cnsx ruou vang

8/3/2019 cnsx ruou vang

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BI TIU LUN MN :

CNG NGH SN XUT RU VANG

Chuyn : Qu trnh thu dch ng t cc loi qu khc nhau sn xutvang ,vang trng c th ra sao? (cc loi qu v thnh phn chnh ca n. binphp thu. cc enzim s dng nng cao hiu sut trit. Bin php bo qun dchqu cho sn xut tt nht v c khi thi v ht.Phi ch dch qu v b sungcc cht g cn thit cho ln men vang.

Nhm sinh vin th c hin:

V c Thng

ng Minh Quang

L Anh Tip

Nguyn Th Phng

Nguyn Vn Cng

Nguyn Thu Lan

Hong Th Yn

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Chuyn ; QU TRNH THU DCH NG T CC LoI Qu KHCNHAU SN XUT VANG , VANG TRNG

Ni dung trnh by : Tran

Li ni u

1. Cc loi qu thng dng trong sn xut vang.3

2. Tng quan phn loi sn phm vang...9

3. Qu trnh thu dch qu..11

4. Phi ch dch qu v b sung cc cht cn thit cho ln men vang.155. Cc enzim s dng nng cao hiu sut chit.17

6. Bin php bo qun dch qu cho sn xut tt nht v c khi thi vht..22

7. Kt lun23

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Li ni u :

Ru vang l mt thc ung c t lu i v c s dung rng ri trong. nhiu nc vang tr thnh mt nt vn ha c trng v khng th thiutrong i sng hng ngy

Ru vang l mt loi ru nh c ln men t dch p tri cy, l mtthc ung c gi tr dinh dng cao, hng v thm ngon v c li cho sc khecon ngi khi dng mt cch iu .

Phng php thu dch ng , phi ch dich qu hp l c ngha rtquan trng trong vic sn xut vang . N i hi phi c phng php ph hpv chnh xc vi tng loi ru

1 . Cc loi qu thng dng trong sn xut vang1.1 Nho

Trong sn xut ru vang, nho l mt nguyn liu truyn thng rt c

a thch v c gi tr dinh dng cao. Nho c trng nhiu cc nc Chuu nht l Php v M. nc ta nho cng c trng mt s tnh minTrung v ang pht trin ngh trng nho vi y trin vng pha trc.

Trn qu nho c rt nhiu loi nm men c mt mt cch t nhin l

nhn t chnh tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut ru vang nho ln men t nhintruyn thng.

Qu nho p c 85 95% dch qu. Nc nho ln men to ra mt loiru vang c gi tr dinh dng cao, hng v c trng, thm ngon v musc rt p.

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Nho c thnh phn ha hc trung bnh nh sau:

- Nc : 70 90%

- ng : 10 25% (trong ch yu l glucose, fructose vsaccharose)

- Acid hu c : 0 ,5 1,7% (ch yu l acid mal ic v factor ic)

- Protein : 0,1 0,9%

- Pectin : 0,1 0,3%

- Khong : 0,1 0,5%

- Vitamin : C, B1, B2, PP

- Cc hp cht mu: mu chnh l an thocyanin .

- Cc hp cht thm v mt s hp cht khc.

Nho l loi qu l tng nht ln men ch bin ru vang v:Nho cha nhiu ng , khong 15 20%, ng li di dng d ln

men, nhiu mui khong nht l K, P, Mg,Ca,S . Thch hp cho qu trnh lnmen d dng, to ru cao, c ch c hot ng ca cc vi khun c hi,ru bo qun c lu.

Cht lng ru nho tt hn cc loi vang qu khc v c hng v m ,

hi ha gia v ngt vi v chua ca axit, v cht ca tanin, li thm cc vphong ph khc ca glixerin, axit amin, mui khong. Mu sc ru nho hpdn nh c cc cht to mu anto- xian, tanin v.v.

Sn lng qu nho trn n v din tch cao v hiu sut trch ly dch quln nn cung ng di do nguyn liu cho cng nghip sn xut ru vang

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1.2 Qu da

Qu da c v chua ngt, tnh bnh, c tc dng gii kht, sinh tn dch, gip tiu ho; ncda nhun trng, tiu tch tr. Nn da thanh nhit gii c; r da li tiu. Dch p l v qu

cha chn c tc dng nhun trng v ty.Da, Khm, Thm - Ananas comosus (L.) Merr, thuc h Da Bromeliaceae . Cy c thn

ngn. L mc thnh hoa th, cng, di, mp c rng nh gai nhn .Cy thng ra hoa qu vo

ma h.

Thnh phn ho hc: Qu da c cc thnh phn sau y: nc 75,7%, protid 0,68%, lipid0,06%, glucid 18,4% (saccharose 12,43%, glucose 3,21%), cht chit xut 4,35%, cellulose0,57%, tro 1,24%. Cn c acid citric, acid malic v cc vitamin A, B, C. Trong qu c mt chtmen tiu ho l bromelin c th thu phn trong vi pht mt lng protein bng 1000 ln trnglng ca n v so snh c vi pepsin v papain. Ngoi ra cn c iod, magnesium, mangan,kalium, calcium, phosphor, st, lu hunh.

