tidbits vernon 225 jun 05 2015 dust online

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June 5 - 11, 2015 Issue 00225

by Janet SpencerOn June 8, 1869, Ives W. McGaffey patented a suction-type vacuum cleaner in Chicago, IL. Called the Whirlwind, it was difficult to use because the operator had to manually turn a crank while pushing it across the floor. Come along with Tidbits as we vacuum up the dust!

UNAVOIDABLE DUST• It’s been estimated that there are over 1,500

motes of dust in a typical cubic inch (2.5 cm) of air, even air that’s considered to be ‘clean.’ Human lungs take in about 14,000 quarts (13,250 l) of air daily, and contained in those 14,000 quarts of air are about a billion and a half particles of dust. One of the major components of house dust is microscopic flakes of human skin. You inhale about 700,000 of your own skin flakes daily.

• What is dust? It’s salt from the sea, single-celled diatoms from the oceans, forest fire smoke, volcano ash, bacteria, viruses, fungus spores, mold, pollen, and insect parts. About half of the dust that floats around in the air is a result of human activities such as agriculture, industry, and transportation.

SNIGLET DEFINITION• ‘Frust’ is the small line of debris that refuses to

be swept onto the dust pan and keeps backing a person across the room until they finally decide to give up and sweep it under the rug.

DUST AND HUMANITY• As Hannah Holmes explains in “The Secret

Life of Dust” humans can’t do without dust. Cement is a mixture of rock dust and pebbles. Rock dust is used in toothpaste, talcum powder, cosmetics, and medicine tablets such as aspirin. The pencil lead is compressed graphite dust; chalk is limestone dust; bread is

TidbitsVernon.com Cosita Publishing For Advertising Call (250) 832-3361wheat dust; mustard is the dust of mustard seeds; cocoa is the dust of cocoa beans.

• Dust has a huge amount of surface area available: you wouldn’t drop whole coffee beans into hot water; instead you add coffee dust. You don’t put a whole bar of soap into the laundry; you add soap dust. Surface area increases the amount of interaction that can take place. Sometimes that can be detrimental.

GRAIN DUST• When grain is poured into a grain elevator,

billions of grain dust particles fly into the air, rising into the enclosed elevator like a cloud. If the dust cloud is mixed with oxygen it becomes explosively flammable if a spark is provided. Sometimes a static electricity spark or the flipping of a light switch is all it takes to blow the roof off the grain elevator.

• Between 1900 and 1955 there were around 1,000 grain dust explosions not only at grain elevators but also at malt houses and food processing plants across the U.S., killing a total of about 650 people. Similar dust explosions have happened in woodworking shops, coal dryers, fertilizer plants, cotton factories, and other industries that deal with pulverized matter. In 1998 alone there were 18 dust explosions in the U.S.

• One of the biggest happened in Haysville, Kansas on June 8, 1998, when seven workers at the DeBruce Grain elevator died when something triggered an explosion of grain dust so big that houses rattled in Wichita ten miles away. It was one of the largest grain elevators in the world. The grain burned for weeks.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DUST• Moisture in the atmosphere condenses as it

cools. However, the water must condense upon something that it can cling to. Dust serves that purpose. In air that contains absolutely no dust, droplets would simply bounce off each other and would not condense until the atmosphere reached an incredible 300% humidity. Every single drop of rain and snow that falls contains a piece of dust, so precipitation really does “clean” the air.

• If there’s too much dust in the atmosphere, water droplets are divided between so many particles that none of the drops ever gets big enough to fall to the earth. A super dusty cloud can hold up to twice as much actual water as a normal cloud, but each droplet is half the normal size and no rain falls.

• Huge fires such as those that sometimes burn in the tropics produce gigantic smoke plumes. Studies done by NASA showed that clouds that pass through this smoke will become super-saturated in dust and will subsequently drop

far less rain than clouds that skirt the edges of the smoke. A similar study showed that when volcanoes exploded upwind of the island of Taiwan, the rainfall amounts on Taiwan dropped. This is why cloud seeding is such a tricky business. In cloud seeding, either solid particles of carbon dioxide dry ice or a fine mist of silver iodide are spread through clouds. Too much and the cloud dissipates. Just the right amount, and rain falls.

