The Musculoskeletal The Musculoskeletal SystemSystem

MEDL 2350MEDL 2350

QuizQuiz

1.1. xanthoerythemoectooculoscopyxanthoerythemoectooculoscopy

2.2. SalpingophthalmosclerodermatitioscopeSalpingophthalmosclerodermatitioscope

3.3. BlepharopepicosclerotomyBlepharopepicosclerotomy

4.4. GluconeothymomotomicallyGluconeothymomotomically

5.5. PancreatectomicaolomaPancreatectomicaoloma

6.6. Only kidding, ha, ha!Only kidding, ha, ha!

So, you want extra credit, huh!

MEDL 2350 Extra CreditMEDL 2350 Extra Credit

TEST on May 5, 2003TEST on May 5, 2003

First half of classFirst half of class

Topics: EVERYTHINGTopics: EVERYTHING

Format: OralFormat: Oral

Counts: Test GradeCounts: Test Grade

GeneralGeneral

Comprised of bones, joints, and muscles.Comprised of bones, joints, and muscles. Bones form a support system to provide Bones form a support system to provide

structure and protection.structure and protection. Bones store minerals, especially calcium Bones store minerals, especially calcium

and phosphorus.and phosphorus. Bones also make blood cells in the marrow.Bones also make blood cells in the marrow. The place where two bones meet is known The place where two bones meet is known

as a joint.as a joint. Joints move due to the pull of muscles.Joints move due to the pull of muscles.

Combining FormsCombining Forms

Crani/o cranium (skull bones)Crani/o cranium (skull bones)

craniotomycraniotomy

Stern/o sternum (breastbone)Stern/o sternum (breastbone)

sternocostalsternocostal

Cost/o ribsCost/o ribs

subcostal (below the ribs)subcostal (below the ribs)

Spondyl/o vertebrae (backbone)Spondyl/o vertebrae (backbone)

Vertebr/oVertebr/o

spondylitisspondylitis

vertebralvertebral

Humer/o humerus (upper arm)Humer/o humerus (upper arm)

Carp/o carpus (wrist)Carp/o carpus (wrist)

carpoptosis (dropping carpoptosis (dropping of the wrist)of the wrist)

Metacarp/o metacarpus (hand) Metacarp/o metacarpus (hand) metacarpectomymetacarpectomy excision of a metacarpalexcision of a metacarpal

Phalang/o finger/toePhalang/o finger/toe

Pelv/i pelvis (hip)Pelv/i pelvis (hip) *note the exception to the combining *note the exception to the combining vowel.vowel. pelvimetry (process of measuring pelvimetry (process of measuring

the hips)the hips)

Femor/o femur (thigh)Femor/o femur (thigh)

Patell/o patella (kneecap)Patell/o patella (kneecap) patellopexy (fixation)patellopexy (fixation)

Tibi/o tibia (shin)Tibi/o tibia (shin)Fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)Fibul/o fibula (smaller lower leg bone)Calcane/o calcaneus (heel)Calcane/o calcaneus (heel)Tars/o tarsalsTars/o tarsalsmetatars/o metatarsalsmetatars/o metatarsals

Ankyl/o stiff, bent, crookedAnkyl/o stiff, bent, crooked

Arthr/o jointArthr/o joint

cervic/o neckcervic/o neck

Lamin/o lamina (part of the verterbral arch)Lamin/o lamina (part of the verterbral arch)

Myel/o spinal cord, bone marrowMyel/o spinal cord, bone marrow

Orth/o straightOrth/o straight

Oste/o boneOste/o bone

The combining form oste/o refers to a bone.The combining form oste/o refers to a bone. Therefore, osteodynia refers to Therefore, osteodynia refers to

painful bones.painful bones.

Osteocytes are cells that make up Osteocytes are cells that make up bonesbones

The combining form still holds true The combining form still holds true regardless of the shape of the bone in regardless of the shape of the bone in question.question.

Shapes of BonesShapes of Bones

Long (cylindrical)Long (cylindrical) FlatFlat IrregularIrregular shortshort

Milk is source of vitamin D. A Milk is source of vitamin D. A deficiency of this vitamin results in deficiency of this vitamin results in Osteomalacia, or a softening and Osteomalacia, or a softening and weakening of the bones.weakening of the bones.

This is different than Osteoporosis, This is different than Osteoporosis, which is a deficiency of bone mineral.which is a deficiency of bone mineral.

The term osteogenesis refers to The term osteogenesis refers to producing or forming new bone.producing or forming new bone.

Another name for osteomalacia is Another name for osteomalacia is RICKETS.RICKETS.

Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone

Shaft: DiaphysisShaft: Diaphysis Epiphysis: either end, the growing part in Epiphysis: either end, the growing part in

length.length. Bone Marrow: soft tissue that fills the Bone Marrow: soft tissue that fills the

medullary cavity in the center of a long medullary cavity in the center of a long bone. This is where blood is formed and bone. This is where blood is formed and fat is stored.fat is stored.

Periosteum: thin sheet of tissue covering Periosteum: thin sheet of tissue covering the bone. This part of the bone is the bone. This part of the bone is responsible for growth in the diameter.responsible for growth in the diameter.

X-rays or radiographs are used in X-rays or radiographs are used in examining the structure of bones, in examining the structure of bones, in situ (within the body).situ (within the body).

The combining form for x-ray or The combining form for x-ray or radiation is radi/o.radiation is radi/o.

