skeletal system 206 bones make up the human skeleton

SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM

206 BONES MAKE UP THE 206 BONES MAKE UP THE HUMAN SKELETONHUMAN SKELETON

2 TYPES OF BONE2 TYPES OF BONE

1.1. Compact boneCompact bone- (- (hard, dense hard, dense outer area)outer area) densely packed matrix of densely packed matrix of salts and collagen- nourishment salts and collagen- nourishment provided to bone cells by blood vessels provided to bone cells by blood vessels that extend through Haversian canals that extend through Haversian canals

2.2. Spongy boneSpongy bone –not as densely –not as densely packed- contain spaces that are filled packed- contain spaces that are filled with blood- called red marrowwith blood- called red marrow

Matrix is deposited in thin, bony Matrix is deposited in thin, bony plates called plates called spiculesspicules around the red around the red marrowmarrow

2 skeletons2 skeletons

AXIAL SKELETON- used mostly for AXIAL SKELETON- used mostly for protection- bones of the skull, protection- bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternumvertebrae, ribs and sternum

APPENDICULAR SKELETON-used APPENDICULAR SKELETON-used mostly for support and movement- mostly for support and movement- bones of the hip and legs, also the bones of the hip and legs, also the shoulder and armsshoulder and arms

Bone tissueBone tissue

OSTEONOSTEON or or HAVERSIAN HAVERSIAN SYSTEM-SYSTEM- complete ring complete ring consisting of consisting of osteocytes, osteocytes, lamallae and a lamallae and a central central Haversian canalHaversian canal

BONE TISSUE BONE TISSUE

BoneBone-“osseous tissue”-“osseous tissue”““OSTEOCYTEOSTEOCYTE” - Mature bone Cell located in ” - Mature bone Cell located in LACUNAE- LACUNAE- a hollow cavitya hollow cavity LAMELLAE- LAMELLAE- Lacunae are arranged in Lacunae are arranged in

concentric rings of calcium salts concentric rings of calcium salts HAVERSIAN CANAL- (HAVERSIAN CANAL- (it consists of blood it consists of blood

vessels and nerves)one central “bullseye” vessels and nerves)one central “bullseye” CANALICULICANALICULI- tiny squiggly lines “canals” - tiny squiggly lines “canals”

radiating outward from the central radiating outward from the central Haversian Canal- to all the lacunae in the Haversian Canal- to all the lacunae in the osteon. This is how nourishment gets to osteon. This is how nourishment gets to each osteocyte.each osteocyte.

Bone tissueBone tissue

PERFORATING PERFORATING “VOLKMANN’S” “VOLKMANN’S” CANALS-CANALS- blood blood vessels that travel vessels that travel at right angles to at right angles to the direction of the direction of the shaft go from the shaft go from the exterior of the the exterior of the bone to the bone to the interior and reach interior and reach the Haversian the Haversian canalscanals

4 TYPES OF BONES4 TYPES OF BONES

1.1. LONG BONE-LONG BONE- longer longer than they are wide- than they are wide- have a shaft with have a shaft with heads at both ends- all heads at both ends- all the bones of the limbs the bones of the limbs (femur, humerus, (femur, humerus, ulna, etc)- made ulna, etc)- made mostly of COMPACT mostly of COMPACT bonebone


2. SHORT BONE-2. SHORT BONE- typically cube typically cube shaped- mostly shaped- mostly SPONGY bone- SPONGY bone- bones of the wrist bones of the wrist and ankle, patellaand ankle, patella


3.3. FLAT BONE- FLAT BONE- thin, flattened, and thin, flattened, and usually curved – usually curved – contain two thin contain two thin layers of compact layers of compact bone sandwiching bone sandwiching a layer of spongy a layer of spongy bone-bone-


4.4.IRREGULAR BONE-IRREGULAR BONE- bones that do not bones that do not fit any of the above fit any of the above categories- categories- (vertebrae, hip (vertebrae, hip bones)bones)

PARTS OF LONG BONEPARTS OF LONG BONE

EPIPHYSESEPIPHYSES- the ends of the long bones- - the ends of the long bones- composed of a thin layer of compact composed of a thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone-bone surrounding spongy bone-

DIAPHYSISDIAPHYSIS- the shaft of the bone- - the shaft of the bonecomposed of compact bonecomposed of compact bone

PERIOSTEUMPERIOSTEUM – connective tissue – connective tissue covering of the shaft of the long bone covering of the shaft of the long bone that nourishes the bonethat nourishes the bone

ENDOSTEUM- inner lining of the bone ENDOSTEUM- inner lining of the bone cavitycavity


YELLOW MARROW-found in the YELLOW MARROW-found in the MEDULLARY CAVITY- The cavity of the MEDULLARY CAVITY- The cavity of the shaft is primarily a storage area of fat.shaft is primarily a storage area of fat.

