nm
Lu : Doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn hot ng theo ma v nn s ngy hot ng
trong nm cng nh giai on ly thng tin phi ln i din cho ma v nm . C
th s dng s liu ca nm lin k.
Sau y l v d c trch t bo co nh gi SXSH ti Cng ty c phn
Tinh bt sn FOCOCEV Qung Nam, l doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn
u tin thc hin nh gi SXSH Vit nam.
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29
Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn Tn v a ch doanh nghip: Nh my tinh bt sn FOCOCEV, thuc Cng ty C phn Tinh bt sn Qung Nam
1
S ngy lm vic trong nm:
Nhm SXSH Tn Chc v - b phn Nhim v nhm
1 Nguyn Vn Thng Ph phng KT-KTS i trng 2 Trn nh Chung Ph phng SX i ph 3 H c Tin T Nng v-phng tng
hp i vin
4 inh Vn Tuy T trng t in i vin 5 Hunh Vn Tr Ph phng k ton i vin 6 Trong Cng Lng T trng KCS i vin 7 Hunh Th Minh Tuyt T trng t o nguyn
liu i vin
8 Trn Qu Hng KCS i vin 9 Nguyn Vn Tun T trng t c kh i vin 10 o Vn Thnh Phng tng hp i vin 11 Nguyn Thi Nguyn Trng ca i vin 12 Ng Vn Thnh Trng ca i vin
Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip Sn phm chnh CS thit k (tn/ nm) Cng sut thc (tn/ nm) Sn bt 21.000
2 19.762
Nguyn nhin liu s dng
Nguyn li
u c
hn
h Tn/ nm
Ho c
ht
Tn/ nm Sn c 75.459 Lu hunh 2.52 Vi 3,71 Xt 6.57 Clorin 0.15 Phn 8.78 Polyme 0.04 X phng 0.32 Khc (ghi r)
N
c v
n
ng
l
ng
Lng
Th
it
b
v p
h
tr
Cng sut Nc cp m
3/ nm 367.011 Ni hi du 1 tn/ gi N/A
Nc t khai thc m3/ nm Ni hi du 2 tn/ gi
Than tn/ nm 117 Ni hi than 1 tn/ gi Du cho ni hi tn/ nm 632.965 Ni hi than 2 tn/ gi Du cho my pht tn/ nm My pht in in li Mwh/ nm 3.510 in t sinh Kwh/ nm
Nhn xt: Nhm SXSH c thnh lp vi i din ca tt c cc phng ban. y l iu ng qu. Tuy nhin, nhm s hot ng thun li hn khi c s tham gia ca i din Lnh o Cng ty, ng thi ct gim s lng thnh vin v ch huy ng khi c hot ng lin quan n b phn trnh vic vng mt cc thnh vin khi tho lun/ hp bn v SXSH. Mt s thng tin cn thiu nh s ngy lm vic. Cng sut thit k v cng sut thc hin nn quy v cng mt n v thi gian (nm) nh i vi phn s liu tiu th nguyn nhin vt liu phc v cho vic tnh ton nh mc sau ny. Vic nhiu thng tin nh (cng sut thit k 130 tn/ ngy, cng sut thc 120 tn/ ngy, cng sut thc 19.762 tn/ nm d dn n kh s dng d liu no dng nh gi so snh.
Vic tin hnh nh gi SXSH cn yu cu c thng tin nn, da trn mt s
ti liu, h s, bo co ca doannh nghip hin c. Nu khng c y thng
tin th cn x l, tnh ton hoc thng nht xy dng. Bng kim tra trong phiu
cng tc s 2 s gip cho nhm xem xt v tnh sn c ca thng tin.
1 y l doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn u tin ca Vit nam thc hin nh gi SXSH
2 S liu tnh ngc t bo co nh gi SXSH t cng sut thit k 130 tn/ ngy, cng sut thc 120 tn/
ngy, gi thit 165 ngy lm vic/ nm.
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30
Phiu cng tc s 2. Tnh sn c ca thng tin
Thng tin C/ khng Ngun v cch tip cn Ghi ch
S mt bng
H s sn lng
H s nguyn liu tiu th
H s tiu th nc, nng lng
H s tiu th ho cht
S cng ngh
Cn bng nng lng
Cn bng nc
H s bo dng thit b
H s hin trng mi trng
Cc thng tin cng ngh:
- T l nguyn liu/ sn phm, nhit , thi gian, pH mi trng, p lc hi nng, hi nn, cc kt qu phn tch ho, l, vi sinh vt, cc ch tiu cm quan
- Hm lng cht kh trong dch lc trc v sau khi sy kh
- Cht lng sn phm
Nhn xt: Rt nhiu doanh nghip khng c thng tin ban u v cc thnh vin
trong nhm s lm nhim v tho lun cch thc thu thp nhng thng tin ny. Ch c
cc ti liu phn nh hin trng sn xut mi c gi tr cao trong nh gi SXSH, hiu
qu kinh t, k tut v mi trng.
4.1.2. Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph
Khi c y thng tin c bn v doanh nghip, nhm nh gi SXSH nn
tin hnh thng nht quy trnh sn xut hin ti bng cch lit k li cc cng
on sn xut chnh, c th l x l nguyn liu s b, tch bt v hon thin
sn phm. Thc hin nhim v ny, nhm cn i kho st li thng tin cng
nh tm ra cc c hi ci tin d thy, d lm lm im khi u cho nh
gi. y l c hi r sot li quy trnh sn xut, thng nht ng i ca
nguyn nhin vt liu v nh gi li cc tn tht.
