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Dec 19 to Jan 8, 2015 Issue #00204

TIDBITS® LOOKS AT

PAPERby Janet Spencer

On December 26, 1854, John Beardsley showed paper samples made from wood pulp to the editor of the Buffal , NY “Democrat” who wrote an article exclaiming over how wonderful the newfangled paper was. Come along with Tidbits as we look at the history of paper!

PAPER BASICS• Paper has been described as “70% wood

and 30% chemistry.” Modern paper is made by having a log chipped, digested, refin d, washed, screened, pressed, heated, and rolled.

• For centuries the most popular writing surface was parchment, made from animal hides. The Egyptians used fi ers from papyrus stems that were soaked, pounded, and laid in mats to dry.

• In the year 105 A.D., a clerk in China pulverized rags, cooked them, then dipped a screen into the liquid and let the fi ers dry. This was the method used to form paper for the next 1,500 years. Previous to this, silk had been used as a writing surface, but because of this new invention, China was able to export more silk, leading to an economic boom.

(continued next page)

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THE HISTORY OF PAPER (cont’d)

• Rags were the main source of papermaking fi er for centuries. The result was a thick, gray paper that was often streaked with colors from the old clothing that was used to make it.

• In 1666 in England, cotton and linen were prohibited from being used for burial shrouds in order to make them available for papermaking. Wool was the only fabric that was allowed to be used for a shroud, because you cannot make paper out of wool. In the 1700s there was a shortage of rags to make paper. Nations passed laws forbidding rags to be taken out of the country. Rag smuggling became a lucrative profession.

• In 1719 a Frenchman named Reaumur noticed that wasps scraped rotting logs with their legs, chewed the scrapings, and made pulp that was turned into their papery nests. The wasps preferred evergreens, which today provide most of our paper. He presented this to the Royal Academy as evidence that paper could be made from material other than rags. It took years for the knowledge to be put to use.

• Paper was fi st manufactured in the U.S. at the Rittenhouse Mill, Germantown, PA, in 1690. Rittenhouse made paper out of flax linen

rags. A large printer in Philadelphia bought the entire supply of Rittenhouse paper. Thisirked Benjamin Franklin, who had to use imported paper for all of his printing projects. Because of this, Franklin was instrumental in setting up 18 other paper mills in order to break the Rittenhouse paper monopoly. He subsequently became not only America’s fi st major paper merchant, but also Philadelphia’s largest printer. Franklin once quipped, “Never argue with a man who buys his ink by the gallon.”

• In 1800, Matthias Koop wrote and published a book called Historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper. It was printed on paper made from straw and glued wood shavings. The book was very sturdy but very costly, and Koop soon went bankrupt.

• In the 1830s and 1840s, two men on two diffe ent continents began to experiment with making paper out of pulped wood instead of pulped rags. Charles Fenerty in Canada and Friedrich Keller of Germany individually

invented a machine that extracted fi ers from wood and made paper from it. This started a new era for paper making. By the end of the 19th century almost all paper in the western world came from wood instead of rags.

• Ruled paper was fi st produced by machine by John Tetlow in England in the 1770s. It was used for music paper and accounting ledgers. Before this, the rules had to be drawn by hand.


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VENTURES IN PUBLISHING• Gutenberg spent 20 years in the 1400’s perfecting

the first method of printing using moveable type and a press. He was a skilled metalworker and was familiar with tools. To typeset the Bible required 2,500 individual pieces of type for each page. He used parchment because paper had not yet been invented, and each Gutenberg Bible required the skins of 300 sheep. Ink was made from pine shavings and soot. It took three

THE HISTORY OF PAPER (cont’d)

• During the Civil War, there were 555 paper mills in the U.S., but only 24 were located in the South. Naval blockades caused southern newspaper office to run out of paper so some editions were printed on wallpaper.

• Next came the invention of the fi st practical fountain pen, the mass-produced pencil, and the steam-driven rotary printing press. With paper now cheap and widely available, books, schoolbooks, and newspapers became available by 1900. Widespread availability of wood-based paper also meant that keeping diaries and writing letters became common.

