Air Pollution Emission Controls inEurope

Dr. Axel FriedrichUmweltbundesamt (UBA)

Germany

Greenhouse Gases

Source: BTM March 2001, DEWI 2002; Germany 2001 actual, not estimate

Wind Energy Leaders: Germany,Denmark and Spain

► In 2000, these three countries accounted for almost 85% of the European wind turbinemarket

► Under peak conditions wind energy already accounts for over 14% of electricity supplied inDenmark; 1 of 20 individuals in Denmark has direct ownership in a wind turbine

► The German government anticipates more than 6% of total energy generation to come fromwind in 2010; Schleswig Holstein expects up to 50% of its electricity to be wind generated by2010

Share of total electricity outputTotal wind energy capacity installed

0123456789

10

Denmark Spain Germany

MW

in th

ousa

nds

1998 1999 2000 2001e

CAGR: 22%

CAGR: 45%

CAGR: 72% 14,0

2,9 3,3

20,017,5

10,0

05

10152025

Denmark Spain Germany

%

2000 2012eSource: WestLB Panmure September 2001; Germany 2000 = 2001 actual (DEWI 2002)

Wind Market

0

2

4

6

8

10

2000 2001e 2002e 2003e 2004e 2005e

MW

'000

Europe Americas Asia RoW

Global Capacity Additions (in MW)

Source: BTM March 2001 Source: BTM March 2001

Global Cumulative Capacity

58,214

18,449

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2000 2005e

MW

'000

Europe Americas Asia RoW

CAGR: 26%

• Europe is set to continue to remain the mostattractive region for the wind turbineindustry

Increasing Size, Decreasing Cost

• In 2005 the average size of wind turbines is expected to be 10 times the size of 1991average price per machine will be half of the price level seen in 1991

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

'91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05Source: BTM 2001

€/KW

Average Price perCapacity in Germany

–

Cost of Electricity Generation

Example: Germany

KW

Source: BTM 2001

Average size of newly installed turbines

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

'91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

5 6 7 8 9

Mean wind speed at hub height in m/s

Gen

erat

ion

cost

s in

€ce

nts/

kWh

Source: Windpower monthly, January 2001; European Commission 2001

Nuclear

GasCoal

Wind

CO2 Voluntary Agreement : ACEAAgreement between European manufacturers (ACEA)and the Commission for passenger cars (M1):

140 g/km CO2 for average of new car sales byACEA members in the EU by 2008 (25%reduction)ACEA to review potential for furtherimprovements in 2003 - indicative targetrange 165-170 g/kmTo move towards 120 g/km average by 2012Commitment based on existing test procedureAgreement will end in 2008 - but may be

CO2 : monitoring and labelling

Commission will report annually to Counciland Parliament on the implementation of theagreement and progress of average CO2emissions

Member-States data on new vehicles, ACEAmarket average figure

labelling information, e.g. at point ofsale, to enable consumer choice

EU-directive in force since Jan. 2001

ACEA's CO2 Reduction Index(1995= 100)

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

% o

f 199

5 le

vel

PetrolPetrol +DieselDiesel

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

105%

110%

115%

120%

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mass Capacity PowerCO2

CO2- Emissions in Germany and the Shares ofFossile Energy Carriers

National Plan to reduceGreenhouse Gases

Each Ministry has to supply a definedamount of CO2 Reductione.g. Ministry of Transport:15- 20 Mio t of CO2 until 2005

2 to 5Estimate of the German carmanufactures. Reductionsalready included in thevolundary agreement

Financialincentives forlow sulfur fuels

104 to 7CO2-reduction bynew vehicles /voluntaryagreement withautomotiveindustry

6 to 8Eco tax reform

Reduction in mio tuntil 2010compared to 1990

Reduction in mio tuntil 2005compared to 1990

Measure

not quantifiable5Informationcampaign forfuel efficientdriving

not quantifiable5Truck mileagedependingRoadTax

1 to 2Estimate of the German vehicle

manufactures

-Energy Strategyin the transporsector

Reduction in mio tuntil 2010compared to 1990

Reduction in mio tuntil 2005compared to 1990

Measure

Pollutants( Nox, HC, Particulates )