1.3 Qu da

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Da l mt cy n qu qu ca nc ta, t Thanh Ho tr vo rt sn, nht l cc tnh minNam, c ni da mc thnh rng. Da c nhn dn ta trng ch yu n ci, p lydu v lm nc gii kht.

Ci da c nhn dn dng n ti, kho vi tht lm mn n, lm mt da v nhiu mn n c

da khc. y l mt thc n c gi tr dinh dng cao, c bit l rt giu lipit. Qua phn tchthnh phn ha hc, ngi ta thy trong 100g ci da gi c 47,6g nc, 4,8g protit, 3,6g lipit,6,2g gluxit, 4,2g xenluloza, cung cp cho c th c 380 Calo. Ngoi ra trong ci da cn cnhiu mui khong v Vitamin (30mg canxi, 154mg photpho, 2mg st, 0,1mg Vitamin B1,0,2mg Vitamin PP, 2mg Vitamin C... trong 100g).

Ci da c trong nhng qu cn non vn dng ly nc ung v nu no c ci vo cc ncgii kht th cng c cc cht dinh dng k trn, nhng vi hm lng t hn. Trong 100gci da non c 87,8g nc, 3,5g protit, 1,7g lipit, 2,6g gluxit, 3,5g xenluloza v cc mui khongcanxi, photpho...

Nc da l mt th nc gii kht qu c nhn dn ta dng rt ph bin trong dp h. Theokt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi, thnh phn nc da gm y cc cht dinh dng :protit (0,10 - 0,17g trong mt lit), lipit (0,10 - 0,30g), gluxit (7,5 - 48g), cc vitamin B1, C vnhiu loi mui khong (natri, kali, clo, magie, canxi, PO4, SO4...), ngha l gn cc cht ctrong huyt tng ca mu ngi vi mt t l khng khc nhau my. Ring t l gluxit c trongnc da th thay i nhiu tu thuc vo tui ca qu da: lc cn non, t l ng ny t7,5 n 15g trong mt lt. Trong nc da bnh t 5-6 thng, t l ny rt cao, c ti 45-50gglucoza v fructoza trong mt lt, ngha l gn ging mt dung dch ng trng; y l lc ncda c t l ng cao nht, do ngon ngt nht. Sau t l gluxit li gim xung khi quda gi, ch cn 15-20g trong mt lt.

1 .2 Qu anh o (Cherry)

Anh o l tn gi chung ch mt s loi cy c qu hch, cha mt ht cng.Anh o thuc h Rosaceae, chi Prunus. Ting Anh gi cc loi anh o l

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Du tm hay cn gi l du trng l loi cy c ngun gc chnh phang v vng trung tm Trung Quc , khc vi loi du c xut x t phang ca Hoa K v loi du en c ngun gc t Ty . Cy du tm c duthc vo Vit Nam t rt lu nhng c trng ch yu ly l nui tm . Qadu thuc dng qu kp , khi chn s chuyn dn t ta sang hi en v mm

Cc thnh phn chnh c trong du

* Thnh phnha hc g/100g

Nc 87,4

Protein 0,3

Axit hu c 1,8

Gluxit 9,19

Tro 0,4

* Mui khong mg/100g

Ca 34,8

P 18,3

* Vitamin mg/100g

B1 0,05B2 0,04

PP 0,2

Bng 1.1 Thnh phn chn ca Du

Du l nguyn liu tt sn xut ru vang v :

- Cy du rt d trng , nhanh c thu hoch ,snr lng cao v n nh. Micy du trng ring l t 4 5 tui c th thu hoch 40 60 kg qu , sn

xut c 30-60 lt ru nguyn cht.- p nc d dng v Du cng l mt v thuc b .- Mu sc hp dn hng v thm ngon, gi t r dinh dng cao.- Nc du li t pectin v cc cht keo nn ru chng trong.- Qa Du t bn thn n c kh nng nng ln men to ru nh h vi

sinh vt a dng c sn trn b mt qu.- Du cng l mt lo i nguyn li u r ti n .

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Cc giai on chnh ca du c hm lng cc thnh phn khc nhau, iu nyc th hin trn bng s liu sau :

Thnh phnha hc

Qamu hn

Qamu ti

Qamutm

Qamuen

ng 2,25 2,78 3,75 4,19

Tanin 2,31 2,25 2,07 1,86

Axit tng s 3,62 3,21 2,37 1,54

ph 3,30 3,24 3,46 4,05

Bng 1.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca du ng vi cc giai on chn khcnhau.

Qa du mu en vi hm lng ng cao hn hn so vi cc loi khc ,hmlng tanin axit tng s thp hn => thun li cho qu trnh bo qun v lnmen , hn ch cht. Chnh v th thu hoch Du khi qu mu tm , en sn

xut l tt nht.