NASA’S DUST COLLECTION• NASA actually keeps a Dust Library. There’s a

collection of about 100,000 specks of space dust on file at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Scientists collect space dust from places such as trapped in the Antarctic ice, in the mud at the bottom of the ocean, collected by weather balloons, or gathered by spacecraft in orbit. Space dust generally clings to a magnet whereas earth dust does not, making it easy to separate and identify.

PLANT STONES• If you’re a plant and you want to prevent

caterpillars and other vegetarian insects from eating you, what do you do to protect yourself? Well, if you’re like most plants, you make sure there’s a hard gritty piece of stone inside each and every cell that might be eaten, making it an unpleasant meal for bugs. These microscopic stones are called phytoliths. Each of the cells in the plant’s leaves, fruit skins, or seed husks contain a tiny mineral rock, making it scratchy. This is what makes bran cereal so rough. When the plants die and deteriorate, their phytoliths are released into the air as dust.

IT’S A FACT• The German word “dunst” meaning vapor gives

us our word dust. • The word dirt comes the Old Norse “drit”

meaning excrement. • “Manure” and “maneuver” have the same origin,

the Old French word “manoeuvrer” meaning to till the soil or to work by hand.

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awkward and often ineffective. He knew there had to be a better way.

• Using a tin soap box, an electric fan, a rotating brush, a pillow case, and a broom handle, he put together a contraption. He showed it to his cousin, Susan. She used it in her home and raved about it to her husband, who everyone called Boss.

• “Bonfire” comes from “bonefire,” a fire built to cremate a dead body.

• A grain of dust floating in a sunbeam is halfway in size between a sub-atomic particle and the size of the planet Earth.

• When astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin returned from the moon, they dutifully declared their lunar rocks and moon dust on customs forms.

• Dust storms in Arizona cause about 40 traffic accidents in a typical year.

• Just when people in a Texas town met to decide the name of the city, a violent sandstorm whipped up dust in huge clouds. Taking this as a sign from God, the town was named Earth.

• During medieval times, mummies found in Persia were ground into dust and sold as medicine.

Noteworthy InventionsQUIZ: VACUUM INVENTORS

• In 1907 Murray Spangler was trying to make a living as an inventor. To make ends meet, he worked nights as a janitor in a department store in Canton, Ohio. Spangler’s asthma acted up every time he cleaned the store’s rugs with a broom because he was allergic to the dust. He had seen suction sweepers but they were Final Touch

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• Boss owned a leather goods manufacturing shop but he was so interested in the invention that he bought Spangler’s patent, hired him as a partner, and soon had six employees making suction sweepers in the corner of his shop.

• Boss placed an ad in the “Saturday Evening Post” giving ten days free use of a Suction Sweeper to anyone who wrote with a request. Rather than simply mailing them a sweeper, he sent the customers to local stores that had agreed to become dealers. In short order he had a nationwide network of dealers as well as teams of salesmen who went door-to-door demonstrating the product, ensuring that the vacuum cleaners soon became a standard household item.

• The vacuum company, named after Boss’s last name, is one of the top vacuum manufacturers in the world today. What company is it?

(Answer below)FACT

• The average carpet will harbor anywhere between three tablespoons and three cups of dust and dirt per square yard.

Answer: Hoover.IT’S A FACT

• In the early days of vacuum cleaners, Hoover salesmen were required to make 15 sales calls each week. In 1922, there were 748 salesmen making a total of 549,780 sales calls that year. 31% of people pitched bought the product.

CLEANING UP• Melville and Anna Bissell owned a crockery

and china shop in Grand Rapids, Michigan in the late 1800s. Melville had allergies and Anna did her best to keep their store


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dust-free. But there was a lot of sawdust in the shop and it clung to the carpets on the floor. In frustration, Anna asked Melville if he couldn’t come up with an invention to keep their carpets cleaner.