National Emission Ceilings Directive

Reduction in%

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

kt

Waste

Solvent

Road transport

Process

Other mobile

Fuel extraction

Combustion: non-industryCombustion: industry

Combustion: energy

Agriculture

Nitrogen oxides

NOx Emission Development for EU 15

Av. Exceeding Hours of 180 µg/m3 and 240 µg/m3

normalised to the Year 1990 (100 %)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

*

180; normalised to 1990

240; normalised to 1990

Linear Trend of Yearly Average of OzoneConcentrations in Germany 1980 until 2001

0102030405060708090

100

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Traffic City Countryside Mountain

µg/m³

Transport

Mandatory limits - cars &LDV I

Table shows limits and percentage reductions from 1996Table shows limits and percentage reductions from 1996levels, taking into account the revised Type I test cycle.levels, taking into account the revised Type I test cycle.

CO(g/km)

HC(g/km)

NOx(g/km)

HC+NOx(g/km)

PM(g/km)

P D P D P D P D D

20002.3

(30%)0.64

(40%)0.20

(40%)-

0.15(40%)

0.50(20-40%)

-0.56

(20-40%)0.05

(35-50%)

20051.0

(70%)0.50

(54%)0.10

(70%)-

0.08(68%)

0.25(60-70%)

-0.30

(58-68%)0.025

(68-75%)

Euro IV limits (2005)Euro IV provides additional reductions of 30% for CO, HCEuro IV provides additional reductions of 30% for CO, HCand NOx and 80% in particulates over Euro III.and NOx and 80% in particulates over Euro III.

CO(g/kWh)

HC(g/kWh)

NOx(g/kWh)

Particulate(g/kWh)

Smoke(m-1)

Euro IV 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5

ESC and ELR cycles:ESC and ELR cycles:

CO(g/kWh)

NMHC(g/kWh)

NOx(g/kWh)

CH4(g/kWh)

Particulate(g/kWh)

Euro IV 4.0 0.55 3.5 1.1 0.03

ETC cycle:ETC cycle:

EURO V: EURO V: From 1From 1stst October 2008, the NO October 2008, the NOxx limit on both the ESC limit on both the ESC and and the ETC cycles will be the ETC cycles will be 2.0 g/kWh2.0 g/kWh

New Limit values for motorcycles

0.150.32.0II (=150 cc)2)

0.150.82.0I (<150 cc )1)

B 2006

0.31.05.5II(=150 cc)

0.31.25.5I(<150 cc )A 2003

NOx g/kmHC g/kmCO g/kmClass

1)Test cycle : ECE R40 (with emissions measured for all6 modes - sampling starts at T=0)

2)Test cycle : EUDC for LDV

Diesel 2000 2005 Cetane # (min) 51 - Density 15°C 845 - Distillation 95°C 360 - Polyaromatics 11 - Sulphur 350 50

Fuel specificationsMandatory fuel specifications for gasoline and dieselin two stages - 2000 and 2005:

Petrol 2000 2005 RVP summer 60 - Aromatics 42 35 Benzene 1 - Olefins 18 - Oxygen 2,7 - Sulphur 150 50 Maximum specifications except where indicated

From 2011 sulphur limit is 10 ppm; it has to be available on stations 2008; tax incentives can be used to introduce thisquality earlier; e.g. in Germany from 1.January 2003 1.5 €ct/ l

NOx from Road Transport

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Pkw Otto konv

Pkw GKat

Stickoxide (kt)

