tidbits vernon 197 oct 31 2014 light bulbs

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Oct 31-Nov 6, 2014 Issue #00197

TIDBITS® LOOKS AT

LIGHT BULBSby Janet Spencer

On October 21, 1879, Thomas Edison invented the first light bulb of practical value when he discovered that carbonized cotton filaments would burn for 40 hours in a vacuum inside a glass bulb. Come along with Tidbits as we turn on the lights!

LIGHT BULB FACTS• Thomas Edison did not invent the light

bulb. He merely improved it. The search for electric lighting had begun some fifty years before Edison ever sat down to work on the problem, but all methods either burned out too fast or emitted poisonous gasses.

• In 1878 Edison promised that in six weeks he would solve the problem of the incandescent light. Fourteen weeks and 1,600 experiments later, he discovered that cotton thread that had been burned to ash was the best filament to use in the vacuum of a light bulb.

• Edison subsequently invented the power plant and an electrical distribution system that made electricity widely available. The power company he started is General Electric.

• Filaments in modern incandescent light bulbs are made from a coiled thread of tungsten that’s 21 inches long (53 cm) and half as thick as a human hair.

(Continued next page)

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LIGHT BULBS (cont’d)• Today’s light bulbs use a filament of tungsten

because it’s a strong metal that can withstand high temperatures without melting. It is heated to around 4,500 degrees F. (2,482 C). This high temperature makes the wire glow with heat. Tungsten comes from the Swedish language, with “tung” meaning heavy and “sten” meaning stone.

• Three-way light bulbs have two different filaments: one 50-watt filament and one 100-watt filament. They can be turned on individually or together to produce 150 watts.

• If there were any air inside the bulb, the filament would burn up. Most bulbs contain nitrogen and argon, which lengthen the life of the filament and prevent electricity from jumping around inside the bulb.

• Different kinds of modern day bulbs such as black light and ozone lamps are used for such things as detecting ringworm, revealing art forgeries, finding minerals and water underground, killing odors, and inducing chickens to lay more eggs.

STREETLIGHT FACTS• Vapor lamps use a gas rather than a wire to

produce light. Instead of heating up a wire, the gas is energized, giving off light. Mercury vapor gives off a blue light, and sodium vapor gives off a yellow light. Vapor lamps produce more light than incandescent bulbs and last up to 100 times longer.

• Fluorescent lights are a type of vapor lamp that use a combination of mercury and argon vapor. When electrical current passes through the vapor, it gives off ultraviolet light. The inside of the bulb is coated with phosphor, which lights up when struck by the ultraviolet light. Fluorescent lights are popular because they use 20% of the energy of incandescent bulbs, and produce 20% of the heat. (cont’d)

• Vapor lamps have some disadvantages. Sodium vapor lamps when used indoors can cause a variety of ills ranging from eye strain to nausea due to the absence of blue light. And fluorescent light has been implicated in some studies in which mice developed cancer more frequently when living under fluorescent light than those living under incandescent light.

• In a compact fluorescent bulb, electricity passes through a gas-filled tube and produces ultraviolet light which is absorbed by a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube which produces the visible light. Phosphor emits light in a narrow wavelength. If a CFL used only one type of phosphor, it would give off a single color. The solution is to use

a variety of slightly different phosphors to produce a wide spectrum of light. This can be customized for different purposes, giving us the choice of “daylight”, “soft white”, “warm white” and other colors.

• A 100-watt incandescent light bulb converts only 2.6% of its energy into visible light. The rest is converted to heat, which is why you’ll burn yourself if you touch a light bulb that is turned on. Compact fluorescent bulbs are more efficient: they convert 7.7% of their energy into light, and the rest into heat. That may not seem like a lot, but it’s almost three times as energy efficient as the incandescent.

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• STREETLIGHTS (cont’d) The most efficient commercial light bulbs are

low pressure sodium lamps which convert 27% of their energy to light, but because they produce a harsh yellow color, they are not commonly used inside the home.