• In 1876, Melville Bissell patented the Bissell Carpet Sweeper. Although there were already carpet sweepers on the market, Bissell’s model was light and easy to use, it worked on uneven floors, and it picked up dirt without creating a cloud of dust. Bissell Carpet Sweepers proved to be so popular that by 1883 Melville and Anna had given up their crockery shop and gone into the carpet sweeper business full time.

• When Melville died in 1889, Anna took over the business until her death in 1934 at the age of 87. Anna Bissell was one of America’s first female CEOs. The Bissell Company is still run by family members. Their carpet sweepers are most commonly found in places like restaurants where crumbs regularly need to be swept without disturbing diners.

IT’S A FACT• One kind of early day vacuum cleaner was

powered by bellows that were connected to a rocking chair. The man would read the evening newspaper, smoking his pipe and rocking, while the wife did the vacuuming.

AIR POLLUTION: SMOG• Long ago people in Britain used wood as fuel.

When the supply of wood ran short, they began burning coal. Some coal burns fairly cleanly, but the cheapest coal does not. It smokes a lot and loads the air with sulfur. The word “smog” was invented in 1905 by a person describing the combination of fog and coal smoke over London. London smog led to one of the deadliest dust episodes in history.

• On December 5, 1952, a temperature inversion moved over London. A layer of cold air was trapped by a layer of warm air which acted like a lid. Sulfurous coal soot was trapped in the air around the city. The moisture in the air condensed around the smoke particles, forming a thick fog. Visibility dropped to a

few feet. The smog stung the eyes and caused skin irritation. Cattle began dropping dead of asphyxiation. People with respiratory illnesses or cardiovascular problems became seriously sick. Those suffering from bronchitis or pneumonia who might have recovered under normal conditions died instead. By the time the inversion lifted on December 9, about 4,000 people had died from breathing the highly acidic polluted fog.

• As a result of the “Black Fog,” Parliament enacted the Clean Air Act in 1956, reducing the coal-burning allowed in the city.

LOS ANGELES LANDSLIDE• In L.A. in 1994 earthquakes caused landslides

in the area. The landslides created clouds of dust that engulfed entire towns. A few days later, people began showing up at hospitals complaining of fever, coughing, and fatigue. Over 200 people got sick. The Centers for Disease Control investigated. Mapping the location of the victims showed that they had all been in the path of the dust clouds. They had inhaled fungus spores in immense numbers, causing them to become ill.

FAST FACT• Some researchers theorize that people who

experience chronic sinusitis are actually

suffering from their body’s auto-immune response to fungus spores in the air.

ASTHMA• One study showed that kids who live on farms

suffered from less asthma than kids who live in the city. A study of Berlin shortly after the Berlin Wall fell found that in wealthy West Germany, asthma was common, but in impoverished East Germany it was rare.

• It has long been known that asthma is far more common in wealthy developed nations than

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in poverty-stricken undeveloped nations. In the U.S., the number of people who suffer from asthma has grown by 50 percent per decade since 1970. Other nations such as New Zealand, Britain, Japan, Australia, and the Netherlands have also experienced asthma epidemics. In fact, military records in Finland show that the number of young men with asthma has multiplied an incredible twenty times since 1960.

• Why? Researchers theorize that constant exposure to dust and dirt challenges the immune system and keeps it strong. People who live in a fairly sterile environment have immune systems that get totally freaked out when hit by a load of dust they’re unfamiliar with. The immune system then goes overboard trying to fight the “invader” which it doesn’t recognize as being ordinary dust.

• Nowadays kids spend most of their time indoors in front of the TV, the video game, or the computer screen in clean indoor environments where there is limited dust. In earlier days kids spent their time outdoors where they were exposed to a wide variety of dusts. Incredibly, some allergists have had success treating asthmatics with an injection of a solution of dusts reaped from vacuum cleaner bags.


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tidbits vernon 225 jun 05 2015 dust online

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