RED MARROW - found in the cavities RED MARROW - found in the cavities of spongy bone and the epiphyses of of spongy bone and the epiphyses of long boneslong bones

(found in long bones in infants)(found in long bones in infants)


EPIPHYSEAL PLATE-EPIPHYSEAL PLATE- flat plate of hyaline flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone. cartilage seen in young, growing bone. Cause the bone to grow length wise. This Cause the bone to grow length wise. This cartilage plate gets replaces by bone at cartilage plate gets replaces by bone at the end of puberty and leaves only an the end of puberty and leaves only an EPIPHYSEAL LINE to mark their previous EPIPHYSEAL LINE to mark their previous locationlocation

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE- hyaline cartilage hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses- provides a that covers the epiphyses- provides a smooth, slippery surface for a joint.smooth, slippery surface for a joint.

Functions of BONE (5)Functions of BONE (5)

1.1. SupportSupport

2.2. Protection- (ex.- skull and ribcage)Protection- (ex.- skull and ribcage)

3.3. Movement- attachment places for Movement- attachment places for muscles and used as leversmuscles and used as levers

4.4. Storage- Storage- 1.1. Minerals- calcium and phosphorusMinerals- calcium and phosphorus

2.2. Fat- yellow bone marrowFat- yellow bone marrow

Functions of BONE (5)Functions of BONE (5)

5. HEMATOPOIESIS- the formation of 5. HEMATOPOIESIS- the formation of blood cells (both RBC and WBC) blood cells (both RBC and WBC) occurs in the red bone marrowoccurs in the red bone marrow

BONE MARKINGSBONE MARKINGS

PROJECTIONS THAT PROJECTIONS THAT HELP FORM JOINTSHELP FORM JOINTS

HeadHead

FacetFacet

CondyleCondyle

RamusRamus

BONE MARKINGS-BONE MARKINGS-

PROJECTIONS FOR MUSCLE AND PROJECTIONS FOR MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENTLIGAMENT ATTACHMENT

TuberosityTuberosityCrestCrest

TrochanterTrochanter LineLine

TubercleTubercle SpineSpine

ProcessProcess EpicondyleEpicondyle

DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS FOR THE PASSAGE BLOOD FOR THE PASSAGE BLOOD

VESSELS AND NERVESVESSELS AND NERVESMeatusMeatus

SinusSinus

FossaFossa

GrooveGroove

FissureFissure

ForamenForamen

AXIAL SKELETONAXIAL SKELETON

SKULL- is formed by two sets of bones.SKULL- is formed by two sets of bones.

CRANIUM BONES- 8 bones that CRANIUM BONES- 8 bones that enclose the brainenclose the brain

FACIAL BONES- 15 bones of the face FACIAL BONES- 15 bones of the face and jawand jaw

SUTURES- immovable joints between SUTURES- immovable joints between bonesbones

CraniumCranium

Cranium from superior viewCranium from superior view

Facial Bones fromFacial Bones from

MANDIBLEMANDIBLE

FUSED VERTEBRAEFUSED VERTEBRAE

First 5- Form the First 5- Form the SACRUMSACRUM

Last 4 – Form the Last 4 – Form the COCCYX or COCCYX or tailbonetailbone

VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMN

33 SEPARATE BONES- 33 SEPARATE BONES-

9 BONES WILL 9 BONES WILL EVENTUALLY FUSE EVENTUALLY FUSE TOGETHERTOGETHER

24 non fused 24 non fused vertebraevertebrae

11STST 7 VERTEBRAE- 7 VERTEBRAE- CERVICAL (NECK)CERVICAL (NECK)

Next 12 VERTEBRAE- Next 12 VERTEBRAE- THORACIC (contains THORACIC (contains ribs)ribs)

Last 5 VERTEBRAE- Last 5 VERTEBRAE- LUMBAR ( lower back)LUMBAR ( lower back)

TYPICAL VERTEBRAETYPICAL VERTEBRAE

BODY- large section BODY- large section for weight bearingfor weight bearing

VERTEBRAL VERTEBRAL FORAMEN- opening FORAMEN- opening for spinal cordfor spinal cord