• LEDs use 80% less energy than incandescents and last far longer because they have no filaments. An LED bulb in a newborn’s room would probably not have to be replaced until that child goes off to college. They generate no heat and contain no hazardous materials.

UP IN LIGHTS• In 1911 the first neon sign was patented.

Neon is a colorless, odorless gas found in our atmosphere at a ratio of 1 part neon to 55,000 parts air. When concentrated in a glass tube, it conducts electricity and produces a red glow. The color can be changed by altering pressure or adding other gasses.

• If you would like to make your own neon tubes, here’s the recipe: Simply liquefy a large

quantity of air, and allow it to boil. Collect the first gasses that escape when it reaches boiling point. That will be a mixture of helium, neon, and nitrogen. Remove the nitrogen through chemical absorption, then chill the remaining mixture to -310 f. (-190 C) and pass it over charcoal, which will absorb the helium. Now heat the charcoal to recover the neon.

LAVA LAMPS• What is a lava lamp made of? The moving

blob is specially compounded wax, floating in a tube of mineral oil. When heated by the 40-watt light bulb below, it expands and becomes


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Famous Canadians

WOODWARD & EVANS• Thomas Edison is credited with inventing

the light bulb. However, two Canadians successfully produced and patented an electric filament lamp five years before Edison turned his mind to electric lighting.

• Medical student Henry Woodward lived next to Matthew Evans, who was a doorman at a hotel near where they lived in Toronto. They spent their spare time together and enjoyed performing amateur science experiments.

• One evening in 1873, they hooked up an induction coil to a primitive battery. There was a spark at the contact post which intrigued them. It was bright enough to illuminate their entire work bench. They couldn’t help but think that if they could confine that spark in a glass globe, they’d have a marvelous invention on their hands.

• Woodward and Evans reasoned that passing current through a high resistance filament would increase the temperature of the filament material and cause it to glow. They experimented with various types of filaments and discovered that a carbon rod worked best. They enclosed the carbon


rod filament inside a glass tube which had originally been a boiler level indicator, then connected electrodes to both ends. Before testing their primitive light tube, Woodward and Evans replaced the air inside the tube with nitrogen to prevent the carbon rod from catching fire.

• Woodward and Evans took their contraption to Morrison’s Brass Foundry in Toronto for testing. Evans recalled, “There were four or five of us sitting around a large table. Woodward closed the switch and gradually we saw the carbon become first red and gradually lighter and lighter in color until it beamed forth in beautiful light.”

• Encouraged by the results, they invested in a dynamo to power the lights. Woodward and Evans were subsequently granted patents in Canada and the U.S. for their incandescent light tube. Next, they went out to find investors so they could set up a company to supply electric lights to the public. And that’s when they ran into trouble.

• They found some initial backers, but didn’t bring in enough money to get the company off the ground. When they asked for additional funding from their investors, most of the original stockholders declined.

When Evans and Woodward were publicly criticized for creating a “useless invention,” funding evaporated and frustration set in.

• By 1879, Thomas Edison was experimenting with light bulbs and he discovered the patents that already existed. He contacted Woodward and Evans and asked them if they would sell the American patent to him. They sold out for the sum of $5,000, which would be worth about $125,000 today. Six years later, Edison bought the Canadian patent as well.

• Edison was far better situated to commercialize and distribute the new invention. Demand for electric lighting grew rapidly.

• Edison was also forced into business with chemist Joseph Swan, who had patented the same idea in Britain. Swan would not sell his patent, so Edison and Swan went into business together.


Are Dogs Growing More Anxious?

DEAR PAW’S CORNER: My small mixed-breed dog “Tara” has terrible anxiety, especially when I leave the house or during thunderstorms. I have to either put a cone on her or socks on her paws so she doesn’t chew them bloody during these episodes. I hear from other friends that their dogs have anxiety issues as well. Is this problem on the rise?