CARDBOARD• The fi st cardboard was made in 1824. When

people started shipping things in cardboard, manufacturers of wooden boxes and barrels pressured railroads and insurance companies to refuse to handle or insure them, due to increased likelihood of damage. It wasn’t until 1914 that a law was passed prohibiting railroads from charging extra for handling goods packaged in cardboard. Today, 99% of all products are packaged in paper at some point, and about 50% of all paper used in the

U.S. is used for packaging.

PAPER BAGS• In 1872, the fi st paper bag manufacturing

machine was patented by L. C. Crowell. Paper bags had been around a long time, but they were pasted together by hand and had V-shaped bottoms. What made these paper bags so popular was that they would stand alone. When supermarkets became popular in the 1930’s, business boomed.


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VENTURES IN PUBLISHING cont’dyears to produce the Bibles, which had 1,284 pages each. He printed 200 of them, and 47 still survive. However, Gutenberg went heavily into debt to develop this technique. The same year the Bibles were completed, his financierconfisc ted all his equipment and used it to make himself rich. Gutenberg died in poverty, yet his name lives on today.

WORLD’S FINEST• Cartier on Fifth Avenue in New York at one

time offe ed for sale handmade stationery from Finland with rough edges and a personalized portrait watermark. For only $10,000 you could get 100 sheets (including envelopes.) To write on such paper, one should really have a nice pen, such as the two 18-carat diamond capped pens that sold for just under $23,000. To go along with that, you might be interested in a blue glass paperweight made in Paris around 1850. It sold for $143,000 in 1982.

• Is it a great price? Before you rush to stock up, read the signs in the grocery stores to make sure the item that looks like such a good deal really is. Sometimes, products are “featured” with a tag that looks like a sale price, when the real price is only pennies more or no savings at all!• Honey has antibacterial properties? Yep! Try rubbing a bit of it over a small cut for faster, more natural healing.• “To separate yolks from egg whites, simply crack eggs into a shallow bowl and ‘suck’ the yolk out using an empty plastic water bottle. Squeeze the bottle slightly, then position the mouth of the bottle at the yolk and let go. It will magically slide up into the bottle, leaving the whites behind!” -- T.T. in New York• Make your own gift wrap from everyday items like newspaper (think color comics) and children’s drawings, which can be glued together along the edges. For a really unique wrapping, try inexpensive fabric.• “Thistime-tested tip will keep your houseplants in the green while you’re away from home: Set plants in the bathtub in an inch or less of water. If your fl werpot does not have drain holes, get a short length of cotton rope and feed it from the topsoil to the tub. Thiswill keep plants alive and thriving for a week or more.” -- D.R. in Florida• Unmatched socks are handy-dandy cleaners and have so many uses. Keep one by the dryer to get all the lint off the trap. Shake it out or pop it into the wash when needed.

Send your tips to JoAnn at [email protected].

(c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

Famous Canadians

CHARLES FENERTY• Charles Fenerty was born around 1820 in

Sackville, NS, just north of Halifax. Fenerty’s family owned 2,000 acres of farmland and timberland. Because there were many lakes in the area, it was the perfect spot for lumber mills. Charles grew up working on the family farm and helping out in the family saw mills.

• By the time he became an adult, the demand for paper was far outstripping the supply. Back then, paper was still being made out of rags. Every time a new paper mill opened, they would put out a desperate plea for people to sell or donate old rags so they could be milled into paper.

• Charles passed by a paper mill on his way to and from Halilfax. The paper mill was owned by a friend of his who also owned the local newspaper. Fenerty stopped in often to observe the operations of the paper mill, and he couldn’t help but notice the similarities between the paper mill and the saw mill he worked in every day.

• In the paper mill, rags were boiled in water and then pounded or ground until they became a mass of fi ers, which were then pressed, dried, and turned into paper. At Fenerty’s water-powered saw mills, wood chips and sawdust landed on the wet fl or where they were ground underneath people’s feet until they also became a mass of fi ers.


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When paper was introduced in Europe, people were reluctant to use it. Oÿcials insist ed that only parchment was good enough. Thisled to the phrase, “Not worth the paper it’s written on.”