Vic kho st c tin hnh bng cch i tham quan cc phn xng sn
xut theo quy trnh cng ngh, t khu nhp sn c t-i n bao gi sn phm,
tham quan cc phn xng ph tr nh khu ni hi, h thng in... Vic quan
trc ny mang ngha tch cc, khng phi l c hi nhm nh gi, soi
xt, ph bnh. Cc kin a ra t vic tham quan nn mang tnh xy dng v
gi m thc hin.
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31
Trong qu trnh quan trc, nhm ghi li c cc thng tin chnh:
- u vo v u ra ca mi cng on (xem phiu cng tc 3). i vi u
ra, cn ghi r dng pht thi l rn (R), lng (L) hay kh (K).
- Cc quan st v lng ph nguyn vt liu ti mi cng on (phiu cng tc
4). y l cc quan st ban u, nhm s tip tc khai thc cc c hi ci tin.
i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn, vic qun l ni vi ch-a tt l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tn tht nguyn nhin vt liu.
- Chi ph cho nguyn vt liu c bn (phiu cng tc 5), ghi li gi nguyn
vt liu chnh s dng lm c s tnh ton tip theo.
-
Phiu cng tc s 3. Cng on sn xut vi cc dng nguyn nhin vt liu v pht thi
Lu : Cc dng u vo v u ra c tnh cho tt c cc cng on ca quy trnh sn xut. Pht thi gin tip nh pht thi kh nh knh do s dng in s khng lit k y m c tnh vo kt qu chung cui cng.
CHUN B NGUYN LIU Nc
Sn c Sn lt
Bn, t, v, u x (R)
TCH TINH BT Lu hunh
Nc thi (L), B sn (R),Mi (K)
HON THIN
sn phm Bao gi
Kh nng (K), Bi sn (K),V bao gi (R)
THIT B PH TR
in Kh nng, Kh thi (K), Tro
(R), nc thi (L).
H THNG
X L
Nc thi Mi (K), Bn (R), Bi (R).
Than, Du
Nc thi (L)
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32
Phiu cng tc s 4. Hin trng qun l ni vi Khu vc Quan st
Chun b nguyn liu - B tr mt bng tip nhn nguyn liu - Phn loi v vn chuyn nguyn liu - Cc ri vi nguyn liu
Tch tinh bt - B tr mt bng - Bo dng thit b - Ri vi, tht thot tinh bt ho tntong nc. - S dng, ti s dng nc ra b
Hon thin sn phm - Phn b v s dng nhit - Nhit mt mt - Thu hi bi tinh bt sn t h thng thit b sy kh
Ph tr - Nhit khi l thi ra - Kh thi trong bung my nn - Ting n
Lu : Cc quan st nu ra khng mang tnh ph bnh (v d cha ng vi nc sau khi
s dng xong) m cn th hin iu quan st c (vi nc m sau khi s dng).
iu ny s h tr vic a ra cc bin php ci tin c sng to hn. V d khi nu
cha ng vi nc tng ng vi gii php ng vi nc li sau khi s dng. Tuy
nhin khi nu vi nc m c th dn n gii php ng vi t ng
Rt nhiu gii php SXSH c xut ngay t bc ny m cha cn s
dng cc k thut phn tch tip theo. y l cc gii php hin th r rng m
trc y cha c lu tm khi vn hnh. Vic mi cc chuyn gia bn
ngoi tham gia, tham quan, kho st bc ny l c bit c hiu qu.
Qun l mt bng km l nguyn nhn quan trng sinh ra cht thi nh my
sn xut tinh bt sn. iu thng b b qua v l phn n gin nht, hp
dn nht bt u cc bc tip cn SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu,
nhm SXSH nn ch c bit ti cc nh hng do qu trnh qun l mt
bng sn xut km.
Tip cn nh gi SXSH nh my ca nhm nh gi SXSH c bt u
bng vic thm phn xng sn xut. Hn na, rt nhiu phng n SXSH
c xc nh l nhng phng n c th thc hin trng thi gian ngn, chi
ph thp, ch cn nhng thay i nh v thit b hoc ci thin v duy tr bo
dng. Vic p dng nhng bin php ny chng minh l mt khi u tt
cho cc c gng SXSH ca nh my, khuyn khch nh qun l cng nh cc
cn b c gng hn na khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH.
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33
Phiu cng tc s 5. Chi ph nguyn liu u vo B phn/ nguyn liu n gi,
ng/ tn
Lng s dng tn/ nm
Lng s dng tn/ tn bt sn
Chi ph ng/ tn bt
sn Chun b nguyn liu Sn c Sn lt Sn vin Nc
Tch tinh bt Nc Lu hunh
Hon thin sn phm. Bao gi
Lu : Bng trn ch bao gm chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh. y l c s dng nh gi
hiu qu chng trnh, ng thi cng phn no ch ra t l tng quan gia cc loi
nguyn liu. Bc tranh chi ph sn xut tng th cn c b sung bi chi ph lao ng,
nng lng v vn hnh h thng x l mi trng.
4.2. Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut.
Mc ch ca bc ny c s nh gi thng nht chung ca nhm v:
- Quy trnh sn xut, cc thng s kim sot
- Xc nh cc tn tht quan trng trong dy chuyn sn xut v chi ph tng ng
- Xc nh y cc nguyn nhn sinh ra tn tht
4.2.1. Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut.
