1900 B.C 500 A.D. Ancient Greece and Rome Chapter 2 Mycenae 1600 B.C 1100 B.C Fortified site on Greek mainland Inhabited by peoples from Europe and Asia Powerful monarchies Homer After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization (1100 B.C.) population declined and food production dropped Iliad and Odyssey first great epic poems Stories about Trojan War Paris kidnapping Helen Greek wife of Spartan King Agamemnon Achilles, Trojan horse Odyssey the long journey home CityStates of Greece Polis meaning fort and surrounding city (police, politics, policy) Characteristics: 1. Small size ( sq.miles) 2. Small population fewer than 10,000 people 3. Setting on a hill acropolis 4. Public Meeting place agora People had a real attachment to their city-state Although they had their own identity they spoke same language, same religion Sparta Sparta was a very militaristic society 3 Social Groups: Equals decedents of the Dorians Half-Citizens no political power Helots slaves of Spartan society Government: Council of Elders proposed laws 2 kings 5 ephors overseers elected for one year term Spartan Military Began at birth examined each child, if they were weak or unhealthy left to die At age 7 boys sent to barracks; military training read and write Boys were given inadequate clothing to toughen them up, give very little food expected to steal, if caught punished for not being sly enough 20 60 years of age - expected military service Women were also expected to stay healthy to bare children Sparta Athens Athens is located on the Attic peninsula All Athenian men had equal political rights includes all economic classes People born outside Athens were noncitizens metics More than of Athens were metics or slaves aristocratic government All adult males met in an assembly to elect 9 archons rulers who served one-year term Draco would codify Athens laws (Draconian Law); extremely harsh, but fair Solon He canceled t he debt of the poor, outlawed enslavement for debt, created nonaristocratic government, citizens courts appeal judicial decisions Peisistratus seize power and became tyrant; improved the economy and exiled any dissenters Cleisthenes turned Athens into a democracy; direct democracy People In Government DracoSolon Cleithenes Greek Wars Persian War Persian leader Darius would raise the taxes of the former Greek city-state of Lydia led to revolt that was supported by Athens Darius wanted to punish Athens for their involvement The Persian army would land on the coast of Attica near the plains of Marathon. Athenians would defeat the Persians at the Battle of Marathon Xerxes, son of Darius, led over 100,000 troops against the Spartans at the narrow pass at the Battle of Thermopylae Greek traitor showed Persians how to outflank the Spartans. Every Spartan died Xerxes moved onto Athens, where the city was abandoned, led by Themistocles Themistocles tricked Xerxes at the Salamis Staits Sparta and Athens allied themselves to defeat the remaining Persians at Plataea Athens would create the Delian League alliance of 140 Greek city-states Age of Pericles Pericles A general, statesmen, orator and public official for the city of Athens Greece reached its greatest power during his rule Direct Democracy Classical Greece Peloponnesian War Commercial rivalries between Sparta and Athens Athens more culturally progressive, open society Sparta closed, militaristic society Sparta was tired of Athens flaunting of power Spartans would invade Attica peninsula; trying to starve out the Athenians Athenians had a great navy to re-supply the city, however, a great plague broke out killing many citizens of Athens, including Pericles With the help of Persia, Sparta would eventually starve out Athens and force them to surrender Hoplites Greek Art of the Golden Age Greek Architecture Athens would surround themselves around beautiful temples, buildings, and gymnasiums. Parthenon marble temple built in honor of Athena ft long x 100 ft wide x 60 ft high - had doors but no windows Sculptures Few Greek statues exist today. Myron and Phidias most famous sculptors in Greece The discus thrower By Myron Statue of Zeus At Olympia One of the Seven Wonders of the World Philosophers and Writers of the Golden Age Cosmologist Understanding the universe and the cosmos Pythagoras Developed the mathematical explanation of the universe Everything can be explained in mathematical relationships and ratios Democritus Developed the atomic theory the universe is made up of tiny particles of matter he would called atoms. Socrates One of the worlds greatest thinkers and teachers who lived in Athens in 470 B.C. to 399 B.C. Severed as an infantry