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• In 1841, Fenerty began to experiment with wood pulp, figuring out how to soak the wood, how to separate the fi ers, how to squeeze out the extra water, how to dry it out, and how to bleach it white. He was perfectly suited for the task: he had grown up in a saw mill, he was surrounded by forests, and he had the time to spend on research.

• Fenerty discovered that spruce made the best paper. The fi st paper Fenerty produced was probably very similar to modern day paper grocery bags. It wouldn’t have been pretty, but it would have been suitable for use as newsprint. He later perfected the art of bleaching paper so it was white.

• In 1844 he wrote a letter to his friend at the newspaper announcing that he had found a way to make perfectly good paper from pulped wood. He enclosed a sample. Fenerty wrote that the sample he had enclosed, “which is as fi m in its texture, as white, and to all appearances as durable as the common wrapping paper, made from hemp, cotton, or the ordinary materials of manufacture, is actually composed of spruce wood reduced to pulp, and subjected to the same treatment as paper.” The letter was printed in the newspaper.

• Still, little attention was paid to Fenerty’s process. He never patented his ideas and never pursued the endeavor. In Germany, another inventor was coming to the same conclusions, and Friedrich Gotlob Keller is usually credited with being the inventor of the modern-day paper making process because he took the time to patent his discoveries.

• Pulped wood paper slowly began to be adopted by paper mills throughout Canada, the U.S., and Europe. Fenerty lived long enough to see the very fi st wood pulp paper mill erected near his home town, and some say he even worked there for a time. He died at home in Sackville of the flu at the age of 71. A monument in his honor stands in Sackville, but he never received much recognition aside from that.

• Today Canada exports more pulped wood products than any other country in the world.

OFFICE SUPPLIES: QUIZ• A French man whose fi st name was Marcel

was employed as the production manager at an ink factory. Later he started his own fountain pen company. However, fountain pens were difficult to fill and they often leaked. So in 1950 Marcel obtained the patent rights for the ballpoint pen from Laszlo Biro.

He then improved its design, by making it more reliable, inventing a disposable model, and lowering the price to 29 cents. People didn’t believe that a pen that cost only 29 cents could really work well, so they didn’t buy the pens. Marcel started an ad campaign with the slogan that his pens write “fi st time, every time.” He showed the pens being fi ed from cannons, strapped to ice skates, and mounted on jackhammers and still writing. He began making sure that small shops near schools carried the pens so students would buy them. His plan worked, and Marcel made so much money that he also set up factories to make disposable razors and cigarette lighters. In 1956 he invented the world’s fi st retractable ballpoint pen. He named the pens, the razors, and the lighters after himself and his company is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of these items. Chances are good that the pen on your desk has his last name on it. Can you guess what Marcel’s last name was? (Answer next page)

• During World War II, German spies trying to infilt ate Soviet ranks were routinely caught as soon as they crossed enemy lines. Why? Because of their passports. Although the passports had been expertly forged, they were stapled with stainless steel staples, which never rusted. Soviets used staples made of cheaper iron, which rusted quickly, leaving brown blotches on the paper.

Charles Finerty (cont’d)


• Paperclips were fi st invented by a Norwegian named Johan Vaaler in 1899. The metal clips alone account for an annual U.S. steel consumption of 10,000 tons.

• In 1776 the fi st invisible ink was used. Silas Deane, member of the Committee of Secret Correspondence, sent word from France that the British Ministry was determined to reduce the colonies to unconditional surrender. Theinvisible ink was penned between lines of a list of supplies. Written in tannic acid, the message was revealed when the paper was sponged with ferrous sulfate. The iron combined with the tannic acid on the paper to make a dark compound that was easily visible.

• Themother of Michael Nesbit of ‘TheMonkeys’ invented liquid paper correction fluid

• The Latin word “filu ” means thread. Important papers were strung together on threads. Today we keep them in file .

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LUMEVLThis word means: A type of high qualitypaper, thicker than parchment, that comesfrom the French word meaning ‘calfskin.’