2. Tng quan phn loi sn phm vang

Nho l loi qu tch hp cng nh thng dng nht sn xut vang

Ru vang nho l sn phm ca s ln men ru etylic t dch nc tri nhohoc hn hp dch nho sau khi nghin. Ru vang nho c th sn xut t gingnho ring bit, cng c th c sn xut t hn hp hai hay ba ging khcnhau, v vy sn phm vang nho c s lng tng qut rt phong ph, a dng.Da vo ngun gc ca nho, c th chia thnh 2 nhm c bn l:

Nho trng: tri nho khi chn v khng c mu hoc mu vng lc nht.

Nho : tri nho khi chn c mu - tm nhng m, nht khc nhau.

V mt cng ngh sn phm vang nho c chia ra lm 2 nhm ln: Nhm vangc gas (CO2) v nhm vang khng c gas.

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3 Qu trnh thu dch qu

Da trn s quy trnh cng ngh, ta c th chia qu trnh thu dch qu thnh

cng on ln nh sau:X l nguyn liu t chm tri nho n dch nho th (cn ln v v tht trinho).

Tch ring nc nho thnh tng phn:

Nc dch nho: x l chun b ln men thnh ru vang kh.

B tri nho: x l thu hi dch tri nho cn st li v chun b ln men thnhru vang nguyn liu.

Tin hnh ln men c hai sn phm l ru vang kh v ru vang nguynliu.

CNG NGH SN XUT DCH QU NHO TRNG

c im cng ngh ring bit ca vang nho trng l: Dch nc nho phi ctch ring ra khi phn xc ( cung chm nho, cung tri nho, ht nho v v

nho) sau mi tin hnh ln men dch nc nho, nh vy m vang nho trngmi c mi, v, mu sc hi ha, tinh t hn vang . Cng chnh v vy mvang nho trng d nhy cm vi mi v ngoi lai. Mt khc, nho trng lun chiu sut ru vang thp hn so vi vang .

thc hin quy trnh thu dch qu sn xut vang nho trng ta cn tun thcc bc:

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Thu hoch nho chn:

Nho trng cn phi thu hoch ng thi im t c, chn k thut, ti thiim ny, trong tri nho phi c hm lng ng v acid theo 1 t l cn i vthch hp nht cho mc tiu sn xut vang nho. m bo cho sn phm c

cht lng cao, do trong qu trnh thu hi nho chn bao gi cng c chm nho bdp nn vic tch ring v x l qu dp l rt cn thit.

Tip nhn nho chn:

Nho chn sau khi thu hoch phi c vn chuyn nhanh chng v cc nh mysn xut ru vang, ti nhn vin tip nhn nguyn liu s tin hnh cn,phn loi theo tng ging nho, loi nho (nho chn k thut, nho chn ti v nhoqu chn). Vic tip nhn ging nho rt quan trng, bi v c nhng ging nhocht lng thp. V cng ngh c th nh nhau, nhng mun c vang nho cht

lng cao th cn phi c nhng ging nho cht lng cao. Mi ging nho ringbit s cho ra nhng sn phm vang c hng v ring bit v s mang gi trcm quan c trng ca ging nho . Trong trng hp dng kt hp hai hay baging nho khc nhau sn xut th n khng cn gi c cm quan c trngnhng hng v c th hi ha hn.

Song song vi cng vic tip nhn nho, cn phi ly mu, p tch nc nho, xcnh hm lng ng, acid c trong nguyn liu, ghi nhn v chuyn kt qucho bc tip theo

Lm dp tri nho:

Nho sau khi c tip nhn v kim tra mu, cn c nhanh chng asang my x dp trnh ko di thi gian lu gi ni tip nhn nguyn liuc th gim cht lng do ln men t pht, nht l nhng ngy tri nng khong 30 do C. Tu chtc vo nguyn liu nho chn v sn phm thuc loicht lng no, ta s la chn gii php x dp tri nho thch hp. V l nhotrng, nn khi x dp cn lu trnh ti a vic bm qu nt cc cung chmnho v tri nho, ht nho hn ch vic gia tng cht cht trong dch ncnho. iu ny s lm gim cht sn phm vang nho. Mt khc, cng cn philu l phn tht tri nho phi c x nhuyn, v c nh vy ta mi thuc dch tri nho. Ngy nay, trong cng ngh sn xut vang nho, ngi tathng s dng nhng my x hoc p dp rt hin i, va bo m khnglm dp nt nhng phn gy cht cho dch nho, ng thi hiu sut thu hi

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dch nho rt cao. Sau khi x dp hoc p tri nho, dch nho cn phi cnhanh chng tch khi b v ngn chn s ln men t pht .

* Tch cn nc nho:

Dch nc nho trng mi p xong thng kh c bi nhng phn t bdp cung, v, ht v k c phn tht qu cha c p kit , cng vi nhngcht hu c, v c khng tan trong nc nho. Thng thng, loi bnhng cht cn trn, khi bm nc nho vo bn ta nn bm bng ng tdi ln cho n khi y (gim khng kh, gim p sau ny). Khi ln men ths c hin tng to thnh kh CO2 c xu hng i ln trn b mt bn lnmen to thnh lp bt, ng thi n s ko theo nhng phn t cn. thiim ln men mnh nht n c th y lp cn trn ra ngoi. Ta gi trnghp ny l tch cn t nhin.