Vic chun b s dy chuyn sn xut, s qui trnh cng ngh, l mt
bc quan trng trong phn tch nh gi SXSH. S khi ca dy chuyn
sn xut bao gm cc cng on sn xut (khng theo tn thit b) vi cc
dng u vo, u ra, cht thi v pht thi. Mi nguyn nhin vt liu s
dng, k c dng t cng cn c trong s ny, v cc nguyn nhin vt liu
s hoc nm li trong sn phm hoc tht thot theo dng thi. C th phi
tin hnh tham quan kho st ni sn xut mt vi ln trc khi thng nht
c s dy chuyn sn xut dng s dng cho nh gi SXSH. Vi
quy m sn xut ln hoc trin khai SXSH mang tnh th im, dy chuyn sn
xut chi tit s c xy dng cho khu vc c chn trin khai. y phi
l khu vc gy nhim ln nht. Cc doanh nghip sn xut tinh bt sn c
dy chuyn sn xut n gin, quy m khng ln, vic p dng SXSH thng
c tin hnh trin khai trn ton b dy chuyn.
.Lu : S cng ngh tt nht cn t c cc im sau: - Tn cng on sn xut c m t trong hp ch nht gia. - Lit k y cc dng u vo, u ra. Dng u vo ghi bn phi, dng u ra ghi bn tri ca hp m t cng on . - Bao gm cc dng tun hon nguyn nhin vt liu, bao gm c phn thu hi v ti s dng.
-
34
Trn y l s quy trnh cng ngh ti cng ty Tinh bt sn Qung Nam. S lit
k chi tit cc bc cng ngh. Mt s dng thi cn c b sung, v d vi cng on
trch ly, ng gi. Vic lit k y dng thi nhim v ny s h tr cho nhim v cn
bng vt liu cng nh xc nh chi ph dng thi nhim v tip sau.
Nhp nguyn liu
Cht ci 1
Bc v
Ra
Cht ci 2
Bm
Mi
Trch ly th 1
Trch ly th 2
Trch ly tn dng
B, bt sn
Trch ly tinh
Trch ly sng cong
Phn ly
Ly tm
Sy
Lm ngui
Ry
ng gi
Nhp kho
Nc, in
H2SO3
Nc, bt, t
V, t, nc, sn vn
V, t, nc, sn vn
Than
in
Kh thi, bi bt
Bt khng t
-
35
4.2.2. Nhim v 4: Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu.
Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu thc cht l cng c thng k ghi li mt cch
nh lng nguyn nhin vt liu s dng ti mi cng on sn xut. Cn
bng nguyn nhin vt liu tt ng vai tr quan trng trong nh gi SXSH v
nh c th nh lng cc tiu hao, mt mt hoc pht tn cha bit. Cn
bng nhin vt liu tt cn h tr vic nh gi li ch v chi ph ca gii php
SXSH. Nguyn tc c bn ca cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu l nguyn nhin
vt liu i vo dy chuyn s phi ra khi dy chuyn sn xut mt thi
im no , di mt dng no . Nguyn nhin vt liu c th c cn
bng di mt trong hai hnh thc sau:
- Cn bng tng th: dng cho tt c cc dng nguyn nhin vt liu vo dy
chuyn sn xut. Cn bng c tin hnh qua tng cng on vi s bin
i ca tt c cc thnh phn tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut.
- Cn bng cu t: ch dng mt loi nguyn nhin vt liu hoc cu t c
gi tr. Theo di bin i ca cu t ny trn mi cng on.
i vi qu trnh sn xut tinh bt sn, cng ngh s dng t nguyn nhin vt
liu, c th p dng c hai phng php trn. Cn bng cu t c th tin
hnh vi tinh bt thng qua nng cht kh hoc cn bng nc.
S dng phiu cng tc s 6 ghi li cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu. C hai
cch ghi th hin cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu: theo bng hoc theo s
quy trnh cng ngh. Khi s dng s quy trnh cng ngh ghi li cn
bng nguyn nhin vt liu cn ghi r thnh phn, nng ca tng loi
nguyn nhin vt liu vo v ra. Cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu c th da
trn o c, ghi chp ca mt m, mt ngy hoc mt nm sn xut. Tng cht
rn l lng c s dng hin th thnh phn tinh bt trong nc thi.
Phiu cng tc s 6. Bng cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu
Cng on u vo u ra Dng thi
Loi Lng Loi Lng Lng Rn Kh
Tip nhn c Sn Sn Bi
Ra, lm sch Sn
Nc
in
Sn sch Nc
Bm, mi,
nghin
Sn sch
Nc
in
Sn bt Nc
Tng s tinh
bt
Ly tm tch b Sn bt
Nc
in
Sn bt Nc
Tng s tinh
bt
B
m
Tch bt th Sn bt
Nc
Lu hunh
in
Bt th Nc
Tng s tinh
bt
Tch bt mn Bt th
Nc
Bt mn Nc
Tng s tinh
-
36
Phiu cng tc s 6. Bng cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu
Cng on u vo u ra Dng thi
Loi Lng Loi Lng Lng Rn Kh
Lu hunh
in
bt
Sy Bt mn
in
Bt t
yu cu
Bi
bt:
ng bao Bt t
yu cu
Bao gi
in
Bt sn
Lu : khng c cn bng no l hon thin c. Khi ghp s liu ca tng cng on v
s liu tng th ca c dy chuyn s xut hin sai s do tnh chnh xc ca s liu, do
tng ca nhiu dng thi nh cha c k n nh bay hi, ri vi.... Mc ch ca cn
bng vt liu l tm ra cc dng thi lng ph ln nht xut v thc hin cc bin
php gim thiu.
S liu dng trong cn bng vt liu c th c thu thp t: s sch ghi chp hoc o
c trc tip. Cc s liu s dng cn quy i cho cng mt n v sn phm. Ring i
vi tinh bt phi quy i dng kh tuyt i trnh m nguyn liu th l khc nhau
Trong cn bng nguyn vt liu l tng nht l c km thm thng s v nguyn liu
hoc dng bin i mi ca nguyn liu b mt theo dng thi tin cho vic xc nh
chi ph dng thi bc tip theo.
