The Shaping of Classical Greece2000 B.C. – 300 B. C. Chapter 5Section 1Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas

Geography Shapes Greek Life

• Three seas: Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean – Linked parts of Greece

together– Connected Greece to other

societies– Sea travel and trade were

important due to Greece’s lack of natural resources

Key Classical Greek City-States

Aegean SeaIonian Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Black Sea

Land of Rugged Mountains• Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient

Greece- only ¼ of the land was arable (suitable for agriculture)

• Effect on politics– Small, local community

governments- NEVER united into one empire

• Effect on population– Not enough farm land to support a

large population

The Climate

• Greece’s climate is mild with varied, moderate temperatures

• This supported outdoor, public meetings which will shape the Greek political system

Civilization Develops

• Mycenaeans– Indo-Europeans who settled in the

southern mountains of the peninsula

– Dominated by strong warrior kings from 1600 BC to 1100 BC

• Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med Sea!)– Mycenaeans had contact with them

after 1500 BC- probably through trade

– Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan language into Greek, and Minoan culture influenced art, religion, politics, and literature.

The Trojan War

• When?– 1200’s B.C lasted 10 years

• Once was thought to be a fictitious legend (archeologist discoveries of cities that may have influenced the stories)

• One of the last Mycenaean battles.

Dorians

• Represented a decline in Greek culture following the Trojan War– Less advanced– Economy and trade collapsed– Lack of history from 1150 BC – 750 BC

indicated no form of writing– Homer

• Blind story teller• Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and

Odyssey– Myths

• Traditional stories about gods and goddesses used to explain nature and natural eventsVideo

The Greek City States

Chapter 5 Sections 2•Warring City States

Rule and Order in the City-StatesRemember, a city-state is a city and it’s

surrounding lands controlled by a strong government----- the Greeks did not unite into an empire- but a league of loosely united city-states

• Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient Greece– 50-500 square miles– Less than 10,000 residents– Citizens gathered at the agora

(marketplace) on the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss city government

www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm

The Acropolis in Athens Today

Let’s Review:

1. Why did the population in most city-states stay relatively small?

The lack of arable land

2. What made it possible to have open markets and an acropolis?

Climate and mountainous terrain

Forms of Government

• Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the government

• Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families.

• Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people a new class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied with nobles took over power

• Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained support of common people after agreeing to set up building programs and provide jobs for their supporters.

Question:

What is the difference between a tyrant today and the tyrants of ancient Greece?

Today tyrants are considered harsh and cruel.

Athenian Democracy

• Athenian democracy= rule by the people in Athens

a. Draco- legal code- all Athenians were equal * death was punishment for most crimes & outlawed debt slavery

b. Solon- four social classes based on wealth- only TOP three could hold political office all could participate

c. Cleisthenes- divided citizens based on where they lived not wealth

*citizens could submit laws, council of Five Hundred proposed laws and counseled the Assembly (members were chosen at random)

Question:

What was citizenship based on?

free adult male property owners could be citizens

Sparta- Military State

Branches of government

a. Citizens and elected officials general assembly-voted on issues

b. Elders 30 older citizens that proposed the laws to the assembly

c. 5 carried out the laws and 2 kings for military operations

* This is closer to a republic than a pure democracy.

Military Operations

•All men served in the army until age 60

•From age 7 – 30 they lived in Army barracks and trained

•Girls received some military training

•All put service to Sparta above everything else

•Iron weapons affordable to all

•New army of foot soldiers – hoplites

•Formation called the phalanx – the most feared force in the ancient world.

•Assisted Greeks in the Persian Wars

The Phalanx

The Golden Age

Chapter 5 Sections 3•Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age

461-429 BC Pericles’ Plan• Goals

– Strengthen democracy– Hold and strengthen the

“empire”– Glorify Athens– Strengthen democracy

increased the number of paid officials Direct Democracy= citizens rule directly, not through representatives

Question:

Is the US a direct democracy?