SPINOUS PROCESS- SPINOUS PROCESS- single spine at the single spine at the posterior of the posterior of the vertebraevertebrae


VERTEBRAL ARCH- VERTEBRAL ARCH- the whole loop the whole loop around the around the vertebral foramen- vertebral foramen- (consists of Lamina (consists of Lamina and Pedicle)and Pedicle)

TRANSVERSE TRANSVERSE PROCESS- lateral PROCESS- lateral projections from projections from the vertebral archthe vertebral arch


SUPERIOR ARTICULAR SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS- where it PROCESS- where it forms a joint with the forms a joint with the vertebrae abovevertebrae above

INFERIOR ARTICULAR INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESS-where it PROCESS-where it forms a joint with the forms a joint with the vertebrae belowvertebrae below

CERVICAL VERTEBRAECERVICAL VERTEBRAE

11stst vertebrae- ATLAS- articulates with vertebrae- ATLAS- articulates with occipital condyles- (atlas has no BODY)occipital condyles- (atlas has no BODY)

- allows you to nod your head “YES”- allows you to nod your head “YES”

22ndnd vertebrae- AXIS- has a large superior vertebrae- AXIS- has a large superior process (ODONTOID PROCESS or DENS) process (ODONTOID PROCESS or DENS) which acts as a pivotwhich acts as a pivot

- allows you to rotate your head “NO”- allows you to rotate your head “NO”

CERVICAL VERTEBRAECERVICAL VERTEBRAE

THORACIC VERTEBRATHORACIC VERTEBRA

LUMBAR VERTEBRALUMBAR VERTEBRA

BONY THORAXBONY THORAX

thoracic cage” around the lungs and thoracic cage” around the lungs and heart. heart.

Includes Includes 1.1. thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae

2.2. ribsribs

3.3. sternumsternum

RIBS-RIBS- 12 pairs attach to the 12 pairs attach to the thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra

7 pairs of TRUE RIBS7 pairs of TRUE RIBS which attach which attach directly to the sternum by COSTAL directly to the sternum by COSTAL CARTILAGECARTILAGE

5 pairs of FALSE RIBS5 pairs of FALSE RIBS- which attach - which attach indirectly or not at all to the Sternumindirectly or not at all to the Sternum

1 pair of FLOATING RIBS1 pair of FLOATING RIBS- which are the - which are the last set of false ribs which lack any last set of false ribs which lack any attachment to the sternumattachment to the sternum

STERNUMSTERNUM

STERNUMSTERNUM- flat bone that is attached - flat bone that is attached to the first 7 ribs. The result of the to the first 7 ribs. The result of the fusion of three bonesfusion of three bones

1.1. MANUBRIUM (top)MANUBRIUM (top)

2.2. BODYBODY (middle)(middle)

3.3. XIPHOID PROCESS (point XIPHOID PROCESS (point on bottom)on bottom)

3 LANDMARKS OF THE 3 LANDMARKS OF THE STERNUMSTERNUM

1.1. JUGULAR NOTCH- concave JUGULAR NOTCH- concave upper border of the manubriumupper border of the manubrium

22 STERNAL ANGLE- fusion of the STERNAL ANGLE- fusion of the manubrium and the body. Meets at a manubrium and the body. Meets at a slight angle. Located at the second slight angle. Located at the second rib and is a reference point rib and is a reference point

3. 3. XIPHISTERNAL JOINT- point XIPHISTERNAL JOINT- point where the sternal body and xiphoid where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse- located at the 9th process fuse- located at the 9th thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae

SPINE CURVATURESSPINE CURVATURES

SCOLIOSIS- spine is out of alignment SCOLIOSIS- spine is out of alignment longitudinally “S shaped”longitudinally “S shaped”

KYPHOSIS- extreme curvature of KYPHOSIS- extreme curvature of thoracic vertebrae “hunchback”thoracic vertebrae “hunchback”

LORDOSIS- extreme curvature of LORDOSIS- extreme curvature of lumbar vertebraelumbar vertebrae

ProblemsProblems

RICKETS- disease in children in which RICKETS- disease in children in which bones fail to calcify. Rickets is bones fail to calcify. Rickets is typically due to lack of calcium in the typically due to lack of calcium in the diet or lack of vitamin D which is diet or lack of vitamin D which is needed for bone absorptionneeded for bone absorption

OSTEOPOROSIS- disease typically of OSTEOPOROSIS- disease typically of older women- where bone tissue older women- where bone tissue breaks down faster than new bone breaks down faster than new bone tissue is built uptissue is built up