Mi dng thi nn c nh s (v d L1, L2, L3 cho dng thi lng, K cho kh thi v R cho cht thi rn) tin cho vic xc nh chi ph cng nh phn tch nguyn nhn tip theo.
V d v cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu ti Fococev
(cho 1 tn tinh bt)
Cng on Vt liu u vo Vt liu u ra Dng thi
Tn S lng
Tn S lng
Lng Rn Kh
Bc v cht ci Sn c 3.75 tn V + ci 0.15 tn X
Ra Sn bc v
3.6 tn Nc thi cha tinh bt
20 m3 X
Trch ly Nc bt sn
B + nc tinh bt
0.83 tn X
Nhn xt: Cn bng vt liu nh trn ch tp trung vo mt s cng on, cha y i vi ton b quy trnh sn xut c xc nh. Phn dng thi cha ch ra c thnh phn tn tht ln nht. Vi cn bng ny, vic xc nh tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi cng nh nh lng dng thi bng tin s kh khn hn.
4.2.3. Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi.
Mi dng thi thi ra mi trng u mang theo nguyn, nhin vt liu u
vo, ng thi cn c chi ph x l trc khi c php thi vo mi trng.
Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bao gm xc nh c tng hai chi ph ny.
Vic xc nh tn tht nguyn, nhin vt liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm c
trong dng thi da vo thng tin thu c t chi ph nguyn nhin vt liu
(phiu cng tc s 5), bng cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu (phiu cng tc s
6). Vi cng ngh n gin sn xut tinh bt sn, nguyn nhin vt liu b mt
theo dng thi ch yu l nc v tinh bt.
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37
Chi ph x l mi trng ch c xc nh khi c b sung kt qu phn tch
thng s mi trng ca cc dng thi ring bit. Ti lng thi c xc nh
trong cn bng nguyn nhin vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6). Thu thp thng tin
v c tnh mi trng ca dng thi (phiu cng tc s 7) v tng hp chi ph
dng thi (phiu cng tc s 8).
Phiu cng tc s 7. Xc nh c tnh mi trng
dng thi ti Fococev
Cng on Nc thi, m
3/ ngy
BOD, kg/ngy
COD, kg/ngy
TSS, kg/ngy
TS, kg/ngy
Nhit ,
oC
Ra, lm sch
Bm, mi, nghin
Lc tch b
Tch bt th
Tch bt mn
Dng tng
Phiu cng tc s 8.
Tng hp chi ph dng thi ti Fococev
Cng on Bt Nc X l Thnh phn khc
TNG
CNG
Lng Tin Lng Tin Lng Tin Lng Tin
Ra, lm sch
Bm, mi, nghin
Lc tch b
Tch bt th
Tch bt mn
Dng tng
Lu : Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi nhm ch ra tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi
tp trung tm kim gii php, ng thi cho thy tim nng u t thc hin SXSH.
V d: khi xc nh c chi ph ca dng thi tch bt th l 1 triu ng/ ngy, vi 200
ngy lm vic/ nm, cng ty c th sn sng u t gii php 200 triu ng c th
gim dng thi ny xung cn mt na. Thi gian hon vn gin n cho gii php ,
nu kh thi v mt k thut, s ch l 1 nm. Cc gii php SXSH khng cn ch n thun
l cc gii php khng chi ph hoc chi ph thp v c tnh kh thi cao. Tuy nhin cc gii
php SXSH vn l nhng gii php cn tnh thi gian hon vn ngn.
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38
V d v nh gi dng thi ti Fococev Dng thi nh lng
dng thi
c tnh dng thi nh gi dng thi
Nc thi 2400
m3/ngy
Cc ch tiu v mi
trng (pH, BOD,
COD, v.v...). Xem kt
qu phn tch cht
lng nc
Chi ph lin quan ti:
- Mt mt nc sch;
- Chi ph cho x l;
- Mt mt lng kh biogas sinh ra nu xy
dng cng ngh UASB thu hi kh
V, ci
thi
18 tn/ ngy Cht thi rn cha
nhiu tinh bt v cc
cht hu c
10.800.000 ng
Chi ph lin quan ti:
- Sn xut phn hu c cung cp cho vng
nguyn liu
B thi 100 tn/ngy Cht thi cha hm
lng m cao 86%,
trong 10% l nc
c cha tinh bt
28.000.000 ng
Chi ph lin quan ti:
- Sn xut b kh bn cho cc c s sx
thc n chn nui
X than 300 kg/ngy X cha nhiu than
cha chy ht
Nhn xt:
- Phn nh gi dng thi cha c kt ni cht ch vi kt qu ca cn bng vt liu. Thm
vo , n v s dng (khi lng/ ngy) cng cha thng nht vi n v s dng trong
cn bng (khi lng/ tn tinh bt sn) s d gy cho ngi c kh theo di v thuyt phc.
- Ct nh gi dng thi nn quy i nh lng dng thi (ct 2) v thnh phn dng thi (ct
3) thnh tin. Phn chi ph lin quan ti cha cn lit k bc ny.
4.2.4. Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi
C nhiu cch thc hin nhim v ny mt cch c h thng thng qua vic
r sot cc phm vi lin quan n dng thi mt cch h thng. iu cn ch
l lun ghi li cc nguyn nhn t thc t vn hnh hin ti m khng mang
tnh ch trch hoc ph phn.