Trong cng ngh sn xut vang nho trng hin nay, ta thng p dngnhng gii php k thut sn xut cng bc nng cao hiu qu lng cn.Trc ht, ta c th dng my ly tm chuyn dng lm trong nc nhonhng phi hn ch ti a s oxy ha nc nho, nhng bng cch ny th takhng th loi c nhng vi sinh vt di c trong nc nho, do , vic dchnho ln men t pht c th xy ra.

Mt gii php khc cng ph bin, hiu qu hn l vic sulfit ha ncnho trc khi ln men. Bng cch ny, nc nho va c lm trong, ngthi cn ngn chn c s ln men t pht. Vic x l nc nho vi SO2

thng c ko di12-24h v phi tin hnh ngay khi tch nc nho khi bnho. Thng ta dng t 15-30g SO2 cho 100lt nc nho. SO2 c th cnp di dng lng nguyn cht hoc di dng dung dch ca cc muisulfit. Khi ta tin hnh sulfit ha nc nho, sau 12-24h th nhng phn tcn s t t lng xung y bn, phn dch nho trong s trn lp cn.Phn cn cng chia thnh 2 lp: lp cn nm trn gm ch yu l cc hpcht pectin; lp cn nm di gm cung dp, vo v ht nho. Dch nho saukhi tch cn c tin hnh ln men vang. Thc nghim cho thy, dchnho tch cn k thng khng cho sn phm nho c mi v tt nht, do ,tt nht nn gi li lp cn nh ca dch nho trong khi ln men.

Ngy nay, cch x l cn tt nht l dng nhit thp (4-5c)nhung cchny khng dung v tn nng lng.

Sau khi x l cn dch nc nho, cn c bm nh nhng phn dchtrong sang cc bn ln men. Song song vi vic bm dch nho sang bn ln men,cn np ngay vo bn mt lng tannin tinh khit c ha tan vi nc nnghoc nc nho nng vi liu lng 10g cho 100 lt dch nc nho. Tanin c tc

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4 .Phi ch dch qu v b sung cc cht cn thit cho ln menvang.

4.1. Dch ln men truyn thng:Ru vang thc ra khng phi l mt pht minh ca tr tu loi ngi.

Ngi ta tnh c pht hin ra ru vang khi dch nho trong bnh ln menmt cch t nhin, hon ton khng c tc ng ca con ngi. Do vy, t buis khai v sut lch s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut ru vang, cc loi ruc cht lng cao, t tin v ni ting nht vn c sn xut t dch quc s ch theo phng php c in. Chun b dch ln men theo phngphp c in rt n gin.

Nho sau khi c hai chn rt cng phu s c vo bn g v lmnt hon ton th cng. Sau , ty theo loi ru vang m ngi ta loi b

nho, thu ly dch hm v ln men ( sn xut ru vang trng). hoc ln men ckhi dch bao gm c v , ht ( vang ) Dch ln men theo phng phpny l dch nho hon ton nguyn cht khng qua pha ch hay b sung cc chtdinh dng , ng

Tuy nhin , cng ngh ny ch thch hp vi mt s vng t c cc iukin thch hp nh: thu hoach v ch bin nho ngay ti ch, thi tit thch hp,sau a im ln men cng ti ngay ni s ch dch qu, c cc chng nmmen truyn thng khe vi cc tnh cht rt ph hp cho sn xut ru vang,c cc nguyn ph liu c bit nh cc loi g dng lm phng tin chang ng thi cng ngh ny c nng sut khng cao, i hi din tch sdng ln, v rt kh kim sot cht lng, v vy gi thnh sn xut kh cao.

Ni chung l cng ngh ny ch yu c s dng cho sn xut cc loi vangt tin, cht lng cao.

4.2. Dch ln men ci tin:

Trong qu trnh pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut ru vang, nng cao sn lng v nng sut , gim gi thnh sn phm, ngi ta thayi quy trnh chun b dch ng cho ln men ru vang.

Qu sau khi thu hoch c th c x l bng hai cch: ngm ving , t ln 1 kg qu/ 1 kg ng. sau mt thi gian, dch qu s c chitrt v ngi ta thu c siro qu vi nng khong 60 70o Bx. Bn thnhphm ny s c bo qun v n thi im ln men s c pha ch thnhdch ln men. Sau , ngi ta tin hnh pha ch, b sung, iu chnh mt sch tiu cho dch qu trc khi ln men.

iu chnh axit:

axit ca nho nm trong khong 0,5 1,7 % axit.

