the human bones

8/9/2019 The Human Bones

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The Human Bones As lectured by Bien Nillos, MD

Reference: Grays Anatomy


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Do what you love. Know your own bone; gnaw abury it, unearth it, and gnaw it still. - Henry DaviThoreau


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Introduction to Bones

Th ere are 206 bonesVertebral Bones 26

Skull 22Hyoid Bone 1Ribs and Sternum 25

Upper Extremities 64Lower Extremities 62

Auditory Ossicles 6* Patella (kneecap) is included


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F our Classes of Bonesclavicle,humerus, radius,ulna, femur,tibia, fibula,metacarpals,metatarsals,

phalanges


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F our Classes of Bones

S h ort BonesCarpals

T arsalsPatella &sesamoid bones


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F our Classes of BonesF lat Bones

occipital, parietal,frontal, nasal, lacrimal,vomer, scapula,Pelvic bonessternum, ribs,according to some,

th e patella


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F our Classes of Bones

Irregular Bonesvertebr,sacrum, coccyx,temporal, sphenoid,ethmoid, zygomatic,maxilla, mandible,palatine, inferior nasal

concha, and hyoid.


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Bone Markings: Projections vsDepressions

Projections or processes grow out of th

eboneDepressions or cavities indent t h e bone


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ProjectionsCondyle rounded articular Head - bony expansion on anarrow neckF

acet - smooth

, nearly flatarticular surfaceRamus Armlike bar of bone


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Crest: Narrow ridge (Line: smaller t h an a

crest)Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a

condyleT ubercle: Small rounded projectionT uberosity: large rounded or roug h enedprojectionT roc h anter: very large, blunt projectionSpine: S h arp, pointed projection


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Depressions

Meatus canal or tubelikeF ossa s h allow basin

F issure narrow, slit-like openingSinus cavity wit h in a bone (air-filled)F oramen round or oval opening

Sulcus or groove, or furrow; a s h allowdepression


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The Skeleton: Axialvs. Appendicular

Axial Vertebral column,skull, ribs and sternum

Appendicular upper and lower extremities,s h oulder and pelvicgirdles


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Vertebral Column

flexuous and flexible column,formed of a series of bonescalled vertebrae.cervical, thoracic, lumbar,sacral, and coccygeal7 in th e cervical region, 12 inth e t h oracic, 5 in t h e lumbar,5 in t h e sacral, and 4 in t h ecoccygeal.


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W hat is a vertebra

an anterior segment, t h e body, and aposterior part, t h e vertebral or neural

arch; th

ese enclose a foramen, th

e vertebralforamenvertebral arc h consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of lamin, andsupports seven processes(four articular, two transverse, andone spinous )


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Atlas and Axis and VertebraProminens


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The Thoracic Vertebra


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The Lumbar Vertebra


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The Thorax

osseo-cartilaginous cage, containing andprotecting t h e principal organs of respirationand circulation.conical in s h ape, being narrow above andbroad below, flattened from before backward,and longer be h ind t h an in front


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Boundaries of the ThoracicCage

Posterior surface - twelve t h oracic vertebrand t h e posterior parts of t h e ribs

Anterior surface - t h e sternum and costalcartilages, flattened or slig h tly convex, andinclined from above downward and forwardLateral surface - t h e ribs, separated fromeac h oth er by t h e intercostal spaces (11 innumber)


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Upper Opening (t h oracic inlet) - first t h oracicvertebra be h ind, t h e upper margin of t h e sternum infront, and t h e first rib on eit h er side

Lower Opening (t h oracic outlet) - t h e 12 th th oracicvertebra be h ind, by t h e 11 th and 12 th ribs at t h esides, and in front by t h e cartilages of t h e 10 th , 9 th ,8 th , and 7 th ribs, w h ich ascend on eit h er side and

form an angle, t h e subcostal angle, into t h e apexof w h ich th e xip h oid process projects


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The Sternum (Breast Bone)