soldier in the Peloponnesian War Highly critical of Sophists in Athens they took money for teaching He believed the unexamined life was not worth living. Socratic Method way of teaching that involved intense questioning and engaging students in logical discussions Socrates had many enemies. His questioning and search for truth led to his accusations of impiety disrespecting the Greek Gods and corrupting the mind of Athenian youth. Found guilty and sentenced to death. Willfully drank poison made from hemlock plant. Plato Socrates greatest student Developed a school named the Academy which taught philosophy Topics of discussion were government, education, justice, virtue, and religion. Wrote the dialogue the Republic describes the concepts of an ideal organization of society. People should do jobs they are best suited for. Ex. Bravery army; Interest in material goods - business An ideal government should be an aristocracy base on intelligence, reasoning, and education not birth or family. Believed in a utopian community (what is better for the community than yourself) Aristotle He was the most coveted student of Plato Developed the modern day form of scientific thinking. This would be the process of organizing facts into meaningful systems. He collected, described, and classified plants and animals. Wrote the book Ethics examined the acts and beliefs of individuals to learn what brought them the greatest happiness. Ex. Intrinsic rewards He studied the political make-up of 150 Greek city-states to describe the political principles of government this book was called Politics (the middle class was the most important class of people) Aristotle v. Plato Aristotle believed in a limited democracy, whereas, Plato thought government should control a persons life for the betterment of the State and guidance from the wealthy intellectuals Aristocracy and democracy were goods forms of government both easily corrupted. Most famous student Alexander the Great Math and Science Pythagorean Theorem a2 + b2 = c2 Hippocrates founder of medicine All diseases come from nature, not upsetting the Gods Hippocratic Oath pledge to follow medical ethics based on Hippocrates teachings. Astronomy and Geography Aristarchus believed the earth and planets moved around the sun Hipparchus used trigonometry to calculate the eclipse of the sun and moon Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth (within 100 miles!) Most scientist did believe the earth was round. Mathematics and Physics Archimedes considered to be the greatest scientist of the Hellenistic world. Used geometry to measure spheres, cones, and cylinders Developed Pi (3.14) Invented the compound pulley, Archimedes screw (device used to continuously draw water from the ground) Medicine Categorized human anatomy perform autopsies on executed criminals Brain was the center of the nervous system perform delicate surgery on patients (resetting compound fractures, 'trepanning' - a process which involves carefully drilling into the brain, etc.) History Herodotus father of history Often exaggerated his stories, however, he did detail important facts about events and battles Thucydides wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War Detailed, accurate description of the war which he hoped would help people understand human nature Greek Dramas Greeks were the first to write dramas, plays containing action or dialogue that usually involve conflict and emotion Often would sing and dance the play (today - musicals) Actors would use large padded costumes; men would dress up as women; orchestras would be set up to play music. Theaters would be carved into hillsides. Plays would be created to please Dionysus God of wine and fertility Tragedies often portraying the tragic hero as having hubris, excessive pride in ones self (The Gods hated that) Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Aristophanes were the most famous play writers of the Greek world Alexander the Great Philip II of Macedonia Macedonians would unite all of Greece. 