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m bo qu trnh ln men din ra chnh xc vi kh nng nhim tpti thiu cng nh m bo c tnh cm quan ca vang th iu cn thit liu chnh axit n mc thch hp t 6- 8g/ lt ( tnh theo axit mailc).Thng thng dch nho thng phi h thp axit nhng cng c mt strng hp cn phi tng axit bng cch tng thm axit hu c nh matic,

lactic, tartaric v xitric. h thp axit, cch thng dng nht l phalong dch qu vi nc, y nc pha long phi p ng yu cu v chtlng nh nc ung v thnh phn ha hc v vi sinh vt. Cng c th sdng hn hp dch qu nc thu c t qu trnh p th cp thay cho nc.Tuy vy, cch hiu qu nht v thng dng nht vn l phi trn dch qu c axit cao vi dch qu c axit thp.

B sung sacaroza:

Do c im ca phn ln cc loi qu n i v cn nhit i l hmlng ng thp khng nm men chuyn ha ti cn cn thit, do cn phi b sung thm mt lng ng vo. Lng ng ny ty thuc vo

loi vang; v d vang na ngt cn khong 60 80 g/lt ng st to v ngt th lng ng tng s lc ban u cnkhong 250g/lt .

Vang ngt cn ti 300g/lt ng tng. Tuy nhin trnh tc dng c ch canng ng cao, ngi ta c th b sung ng nhiu ln trong qu trnhln men. Sacaroza c th b sung trc tip hoc di dng siro. Tuy nhin bsung dng siro lm cho dch hm tr nn long thm. Mt khc trong ln mendch hm c hm lng ng cao s lm tng qu mc cc axit d bay hi.

B SUNG NIT

Hp cht nit cn cho nm men pht trin thm lng t bo. V vy ccmui amon nh ( NH4)2HPO4 c dng lm cht dinh dng cho nm men.ng thi ta cng c th s dng cc loi mui amon clorua, amon sunphat,amon pht pht. Lng ( NH4)2HPO4 cho vo xp x 0,1 0,3 g/ lt dch hm.i khi s dng cc sn phm t phn ca mn men lm ngun m.

Tuy nhin , trong qu trnh sn xut cho thy , phng php ny c mts nhc im nh sau :

T l dch qu trong ru vang rt thp do vy hng vca ru nho khng ngon. Qu trnh ngm v thu dch yu cu th tch ca vt chang ln do vy tn km cho trang thit b, chim nhiu din tch nhxng, mt khc, rt kh kim sot v sinh v vy vn nhim tp khph bin v nh hng rt ln n cht lng dch qu. Qu trnh i hi thi gian rt di ( trch ly dch qu) vtip xc vi khng kh nn mu sc v hng v ca dch qu b bin ixu i rt nhiu.

Do vy , trong nhng nm gn y, mt s c s sn xut vang VitNam thay i phng php x l dch qu. Qu sau khi thu hoch c a

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i p ngay. Dch qu sau khi p c s ch theo hai cch: Mt l b sungng thnh siro 40 50o Bx, cch th hai l c c dch qu cng ln n 40 50o Bx.

T dch siro qu hoc dch qu c c, ngi ta s pha long khong 2 3 ln( ty theo cht lng loi vang cn sn xut) v x l tng t nh

phng php ngm ng trch ly dch qu. Phng php ny gii quytc mt s nhc im c bn ca phng php c, tuy nhin trong qu trnhsn xut cho thy phng php ny vn cn mt s nhc im ln,c bit lkhi mun sn xut ru vang cht c cht lng cao:

1. Lng dch qu thu c rt t do kh khn t rong qu tr nh p nnhiu qu kinh tthp.2. Ru vang thnh phm b c do thnh phn pectin v ccthnh phn keo trong dch qu, v c hng v , mu sc khng tt dokhng trch ly c trit hng v mu trong qu.

Do vy , c xu hng tm n mt gii php mi , c hiu qu v cht lngsn phm tt hn. l cng ngh c s dng mt s loi enzym trong qutrnh trch ly v lm trong dch qu.

5 . Cc enzim s dng nng cao hiu sut trit

S dng enzim trong qu trnh trch ly nc qu:

i vi ngnh sn xut nc qu cng nh sn xut ru vang, p qu l

khu k thut rt quan trng bi ch qua cng on p mi thu c dch qu.Hm lng nc qu chy ra khi p ph thuc vo s cu to ca m qu, qutrnh x l s b, lng pectin ho tan trong qu... Vi cc loi qu nh cam,chanh, d.. th phn nc qu rt d thot ra khi phn tht qu khi p. Trili , nhng loi qu nh du, to mo, mn. . . nu p bng cc phng phptruyn thng th rt kh t c hiu sut p ti

nng cao hiu qu p nc qu ngi ta c th s dng mt

s phng php x l trc khi p nh sau:

Nghin c hc: Di tc dng c hc, cc t bo b x nh. Hiu qunghin t c khi phn ln t bo b ph hu. Mc nghin ph thuc

tng loi qu. Phng php ny khng ly c hon ton nc qu khi pnhng n gin nn c ng dng rng r un nng: Di tc dng ca nhit cao, proti t ca cht nguynsinh b ng t v t nh thm ca t bo tng ln, do dch qu s thotra d dng. Ngi ta thng un nng qu nhit 80 85 0C. Nunhit thp hn th qu tr nh ng t ko di , nu nhit cao qu lmmt cht thm ca qu, thay i v, bin mu, gy tn tht vitamin. Lm lnh ng: T bo thc vt b cht khi lm lnh ng v

