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TRANSCRIPT
Thinking About EMCOMMCERT Communications Planning
S.C. ARES November 2007
D. D. Frydenlund KG6LRP
Thinking About EMCOMMCERT Communications Planning
S.C. ARES November 2007
A One Hour Primer In Emergency Communications
Planning
Planning
Failure to Plan isPlanning to Fail
Communications DisciplineGetting the Message Through
Clearly Assigned ResponsibilityEstablished RoutesInterference PlanRedundancy/RobustnessEstablished Protocols
CERT Communications Responsibilities
Team MemberUnderstand Radio UseUse Radio ProtocolsControl Own Radio
Frequency/TonesPower
CERT Communications Responsibilities
Team CommunicatorTeam Member +Know Relevant NetsSet Up Out of Team CommsKnow Comms ProtocolsCopy Record Traffic
CERT Communications Responsibilities
Team LeaderTeam Member +Know Up Line NetsKnow Same Level NetsControl Team CommsKnow Comms Protocols
Leadership
The First Job of a Leader is toLEAD!
The Leader and the Communicator are Normally
Different People
CERT Communications Requirements
PortableCheap (Acquire and Operate)SimpleRugged/ReliableShort Range (< 10 Miles)
Typically < 1 Mile
EMCOMM Communications LayersLevel 1 - State OES Regional EOC to
Operational Area (County) EOCLevel 2 - Op Area EOC to Juristictions and
Emergency Alert SystemLevel 3 - Op Area EOC to Mobile Units------------------------- CERT? --------------------------Level 4 - Jurisdiction OEC to Internal UnitsLevel 5 - Jurisdiction Internal Unit Intra Unit Communications
Primary CERT Communications Needs
Report StatusRequest ResourcesReceive DirectionReceive Information
Primary CERT Communications NetsTeam to OpCen (Level 4)Inter Team (Level 5)Intra Team (Level 5)
CERT Communications Characteristics
Team to OpCen Structured/FormalDirected Net LikelyBriefExtended RangeFixed Channel
CERT Communications Characteristics
Inter Team Informal/ConversationalInformal Net LikelyBriefShorter RangeFlexible Channel
CERT Communications Characteristics
Intra TeamInformal/ConversationalTeam Leader ModeratedContinuous ChatterLine of SightFixed Channel
CERT Communications Environment
Spectrum (Bandwidth) LimitedHeavy Official Need/UseHeavy “Idiot” UseLots of Interference
CERT Communications Doctrine Response
Use Spectrum (Bandwidth) WiselyUse Privacy Tones WiselyDo Not Interfere With Others
Frequency SelectionLowest Useful Power
Avoiding InterferenceSeparation By:
FrequencyTimeSpaceTones (PT or CTCSS)
CERT Communications Tools
FRS RadioGMRS RadioHAM Radio
VHF (2 Meter)UHF (70 Centimeter)
FRS Radio/GMRS Radio
The “New” Citizen's Bands~465 Mhz FM Voice22 Channels
7 FRS8 GMRS7 Shared
FRS Features
UnlicensedVery Low PowerPoor Antennas (By Law)Low Range (Typ < 1 Mile)Channels 8 – 14 Exclusive
GMRS Features
LicensedLow PowerBetter Antennas AllowedLow Range (Typ < 2 Miles)Channels 15 – 22 Exclusive
FRS Radio/GMRS Radio
Privacy Tones (PT or CTCSS) on FRS/GMRS Radios are NOT Standardized by Number, Only by Frequency.
If used: ALWAYS TEST!