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4. Identify

5. Identify


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6 -10. Identify whether Long,Short, F lat or Irregular Bones

6. Sacrum7 . 5 th Metatarsal

8. Scapula9. Atlas10. 12 th rib


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The E xtremities

The shoulder girdle or girdle of thesuperior extremity is formed by t h escapulae and claviclesTh e pelvic girdle or girdle of the inferior extremity is formed by t h e h ip bones, w h ich articulate wit h eac h oth er in front, at t h e

symp h ysis pubis


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The Clavicle

anterior portion of t h e s h oulder girdle. It is a longbone, curved somew h at like t h e italic letter f (or S), and placed nearly h orizontally at t h e upper and

anterior part of t h e t h orax, immediately above t h efirst ribarticulates medially wit h th e manubrium sterni, andlaterally wit h th e acromion of t h e scapula


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The Scapula


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forms t h e posterior part of t h e s h oulder girdle.It is a flat, triangular bone, wit h TW O (2)surfaces, T HREE (3) borders, and T HREE(3) angles


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VEN T RAL Surface - subscapular fossaDORSAL Surface - subdivided into two

unequal parts by th

e spinesupraspinatous fossa smaller of t h e two,broader at its vertebral t h an at its h umeral end; itsmedial two-t h irds give origin to t h e Supraspinatus

infraspinatous fossa - muc h larger


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Th e spine is aprominent plate of bone,wh ich crosses obliquelyth e medial four-fift h s of th e dorsal surface of t h escapula at its upper part,and separates t h esupra- from t h einfraspinatous fossa


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Th e acromionforms t h e summit of th e s h oulder, and isa large, somew h attriangular or oblongprocess, flattened

from beh

ind forward,projecting at firstlateralward, andth en curving forwardand upward, so asto over h angth e glenoid cavity


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The Humerus


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Radius andUlna


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The HandCarpalsMetacarpalsP h alanges


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Scap h oid (Navicular) T rapezium (G. Multangular)Lunate T rapezoid (L. Multangular)

T riquetrium ( T riangular) CapitatePisiform Hamate


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EN D O F PART T W O


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Q uiz on Part Two

1. Angle formed by t h e union of t h e scapulas lateralborder and medial border

2. Angle formed by t h e union of t h e scapulassuperior border and lateral border

3. Angle formed by t h e union of t h e scapulas medialborder and superior border

4. Divides t h e scapula into supraspinatous fossa andinfraspinatous fossa

5-6. Th e Glenoid fossa is formed by t h e union of w h attwo borders of t h e scapula?


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7 .

8 .

9.

10.


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Mnemonics for the Tarsals

T all Californian Navy Medical Interns LayCuties


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The Human Bones As lectured by Bien Nillos, MDReference: Grays Anatomy


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The Hip Bone

large, flattened, irregularly s h aped bone,constricted in t h e center and expanded aboveand belowmeets its fellow on t h e opposite side in t h emiddle line in front, and toget h er t h ey formth e sides and anterior wall of t h e pelvic cavity

consists of t h ree parts: t h e ilium,ischium, and pubis


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Th e union of t h e t h ree parts takes place inand around a large cup-s h aped articular cavity, t h e acetabulum, wh ich is situatednear t h e middle of t h e outer surface of t h e

bone.


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Ilium superior, broad, extends upward fromth e acetabulumIsc

hium lowest, strongest portionPubis extends medialward, downward from

th e acetabulum, meets midline, forms t h eanterior portion of t h e pelvis


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Th e Pelvis is divided by an oblique planepassing t h roug h th e prominence of t h esacrum, t h e arcuate and pectineal lines, andth e upper margin of t h e symp h ysis pubis, intoth e greater and t h e lesser pelvis. Th ecircumference of t h is plane is termed

th

e linea terminalis or pelvic brim


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The Greater or F alse Pelvis ( pelvis major ). Th egreater pelvis is t h e expanded portion of t h e cavitysituated above and in front of t h e pelvic brim. It isbounded on eit h er side by t h e ilium; in f ront it isincomplete, presenting a wide interval between t h eanterior borders of t h e ilia, w h ich is filled up in t h efres h state by t h e parietes of t h e abdomen; be h indis a deep notc h on eit h er side between t h e ilium and

th

e base of th

e sacrum.It supports t

he intestines,and transmits part of t h eir weig h t to t h e anterior wall

of th e abdomen.