TYPES OF FRACTURESTYPES OF FRACTURES

Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures

SIMPLE /CLOSED- fracture that does SIMPLE /CLOSED- fracture that does not break the skinnot break the skin

COMPOUND / OPEN- fracture that COMPOUND / OPEN- fracture that breaks through the skinbreaks through the skin

Types of reductionsTypes of reductions

CLOSED REDUCTION- putting the bone CLOSED REDUCTION- putting the bone back in alignment without surgeryback in alignment without surgery

OPEN REDUCTION- surgery is needed OPEN REDUCTION- surgery is needed to hold the bones in place with pins / to hold the bones in place with pins / wireswires

Other Types of FracturesOther Types of Fractures

COMMINUTED- bone breaks into many COMMINUTED- bone breaks into many fragments. Common in elderly (osteoporosis). fragments. Common in elderly (osteoporosis). Causes- car crashes, major accidentsCauses- car crashes, major accidents

COMPRESSION- bone is crushed. Common in COMPRESSION- bone is crushed. Common in elderly (osteoporosis) and Vertebrae. Usually elderly (osteoporosis) and Vertebrae. Usually from falling from serious heightsfrom falling from serious heights

DEPRESSED- bone broken inwards- Skull DEPRESSED- bone broken inwards- Skull fracture due to blunt force traumafracture due to blunt force trauma

Other Types of FracturesOther Types of Fractures

IMPACTED- broken bone ends forced against IMPACTED- broken bone ends forced against each other- Common in falls from large each other- Common in falls from large heightsheights

SPIRAL- ragged break occurs from excessive SPIRAL- ragged break occurs from excessive twisting. Common sports injurytwisting. Common sports injury

GREENSTICK- bone breaks incompletely- GREENSTICK- bone breaks incompletely- common in children’s bones which are more common in children’s bones which are more flexibleflexible

OSSIFICATION- the OSSIFICATION- the formation of bone tissue (Pg formation of bone tissue (Pg

121)121)OSSIFICATION- involves 2 types- OSSIFICATION- involves 2 types-

lengthening and widening lengthening and widening OSTEOBLASTS- bone-forming cells -OSTEOBLASTS- bone-forming cells -

form the bone matrixform the bone matrixOSTEOCLASTS- bone destroying cells OSTEOCLASTS- bone destroying cells

break down old bonebreak down old bone

Widening- Widening-

Osteoblasts in the periosteum add Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone tissue to the external surface of bone tissue to the external surface of the bone while OSTEOCLASTS break the bone while OSTEOCLASTS break down bone from the inner surface of down bone from the inner surface of the diaphysis wall. (endosteum)the diaphysis wall. (endosteum)

Lengthening-Lengthening-Epiphyseal plates account Epiphyseal plates account

lengthening.lengthening.

1. New cartilage is formed 1. New cartilage is formed continuously on the external continuously on the external surface of the epiphyseal platesurface of the epiphyseal plate

22 Internal surface of epiphyseal plate Internal surface of epiphyseal plate is being broken down and turned to is being broken down and turned to bony matrix by osteoblasts.bony matrix by osteoblasts.

33 When the osteoblasts catch up and When the osteoblasts catch up and turn all the epiphyseal plate to turn all the epiphyseal plate to bone- growth stops.bone- growth stops.

REMODELING- bones are living REMODELING- bones are living and constantly changingand constantly changing

Due to:Due to:1.1.CALCIUM levels in the blood, PARATHYROID CALCIUM levels in the blood, PARATHYROID

HORMONE breaks down bone when its HORMONE breaks down bone when its needed for calcium in the blood.needed for calcium in the blood.

CALCITONIN- (made in the thyroid) lowers CALCITONIN- (made in the thyroid) lowers calcium levels in the blood by producing calcium levels in the blood by producing more bone (storage)more bone (storage)

2. Stresses by muscle pull and gravity 2. Stresses by muscle pull and gravity determine determine wherewhere bone matrix is broken bone matrix is broken down or formed (larger projections for down or formed (larger projections for increased muscle mass)increased muscle mass)

OSSIFICATION- Page 121OSSIFICATION- Page 1211.1. In embryos, the skeleton is primarily made of HYALINE CARTILAGE which acts as a In embryos, the skeleton is primarily made of HYALINE CARTILAGE which acts as a

model.model. 2.2. A Bony Matrix of OSTEOBLASTS made by the PERIOSTEUM, completely surrounds A Bony Matrix of OSTEOBLASTS made by the PERIOSTEUM, completely surrounds

the hyaline cartilage along the diaphysis. “BONY COLLAR STAGE”the hyaline cartilage along the diaphysis. “BONY COLLAR STAGE”