HAM Radio FeaturesLicensedVariable PowerBetter Antennas Variable Range (HT < 2 Miles
Mobile > 10 MilesRepeater - 10's of Miles
Many FrequenciesStandardized CTCSS Tones
Avoiding InterferenceSeparation By:
FrequencyTimeSpaceTones (PT or CTCSS)
Primary CERT Communications Nets
Team to OpCen (HAM, GMRS)Inter Team (HAM, GMRS, FRS)Intra Team (FRS)
Frequency AssignmentStatic
Establishing ContactHigh UseSpecial Application
DynamicTemporary UseShared Use
Special Static FrequenciesCalling Frequencies
Used to Establish ContactFRS/GMRS Channel 1HAM 2 Meter 146.52 MhzHAM 70 cm 446.0 Mhz
Repeater PairsProtected NetsCalling Frequencies
FRS/GMRS RecommendationsCalling
Channel 1Team Assignments
FRS 8 – 14Shared 2 – 7 (Work Down)
OpArea AssignmentsGMRS 15 – 22 (Work Down)
Avoiding InterferenceSeparation By:
FrequencyTimeSpaceTones (PT or CTCSS)
Time Assignment
Fixed Slots by FunctionWX Channel “Local on the 8's”
Fixed RotationFormal Order of “Turns”
Service Request (By Priority?)First to Fill the Vacancy
Avoiding InterferenceSeparation By:
FrequencyTimeSpaceTones (PT or CTCSS)
Separation by Space
Needs Separation by:Frequency or Tone
Avoiding InterferenceSeparation By:
FrequencyTimeSpaceTones (PT or CTCSS)
Privacy TonesPT or CTCSS
“Subaudio” Tone (~100hz)
Suppress Audio Amplifier if Tone is Absent.
Privacy TonesPT or CTCSS
Advantages Masks Non-member TransmissionsCreates Illusion of Non-interence
DisadvantagesNot Possible to Hear if Frequency
Really Open and Free
Sectorizing High Density Communications
A Space Based Method for Maintaining Minimum Interference
When There are Many Mobile Teams.
Many = > Available Frequencies
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Communications RadiusVs Grid
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Rectangular Pattern, Four Sector
A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D C D A B C D A B C D A B C D A B
12121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212121212
A
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Hexagonal Grid, Seven Sectors
Rectangular Pattern, Eight Sector
A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H D E F G H A B C D E F G H A B C G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H A E F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G C D E F G H A B C D E F G H A B F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E
Rectangular Pattern, Nine Sectors
A B C D E F G H I A B C D E F G H ID E F G H I A B C D E F G H I A B CG H I A B C D E F G H I A B C D E FA B C D E F G H I A B C D E F G H ID E F G H I A B C D E F G H I A B CG H I A B C D E F G H I A B C D E F
Establishing YOUR CERT Plan
KeepItSimpleStupid
Communications Complexity Progression
ChatInformal ControlFormal Net(s)Assigned Frequencies
By Team or FunctionBy AreaBy Area and Team and Function
Key Questions:How Many Units (Teams) in OpArea?How Many Frequencies Available?How Frequent is the Traffic?How Time Critical is the Traffic?What is the Range of the Radio?How Big is the OpArea?
Communications DisciplineGetting the Message Through
Clearly Assigned ResponsibilityEstablished RoutesInterference PlanRedundancy/RobustnessEstablished Protocols
Typical Intra Team Implications
One FRS Radio Channel (8 – 14)If Inadequate Range, Go GMRS
Informal Net or Chat ModeNo Privacy TonesEvery Team Member Has a RadioEvery Team Member Hears All
Typical Inter Team ImplicationsAssigned or Requested Channel
(GMRS 15 – 22 or HAM)May Need “Calling Frequency”
Shared Channel 1 or HAMInformal Net or Chat ModeOnly Team Communicator Has RadioOnly Leader + Communicator Hears
Typical Team/OES ImplicationsAssigned Channels
(GMRS 15 – 22 and/or HAM)May Use “Calling Frequency”
Shared Channel 1 or HAMFormal (Directed) NetOnly Team Communicator Has RadioOnly Leader + Communicator Hears
OpCen Comms TeamMonitors Calling Freq(s)Serves as Net ControlMaintains Record of TrafficCopies/Sends Formal TrafficRelays TrafficMay Assign Sub Nets/FrequenciesControls System Transitions
Team CommunicatorMonitors Calling Freq(s)Maintains Record of TrafficCopies/Sends Formal TrafficRelays TrafficNegotiates/Establishes Comms LinksDisestablishes Comm LinksStays Near Team Leader
FRS/GMRS RecommendationsCalling
Channel 1Team Assignments
FRS 8 – 14Shared 2 – 7 (Work Down)
OpArea AssignmentsGMRS 15 – 22 (Work Down)
Thinking About EMCOMMCERT Communications Planning
S.C. ARES November 2007