Nguyn nhn ca dng thi c xc nh mt cch c h thng v y
nht khi s dng phng php tho lun nhm v biu Ishikawa (hay cn
gi l biu xng c). Biu Ishikawa l mt trong by loi biu kim
sot cht lng, c coi l cng c ph bin nht thc hin phn tch
nhn- qu. xy dng biu ny cn dng phng php xem xt 4M1E,
bao gm con ngi (man), phng php thc hin (method), nguyn liu
(material), my mc (machine) v mi trng (environment).
Cng c th xc nh nguyn nhn dng thi da trn cc cu hi c bn sau:
bn cht ca cng on l g ? Dng thi sinh ra c phi p ng mc
ch ca cng on khng ? Ti sao sinh ra nhim nhiu nh th ? C
phi do nh hng ca cng on trc hay do cng on ny dng lng ph
nguyn nhin vt liu ? C th lm g c vi dng thi ny ? V c thc
hin tun hon ti s dng c khng ?
D thc hin bng cch ny hay cch khc, cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn
nhn cho mi dng thi trong cng mt h thng, tm cc nguyn nhn bng
cu hi ti sao, ra gii php khc phc, x l bng cu hi nh th no ?
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39
Lu : Cch r sot nguyn nhn y nht l theo dng thi c nh s phiu
cng tc 6. Mi mt dng thi s c th c mt hoc mt vi nguyn nhn tng ng. Cc
nguyn nhn ny cng s c nh s th t theo s th t ca dng thi. Trong mt s
trng hp cn nh gi nhanh, nguyn nhn c xc nh theo nguyn nhin vt liu
tiu th chnh (nh: sn, in, nc).
Vic a ra cc nguyn nhn cng chi tit th cc gii php c xut cng phong ph.
Phiu cng tc s 9 c th c dng ghi li cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi.
Phiu cng tc s 9. Phn tch nguyn nhn tht thot trong dng thi
Dng thi s
Cng on Nguyn nhn Ch quan Khch quan
L1
L2
V d v phn tch nguyn nhn ti Fococev Dng thi Nguyn nhn
1. Nc thi ra c 1.1. C cha nhiu t, ct
1.2. Khng kim sot lng nc
2. Nc thi cng ngh 2.1. R r ng ng t b phn ra c, trch ly (thit b Trung Quc).
3. V, ci thi 3.1. Sinh ra trong qu trnh bc v, cht
4. B thi 4.1. B thi cha hm lng m cao v cha c tinh bt
5. X than 5.1. Than c m cao
5.2. Than cha chy ht
6. Bi tinh bt 6.1. Bi bay lm tht thot
7. in 7.1. in tiu th cao
Nhn xt: - Vic nh s dng thi, s nguyn nhn tng ng theo dng thi l c khoa hc, thun tin cho vic theo di. - Nguyn nhn c cha nhiu t ct c a ra rt tt, mang tnh quan st. Nn phn tch nguyn nhn theo cng on (dng thi c nh s xc nh cc bc trn) - C th phn tch tip cc nguyn nhn gc r khc. - Nu p dng phng php Ishikawa, nhm s bt u t cu hi ti sao c nc thi ra c ny, ti sao nhiu nc th, c th lm g vi nc thi ny khng t cc kha cnh nh c phi do nguyn liu, do phng php ra, do mi trng, do loi thit b ny, hay do con ngi hay khng (ln lt tng phm vi ca 4M1E). Vi mi phm vi, v d vi nguyn liu, nguyn nhn c xc nh l c cha nhiu t ct, tip tc hi ti sao c cha nhiu t ct theo cc phm vi trn (4M1E) khai thc nguyn nhn mc xa hn. Khi , cc nguyn nhn tm c s l sn o ln chuyn thng n cng ty (nguyn liu) , sn c kim tra hm lng tinh bt v nhp thng kho cha (phng php).
4.3. Bc 3: ra cc gii php SXSH Mc ch ca bc ny nhm thu c kin ng gp v:
- Cc c hi SXSH
- Phn loi s b cc c hi theo kh nng thc hin
- Trin khai cc c hi c th lm ngay
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40
4.3.1. Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH
Cc c hi SXSH khng nht thit phi l gii php SXSH. Vic xc nh y
chi ph dng thi (phiu cng tc s 8) v nguyn nhn sinh ra cc dng thi
(phiu cng tc s 9) l c s xut cc c hi SXSH.
Cn c tho lun ca nhm SXSH khi thc hhin nhim v ny. Cng c th
mi thm cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia kin. c th l cc
chuyn gia v sn xut tinh bt hoc v SXSH. Thc hin nhim v ny, cn
tip nhn tt c cc tng xut v coi l c hi SXSH m cha xt n
tnh kh thi ca chng.
Phiu cng tc s 10 ghi li cc c hi do nhm xut. Vi mi nguyn nhn
c xc nh phiu cng tc s 9 c th khng c, c mt hoc nhiu c
hi. Cc c hi nn c tip tc nh s theo s ca nguyn nhn/ dng
thi tng ng.
Phiu cng tc s 10. sut cc c hi SXSH
Cng on C hi QLNV NL QTCN TB CN TH TSD SP
Tip nhn c 1.1.1
1.1.2
TNG
Ghi ch: Qun l ni vi (QLNV), thay i nguyn liu (NL), Ci tin qui trnh cng ngh
(QTCN), ci tin thit b (TB), thay i cng ngh (CN), tun hon (TH), ti s dng (TSD),
ci tin sn phm (SP).
Lu : trong cc bo co nh gi SXSH, phn nguyn nhn v c hi SXSH thng c
trnh by trong cng mt bng. Phn phn loi cc c hi cng nh kh nng thc hin
c trnh by trong bng khc. Ni dung ca phng php lun l nh nhau, ch khc bit
cch trnh by.