359 B.C. Philip II, former hostage of Thebes, eventually became King of Macedonia. Create a strong army which would include a cavalry, infantry, archers and a phalanx, which were soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder with long pikes Demosthenes famous orator from Athens who opposed Philip II rule, led opposition force. Philip II was assassinated at his daughters wedding - his son Alexander would succeed him Alexander the Great Was a former student of Aristotle His military campaigns are among the most admired in world history. A fearless warrior who often led the charge into battle Alexanders Conquests Crushed all rebellions in Greece, declaring himself Master of Greece By 331 B.C. he had defeated the Persian armies and conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, and northern India In 323 B.C. While in Babylon, he contracted either cholera or malaria where he would die at the age of 33 Alexanders Empire In 13 years, Alexander had never lost a battle He conquered much of the known world at that time in history; except India Alexander would spread Greek culture throughout his empire and create over 70 cities most of them named after himself Alexander would encourage integration of Macedonians marrying Persian women. He himself married a Persian woman named Roxana He once held a mass wedding of 9,000 Macedonian men and Persian women Alexander had delusions of granger convinced himself that Philip II was not his father, but rather Zeus. The Decline of Alexanders Empire After Alexanders death, his top generals would murder his entire family hoping to divide his one world empire. His empire would be divided into three major empires: Macedonia, Egypt, and Syria These three empires would continuously fight one another until the rise of the Roman Empire in 200 B.C. Founding of the Republic Physical Setting Present day Italy peninsula Sicily off southern tip of Italy Geographically Italy was able to unite unlike Greece (Mts.); with the exception Alexander the Great Mild climate; plentiful rain olives, grapes, and citrus fruit Early People in Italy People lived in Italy as early as the Paleolithic period (Before 3000 B.C.) Around 2000 B.C. Invaders would sweep through North Latins would occupy Latium around mid 700s B.C. presently the city of Rome Etruscans 600 B.C. would conquer Rome Etruscan people would be absorbed by the Romans the Etruscan culture would thrive. o Etruscan written language (based on Greek alphabet) o Fine clothing, jewelry, paved roads, construct sewers. Roman Government The Roman Republic SENATE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES MAGISTRATESCENSORS CONSULS PRAETORS TRIBUNES DICTATOR Senate The most important and powerful of all the governing bodies 300 members controlled public funds, foreign policy Senate could propose a new dictator in times of an emergency. Dictators could rule for a maximum of six months both military and judicial authority. Popular Assemblies Many Assemblies existed in the Roman Republic. Citizens in these assemblies voted on laws and elected officials Assemblies elected 10 Officials called Tribunes These officials could refuse to approve Senate bills if they believed it to be contrary to public interest. Magistrates were public officials who governed in the name of Rome Two consuls elected for one year terms ran the government and acted as military commanders. Praetors assist the consuls in war time (military commanders); peace time (oversaw legal system) Censors Elected every five years for a term of 18 months. oversaw the moral conduct of citizens they became very powerful in the Roman Republic The Conflict of the Orders After 509 B.C. Rome was split between two powerful classes. Patricians- Controlled the government (patronage) Plebeians- the citizens of the society Plebeians were subject to discrimination could not hold public office or join military Laws were not written; only patricians (who were judges) knew the law Eventually, Plebeians would force the Patricians to write down the laws of its society 12 Tables Ban debt slavery permit plebeians to hold public office * However, the nobles would continue to have power over the Senate Extending the Republic For more than 200 years after the founding of the Republic, wars were continually fought with neighbors. Roman Army Every adult Roman male who owned property would have to serve in army. Legions 4,500 6,000 men strict discipline unit (Legionnaires) Auxila non-citizens who helped make up additional units when needed. Roman Policy To ensure loyalty of its inhabitants: 1. Shared citizenship and political power w/ people they conquered 2. Partial citizenship to distant cities (could own property, not voting) 3. Made alliances with neighboring countries would not rule them, but would provide military assistance if needed. 