DEAR SHERRI: Evidence isn’t clear that anxiety in dogs is rising, but there is a rise in the understanding and diagnosis of anxiety in pets by veterinarians. This has led to an increase in diagnosis and treatment for pet anxiety. While that is good for pets, there is no “magic bullet” to quickly cure a dog of an anxiety disorder. Tara’s vet can diagnose the problem, and can help you determine different ways to treat her. Medication can be a big help in easing anxiety symptoms, but you also want to look for causes of Tara’s anxiety, and trigger points that set off her paw-chewing. Thunderstorms are one trigger; your leaving the house is another. There are a number of different techniques, both training or interaction, to turn off those triggers. While there’s not room in this column to list them, do some quick research and look for dog training manuals that stress positive reinforcement. Ask the vet and your friends about local dog trainers or specialists who treat pet anxiety issues.In evaluating such professionals, ask what therapies they use or are open to, and make sure they emphasize your role in working with Tara (owners have to put in the time with their dogs). Be circumspect about pet therapists who insist they have a single, one-size-fits-all solution for anxiety.

• Here’s a fun game to help kids learn their sight words: BINGO! Make your own bingo cards with sight words in all the spaces. Use flash cards to call out the words, and the kids can mark them off as they hear them. We tape the bingo card to a small magnetic dry erase board, and the kids use refrigerator magnets to cover the words. We can use the boards over and over, really reinforcing the lesson. And it’s fun!

• Glass and chrome will shine if you clean them with newspaper. You can mist the paper with water first, but not too much. Rub É and the shine comes right out, plus no streaks or lint!

• Use purified water in your coffeemaker to lengthen its life. Water deposits build up and affect both the flavor and function of your machine. They can be cleaned, but it’s much better if you use purified drinking water from a jug. It’s very easy to fill the machine, too.

• If you need to pick up small shards of glass, use a cotton ball that’s been moistened, or a slice of white bread (insides only) wadded up.

• That time of the year is almost here. You know, the time when running the heater gives the whole house the zaps. To keep our carpets from giving us static shock, we fill a water spray bottle with one part laundry softener and four parts water. Give the air and carpet a spritz, and it kills the zaps.

LAVA LAMPS CONT’Dless dense than the liquid it’s suspended in and

starts to rise. At the top of the globe, the wax cools and begins to sink again.

HANDY TIP• If you don’t want bugs buzzing around your

porch lights, use yellow light bulbs. Yellow is invisible to many insects so they won’t be attracted to the light.

A WORLD RECORD• The world’s oldest functioning light bulb is

located at the fire department in Livermore, CA. It was installed in 1901. It’s been lit ever since, and has been turned off only a handful of times, mostly accidentally, or when it was transferred to different locations. It’s listed in “Guinness Book of World Records” and “Ripley’s Believe It Or Not.”

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▶ It was American author and critic H.L. Mencken who made the following sage observation: “Every normal man must be tempted at times to spit upon his hands, hoist the black flag and begin slitting throats.”

▶ The condor is the largest flying land bird in the Western Hemisphere -- and one of the slowest in reproducing. The female lays only one egg every two years.

▶ Those who study such things claim that Napoleon Bonaparte was afraid of cats.

▶ Confectioner Milton Hershey suffered through founding two candy companies that ended in failure, then succeeded on his third attempt, and finally sold that company and used the proceeds to found the Hershey Company. After all his hard work, though, he seemed to be less interested in enjoying the fruits of his labors than in helping others. In 1909 he established the Hershey Industrial School for Orphaned Boys, and 10 years later he donated control of the company to a trust for the school. Today the institution is called the Milton Hershey School, and it continues to have a controlling interest in the candy company.

▶ Don’t consider yourself uneducated if you’ve never heard of anthropodermic bibliopegy; the practice of binding books with human skin is not (one can hope) common in modern times.

▶ Scotsman John Paul Jones is best known for his naval exploits for the nascent United States during the Revolutionary War, and for his infamous utterance, “We have not yet begun to fight!” Most people don’t realize, though, that he was born John Paul and only adopted the surname “Jones” on his first trip to America, where he came to flee charges in the deaths of two sailors under his command.


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tidbits vernon 197 oct 31 2014 light bulbs

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