V d v phn tch nguyn nhn v xut c hi ti Fococev Dng thi Nguyn nhn
Gii php SXSH
1. Nc thi ra sn c
1.1. C cha nhiu t, ct.
1.1.1. Kim sot lng tp cht: t, ct ln vo trong sn nguyn liu trc khi nhp 1.1.2. Loi b bt lng tp cht bn bm vo v c trc khi cho vo h thng ra, bc v
1.2. Khng kim sot lng nc
1.2.1. Lp t cc ng h o nc ti cc v tr sn xut 1.2.2. Kim sot cc v tr r r ca ng ng nc 1.2.3. Khi tin hnh ra thit b phi tng p lc nc lm cho qu trnh ra t hiu qu nhng tit kim nc
2. Nc thi cng ngh
2.1. R r ng ng t b phn ra c, trch ly (thit b Trung Quc).
2.1.1. Sa li cc v tr r r trnh tht thot bt nc 2.1.2. Xy dng h thng x l nc thi thu hi biogas pht in, pht nhit
3. V, ci thi 3.1. Sinh ra trong qu trnh bc v,
3.1.1. S dng lng v v ci thi ny lm phn vi sinh cung cp cho vng nguyn liu v bn ra th trng
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41
cht c
4. B thi 4.1. B thi cha hm lng m cao v cha c tinh bt
4.1.1. Xem xt li h thng tch b hn ch lng tinh bt st ln vo trong b 4.1.2. Lp t thit b tch b gim hm lng m xung 35% lm phn vi sinh 4.1.3. Lp t thit b tch b ng thi c h thng sy gim hm lng m xung 14% bn cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc
5. X than 5.1. Than c m cao
5.1.1. Phi che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc 5.1.2. Kim sot m ca than khi nhp nhin liu
5.2. Than cha chy ht
5.2.1. Lng gi d trong l cao 5.2.2. Kch thc ca than khng ng u 5.2.3. Tp cht cha trong than nhiu 5.2.4. Ci to li l c qu trnh chy t hiu sut cao hn
6. Bi tinh bt 6.1. Bi bay lm tht thot
6.1.1. Kim tra cc v tr r r 6.1.2. Thay h thng ng bao c bng h thng mi
7. in 7.1. in tiu th cao
7.1.1. Thay hoc chnh cht li cc dy curoa chng cc ng c 7.1.2. Vt cht cc v tr tip xc in trnh hin tng nh la gy tht thot in v chy ng c 7.1.3. Thay dn bng n chiu sng bng cc bng n tit kim in nng 7.1.4. Cc v tr khi kt thc bui lm vic phi tt n
Nhn xt: - Vic nh s cc c hi SXSH l cn thit theo di qu trnh chn la v thc hin gii
php SXSH. - S lng cc nguyn nhn cng nhiu, c hi thu c nhiu kin ci tin cng ln. V d
vi nguyn nhn sn o ln chuyn thng n cng ty (nguyn liu) , sn c kim tra hm lng tinh bt v nhp thng kho cha (phng php).. c xc nh khu phn tch nguyn nhn, c hi sn xut sch hn, t yu cu cc trang tri loi b t trc khi bn, ra s b v nhp nguyn liu khng ch cn c vo lng tinh bt c cha trong sn m c lng t ct (trong trng hp s phn ra sn rt bn, bn, v khng bn t nh gi cng vi ch tiu hm lng tinh bt)...
4.3.2. Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c
Ngay sau khi c danh mc cc c hi SXSH, nhm SXSH s phn loi s b
cc c hi theo hng mc hoc c th thc hin ngay, hoc cn nghin cu
tip, hoc loi b. Ch thc hin nghin cu kh thi vi nhm c hi cn nghin
cu tip. Vi cc c hi b loi, cn nu l do. Phiu cng tc s 11 ghi li kt
qu ca vic phn loi ny.
Phiu cng tc s 11. Sng lc cc c hi SXSH
C hi Thc hin ngay Nghin cu tip Loi b
1.1.1
1.1.2
TNG CNG
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42
V d v vic sng lc cc c hi SXSH ti Fococev
Cc gii php SXSH Phn
loi
Thc
hin
ngay
Cn phn
tch thm
B
loi
Bnh lun/ l do
1.1.1 Kim sot lng tp cht:
t, ct ln vo trong sn
nguyn liu trc khi nhp
QLNV X
1.1.2 Loi b bt lng tp cht
bn bm vo v c trc khi cho
vo h thng ra, bc v
QLNV X
1.2.1 Lp t cc ng h o
nc ti cc v tr sn xut
TB X
1.2.2 Kim sot cc v tr r r
ca ng ng nc
QLNV X
1.2.3 Khi tin hnh ra thit b
phi tng p lc nc lm cho
qu trnh ra t hiu qu
nhng tit kim nc
QLNV X
2.1.1 Sa li cc v tr r r
trnh tht thot bt nc
QLNV X
2.1.2 Xy dng h thng x l
nc thi thu hi biogas pht
in, pht nhit
TH X Xy dng d n
h x l nc
thi thu hi
biogas theo c
ch pht trin
sch CDM
3.1.1 S dng lng v v ci
thi ny lm phn vi sinh
cung cp cho vng nguyn liu
v bn ra th trng
TH X Xin h tr t d
n
4.1.1 Xem xt li h thng tch
b hn ch lng tinh bt ln
vo trong b
TB X
4.1.2 Lp t thit b tch b
gim hm lng m xung 35%
lm phn vi sinh
TB X
4.1.3 Lp t thit b tch b
ng thi c h thng sy
gim hm lng m xung 14%
bn cho cc c s ch bin thc
n gia sc
TB X Xin h tr t d
n
5.1.1 Phi che chn than trnh
khi tri ma lm m than v mt
cht bc
QLNV X
5.1.2 Kim sot m ca than
khi nhp nhin liu
QLNV X
5.2.1 Lng gi d trong l cao
TB X
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43
V d v vic sng lc cc c hi SXSH ti Fococev
Cc gii php SXSH Phn
loi
Thc
hin
ngay
Cn phn
tch thm
B
loi
Bnh lun/ l do
5.2.2 Kch thc ca than khng
ng u
QLNV X
5.2.3 Tp cht cha trong than
nhiu
QLNV X
5.2.4 Ci to li l c qu
trnh chy t hiu sut cao hn
TB X
6.1.1 Kim tra cc v tr r r QLNV X
6.1.2 Thay h thng ng bao
c bng h thng mi
TB X
7.1.1 Thay v vt cht li cc
dy curoa chng cc ng c
QLNV X
7.1.2 Vt cht cc v tr tip xc
in trnh hin tng nh
la gy tht thot in v chy
ng c
QLNV X
7.1.3 Thay dn bng n chiu
sng bng cc bng n tit
kim in nng
QLNV X
7.1.4 Cc v tr khi kt thc bui
lm vic phi tt n
QLNV X
Nhn xt: bng ny trnh by kt qu sng lc c tch hp phiu cng tc s 10 v s 11.