No, we are a representative democracy

Art and Archetecture

• Parthenon- temple built to honor Athena (goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens)

(video)

Greek Sculpture

• Sculpture- perfectly formed figures not realism

Classical art- harmony, order, balance, and proportion

Drama

• Tragedy- serious drama about love, hate, war or betrayal

• Comedy- filled with slapstick situations and crude humor- usually made fun of politics and respected people

Peloponnesian War (video)

• Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC• Sparta had a strong army, Athens

had a strong Navy- both wanted war!– Athens weakened (during the 2nd year

b/c of a plague)– 421 BC- signed a truce– 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an

ally of Sparta)– 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily,

but held out for 9 more years defending their city.

Greek Philosophy

1. Socrates- absolute truth and justice don’t exist, question everything (Socratic Method)

2. Plato- student of Socrates: The Republic (book) his vision of a perfectly formed society- was not democracy

3. Aristotle- invented rules of arguing that form the basis of the scientific method

Alexander and His EmpireChapter 5Section 4: Alexander’s EmpireSection 5: Spread of Hellenistic Culture

The Rise of Macedonian PowerReminder: Greek city-states

were weakened by the Peloponnesian War

• Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain and cold climate- Most Macedonians were animal herders

• Major resource- shrewd & fearless kings

• Thought of themselves as Greeks– Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c

they had no great philosophers, sculptors or writers.

Phillip II

• King at 23 years old• Brilliant general and a ruthless politician• Turned the peasants into a strong

professional army– Phalanxes (16x16) to break through

enemy lines– Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents

• Attacked & easily defeated the Greeks– City-states could not agree on anything– Athens and Thebes united, but it was too

late– Began centuries of foreign control of

Greece

Philip’s Plans

• Greece would be first• Persia would be next• Never was able to complete this

b/c he was assassinated at his daughter’s wedding (literally stabbed in the back)

• Alexander proclaimed himself king• Crushed an early rebellion by

Thebes – 6000 killed- survivors sold into

slavery and the city was destroyed

Who was Alexander?

• Philip’s 20 year old son

• Educated by Aristotle in science, geography and literature

• Military training throughout his childhood by his father

Video

The Defeat of Persia

• Goal- to carry out his father’s plan• Campaign in Anatolia

– 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians– Launched a quick attack and

destroyed the Persian defenses of DARIUS II (King)

– Darius vows to win and an army of up to 75,000 (Alexander was SERIOUSLY outnumbered)

– Surprise attack- straight to Darius!

Alexander’s Conquests

• Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered him all land west of the Euphrates River, Alexander declined and vowed to conquer all of Persia

• Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator and crowned him pharaoh

• Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000 men- again they fled This ended the Empire

Was Persia Enough???

• NO WAY!!! He wanted to control ALL of Asia

• India- huge offensive- but won• The army was tired

– 11 Years– 11,000 miles– Climate changes- deserts,

monsoons, etc.– BEGGED him to turn back-

reluctantly he agreed

Alexander’s Empire

Problems with Alexander’s Empire• Politics were neglected• After agreeing to turn back

he planned to strengthen and unify his lands– Roads, cities, harbors– Conquer Arabia

• Alexander never carried out his plan b/c he died.

The Empire After Alexander

• Divided among three generals• They ignored the traditions of the

Greek polis and ruled as dictators

• Cultural impact– Alexander adopted many Persian

customs– Included Persians in his army– A new culture- blending of Greek

and eastern emerged

The Spread of Hellenistic CultureChapter 5 Section 5

Q: # 1

• What Cultures did Hellenistic Blend

• Why was this important to Alexander?

• Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian

• His ambitions were not only military and political, but cultural. He desired to preserve culture. He wanted to unify his empire.

Q2:

• Why might the new language, Koine, be named for the word “common”?

• It allowed educated people and traders from diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities throughout the Empire.

Q 3:• What were some

reasons why Alexandria may have been a popular tourist destination during the Hellenistic period?

• It was a beautiful city with wide streets lined with marble statues of Greek gods. Royal palaces, Alexander’s tomb, lighthouse, library, and museum (zoo, botanical gardens) were places to see.