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The Lesser or True Pelvis ( pelvisminor ). Th e lesser pelvis is t h at part of t h epelvic cavity w h ich is situated below andbe h ind t h e pelvic brim. Its bony walls aremore complete t h an t h ose of t h e greater pelvis. F or convenience of description, it is

divided into an inlet bounded by th

e superior circumference, and outlet bounded by t h einferior circumference, and a cavity.


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The Superior Circumference. Th esuperior circumference forms t h e brim of t h epelvis, t h e included space being calledth e superior aperture or inlet .formed laterally by t h e pectineal and arcuatelines, in front by t h e crests of t h e pubes, and

be h ind by t h e anterior margin of t h e base of th e sacrum and sacrovertebral angle


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Three Principal DiametersThe anteroposterior or conjugatediameter extends from t h e sacrovertebral angle toth e symp h ysis pubis; its average measurement isabout 110 mm. in t h e female.Th e transverse diameter extends across t h egreatest widt h of t h e superior aperture, from t h emiddle of t h e brim on one side to t h e same point onth e opposite; its average measurement is about 135mm. in t h e female.Th e oblique diameter extends from t h e iliopectinealeminence of one side to t h e sacroiliac articulation of th e opposite side; its average measurement is about125 mm. in t h e female.


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The Lower Circumference. Th e lower circumference of t h e pelvis is very irregular;th e space enclosed by it is namedth e inferior aperture or outletbounded be h ind by t h e point of t h e coccyx,and laterally by t h e isc h ial tuberosities

Th e diameters of t h e outlet of t h e pelvis aretwo, antero-posterior and transverse


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Th e antero-posterior diameter extends fromth e tip of t h e coccyx to t h e lower part of t h epubic symp h ysis; its measurement is from 90to 115 mm. in t h e female.Th e transverse diameter, measuredbetween t h e posterior parts of t h e isc h ial

tuberosities, is about 115 mm. in t h e female.


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In t h e erect posture, t h epelvis is placed obliquelywith regard to t h e trunk: t h eplane of t h e superior aperture forms an angle of from 50 to 60, and t h at of th e inferior aperture one of about 15 wit h th e h orizontalplane. Th e pelvic surface of th e symp h ysis pubis looksupward and backward, t h e

concavity of th

e sacrum andcoccyx downward andforward


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The F emur

StrongestLongest

Almost cylindricalIn t h e erect postureit is not vertical


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Patella

flat, triangular bone, situated on t h e front of t h eknee-joint. It is usually regarded as a sesamoidboneserves to protect t h e front of t h e joint, and increasesth e leverage of t h e Q uadriceps femoris by makingit act at a greater angle


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Shin Bones: Tibia and F ibulaTh e Tibia articulates wit h th e F emur (upper leg) and t h e T alus (Ankle). Th isbone carries all t h e bodys weig h t. It isth e main bone of t h e lower leg and canbe found on t h e more medial side of t h eleg. Alth oug h th is bone runs parallel to t h eT ibia, t h e F ibula doesnt actually carrymuc h weig h t. Instead, it acts as astabilizer. Its inferior end (Lateral

Malleolus) is th

e bone th

at sticks out onth e outside of t h e ankle. Th e F ibula canbe found on t h e lateral side (outside) of th e lower leg.


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The Bones of the F oot

T arsalsMetatarsals

Ph

alanges


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EN D O F LE CTUR E ON BO NE S


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the human bones

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