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nh hng chung ca s mt nc, do t inh th chn p t bo, do nng axi t , mui t rong dch bo tng ln. Phng php ny bo m chtlng dch qu nhng khng kinh t v kh p dng quy m ln. X l bng dng in: Dng dng in xoay chiu c U =220 V, I = 20 30A, qua khi qu khong 2 5 gi Dng in c tc

dng ph v t bo lm nc qu thot ra nhanh v nhiu khi p. Dng sng siu m: tn s > 20 000 Hz cng c tc dng ph v mng t

b Chiu x bng tia : c kh nng phn hu protopectin, lm ph v mng

t b

Cc phng php trn u c u nhc im ring. Hin nay do yu cusn xut ca nn cng nghip hin i cng vi s pht t rin ca cng nghsinh hc, trn th gii ang c xu hng s dng mt phng php x l ncqu p c hiu qu cao, tng ng k nng sut v hiu sut tr ch ly dch qu,t rnh c cc bin i xu cho dch qu v c hiu qu kinh t cao, l

phng php s dng cc ch phm enzim pect inaza x l khi qu nghin.Dng ch phm enzim c th l m phn hu cc cht pro topect in , pec t in ,xenluloza, t inh bt, . . . lm gim mi l in kt gia cc t bo, ph v mt cchnhanh chng v hng lot cc m ca qu, gim keo ca khi th t qu v toiu kin cho dch bo thot ra mt cch d dng. Hn na, do s ph v mqu bng enzim nn cc cht mu, tanin v nhng cht ho tan trong nc quc chit rt mt cch t r it , nh m tng thm cht lng ca thnhphm.

thu c d ch qu t rong t rng hp c s dng enzim cng phinghin nh nguyn l iu qu. Bt nghin em x l bng enzim sau mi p

hoc ly tm. C th nghin nh qu n mc ti a m khng s b tc maoqun trong qu trnh p.

Nh tc dng ca enzim pectinaza, lng dch qu p c th tng thm 9,6 49% tu tng loi qu. Theo kt qu nghin cu cho thy: khi x l tonghin bng ch phm pectinaza vi nng 0,025% th hiu sut thu hi dchqu tng 14% so vi khng dng enzim, cn khi x l chui nghin vi nng enzim 0,025 % th hiu sut thu hi dch qu tng c thm 45% .

Hiu sut ca qu tr nh p dch qu s dng enzim ph thuc vo lngenzim, nhit v thi gian hot ng ca enzim. Tuy nhin, i vi mi loiqu khc nhau cn phi xc nh cc iu kin ny bng thc nghim thuc hiu sut p cao nht.

Qu nguyn l iu c cha t 70 90% nc. Lng nc ny l dung miha tan cc thnh phn lm nn cht lng dch qu: ng, axit huc, vi tamin, khong cht, polyphenol , hng, mu, Tuy nhin, theo ccphng php c ch c th tr ch ly c t 50 60% lng dch c trong qu.Nguyn nhn l do ngoi thnh phn nc t do c trong qu, phn cn li lnc dng l in kt , do vy rt kh chit rt . Phn ln lng nc ny cgi trong mt h keo c to thnh bi ng, axit hu c v cc cht ha tan

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khc. gii phng v thu hi c lng nc ti a trong qu cn thc hinhai cng on chnh:

Ph v t bo tht qu Ph v h keo ca dch qu

Hin nay , t rong nn cng nghip sn xut vang t r n th g i i , g i iquyt cc vn nu t rn, ngi ta s dng kh ph bin mt s enzymnhm thy phn cc thnh phn trong thnh t bo qu gip cho dch qu thotra v thy phn cc cht keo pectic, h tr qu tr nh p. Cc h enzym chyu thng c s dng l: Pectinaza, xenlulaza v hemixenlulaza.Qu c s ch sau nghin thnh khi cho qu. Cc h enzym gip choqu tr nh tr ch ly c b sung vo khi cho qu vi mt t l nht nh. Saumt khong thi gian mt nhit xc nh, khi cho qu c a i p.Ty thuc tng loi qu v ch phm enzym m hiu sut ca qu tr nh p c

th tng t 10 30%. Sau , dch qu c a i ln men hoc t ip tc x llm trong theo nh sn xut. Nu x l lm trong dch qu, dch qu s tip tcc a vo thng cha, b sung enzym, sau lc trong.

Bin php cng ngh ny c mt s u im nh sau: Lng dch qu thu c cao hn nhiu so vi phng php c v vy

hiu qu kinh t hn rt nhiu. Thi gian x l dch qu trc khi ln men ngn hn nhiu nn dch qu

khng b tc ng bi nhng nh hng xu n cht lng Ru vang c ln men t dch qu x l theo phng php nyc hng v, mu sc tt do trch ly c trit cc cht ha tan co

trong dch qu. Khng phi s dng thm nhiu bin php hon thin cho ruvang thnh phm m vn c trong n nh do cc thnh phn gy c b thy phn.