Pkw Diesel

Übrige Kfz Diesel

Übrige Kfz Otto

Direkte Emissionen des Straßenverkehrs; Übrige Kfz Otto: leichte Nutzfahrzeuge und motorisierte Zweiräder; Übrige Kfz Diesel: leichte und schwere Nutzfahrzeuge, Busse; Fahrleistungsentwicklung der Pkw ab 1997 in Anlehnung an die Trendprognose des ifo-Instituts München für den BMV (1995); Fahrleistung des Güterverkehrs ab 1997 nach ifo-Institut München für den VDA (1998); Emissionsberechnungen unter der Annahme einer jeweils vorzeitigen Erfüllung neuer Grenzwerte; Emissionsfaktoren EURO 2 – 5 abgestimmt zwischen UBA und VDA; bei Diesel-Pkw keine eigene Berücksichtigung von Partikelfiltern; Einführung verbesserter Kraftstoffe

Quelle: IFEU-Berechnungen mit TREMOD, Version 9/99

NMHC from Road Transport

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

1.200

1.400

1.600

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Pkw Otto konv

Pkw GKat

Nicht-Methan-Kohlenwasserstoffe (kt)

Übrige Kfz DieselÜbrige Kfz Otto

Direkte Emissionen des Straßenverkehrs; Übrige Kfz Otto: leichte Nutzfahrzeuge und motorisierte Zweiräder; Übrige Kfz Diesel: leichte und schwere Nutzfahrzeuge, Busse; Fahrleistungsentwicklung der Pkw ab 1997 in Anlehnung an die Trendprognose des ifo-Instituts München für den BMV (1995); Fahrleistung des Güterverkehrs ab 1997 nach ifo-Institut München für den VDA (1998); Emissionsberechnungen unter der Annahme einer jeweils vorzeitigen Erfüllung neuer Grenzwerte; Emissionsfaktoren EURO 2 – 5 abgestimmt zwischen UBA und VDA; bei Diesel-Pkw keine eigene Berücksichtigung von Partikelfiltern; Einführung verbesserter Kraftstoffe

Quelle: IFEU-Berechnungen mit TREMOD, Version 9/99

Diesel Particles from Road Transport

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

2 5

3 0

3 5

4 0

4 5

1 9 8 0 1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 5 2 0 2 0

D i e s e l p a r t i k e l ( k t )

Ü b r i g e K f z D i e s e l

P k w D i e s e l

Quelle: IFEU-Berechnungen mit TREMOD, Version 9/99

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

StadtautobahnFrankfurter Allee 86Karl-Marx-Straße 77WeddingNeuköllnSchmargendorf, ab 99 Buch Karl-Marx-Straße 77gegenübeSchildhornstraße 76

12345678

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Konzentration [µg/m³]

Concentration of Black Soot inStreet Canyons

EU Driving Cycle: Particulate Emissions

0.001

0.028

0.000

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.040

0.050

0.060

PM [g

/km

]

Peugeot 607 HDI with particle filter Mercedes E220 CDI

Euro3 Limit = 0.05g/km

Av. modern Diesel carsW/o particle filter = 0.038 g/km

Partikelanzahl, gemessen mit SMPS

1.00E+07

1.00E+09

1.00E+11

1.00E+13

1.00E+15

MV

EG k

alt

MVE

G h

eiß

TÜV

Aut

obah

n

ftp

75

US

Hig

hway

50 k

m/h

, 4 G

g.

80 k

m/h

, 4 G

g.

100

km/h

, 4 G

g.

140

km/h

, 4 G

g. m

itTh

erm

oden

uder

Anz

ahl [

Part

ikel

/km

]

Peugeot 607 HDI Mercedes E220 CDI

Konstantfahrten beim Mercedes im 5. Gg., da 6Gg-Getriebe

The Peugeot 607 emits a factor 10.000 less particle number than theMercedes E220 CDI

Efficiency of DPF for Solid Particles by SMPS Measurement

95,50%96,00%96,50%97,00%97,50%98,00%98,50%99,00%99,50%

100,00%100,50%

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Cut off point of range (nm)

