Classical GreeceClassical Greece

Hellenic Period Hellenic Period

2000 B.C. to 338 B.C.2000 B.C. to 338 B.C.

Bronze Age of GreeceBronze Age of Greece

2000 BC to 750 BC 2000 BC to 750 BC

I. Hellas: The LandI. Hellas: The Land Greek geography forms Greek characterGreek geography forms Greek character

Valleys and Sea – small agricultural area – small Valleys and Sea – small agricultural area – small population population

Isolation leads to IndividualismIsolation leads to Individualism Greeks develop extensive trading networksGreeks develop extensive trading networks

Greek geography affects development Greek geography affects development Balkan peninsula very mountainous - Aegean sea has Balkan peninsula very mountainous - Aegean sea has

many small islandsmany small islands Many small independent city-states are createdMany small independent city-states are created Each is very protective of its independence.Each is very protective of its independence. Because of this, certain common traits did developBecause of this, certain common traits did develop Ideas were exchanged via trade, especially seaborne Ideas were exchanged via trade, especially seaborne

trade.trade.

IIA. The MinoansIIA. The Minoans Civilization 2800 to 1450 BC Civilization 2800 to 1450 BC

Non-Greek-speaking empire centered on CreteNon-Greek-speaking empire centered on Crete Successful traders and had contact with many Successful traders and had contact with many

other civilizations.other civilizations. Powerful NavyPowerful Navy Extensive contact with EgyptiansExtensive contact with Egyptians Source of many Greek MythsSource of many Greek Myths

Mysteriously disappeared earthquakes or tidal Mysteriously disappeared earthquakes or tidal waves?waves?

Destroyed by powerful volcanoDestroyed by powerful volcano

IIB. The MycenaeansIIB. The Mycenaeans Civilization 1600 to 1100 BCCivilization 1600 to 1100 BC First Greek speaking civilizationFirst Greek speaking civilization Indo-European invaders Indo-European invaders (see next slide)(see next slide) Conquered and settled throughout mainland Conquered and settled throughout mainland

Greece – Fortified citiesGreece – Fortified cities Heinrich Schliemann excavated Mycenaean Heinrich Schliemann excavated Mycenaean

TombsTombs Warrior CultureWarrior Culture

Best known for Trojan WarBest known for Trojan War Became very good mariners and tradersBecame very good mariners and traders

Indo-European InvadersIndo-European Invaders

From central Asia – spread from Scandinavia From central Asia – spread from Scandinavia to Indiato India

Waves of invaders - Circa 2000 BCWaves of invaders - Circa 2000 BC Shared common languages and myths Shared common languages and myths

IIC. The Dark Age of GreeceIIC. The Dark Age of Greece

Fall of Mycenaean kingdoms from 1100 B.C. Fall of Mycenaean kingdoms from 1100 B.C. to 750 B.C.to 750 B.C.

Dorian migration Dorian migration Little literary evidenceLittle literary evidence Greek expansion around MediterraneanGreek expansion around Mediterranean Adoption of Phoenician AlphabetAdoption of Phoenician Alphabet

III. Homer, Hesiod, and the HeroiIII. Homer, Hesiod, and the Heroic Past (1100-800 B.C.)c Past (1100-800 B.C.)

Both Minoans and Mycenaeans formed basis fBoth Minoans and Mycenaeans formed basis for Greek myths and epics.or Greek myths and epics. The The IlliadIlliad and and OdysseyOdyssey - Epic poetry by Homer - Epic poetry by Homer

The works of Homer tell us a lot about Greek The works of Homer tell us a lot about Greek valuesvalues Courage, Honor, Eloquence, and Independent achiCourage, Honor, Eloquence, and Independent achi

evementevement

IV. The PolisIV. The Polis Loyalty to one’s Loyalty to one’s polis polis was very important.was very important.

Participation in its activities was expected and admiredParticipation in its activities was expected and admired The polis was fairly small and most citizens had big stake iThe polis was fairly small and most citizens had big stake i

n its success and failuresn its success and failures This combination of events contributed to the glorification This combination of events contributed to the glorification

of personal achievement as well being part of the communiof personal achievement as well being part of the communityty

Governments of the polisGovernments of the polis Monarchy - rule by a king Monarchy - rule by a king

oldest gov’toldest gov’t Aristocracy - rule by noblesAristocracy - rule by nobles

usually land ownersusually land owners Oligarchy - rule by few elitesOligarchy - rule by few elites

usually merchants usually merchants

IV. The Polis IV. The Polis (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

The acquisition of Ironmaking changes the polThe acquisition of Ironmaking changes the polis.is. Iron is cheaper so more people can afford it.Iron is cheaper so more people can afford it. This gives power to ordinary citizens who now forThis gives power to ordinary citizens who now for

m the Phalanx for city defense.m the Phalanx for city defense. The power of the ordinary citizens leads to differenThe power of the ordinary citizens leads to differen

t paths for some city states.t paths for some city states.