Ghi ch: Qun l ni vi (QLNV), thit b (TB), tun hon (TH).
4.4. Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm xp th t u tin thc hin cc gii php SXSH da trn c s:
- Tnh kh thi v mt k thut
- Tnh kh thi v kinh t
- Tnh kh thi v mi trng
Cc gii php SXSH khng ch n thun l kh thi v mt k thut, kinh t, m cn cn mang li li ch v mt mi trng.
4.4.1. Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut
Phn tch kh thi v k thut ca gii php SXSH l kim tra nh hng ca
gii php n qu trnh sn xut, cht lng sn phm, nng sut, an
ton... Trong trng hp vic thc hin gii php c th gy nh hng ng
k ti sn xut, th cn kim tra v chy th quy m phng th nghim xc
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44
minh. Cc hng mc kim tra, nh gi k thut in hnh c a ra trong
phiu cng tc s 12.
Cc gii php c xc nh l kh thi v k thut s c xem xt nhim v
tip theo (phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t). Cc gii php c xc nh l
khng kh thi v k thut do thiu cng ngh, thit b, din tch...cn c ghi
li tip tc nghin cu.
Phiu cng tc s 12. Phn tch kh thi v k thut
Tn gii php M t gii php
Kt lun: Kh thi/ Cn kim tra thm/ Loi b
1. Yu cu k thut
Ni dung Yu cu c sn
C Khng
u t phn cng
Thit b
Cng c
u t phm mm
Cng ngh
Din tch
Nhn lc
Thi gian dng hot ng
2. Tc ng k thut
Lnh vc Tc ng
Tch cc Tiu cc
Nng lc sn xut
Cht lng sn phm
Tit kim nng lng
(Hi, than, in)
Tit kin nc
An ton
Bo dng
Vn hnh
Khc
Lu : Mi phiu cng tc dng phn tch cho mt gii php.
4.4.2. Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t
Tnh kh thi v mt kinh t l mt thng s quan trng i vi ngi qun l
quyt nh chp nhn hay loi b gii php SXSH. Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt
kinh t c th c thc hin bng cc thng s khc nhau. i vi u t
thp, thi gian hon vn gin n l phng php nh gi v thng c
p dng.
Phiu cng tc s 13 dng xc nh tnh kh thi v kinh t. Phiu cng tc
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45
ny cng c th sa i cho thch hp vi cc kh nng khc nhau.
Khng nn loi b ngay cc gii php SXSH khng c tnh kh thi v mt kinh
t v nhng gii php c th c nhng nh hng tch cc ti mi trng,
vn c th c trin khai thc hin mun hn.
Phiu cng tc s 13. Phn tch kh thi v kinh t Tn gii php M t gii php
Kt lun: Kh thi/ Khng kh thi
u t phn cng VND Tit kim VND
Thit b Nc
Ph tr Hi
Lp t in
Vn chuyn Lu hunh
Khc Chi ph x l
Chi ph thi b
Khc
TNG TNG
Chi ph vn hnh nm
VND
LI THUN =
TIT KIM CHI PH VN HNH
THI GIAN HON VN =
(U T/ LI THUN) X 12 THNG
Khu hao
Bo dng
Nhn s
Hi
in
Nc
Ho cht
Khc
TNG
Lu : Vic in thng tin cho mi gii php SXSH vo mt phiu cng tc l cn thit
trc khi tng hp v nh gi cc gii php kh thi.
4.4.3. Nhim v 11: Tnh kh thi v mi trng
Cc phng n SXSH phi c nh gi trn phng din nh hng ca
chng ti mi trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, u im v mi trng l hin
nhin khi gim thiu cht c hi hoc ti lng cht thi. Phiu cng tc s 14
c th c s dng kim tra tc ng tch cc v mi trng ca mt gii
php.
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46
Phiu cng tc s 14.
Phn tch nh hng n mi trng
Tn gii php M t gii php
Kt lun: Tch cc / Tiu cc/ Khng i
Mi trng Thng s nh tnh nh lng
Kh Bi
Kh
Khc
Nc COD
BOD
TS
SS
Khc
Rn Cht thi rn
Bn ho cht
Bn hu c
Ngy nay, vic trin khai gii php SXSH c tc ng tch cc n mi trng ngy cng c coi trng, thm ch c th c thc hin ngay c khi gp kh khn v mt kinh t.