4. Provide land for Roman resettlement Roman Families The father paterfamilias had complete control over family Women had higher status in Roman society than Greek society First Punic War 264 B.C. Rome originally had no navy. It stole a Carthaginian vessel as a model. Romans would use land tactics on the sea boarding bridges Rome would prevail in 241 B.C. Ordered Carthage to pay indemnity money for damages it caused. Carthage would also have to give up Sicily. Second Punic War 218 B.C. Hannibal - one of the greatest generals of all-time (Carthage) Lead force through Spain to Northern Italy. Great loss of life Hannibal won several victories Romans retreated to their fortified cities. Hannibal would ravage the countryside. The Romans would attack the city of Carthage in Africa. Hannibal would follow to Africa Scipio Roman General would defeat Hannibal at the battle of Zama Carthage would ask for peace ordered to pay large indemnity; gave up navy and Spanish colonies. Third Punic War Although Carthage was not a serious threat, many people still had a great deal of hatred for the Carthaginians. Senate would vote to completely crush the city of Carthage. Romans would crush Carthage enslave the population and pour salt in the fields of Carthage. Problems of Roman Expansion Government Republic form of government Subjects of gained territory were not citizens; drew up a set of rules on how it should be taxed and administered. Each province was ruled by a proconsul, appointed by the Senate and backed by the Roman Army easily bribed and corrupted. Publicans people hired to collect taxes could keep excess taxes for themselves. Changes in Agriculture Some wealthy Romans would acquire large estates known as latifundia. Many farmers/soldiers came back from the Punic Wars to find their land destroyed had to sell it to the wealthy. Many moved to the city. Growth of Commerce and Social Change After the Punic War trade would increase. Creation of a new class of people called equites These equites made great fortune in export and imports The decline of the independent farmers more jobless people in cities. People began to adopt new philosophies, ideas and beliefs from conquered lands Slave rebellion 73 B.C over 70,000 slave would revolt Led by Spartacus (former gladiator) By 71 B.C., The Roman legions had crushed the rebellion led by Crassus, killing Spartacus over 6,000 of the rebels would be crucified lining the roads to Rome First Triumvirate Julius Caesar nephew of Marius opponent of Sulla, moved from Rome for safety, but later returned after Sullas death. Would build a large following of the poor in Rome His popularity with the poor made him many enemies would join forces with two generals Gaius Pompey and Licinius Crassus These three would create the First Triumvirate Caesar became consul in 59 B.C. Caesar PompeyCrassus Julius Caesar Caesar obtained a command position in the area of Gaul now present day France The next 10 years all of France was under Roman control Caesar would write down accounts of his victories and campaigns Commentaries on the Gallic Wars Crassus would die in battle in 53 B.C. Pompey would grow jealous of Caesars rising fame. Pompey would persuade the Senate to order Caesar home without his army and give up his command Caesar would cross the Rubicon violation of Roman Law Pompey would flee to Greece Caesar would assume sole power. Caesar would go to Egypt would help put Cleopatra on the throne as a Roman ally. Caesar continued Caesar 1. Gave citizenship to many citizens of new providences. 2. Land to veterans, grain to poor. 3. Increase membership in Senate to 900 (which would actually decrease Senate power) 4. Calendar 365 1/4 th Days Many people, especially some Senators, were jealous of his power Two of Caesars friends Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Brutus would stab to death Julius Caesar in the Senate on March 15 th, 44B.C. The Second Triumvirate Caesar chose his 18 year old grand-nephew Octavian to secede him. Marc Antony Cleopatra After Caesar death a scramble for power took place. While Octavian was in Greece, Marc Antony General and ally of Caesar, drove out all conspirators from Rome Octavian, Antony and Lepidus (Caesars second in command) would form the Second Triumvirate Antony would reconquer Asia Minor from Brutus and Cassius; join forces with Cleopatra in Egypt. Octavian would force Lepidus from the political spotlight; built up own power in Italy Octavian: The First Augustus Octavian and Antony divided the Roman world. Antony East; Octavian - West Octavian would convince the Senate to declare war on Cleopatra and Antony Octavians forces would defeat Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. Antony and Cleopatra would both committed suicide. In 27 B.C. the Senate would rename Octavian Augustus, or Augustus Caesar The Battle of Actium The Julio-Claudians After Augustus died, many of Julius Caesars relatives would rule the empire known as Julio-Claudians. Tiberius the adopted son Augustus, became a very effective, but brutal ruler Caligula brutal and insane