VA. A Tale of Two City-StatesVA. A Tale of Two City-States SpartaSparta - A nation of warriors - A nation of warriors

Governed by 2 kings who were advised by council of Governed by 2 kings who were advised by council of elders.elders.

A citizen assembly approved major decisionsA citizen assembly approved major decisions Citizenship was a rigorous affair. Citizenship was a rigorous affair.

Athens Athens - Aristocracy led to wealth for more citizens - Aristocracy led to wealth for more citizens which led to more power for them.which led to more power for them. Solon elected - institutes reforms that increased citizenship Solon elected - institutes reforms that increased citizenship

and introduced economic reforms in 594 BCand introduced economic reforms in 594 BC Solons reforms not enoughSolons reforms not enough Discontent among citizens leads to rise of Tyrants who rule Discontent among citizens leads to rise of Tyrants who rule

by force and helping certain groupsby force and helping certain groups Later tyrants introduce reforms that lead to a limited Later tyrants introduce reforms that lead to a limited

democracydemocracy All male All male Citizens Citizens have vote.have vote.

VB1. Differences Between the TwoVB1. Differences Between the Two

During the Golden Age:During the Golden Age:

SpartaSparta had Oligarchyhad Oligarchy stressed discipline and stressed discipline and

military virtuesmilitary virtues isolated themselves from isolated themselves from

other Greek city-statesother Greek city-states discouraged learning discouraged learning

outside the military arts outside the military arts

AthensAthens had Democracy had Democracy glorified the individual glorified the individual

and extended rights to and extended rights to people people

encouraged trade and encouraged trade and traveltravel

encouraged all sorts of encouraged all sorts of learning learning

VB2. Similarities Between the TwoVB2. Similarities Between the Two

Religion - Worshipped the same godsReligion - Worshipped the same gods Women had no rightsWomen had no rights All non- Greeks were barbarians All non- Greeks were barbarians

VI. The Persian WarsVI. The Persian Wars Revolt of Ionia 499 B.C. – 494 B.C.Revolt of Ionia 499 B.C. – 494 B.C.

Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebel against Persian Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebel against Persian Empire. Empire.

Greek city-states in Balkans aid them.Greek city-states in Balkans aid them. Persia under the rule of DariusPersia under the rule of Darius Darius sends army to conquer them in 490 BCDarius sends army to conquer them in 490 BC

Battle of Marathon 490Battle of Marathon 490 Greeks unite despite differencesGreeks unite despite differences Athenians defeat Persian ArmyAthenians defeat Persian Army Leader of Athens urges preparation for another attack.Leader of Athens urges preparation for another attack. Greeks are outnumberedGreeks are outnumbered

VI. The Persian Wars VI. The Persian Wars (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Xerxes invades Greece 480Xerxes invades Greece 480 To avenge Persian honorTo avenge Persian honor

Battle of Thermopylae 480Battle of Thermopylae 480 200 Spartans hold Persian 200 Spartans hold Persian

army for a week army for a week Buys time for Athens to Buys time for Athens to

prepareprepare Persians find Athens empty Persians find Athens empty

and burn it and burn it A beggar tells them that the A beggar tells them that the

people fled in ships. people fled in ships.

Battle of Salamis 480Battle of Salamis 480 A beggar tells them that the pA beggar tells them that the p

eople fled in ships. eople fled in ships. Xerxes orders a pursuit. Xerxes orders a pursuit. Persians are lured into a trapPersians are lured into a trap Persian navy is destroyed and Persian navy is destroyed and

army retreats army retreats

Battles of Plataea and MycalBattles of Plataea and Mycale 479e 479 Persian ultimately defeatedPersian ultimately defeated

VI. The Persian Wars VI. The Persian Wars (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Major ResultsMajor Results Formation of Delian League under Athenian DomiFormation of Delian League under Athenian Domi

nation for defensenation for defense Maintained Greek Independence preserving Greek Maintained Greek Independence preserving Greek

Culture and Ideas.Culture and Ideas.