The combining forms roentgen/o also The combining forms roentgen/o also refers to x-rays. This is after the refers to x-rays. This is after the person who discovered x-rays, person who discovered x-rays, Wilhelm Roentgen.Wilhelm Roentgen.

mening/o/myel/o/celemening/o/myel/o/cele

Meninges- covering of the brain and spinal cord

Spinal cord

herniation

Spina bifida usually occurs in the Spina bifida usually occurs in the lumbar region (lower back) of the lumbar region (lower back) of the spinal cord. Bifida refers to being in spinal cord. Bifida refers to being in “2”.“2”.

Recall,Recall,

Distal: means farthest from the trunkDistal: means farthest from the trunkProximal: means closest to the trunkProximal: means closest to the trunk

Therefore, the distal epiphysis is Therefore, the distal epiphysis is located farther from the trunk than located farther from the trunk than the proximal epiphysis.the proximal epiphysis.

Within the joints, each end of the joint Within the joints, each end of the joint (epiphysis) is lined with ARTICULAR (epiphysis) is lined with ARTICULAR CARTILAGE.CARTILAGE.

Articular means jointArticular means joint Chondr/o refers to cartilage.Chondr/o refers to cartilage.

This articular cartilage provides cushioning, This articular cartilage provides cushioning, shock absorption, an area for the bones to shock absorption, an area for the bones to glide easily over each other during movement.glide easily over each other during movement.

A joint is a place where two bones meet.A joint is a place where two bones meet. Joints can be:Joints can be: Freely Moveable (shoulder)Freely Moveable (shoulder) Slightly Moveable (vertebra)Slightly Moveable (vertebra) Non-moveable (skull)Non-moveable (skull) Joints are lubricated with SYNOVIAL Joints are lubricated with SYNOVIAL

FLUID. This fluid is secreted within the FLUID. This fluid is secreted within the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.

arthr/o/centesisarthr/o/centesis

joint Surgical puncture

A person with arthritis can suffer from:A person with arthritis can suffer from:

Pain in the joints - arthralgia or Pain in the joints - arthralgia or

arthrodyniaarthrodynia

Inflammation of the joints - arthritisInflammation of the joints - arthritis

Disease of the bones and joints –Disease of the bones and joints –

osteoarthopathyosteoarthopathy

Combining Forms of Specific Combining Forms of Specific BonesBones

Crani/o cranium skullCrani/o cranium skull

Stern/o sternum Stern/o sternum breastbonebreastbone

cost/o costal ribscost/o costal ribs

Vertebr/o veterbraeVertebr/o veterbrae

Humer/o humerusHumer/o humerus

carp/o carpuscarp/o carpus

Metacarp/o metacarpalMetacarp/o metacarpal

Phalang/o phalangesPhalang/o phalanges

Pelv/i pelvis hipsPelv/i pelvis hipsPelv/o Pelv/o

Femor/o femur thighFemor/o femur thigh

patell/o patella kneecappatell/o patella kneecap

Tibi/o tibiaTibi/o tibia

fibul/o fibulafibul/o fibula

Cephal/o is the combining form for the Cephal/o is the combining form for the direction “close to the head”direction “close to the head”

Cephalodynia is pain in the head, or Cephalodynia is pain in the head, or headache.headache.

The prefix en- refers to “in”. When The prefix en- refers to “in”. When combined with cephal/o, when get combined with cephal/o, when get

encephal/o which translates into “in the encephal/o which translates into “in the head”. This the another term for brain.head”. This the another term for brain.

FracturesFractures

A fracture is a break in the continuity of a A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone. They are defined according to the bone. They are defined according to the type and extent of the break.type and extent of the break.

A SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture is a broken A SIMPLE or CLOSED fracture is a broken bone with no external wound. The skin is bone with no external wound. The skin is intact.intact.

A COMPLEX or OPEN fracture is one with A COMPLEX or OPEN fracture is one with an open wound. The skin is broken.an open wound. The skin is broken.

A GREENSTICK fracture is a bone that A GREENSTICK fracture is a bone that has been bent and partially broken. has been bent and partially broken. This is more common in children than This is more common in children than adults.adults.

A COMMINUTED fracture is one that A COMMINUTED fracture is one that is in many pieces.is in many pieces.

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is made of many The vertebral column is made of many bones called vertebra.bones called vertebra.

The vertebral column is divided into 5 parts:The vertebral column is divided into 5 parts:

Cervical 7 bones cervic/oCervical 7 bones cervic/o

Thoracic 12 bones thorac/oThoracic 12 bones thorac/o

Lumbar 5 bones lumb/oLumbar 5 bones lumb/o

Sacral 5 fused bones sacr/oSacral 5 fused bones sacr/o

CoccyxCoccyx

Vertebrae are separated and Vertebrae are separated and cushioned from each other by cushioned from each other by INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS. INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS.

These disks are made of cartilage.These disks are made of cartilage. The first cervical vertebrae is called The first cervical vertebrae is called

the ATLAS. The axis holds up the the ATLAS. The axis holds up the head.head.

The second cervical vertebrae is called The second cervical vertebrae is called the AXIS. the AXIS.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

Chondr/o cartilageChondr/o cartilage

Lumb/o lower backLumb/o lower back

My/o muscleMy/o muscle

ten/o tendonten/o tendonTend/oTend/oTendin/oTendin/o