Q 4:

• Why might Alexander have founded a library in Alexandria?

• He was educated by the Greek philosopher and teacher Aristotle who taught him to love learning.

Q 5:

• What were two theories astronomers in Alexandria believed to be true?

• The sun was at least 300 times larger than the earth and the earth and other planets revolved around the sun.

Q 6:

• What contributions did the following people make to the worlds of science and mathematics?

• Euclid: book, Elements, proposed 465 geometry propositions and proofs- still used today

• Archimedes- value of pi, law of the lever, screw to raise water from the ground and compound pulleys.

Question 7:

• What did Stoic Philosophers believe?

Live a life in harmony with god and the laws of nature

Human desires, power and wealth should be discouraged

Question 8:

• What did the followers of Epicureanism believe?

“The good Life”Gods with no

interest in humans ruled the universe.

Greatest good comes from virtue and absence of pain

Question 9:

• How did art change during the Hellenistic Period?

Realism, more natural works of ordinary daily life and real people

The Romans

Chapter 6Section 1Section 2Section 3Section 5

Legend vs. Reality

• Twins, Romulus and Remus, raised by she-wolves and decided to build a city near the spot they were abandoned by their father, the god Mars, and a Latin Princess.

• Reality- spot was chosen due to it’s location and fertile soil.– Seven rolling hills located near the

Tiber River in the center of the Italian Peninsula

– Near the mid-point of the Mediterranean sea.

Early Settlers

• Arrived between 1000 and 500 BC

• Greeks, Latins and Etruscans- Latins built the original Rome

• Greeks established colonies in southern Italy which brought them in contact with Greek culture

• Etruscans known for metal working, writing and architecture

Early Roman Republic

• Rome became controlled by Etruscan kings around 600 BC

• Last one Tarquin the Proud was a harsh dictator– Romans established res

Republica (means public affairs)– A republic is a form of

government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders (Free born male citizens)

Roman Law

• Tribunes- the elected representatives of the plebeians’ assembly to protect the plebeians from unfarir acts of patrician officials

• The Twelve Tables– 451 BC- laws were carved on 12

stone tablets and hung in the forum (center of government)

– Guaranteed the ideas of free citizens having equal protection under the law.

The Struggle for Power

• Patricians- wealthy land owners– Had and wanted to retain most of the

power– Inherited power based on social status– Held the highest government positions

• Plebeians- commoners– Farmers, artisans, and merchants– Made the majority of the population– Citizens with the right to vote– Barred from holding the highest

positions in government

What the Romans Valued

• Their Government– republic

• Their Military– All land owners required to

serve– 10 years service required for

some political offices– Key factors in Rome’s rise

• Fighting skills• Military organization

Military Organization

Legion

Infantry5000

Calvary

Century80

Century80

Century80

Century80

We support

the Infantry

There were more of us…

we could move

FAST!

The Spread of Roman Power Conquest

• By 265 BC Rome controlled the Italian Peninsula

• Treated conquered people differently (LENIENCY)– Nearest to Rome= Full

Citizens– Citizenship w/out right to vote– Allies of Rome- 2 conditions

• Must supply soldiers for army• Can not make Allies with anyone

else but Rome

The Spread of Roman Power Trade & a Commercial Network• Location, Location, Location• Land and Sea• Traded olive oil and wine

for foods, raw materials and manufactured goods

• Other powerful traders interfered with the access to the Mediterranean

Patricians or PlebiansMake a Venn-Diagram and fill it in using the following:

Could voteWealthy AristocratsLandowner, merchants,

shopkeepers, farmersRequired to pay taxes

Could hold public office from the start

Resented lack of powerElected the tribunesCould not hold highest

public officeMandatory military

service

Punic Wars

The First Punic Wars

• Rome vs. Carthage (a civilization in N. Africa) over control of Mediterranean trade

