the international experience europe developing road maps for conventional fuels in asia axel...
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The International Experience Europe
Developing Road maps for Conventional Fuels in Asia
Axel FriedrichUmweltbundesamt (UBA)
Germany
Diesel 2000 2005
Cetane # (min) 51 -
Density 15°C 845 -
Distillation 95°C 360 -
Polyaromatics 11 -
Sulphur 350 50
Fuel specificationsMandatory fuel specifications for gasoline and diesel in two stages - 2000 and 2005:
Petrol 2000 2005
RVP summer 60 -
Aromatics 42 35
Benzene 1 -
Olefins 18 -
Oxygen 2,7 -
Sulphur 150 50 Maximum specifications except where indicated
From 2009 sulphur limit is 10 ppm; it has to be available on stations 2005; tax incentives can be used to introduce this quality earlier
Vehicle Fuels Specification
• Gasoline, Diesel sulfur at 50 ppm today, 10 ppm being progressively introduced
• Low sulfur is a key enabling property for advanced low-emission vehicles
• Benefits of low sulfur diesel fuel will continuously improve as next generation vehicles enter the market.
Fuel Taxation in Germany Higher fuel tax (+ 1.5 €ct/Litre)
for low sulphur gasoline and diesel fuel with more than 50 ppm Sulphur from the 1.1.2001
Higher fuel tax (+ 1,5 € ct/Litre)for gasoline and diesel with more than 10 ppm Sulphur from the 1.1.2003(< 10ppm = sulphur free)
additionally the so called Eco tax reform from 1999 to 2003 was imposed. Every year the fuel tax was raised by 1.5 €ct/litre
Sulphur “Free” Fuel
From 1st of January 2003 1.5 €ct per litre tax incentive for sulphur content less than 10 ppm for both gasoline and diesel fuel ( Onroad and offroad ! ).Market changed completely in a short period
New Catalysts for Lower Sulfur Fuels
• Increasing ultra-low sulfur diesel producibility– proprietary catalyst
technology– activity level tripled– rapid development /
deployment
• Meeting gasoline sulfur specifications with minimal octane loss– Proprietary catalyst
technology– clear octane advantage– lower operating cost
0
300
600
900
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
‘55 ‘65 ‘75 ‘85 ‘95 ‘05
Nebula-20™ for Diesel
New Generation CatalystsEarly Commercial
Catalysts
Activity
Cumulative On-Line Capacity
0
500
1000
'02 '03 '04 '05+
KBD
SCANfining™ for Gasoline
Source:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Pkw Otto konv
Pkw GKat
Benzol (kt)
Übrige Kfz Otto
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Dieselpartikel (kt)
Übrige Kfz Diesel
Pkw Diesel
Direkte Emissionen des Straßenverkehrs; Übrige Kfz Otto: leichte Nutzfahrzeuge und motorisierte Zweiräder; Übrige Kfz Diesel: leichte und schwere Nutzfahrzeuge, Busse; Fahrleistungsentwicklung der Pkw ab 1997 in Anlehnung an die Trendprognose des ifo-Instituts München für den BMV (1995); Fahrleistung des Güterverkehrs ab 1997 nach ifo-Institut München für den VDA (1998); Emissionsberechnungen unter der Annahme einer jeweils vorzeitigen Erfüllung neuer Grenzwerte; Emissionsfaktoren EURO 2 – 5 abgestimmt zwischen UBA und VDA; bei Diesel-Pkw keine eigene Berücksichtigung von Partikelfiltern; Einführung verbesserter Kraftstoffe
Quelle: IFEU-Berechnungen mit TREMOD, Version 9/99
Emission Development in GermanyBenzene and Diesel Particles