Golden Age of GreeceGolden Age of Greece

478 B.C. - 338 B.C.478 B.C. - 338 B.C.

VII. After the WarVII. After the War

After defeat of Persians - Athens is top dogAfter defeat of Persians - Athens is top dog Athenian Golden Age begins Athenian Golden Age begins Under the Leadership of Pericles - Athens is Under the Leadership of Pericles - Athens is

beautifiedbeautified Promoted the HumanitiesPromoted the Humanities Athens takes control of League funds and rebuildAthens takes control of League funds and rebuild

s citys city Is center of commerce and exchange of ideasIs center of commerce and exchange of ideas Leaders are artists , philosophers, and writersLeaders are artists , philosophers, and writers

VIII. Classical Greek PhilosophyVIII. Classical Greek Philosophy

Looking for explanations for the natural worlLooking for explanations for the natural worldd

The big three S – P – A The big three S – P – A Socrates – Questioning methodSocrates – Questioning method Plato – Wrote Plato – Wrote The Republic –The Republic – Aristocracy of the Aristocracy of the

IntelligenceIntelligence Artistotle – called for Philosopher-KingArtistotle – called for Philosopher-King

IX. Greek Architecture and ArtIX. Greek Architecture and Art

Quest for harmony and balanceQuest for harmony and balance Parthenon considered to be finest exampleParthenon considered to be finest example

Sculptors – considered human form to be Sculptors – considered human form to be perfect, tried to recreate that perfectionperfect, tried to recreate that perfection

Greek DramaGreek Drama Tragedies – average or good people going bad Tragedies – average or good people going bad

through misfortunethrough misfortune Comedies - bad things happening to bad peopleComedies - bad things happening to bad people

X. Peloponnesian Wars 431- 404 X. Peloponnesian Wars 431- 404

Delian League 478 BCDelian League 478 BC Some Poli contributed money, some ships.Some Poli contributed money, some ships. Athens largest memberAthens largest member Formed as protection against PersiansFormed as protection against Persians

Other Greek c-s object and are fearful of AtOther Greek c-s object and are fearful of Athenian power and arrogance - especially Sphenian power and arrogance - especially Spartaarta

Athenian EmpireAthenian Empire Persian Fleets defeatedPersian Fleets defeated Aegean Greeks liberatedAegean Greeks liberated Athens won’t allow some to leave League.Athens won’t allow some to leave League.

Uses force to keep them inUses force to keep them in Athens pursues policy of imperialismAthens pursues policy of imperialism

Wants to build land empireWants to build land empire

X. Peloponnesian Wars X. Peloponnesian Wars (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

X. Peloponnesian Wars X. Peloponnesian Wars (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Peloponnesian War starts in 430 BC when Peloponnesian War starts in 430 BC when Sparta attacks AthensSparta attacks Athens

Lasts from 460 to 445Lasts from 460 to 445 Ends with 30 year peaceEnds with 30 year peace Delian treasury moved to Athens 454Delian treasury moved to Athens 454 Pericles uses League money to build temples.Pericles uses League money to build temples. Sparta forms Peloponnesian LeagueSparta forms Peloponnesian League

X. Peloponnesian Wars X. Peloponnesian Wars (Cont’d)(Cont’d) Second (Great) Peloponnesian WarSecond (Great) Peloponnesian War

Sparta land based forcesSparta land based forces Athens sea based forcesAthens sea based forces Athens protected by Long wallsAthens protected by Long walls Pericles dies in Plague that sweeps AthensPericles dies in Plague that sweeps Athens

War lasts almost thirty years w/ intermittent trucesWar lasts almost thirty years w/ intermittent truces Athens tries to take SyracuseAthens tries to take Syracuse

Loses most of its army Loses most of its army Spartans make deal with PersiansSpartans make deal with Persians

Advised by Athenian TraitorAdvised by Athenian Traitor Athenian Navy destroyed in 405Athenian Navy destroyed in 405

Caught at anchor, unpreparedCaught at anchor, unprepared Athens Surrenders in 404 - city walls torn downAthens Surrenders in 404 - city walls torn down

Sparta eventually wins w/help from Persian NavySparta eventually wins w/help from Persian Navy Greek unity fractured until Macedonia under Phillip takes oGreek unity fractured until Macedonia under Phillip takes o

ver.ver.