• Events– Control of Sicily & Western

Med.– Lasted 23 years– Rome won

Second Punic War

• Hannibal• 50,000 infantry & 9000

cavalry• 60 elephants• Goal= Capture Rome• Path across Spain through

the Alps• For 10 years his army

taunted the Romans

The Third Punic War

• Hannibal had been in Italy for all those years, but Romans held out

• Roman general (Scipio) had a plan– GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY– Attack Carthage – Rome burned the city and sold

50,000 residents into slavery– made it a Roman territory=

control

The Roman Empire

Chapter 6Section 2

The Collapse of the Republic• As the Romans expanded,

their republic form of government gradually became unstable

• Things that brought problems to the republic:1. Economic turmoil:2. Military Upheaval:

Economic Turmoil and More• Huge gap between rich and poor,

slaves were largest group• Former soldiers sell land to estates• They become homelessness (urban

poor) or migrant laborers• Generals seized more personal power,• New group of soldiers (urban poor or

migrants) rejoined the army• New soldiers owed allegiance to their

generals who promise them wealth• The Republic is now in a position to be

taken over by one of them

Military Upheaval (Review)• The military was once very

loyal to Rome. (Because they were “Romans”)

• They began to recruit non-Romans who fought for their commander who promised them things, rather that fighting for ROME

• This gave the military more power, and the military leaders gained power too

Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power• He was a powerful general• Elected as counsel to run

the government as a Triumvirate (Group of 3 rulers)

• He served as counsel for 1 year

• Appointed himself governor of Gaul

Julius’ Rise to Power (pt.2)• Conquered Gaul by fighting

along side his soldiers and won their allegiance

• People in Rome are talking about him

• Pompey (Counsel) feared Caesar's popularity and ordered his legion to disband

Caesar’s Return to Rome

• Caesar Crosses the Rubicon River and Pompey runs away!

• 46 BC Caesar defeats the opposition in the senate

• 44 BC- he was appointed dictator for life

Caesar’s Leadership as an Absolute Ruler

Reforms brought to the empire1. Granted citizenship to people

in provinces2. Expanded the senate & added

supporters from throughout Italy and other region

3. Jobs for poor (public buildings)

4. Started colonies for more people to own land

5. Increased pay for soldiers

The Results of Reform

1. Nobles feared their own loss of power

2. Some considered him a tyrant and wanted him dead.

Death of Julius Caesar:March 15, 44 BC 23 important senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted to kill him in the senate chamber- all stabbed him to death

Pause and Review:

• Create an Acrostic with a partner for “COLLAPSE” in which you describe the end of the republic and formation of the Empire

Rome after the assassination of Julius Caesar• After Caesar’s death civil war

broke out in Rome• Second Triumvirate came to

rule consisting of– Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)– Mark Antony (A general)– Lepidus (Powerful politician)

• Eventually Octavian came out on top

• Octavian took the title of Augustus which means: exalted one or emperor

A Vast and Powerful Empire• Augustus’ rule ushered in

the Pax Romana meaning: Roman Peace– 207 years– Time of prosperity– 3 million square miles– Population = 60-80 million– 1 million lived in the city of

Rome

Aspects of Augustus’ rule

• Efficient government with strong rule

• Stabilized the frontier• Glorified Rome with public

buildings• Civil service= paid government

workers• Plebeians became civil servants

and eventually administered the empire.

After the death of Augustus• The Empire continued to

remain stable (due to the large civil service), but he forgot to do one thing…appoint a successor.

Trade and Industry

• Trade was made possible through1. Thriving agriculture2. Common coinage (money)3. Trading network of roads and

shipping

• Most important industry in Rome was agriculture– About 90% of Romans were

farmers

Slavery and Society

• About 1/3 of the population were slaves

• Most slaves were property meaning that their owner could punish, reward, set free or kill them.