Remarks: Results of "TREMOD" (Transport Emission Estimation Model), prepared under contract with Umweltbundesamt, Berlin (UFOPLAN-Nr. 105 06 057), version September 03, 1998 "Scenario": values after 1996, including vehicle mileage forecast according to ifo-Institut München 1995; estimation of emissions with the parameters: new cars beginning 1996-1999 with EURO 2 standards, beginning 1997-2000 with EURO 3 standards and beginning 2002-2005 with EURO 4 standards; Results including improvement of fuel quality 1999-2005; direct emissions including evaporative emissions; PC: passenger cars; Other Gasoline Veh.: light duty vehicles and two wheelers; Other Diesel Veh.: light and heavy Duty vehicles and busesSources: Estimations with TREMOD IFEU Heidelberg, September 3, 1998
Road Traffic in Germany 1996 to 2020Direct Emissions of Benzene (kt/a)
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
10
20
30
10
20
30
Other Gasoline Veh.Other Diesel Veh.PC w/o TWCPC TWCPC Diesel
No improvement of fuel quality
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
THC NOX NMHC
g/mile
500 ppm S50 ppm S
Effect of Fuel Sulphur Content on Emissions of Gasoline Passenger Cars with Three Way
Catalyst at 50 000 Miles
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
500 ppm S 50 ppm S
mg/km
Effect of Fuel Sulphur Content on Benzene Emissions of Gasoline Passenger Cars
with Three Way Catalyst at 50 000 km
Impact of Fuel S Level on PM Emissions
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Fuel S Level (ppm)
PM
Em
issi
on
s (g
/kW
-hr)
EU 4/5 PM Limit
1,0E+07
1,0E+08
1,0E+09
1,0E+10
1,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,0E+14
1 10 100 1000size (nm)
PM
em
iss
ion
(#
.km
-1)
500ppm S 300ppm S 50ppm S <10ppm S
With DPF system120kph
UBA 8th september 99 - G. BELOT
Development potentials of diesel engines Catalyst start-off behaviour Test precedure: Engine test bench, part load , 1,9 l TDI engine
CO conversion %Sweden Diesel (<10 ppm S)
Exhaust gas temperature before catalyst [°C]
0
20
40
60
80
100
80 120 160 200 240
Regular Diesel (350 ppm S)
Fresh catalyst
Effect of diesel sulphur content on an oxidation catalytic converter
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
CO NOx HC+NOx PM
Bas
is E
U I
V [
%]
S < 10 ppm S = 50 ppm S = 350 ppm
Compliance with all EU IV limits only possible with S < 10 ppm!
A4 V6 TDI
UBA proposal for HDV
Euro V Euro VI 1999/96/EG
2008/2009 As of 2010
ESC ETC 1) 2) ESC ETC 1) 2) g / kWh g / kWh g / kWh g / kWh
CO 1,5 4,0 1,5 4,0
HC 0,46 0,46
NMHC 0,55 0,55
Methan 1,1 3) 1,1 3)
NOx 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,5
Partikel 0,005 0,0050 0,005 0,005 1) Additonal transient test for diesel with after treatment-
2) For gas engines only transient test-3)
For CNG engines only
ESC Test
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NOx Emissions (g/kWh)
Flu
el c
om
sum
pti
on
(%
)Strategies for Euro 5+(?) with After Treatment
EURO 3 (Base line)E
UR
O I
V
EU
RO
V
EU
RO
V+
?
SCR (95%)
SCR (95%)
EGR + DPF
EGR + DPF
EGR + DPF + LNT
(USA-Proposal)
SCR (95%) SCR – Catatalyst (60%)SCR (80%)
opt. combustion
conversion: 85%
SCR- System im ETC- Test
Source: ACEA, June 2003
NOx Emissions - ETC
Source: Concawe
Maritime Shipping Fuel:
Waste incineration at Sea
The Bottom of the Barrel
Increasing demand for low S HFO
MARPOL Annex VI entered into force May 19, 2005
which has no impact to the average S- content in the HFO
EU Sulfur in Marine Fuels Directive
1.5% S max for Special Areas like Baltic Sea and in the future North Sea
More action is needed!
Fuel Fuel consumption 1000tCost diff.in German water Mill $
MDO 166 23%
HFO 554 77% 28Sum 720 100%
in EU 15 water
MDO 8.300 24%
HFO 27.000 76% 1.350Sum 35.300 100%
world wide
MDO 40.000 26%
HFO 111.000 74% 5.550Sum 151.000 100%
Member of ICCT
New Address: 068440 Dessau POB 1406 Tel: +49 340 2103 2562