Effic

ienc

y: M

ean

of tw

o ru

ns a

t ea

ch p

oint

point 1point 2point 3point 4

Diesel Emissions with and without Particle Trapvs. Ambient Air Particle Concentrations

1,00E+03

1,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,00E+06

1,00E+07

10 100 1000mobility diameter [nm]

num

ber c

once

ntra

tion

dN/d

logD

p[cm

-3]

1400 rpm/50% loadwithout trap

smoker room ambient air2 cig. smoked in 50 m3

clean room ambient air1400 rpm/50% loaddownstream of the trap

Economic Instruments to Reduce Emissions from the Transport Sector 41

Annual Emission Related VehicleTax in Germany (in DEM/100 ccm per ano)

0

10

20

30

40

50

1998 1999 2001 2004 2005

Euro 3/Euro 4 Euro 2Euro 1 Vans with catalystVehícles with open loop catalyst Vehicles

Example:

Gasoline car with a engine volume of 2000 ccm• meet Euro IV: Annual tax in 2002 : Exempted

up to 250€, afterwards 100 € per year until 2003 from 2004 135 €• Without catalyst: Annual tax: 500 € per year

Difference in 5 years: about 2500 €

Solvent Control

Development of NMVOC-Emissions 1990 bis 1999

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

*19

97*

1998

*19

99*

year

in 1

000

t

power plants

Iindustry burners

small consumer

Households

road transport

other transport

production anddistribution of fuels industry proesses

solvent use

Situation in GermanyContribution solvent use

chemical processes12%

painting/coating40%

printing16%

surface cleaning 13%

adhesive coating10%

extraction4%

wood presevation5%

Regulations in Germany

Federal Immission Control Act(Air Pollution Act)

• Technical Air Instruction• Second Ordinance• Solvent Ordinance based on EU- solvent

directive

The Solvent Ordinance Implementation of the Council directive 1999/13/EC of 11th

of March 1999 on the limitation ofemissions of volatile organiccompounds due to the use of organicsolvents in certain activities andinstallations

Purpose: reduction of troposphericozone

The Solvent OrdinanceEmission limits

Either• mgC/m3 in waste gas + fugitive

emissions in % of solvent input and/or• total emissions

–waste gases + fugitive in % ofsolvent input

–per product, piece or weight (e.g.shoes, kg animal fat)

–per m2, m3 (e.g. leather coating,wood impregnation)

The Solvent OrdinanceRequirements to the operator

(picture designed by Ökopol)

Recoveringof solvents

O/4 uncapturedWaste gastreatment

O/1 after treatment

O/5 destroyed

O/9 other

Product

O/3 solventsin product

I/1 purchasedsolvents

I/2 reused

O/8 recovered andstored solvents

O/7 recoveredand soldsolvents

O/6 solvents inwaste

O/2 in wastewater

VOC emission reduction potential inCoating sector

Möb

elin

dust

rie

Kfz-

Rep

arat

urbe

trieb

e

Gro

ßfah

rzeu

gbau

EBM

Kfz-

Zul

iefe

rindu

strie

Elek

troni

kind

ustri

e

Mas

chin

enba

u

Flug

zeug

-/ Sc

hiffb

au

Lohn

lack

iere

r

Mal

er-/

Lack

iere

rhan

dwer

k

Baui

ndus

trie0

102030405060

Möb

elin

dust

rie

Kfz-

Rep

arat

urbe

trieb

e

Gro

ßfah

rzeu

gbau

EBM

Kfz-

Zul

iefe

rindu

strie

Elek

troni

kind

ustri

e

Mas

chin

enba

u

Flug

zeug

-/ Sc

hiffb

au

Lohn

lack

iere

r

Mal

er-/

Lack

iere

rhan

dwer

k

Baui

ndus

trie

VOC-Emissionen nach Umsetzungfortschrittlicher Maßnahmen

VOC-Emissionen 1993

axel.friedrich@uba.dewww.umweltbundesamt.de