• Society– Many Romans were poor– The government gave them

“entertainment”• Gladiators

Religion in the Roman Empire

Chapter 6 Section 3

The Rise of Christianity

The Romans and The Jews• Roman power spread to Judea

around 63 BC• Romans allowed the Jews to

remain independent (in name) • Jews practiced their faith• In AD 6, Rome took control of

the Jewish province• Many Jews believed they would

be free again- based on the Savior God promised

The Life and Teachings of Jesus

• 6-4 BC Born in the Roman Empire-

• Raised in the Jewish tradition

• Was a carpenter by trade• Ministry at age 30=

preached, taught, did good works, performed miracles

Jesus’ Teachings

• Ideas from the Jewish tradition– Monotheism– Ten Commandments

• Emphasized and stressed– God’s personal relationship to

each person– Love for God, neighbors, enemies

and self– God would end wickedness– Eternal kingdom for those who

sincerely repent for their sins

More About His Life

• Few historical records• Gospels= First four books of

New Testament are the best record of his teachings

• His fame grew as he preached and ignored wealth, fame, and status

• He especially appealed to the poor

Jesus’ Death

• Jesus claimed to be the MESSIAH- or savior- Jewish leaders denied this claim

• Jewish leaders accused him of blasphemy

• Pontius Pilate accused him of defying Roman authority

• Sentenced to death by crucifixion

A New Religion

• Christianity began following His death

• Pax Romana allowed this to spread freely

• Paul (apostle) wrote Epistles in the common languages of Latin and Greek clarifying the Christian belief system

Jewish Rebellion and Christian Persecution• Two Jewish rebellions led to the

destruction of their holiest temple and the Diaspora- dispersal of Jews from their homeland * will last 1800 yrs.

• Christians refused to worship Roman gods and were blamed for political and economic troubles in the empire.

• Decline of Pax Romana= increased persecution of Christians– Crucified, burned, fed to animals

A New World Religion

• Appeals of Christianity• Constantine accepted

Christianity• End of persecution of

Christians in 313 AD• 380 AD the emperor

Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire

Note about section 4

• This section was not presented as a lecture, so no Power Point presentation was given

Rome’s Enduring Legacy

Chapter 6 Section 5

Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization

Greco-Roman Culture

• A.K.A. classical civilization• Combination of Greek,

Hellenistic, and Roman cultures and beliefs.

• “Greece, once overcome, overcame her wild conqueror”– What does this mean?

The Fine Arts of Rome

• Art and literature represented Roman ideals of strength, permanence and solidity.

• Learned sculpture from the Greeks, but theirs was more realistic

• Art was used for public education

Bas Relief Sculpture

• Carved image projecting from a flat background-

• usually represented soldiers, crowds of people, or landscapes

Mosaics

• Pictures or designs made by placing small stones, tiles, or glass onto a flat surface.

Dionysos is the god of wine

Painting- Frescos

• Bright, large murals painted directly onto walls

• Best examples are at Pompeii and were preserved by the eruption of Mt Vesuvius

Venus and Mars

Literature and Philosophy• Again, borrowed from the

Greeks• Stoicism= encouraged

virtue, duty, moderation and endurance

• Virgil= poet who modeled his writing after Homer. Wrote the Aneid which glorified the Roman government

The Recording of Roman History

• Livy- wrote a multivolume Roman history that incorporated legends and myths- not a true history

• Tacitus- presented accurate facts- even when it was critical of the actions of some emperors

The Legacy of the Roman Language

– Latin– Basis for education long

after the fall of the empire and R.C.C. until the 20th century

– Influenced “Romance” languages (French, Spanish, Portugese, Italian, Romanian and English)

The Legacy of Roman Architecture

• Spectacular building (Coliseum) combined arches, columns and concrete– Thomas Jefferson= models for the

US capital and other public buildings

• Aqueducts- water channels that brought water into cities

• Roman Roads- some are still in use today

Influence of Roman Law

• Their most lasting and wide-spread influence– Equal treatment under the law– Innocent until proven guilty– Burden of proof with accuser, not the

accused– Punishment for actions, not thoughts– Set aside unreasonable or unfair laws

•VENN DIAGRAM LESSON!!!

•Use the power point to complete the Venn Diagram on the Unit Guide