Cc enzim thng c s dng t rong qu t r nh x l dch qu l: henzim pectinaza dng thy phn pectin cha trong dch qu (pectin ha tan)v pectin trong thnh t bo qu (protopectin); v h enzim xenlulaza dng thy phn cc thnh phn xenlulo v hemixenlulo trong qu.

5 .1 Enzim pectinazaGii thiu v enzim pectinaza

Theo danh php c, cc enzim phn gii pectin c tn gi l pectaza v pectinaz Cho ti ngy nay, ngi ta bit h enzim pectinaza c rt nhiuloi v c bit mt s loi c nghin cu rt k lng

Pectinaza c nhiu trong: l, c khoai ty, chanh, c chua, c ch ba, vmt s loi qu khc Pectinaza rt ph bin trong th gii vi sinh vt. N c

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t o thnh do mt s lo i v i khun nh: B. subti li s, B . mesenteri cus , B .carotovorus, Clos. felsineum, Fusarium.. . Nm mc c th to c nhiu loipectinaz Ngy nay cng nghip sn xut enzim pectinaza rt pht trin vi ccloi ch phm c t inh khit cao, hot lc tt . Ch phm pect inaza thngc sn xut bi cc chng nm mc .oryzae v A.niger.

Qu trnh lm trong dch qu di tc dng ca enzim pectinaza c th chiathnh 3 giai on sau:

Giai on u: bt n nh ho c biu hin bng s gim nhtca dch qu mt cch su sc v thng c gi l trng thi b gy . Giai on hai: kt lng bt u t trng thi b gy v kt thckhi cn lng hon ton.

Giai on ba: kt thc s phn gii pectin, thng c xc nh bng

cch cho ion Ca2+ vo m khng thy kt ta.

Mc ch ch yu khi s dng cc ch phm enzim pect inaza l gim nht tuyt i ca nc qu ti tr s bo m cho lng dch qu thu c tia v d lm trong nht . V vy, cn thit phi xc nh nh hng ca thnhphn ho hc ca nguyn liu ti hiu qu tc dng ca enzim pectinaz

a. nh hng ca tnh trng cht lng pectin trong dch qu:

Tnh trng cht lng pectin nh hng nhiu ti s to nht v khnng thu phn do enzim. Pectin c mc este ho cng cao th nht cngcao v hiu qu tc dng ca polygalacturonaza cng thp. Do , ch cn ctheo nng pectin trong nguyn liu th khng nn nh gi nht ca ncqu m cn phi cn c vo cht lng ca pectin.

b. nh hng ca ng v axit

ng v axit trong qu to vi pectin thnh cc gel, lm nht ca dungdch pectin tng ln. nht ca nc qu ngoi s lng, cht lng pectincn ph thuc vo dng ng v s lng ng c t rong nguyn l i Tuynhin cc nh nghin cu cho thy rng mc d c s khc nhau nhiu gia ccdung dch ban u nhng khi x l bng enzim th hu ht cc dch qu c nht bng nha Do , c th k t lun rng s c mt ca cc dng ngtrong nc qu ch c nh hng ti dch qu cha qua x l m khng nh

hng n hiu qu tc dng ca enzim pectinazNgi ta chng minh c rng vi nng H+ nh nhau, t rong

dung dch pectin, axit xi tr ic c ch cc enzim pectinaza mnh hn so vi axittact r ic . Tnh cht c ch ca cc axit r rng l yu t rt quan t rng, nhiukhi l yu t quyt nh t rong ng dng cc ch phm enzim pectinaza nhmnng cao hiu sut thu hi v lm trong nc qu .

Tc dng c ch mnh nht biu hin leucoantoxian oxi ho v catechin

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oxi ho, cn tanin c tc dng yu hn. Ngi ta chng minh c cc chphm enzim c mn cm khc nhau i vi tc dng ca cc cht cht.

d. nh hng ca thnh phn khong v pH ca nc qu

Theo nhiu tc gi, cc ion K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ c nh hng ti hiu

qu tc dng ca cc enzim pect inaz Ngi ta tha nhn rng mui Ca2+,Mg2+ nng cao hot ca enzim, Cu2+ c ch cc enzim pectinaz

5. 2 H enzim xenlulaza:

C cht ca enzim xenlulaza:

a) Xelluloza:

Xelluloza l polysacari t ch yu ca thnh t bo thc vt . Xenluloza ccu to mch thng, l in kt 2000 10000 phn t glucoza theo mi l in kt

-1,4 glucozit. Cc phn t xenluloza hnh si l in kt vi nhau bng cu hidrothnh b gi l mixen. Nhiu mixen l in kt thnh chm si, nhiu chm sil in kt vi nhau bng hemixenluloza, protopectin i khi c l icnhin v cutinthnh m v rn chc v qu cng khi cn xanh.

b) Hemixenlulo za:

Hemixenluloza l nhm polysacari t c t nh cht c bit l khng ho tanc t rong nc m ch t an t rong dung d ch k im. Hemixenlu loza cng l thnh phn ca thnh t bo thc v tn ti ch yu v qu, v ht . Khc vixenluloza, hemixenluloza va l vt l iu cu trc v t bo va l nguyn l iud tr nng lng cho cc qu trnh trao i cht trong rau qu.