4.4.4. Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin
Sau khi tin hnh nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, bc tip theo l
la chn cc phng n thc hin. R rng rng nhng phng n hp dn
nht l nhng phng n c li v ti chnh v c tnh kh thi v k thut. Tuy
nhin, tu theo mi trng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip m tc ng mi
trng c nh hng nhiu hay t n qu trnh ra quyt nh. Phiu cng tc
s 15 h tr vic xem xt th t u tin ny.
Phiu cng tc s 15. La chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin
Gii php
Kh thi k thut ( x 25)
Kh thi kinh t ( x 50)
Kh thi mi trng (x 25)
Tng im
Xp hng
L M H L M H L M H
1.1.1
im cho cc mc thp (L: 0-5), mc gia (M: 6-14), cao (H: 15-20)
Trng s 25 (kh thi k thut), 50 (kh thi kinh t), 25 (kh thi mi trng) ch l v d
Hin ti, cc doanh nghip Vit nam s dng trng s theo th t 30, 40, 30 nh gi
cho tnh kh thi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng
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47
4.5. Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH.
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm cung cp cng c, lp k hoch, trin khai v theo di kt qu ca vic p dng cc gii php SXSH c xc nh
Cc gii php c la chn cn a vo thc hin. Song song vi cc
gii php xc nh ny, c mt s cc gii php c chi ph thp hoc khng
cn chi ph, c th c thc hin ngay sau khi c xut (nh bt r r,
kho van khi khng s dng...). Vi cc gii php cn li, cn c mt k hoch
thc hin mt cch c h thng.
4.5.1. Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin.
Phiu cng tc s 16 s h tr lp k hoch thc hin. K hoch ny bao gm
c nhn hay mt nhm c trch nhim thc hin, tin thc hin v thi gian
cn phi hon thnh.
V d v k hoch thc hin ti Fococev
Gii php Ngi chu trch nhim i vi tng gii php
Thi gian thc hin
K hoch quan trc ci thin
3.1.1 S dng lng v v ci thi ny lm phn vi sinh cung cp cho vng nguyn liu v bn ra th trng
Nguyn Vn Thng, Trn nh Chung
Ngay sau khi c h tr kinh ph t Hp phn d n
Quan trc trc v sau khi thc hin gii php
4.1.3 Lp t thit b tch b ng thi c h thng sy gim hm lng m xung 14% bn cho cc c s ch bin thc n gia sc
Nguyn Vn Thng, Trn nh Chung
Ngay sau khi c h tr kinh ph t Hp phn d n
Quan trc trc v sau khi thc hin gii php
1.2.3 Khi tin hnh ra thit b phi tng p lc nc lm cho qu trnh ra t hiu qu nhng tit kim nc
Nguyn Thi Nguyn, Ng Vn Thnh
Thng 1/2008 Kim tra, gim st thng xuyn
2.1.1 Sa li cc v tr r r trnh tht thot bt nc
Nguyn Vn Tun Thng 1/2008 Kim tra, gim st thng xuyn
7.1.3 Thay dn bng n chiu sng bng cc bng n tit kim in nng
inh Vn Tuy Thc hin dn khi c bng n c chy
Thng xuyn kim tra mc chiu sng cng nh lng in tit kim c
5.1.1 Phi che chn than trnh khi tri ma lm m than v mt cht bc
Nguyn Vn Thng Thng 1/2008 Kim sot thng xuyn
5.1.2 Kim sot m ca than khi nhp nhin liu
Trn nh Chung Thng 1/2008 Kim sot thng xuyn
Nhn xt: Cch thc quan trc, nh gi vic thc hin d n nn ghi c th hn (v d quan trc
thng s g, ch tiu g, tn sut bao nhiu)
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48
Phiu cng tc s 16. K hoch thc hin
Gii php c chn
Thi gian thc hin
Ngi chu trch nhim
nh gi tin
Phng php Giai on
4.5.2. Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php
Cc nhim v phi thc hin bao gm chun b cc bn v v b tr mt bng,
tn dng hoc ch to cc thit b, lp t v vn hnh. Phi ng thi tuyn
dng v hun luyn nhn s sn sng s dng khi cn. Mt tnh ton c tt
n u cng c th khng thnh cng nu thiu nhng ngi th lnh ngh,
cha c hun luyn mt cch y .
Phiu cng tc s 17 c th c s dng ghi li kt qu trong qu trnh
trin khai cc gii php c la chn.
Phiu cng tc s 17. Cc gii php thc hin
Gii php
c chn
Chi ph
thc hin
Li ch k thut Li ch kinh t Li ch mi trng
D kin
Thit k
D kin
Thc t
D kin
Thc t
V d v cc gii php thc hin Fococev
Tn gii php Phn
loi
Cc chi ph thc
hin thc t
Li ch kinh t d kin
Kim sot cht lng
than v ch chy ca
l
Qun l
ni vi tt
Khng c u t 360 triu ng/nm
Trc SXSH: 110 kg than/ tn sp
Sau SXSH: 100 kg than/ tn sp
Lp t ng h kim
sot lng nc
Qun l ni vi tt
5 triu ng Cha thng k c
Thay dn cc bng n
bng cc bng n tit
kim in nng
Qun l ni vi tt
Thay th v chnh li
cc dy curoa b chng
Qun l ni vi tt
Trang b sng o nhit
kim tra cc v tr
tip xc in km
Qun l ni vi tt
5 triu ng
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49
4.5.3. Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu.
Cc gii php c thc hin cn c gim st v nh gi. Cc kt qu
thu c c th gn ng v