ruler would succeed Tiberius (even appointed his favorite horse consul) murdered in 41 A.D. declared insane Caligula Claudius wise and scholarly man who ruled after Caligula He would conquer parts of present day Britian He would be poisoned by his wife - Agrippina Claudius Nero A brutal and cruel ruler over the Roman Empire; great-great grandson of Augustus 64 A.D. Most of the city of Rome was burned; thought to be burned by Nero himself so he could build more buildings. Would kill his own mother Agrippina Facing certain assassination, he committed suicide List of The Good Emperors Emperor Nerva pater patriae (father of country) title given to him at beginning of his reign Took an oath not to kill any senators Emperor Trajan A Spanish ruler who extended the Roman Empire to its greatest size Emperor Hadrian Supported the arts and proved an able emperor. Built fortifications at its borders. Eg. Hadrians Wall Emperor Marcus Aurelius Well educated; Stoic philosophy to fighting wars. He would however protect the empire from invaders from the north Marcus Aurelius Trajan Roman Society and Culture Pax Romana The period between Augustus reign and the death of Marcus Aurelius (27 B.C. 180 A.D.) The Roman Empire prospered economically through farming, manufacturing, and trade. The Roman Army was strong enough to defends its borders. The government would see a reduction in power. Science, Engineering, Architecture, Writers Galen physician that lived in Rome; most well known Ptolemy- astronomer who believed the earth lay at the center of the universe Creation of roads, bridges, aqueducts, great buildings and the use of concrete Virgil the greatest Roman poet; wrote the epic poem Aeneid Tacitus historian who wrote the Annuals; worried about the extravagant lifestyles and lack of concern for public virtue Today, we use the Roman alphabet of 23 letters (including J, U, and W which the English would include) The Rise of Christianity Jews and the Roman Empire Most Jews lived in Judea; monotheistic Most Jews wanted their independence; a revolt would take place where the Romans would destroy Jerusalem kill thousands and destroy The Second Temple Today, west wall exist of Second Temple Wailing Wall (sacred to Jewish) Christianity Jesus born in Bethlehem, preach countryside about God and his will Jesus would be put death by Pontius Pilate turned in by Judas Jesus would die by crucifixion Spread of Christianity Jesus would rise from the dead and his disciples would spread the word of Christ Paul would help spread the word of Christ be put to death in Rome Christianity would accept everyone, unlike other religions (Egyptian cult of Isis, Persian cult of Mithras excluded women) Christians were originally persecuted as a sect of Judaism crucified, gladiatorial games, etc.) Constantine would convert to Christianity after a battle in 312 A.D. Council at Nicaea proclaimed the doctrine of the Trinity (God, Son, and Holy Spirit) Fall of the Roman Empire Diocletian Former Army general who appointed a co-emperor (East/West Empire) rigid and bureaucratic system which all aspect of life was controlled by government; individual freedom was restricted. End lawlessness and remove attacking barbarians. Constantine After the Diocletian co-emperorship would not work (rivalry, civil war) Constantine would be sole ruler: 1. Est. Christianity, 2. Est. Byzantium (renamed Constantinople) capital of Roman world After his death Theodosius would be the last emperor to rule a united Roman Empire Fall of Roman Empire The Huns (Asiatic tribe) would push German tribes (mostly Visigoths) into Roman territory Visigoths were treated badly by the Romans revolted and eventually took Rome led by Alaric Eastern Empire would be strong and defend borders Western Empire would fall apart due to barbarian invasions (Vandals, Visigoths, Huns Attila the Hun) Fall of Roman Empire 476 A.D. Romulus (last emperor of the Roman Empire) was overthrown by barbarian invaders. This is often know as the fall of the Empire Results of Romes Decline 1.Anarchy would develop throughout Europe 2.Libraries, schools, and government buildings destroyed 3.Literacy would become limited Why Did Rome Fall? No one event or person caused the decline of the Empire Political Weakness grew too fast government hard to set up lack of civilian control over military generals would often seize control. Economic Weakness Government expenses heavy Two capitals, heavy taxes, Roman expansion stopped (no more plundering for loot) Trade would slow down which would effect manufacturing Wealth in the hands of a few The Christian church would survive as a legacy to the once proud Roman Empire