C ch tc dng v c im ca h enzim xenlulaza:

Xenlulaza l h enzim phn gii cc lin kt glucozit trong xenluloza, ctn h thng l - 1 ,4 g lucan- 4- g lucohydrolaza v t n thng thng lxenlulolaz Cc enzim ny c th tc dng ln xenlulo theo 2 c ch sau:

Thu phn lin kt - 1,4 mt cch ngu nhin dc theochui lin kt ca xenluloza v gi l endoxenlulolaz B gy cc n phn glucoza t hai u ca chui

lin kt xenluloza v gi l exoxenlulolaz Nhn thy cc ch phm enzim ch cha mt loi endoxenlulolaza th

c tc d n g rt t i vi xe nlu lo z T r i l Vi c c c h p h m en zim ccha c endoxenlulolaza v exoxenlulolaza th qu tr nh thu phn din ra rtnhanh. V vy, cc endoxenlulolaza v exoxenlulolaza c tc dng tng hnha

Xenlulolaza thng c t nh bn rt cao khi un nng v b km hm bi

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cc kim loi nng nh mui ng, mui thu ngn.

6. Bin php bo qun dch qu cho sn xut tt nht v c khi thi v ht

6 . 1 Ngm ng

L bin php dc s dng d tr nguyn liu cho nhng thi im khngphi l ma thu hoch nho. Khi vo ma thu hoch lng nguyn liu di do ,nn mt phn nguyn liu sau khi qua khu s ch s c ngm ng tp siro d bo qun v bo qun c trong thi gian di . Qa c em i ngmng theo t l 1kg qu/ 1-2 kg ng . Lng n nhiu s gip c ch qutrnh ln men t nhin , thi gian ngm ko di khong 20-30 ngy , sau rt

nc ct ra lm b cho nc vo , ra ht ng v cc cht ha tan khc cnxt li trong qu . Nc ct c pha ch vo thng pha ch , ra b bng ncnng ( 40-50 C ) , qu trnh ra b c lp li ba ln.

6 .2. Dng lu hunh ixit ( SO2 )

.Trong cng ngh sn xut ru vang thi SO2 l mt cht ph tr khngth thiu trong vic bo qun cc hm ru cng nh dch qu khi cha thchin qu trnh ln men. Cc tnh cht c bn ca n l :

- Dit khun : n c ch s pht tr in ca vi s inh vt . Tc ng ca n ln

vi khun ln hn ln nm men. Vi liu lng thp th s c ch ch lnht thi , vi liu lng mnh th c th tiu dit mt phn vi khun .Trong qu trnh bo qun ru vang n c tc dng chng li s pht trinca tt c cc loi vi sinh vt v phng trnh vic to ra ru do nmmen , s ln men li cc loi vang du , s pht trin ca cc loi nm mento vng v cc loi h hng khc nhau do vi khun gy ra .

- Chng oxi ha khi c mt cht xc tc n kt hp vi oxi ha tan theophn ng

- SO2 + O2 = SO3Trong nc qu rt d b oxi ha , vic bo v bng x l sunfit t

c nhah chng v hiu qu . Trong sn xut ngi ta cho thm vo mt cch

u n mt dug dch sunfuro trong nc qu ca nho trng theo qu trnh tchchit ca n , hay trong nho ngay khi m n c nghin nt

- Tc dng chng enzim oxydaza : n c ch ngay lp tc tc dng cacc enzim oxi ha < tyrosinaza, lactaza > v ph hy chng . Thng qua c chny m SO2 bo v c nc qu trc khi bt u qu trnh ln men. Lmgim nguy c h ru oxydaza trong sn xut vang trng.

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7 . Kt lun

Trn th gii, nht l cc nc Chu u, ru vang c t lu i v

c dng rt ph bin . c sn xut vi quy trnh cng ngh hin ahoc vi phng php truyn thng c lch s hng trm nm . Nhng nc ta nn sn xut ru vang mi bt u t nhng nm 80 ca th ktrc, sn phm ru vang vn cha c quan tm nhiu, qui m snxut ch yu di dng th cng, ln men t nhin cha c c s khoa hccng nh phng php thu dch ng , phi ch dich qu hp l dn nnng sut cng nh cht lng sn phm cha cao.

Ngoi vic s dng enzim trong qu trnh trch ly nhm tng hiu sut thuhi dch qu v lm trong dch qu, trong qu trnh sn xut ru vangngi ta cn s dng enzim trong sut qu trnh ln men ru vang. Ccch phm enzim ny c tc dng: chng cc bin i c hi cho vang trongsut qu trnh ln men nh: s xi ha hng, mu, cc phn ng gy c,. ..

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