Unscramble this word:

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PAW’S CORNERBy Sam Mazzotta

Dog Balks at Wheelchair

DEAR PAW’S CORNER: My 9-year-old Shih Tzu “Mitzi” developed a hip problem due to an injury she suffe ed when much younger (she was a rescue). It’s become almost impossible for her to walk, and her veterinarian recommended she start using a “wheelie” harness to get around. The problem: Mitzi will not use the harness. It’s a struggle to get her into it, and then she just kind of lays there and whimpers once she’s in it. How can I get her to adjust to the harness? -- Claude C., AtlantaDEAR CLAUDE: You’ll need to try a couple of things: check the fit of the harness, and use some gentle encouragement (ahem, treats) to help Mitzi.According to Eddie’s Wheels (http://eddieswheels.com/training-a-dog-to-use-a-wheelchair/), which designs wheelchairs and support devices for pets, dogs that still have feeling or some mobility in their hind legs sometimes have more trouble adjusting to wheelchairs than dogs whose hind legs are paralyzed. Also, a poorly fi ted wheelchair can cause a dog to feel uncomfortable in the harness.So, check the fit of the wheelchair based on the manufacturer’s recommendations. If Mitzi’s wheelie allows her back legs to touch the ground, make sure that her legs can do so. Thismay alleviate her anxiety. If Mitzi’s back seems hunched (“roached”), make sure the straps are at the correct length so she’s comfortable. If her back sags in the harness, she may need more support. And make sure her backside isn’t lifted into the air; this can cause strain on her front legs.Once the fit is OK, give Mitzi lots of encouragement as you help her into the harness each day. Then,as she progresses, give her a reward at each step: when she fi st stands up in the harness, when she takes her fi st step, and so on. Always make it a positive experience, until she gets the hang of her new wheels.

Send your questions or comments to [email protected].


Marcel’s last name was Bich, which was (for obvious reasons) changed to Bic.

OFFICE SUPPLIES• In 1970 a researcher at the 3M factory was

trying to invent a super-strong adhesive. He invented an adhesive, but it turned out to be very weak instead of very strong. It would stick to things but pull right off again. He put the formula away for later and went back to working on findi g a stronger glue. Four years later, another scientist who sang in the church choir got annoyed because the pieces of paper he used to keep his place in the hymnal kept falling out. He remembered the weak glue his co-worker had invented, and he used it to coat his bookmarks. The managers at the 3M company thought this was a good idea. Ten years after the scientist had accidentally invented the world’s weakest glue, Post-It Notes were on the market.

OFFICE SUPPLIES: QUIZ cont’d

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1. The average American uses how many poundsof paper and paper products each year (includingcardboard, paper towels, toilet paper, etc.)?2. What percent of all lumber harvested goestowards the production of paper?


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• It was American industrialist Jean Paul Getty who made the following sage observation: “If you can count your money, you don’t have a billion dollars.”• You’ve doubtless heard the term “bigwig” to refer to a person of importance, but you’ve probably never learned where the word originated. In the 18th century, King Louis XIV of France began wearing large wigs, and the fashion became a trend among the upper classes. At the time, wigs were made from human hair, which was very expensive to obtain; therefore, the larger the wig, the more hair was required and the more money the wearer had to spend to purchase it.• In 1950, a patent was issued for a fork that automatically spins to wind spaghetti onto it.• You might be surprised to learn that painter and sculptor Michelangelo was also a well-known poet in his day.• Medieval times, it seems, were suspicious times. When nobles gathered for social events, each person would pour a little bit of wine from his or her own cup into the cups of others -- this was a way to ensure that no one was poisoning the drinks. The tradition continues today (with less suspicion, one would hope) when people clink glasses after toast.• It wasn’t until 1933 that an act of Congress made the dime legal tender for all transactions. Before that, it could be used only if the item or items being purchased totaled less than $10.• Besides being former U.S. presidents, what do George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams have in common? As adults, they all collected and played marbles avidly.

Thought for the Day: “I’m all in favor of keeping dangerous weapons out of the hands of fools. Let’s start with typewriters.” -- Frank Lloyd Wright


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tidbits vernon 204 dec 19 2014 paper online

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