the muslim world expands - anderson school district five€¦ · section 1, chapter 18 1 world...

Section 1, Chapter 18

1

WORLD HISTORYChapter 18

The Muslim world expands

The Muslim World Expands,1300–1700

Three great Muslim

powers—the Ottoman,

Safavid, and Mughal

empires—emerge

between 1300 and

1600. By 1700 all three

were in decline.

Section 1, Chapter 18 3


SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending

The Mughal Empire in India

The Muslim World Expands,1300–1700


The Ottomans Build aVast Empire

The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire

that combine many cultures and lasted for

more than 600 years.



Turks Move into Byzantium

Turkish Warriors

• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of

Byzantine Empire

• Many see themselves as ghazis—

warriors who fight for Islam




Osman Establishes a State

• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds

state in Anatolia

• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans

• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and

cannons

• Successors expand state through alliances and land

buying



10

Osman Establishes a State

• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares

himself sultan—overlord

• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople

• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered

peoples





Timur the Lame Halts Expansion

• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—

rises to power in Central Asia

• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402,

burning Baghdad



Powerful Sultans Spur

Dramatic Expansion

Murad II

• Murad II begins expansion

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople

• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers

Constantinople in 1453

• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and

Muslims and rebuilds



Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities

• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s

grandson, comes to power

• He defeats Persian Safavids and

pushes into North Africa

• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo:

important Muslim cities



Suleyman the Lawgiver

A Great Ruler

• Suleyman the Lawgiver,

Selim’s son, rules from 1520

to 1566




The Empire Reaches Its Limits

• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and

Rhodes (1522)

• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean

• Turks take North African coastline, control

inland trade routes

• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna

• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in

the world



18

Highly Structured Social Organization

• Suleyman creates law code, reduces

bureaucracy, simplifies taxation

• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from

conquered lands

• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—

loyal only to the sultan

• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own

religion





Cultural Flowering

• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to

flourishing of arts, learning

• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs

magnificent Mosque of Suleyman



21

The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall

• Suleyman kills one son and exiles

another

• Third son inherits throne but rules

weakly

• Later sultans kill their brothers and

leave their sons uneducated

• Long line of weak sultans leads to

empire’s eventual fall



Cultural Blending



The Safavid Empire produce a

rich and complex blended

culture in Persia.

Cultural Blending

CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire



25

Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending in Persia

• Between16th and 18th centuries a

Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia

• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim

dynasty from 16th to18th centuries

The Safavid Empire



Cultural Blending

Causes of Cultural Blending

• Changes occur through

migration, conquest, trade, or

religion

CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire



Cultural Blending

Results of Cultural Blending

• Changes in language, religion,

government, use of technology

• Racial and ethnic blending,

intermarriage

• Cultural styles adapted into arts and

architecture

CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire


The Safavids Build an Empire

Safavid Origins

• Begins as religious order named

for founder

• Safavids concentrate on building

powerful military



The Safavids Build an Empire

Isma’il Conquers Persia

• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il

conquers Iran by 1451

• Takes title of shah—king

• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion;

kills Sunnis

• Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands

empire



A Safavid Golden Age

Abbas the Great

• Shah Abbas—Abbas the

Great—takes throne in 1587



A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great

• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—

takes throne in 1587

Reforms

• Helps create a thriving Safavid

culture

• Reforms military and government;

brings in Christian trade


32Section 2, Chapter 18

A Safavid Golden Age

A New Capital

• Esfahan—new capital—is one of

world’s most beautiful cities

Art Works

• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and

Persian styles

Carpets

• Carpet weaving becomes national

industry



The Dynasty Declines Quickly

The Safavid Empire Weakens

• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons

• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson,

leads to empire’s decline

• By 1722, the empire is losing land to

the Ottomans and Afghans

• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire,

but it falls apart in 1747 35




The Mughal Empire in

India




The Mughal Empire brings

Turks, Persians, and

Indians together in a vast

empire.


Early History of the Mughals


Mongol Invaders

• Mughals, or Mongols, invade

northwestern IndiaConflict

• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost

300 years

• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish

warlords—Delhi Sultanate—formsSection 3, Chapter 18

39


Early History of the Mughals


Delhi Sultanate

• Sultans rule from Delhi

between 13th and 16th centuries

• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in

1398 Section 3, Chapter 18

40


Early History of the Mughals Babur Founds an Empire

• Babur becomes king of small land in

Central Asia at age 11

• Is dethroned and driven south into India

• Army conquers much of northern India,

forming Mughal Empire

• Son Humayun loses most of the territory

Babur conquered

• Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan 41



Akbar’s Golden Age

Babur’s Grandson

•Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules

India from 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror

•Akbar uses cannons; names

native Indians as officers




A Liberal Ruler

• Akbar allows religious freedom and

abolishes tax on non-Muslims

• Akbar allows all people a chance to

serve in high government office

• Hindu finance minister develops better

tax plan; income grows

• Akbar gives land to his officials, then

reclaims it when they die



A Flowering of Culture

• Many cultures blend, mixing art,

education, politics, and language

• New languages like Hindi and

Urdu emerge




45


The Arts and Literature

• Book illustrations, called miniatures,

flourish

• Hindu literature reemerges during

Akbar’s ruleArchitecture

• New architectural style named for

Akbar develops



46

Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan

• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur

Jahan to control government

• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime

minister

• Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other

sons

• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs,

nonviolent religious group

• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred



Shah Jahan

• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and

successor, marries Persian

princess

• Assassinates all competitors for

throne

• His wife dies while giving birth to

her 14th child in 1631

Akbar’s Successors



Shah Jahan

• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb

Shah Jahan builds for his wife

• Taj Mahal is one of the most

beautiful buildings in the world




The People Suffer

• People suffer paying for wars

and monuments

• Shah Jahan’s third son—

Aurangzeb—imprisons

father and takes over





Aurangzeb’s Reign

• Rules between 1658 and 1707;

expands empire to its largest

• Strictly enforces Islamic law and

attempts to get rid of Hindus

• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant

• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus,

causing more rebellion



The Empire’s Decline and Decay

The Mughal Empire Crumbles

• Over 2 million people die of famine

while Aurangzeb wages war

• Emperor becomes a figurehead;

empire breaks into separate states

• Meanwhile, traders arrive from

England, Holland, France, Portugal

• European traders gain key ports



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