3. PRIMARY OSSIFICATION- blood vessel penetrates to center of diaphysis where 3. PRIMARY OSSIFICATION- blood vessel penetrates to center of diaphysis where osteoblasts turn hyaline cartilage to boneosteoblasts turn hyaline cartilage to bone

4. SECONDARY OSSIFICATION- blood vessels penetrate 4. SECONDARY OSSIFICATION- blood vessels penetrate epiphysis where osteoblasts turn hyaline cartilage to epiphysis where osteoblasts turn hyaline cartilage to spongy bone spongy bone

5. Center of diaphysis (endosteum) is then eaten away by 5. Center of diaphysis (endosteum) is then eaten away by osteoclasts creating the Medullary cavity. osteoclasts creating the Medullary cavity.

(The hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone by the time you (The hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone by the time you are a young child except for are a young child except for Articular CartilageArticular Cartilage (which will (which will never turn to bone) and the never turn to bone) and the Epiphyseal plates)Epiphyseal plates)

4 EVENTS OF BONE REPAIR4 EVENTS OF BONE REPAIR

11 HEMOTOMA- blood filled swelling, pain, HEMOTOMA- blood filled swelling, pain, heat heat

In the inflammation stage, hematoma and In the inflammation stage, hematoma and hemorrhage formation results from the hemorrhage formation results from the disruption of periosteal and endosteal disruption of periosteal and endosteal blood vessels at the site of injury. The blood vessels at the site of injury. The open ends of these vessels undergo open ends of these vessels undergo thrombosis. Macrophages, leukocytes and thrombosis. Macrophages, leukocytes and other inflammatory cells invade the areaother inflammatory cells invade the area


2.2. FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS- form granulation tissue FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS- form granulation tissue around injury sitearound injury site

In the primary soft callus formation stage, the cells In the primary soft callus formation stage, the cells that are stimulated to produce new vessels, that are stimulated to produce new vessels, fibroblasts, intracellular material and supporting fibroblasts, intracellular material and supporting cells. They form granulation tissue in the space cells. They form granulation tissue in the space between the fracture fragments. After that, between the fracture fragments. After that, macrophages, giant cells and other wandering macrophages, giant cells and other wandering cells arise in granulation tissue to invade and cells arise in granulation tissue to invade and remove it . This stage lasts for about remove it . This stage lasts for about 2 weeks 2 weeks and and clinically corresponds to the time when clinical clinically corresponds to the time when clinical union is established by fibrous or cartilaginous union is established by fibrous or cartilaginous tissue.tissue.


3.3. BONY CALLUS- osteoblasts migrate to area to form BONY CALLUS- osteoblasts migrate to area to form bone form cartilage callusbone form cartilage callus

The mineralization of soft callus begins about 1 week The mineralization of soft callus begins about 1 week later, after the formation of new soft callus. later, after the formation of new soft callus. Increased oxygenation to increase stability of callus. Increased oxygenation to increase stability of callus. The formation is dependent on the relative stability The formation is dependent on the relative stability of the fracture fragments. The more motion there is of the fracture fragments. The more motion there is at a fracture site, the larger callus is needed to at a fracture site, the larger callus is needed to prevent this motion . When stability and strength prevent this motion . When stability and strength have been gained across the fracture site, the have been gained across the fracture site, the patient may resume limited activity. The creation patient may resume limited activity. The creation and mineralization of callus may take anything from and mineralization of callus may take anything from 4 to 16 4 to 16 weeks and is a quicker process in children weeks and is a quicker process in children and in spongy bone (Crenshaw 1992).and in spongy bone (Crenshaw 1992).


4.4. BONY CALLUS IS REMODELED in response to BONY CALLUS IS REMODELED in response to mechanical stress and forms a permanent patch mechanical stress and forms a permanent patch

The callus remodellation stage consists primarily of The callus remodellation stage consists primarily of the replacement of callus with packets of new the replacement of callus with packets of new bone..Local vascular supply, oxygenation and pH bone..Local vascular supply, oxygenation and pH all revert to normal.. The callus between the ends all revert to normal.. The callus between the ends of compact bone is replaced by secondary of compact bone is replaced by secondary osteons composed of lamellar bone.. The bone osteons composed of lamellar bone.. The bone then first produces osteoclasts that remove a then first produces osteoclasts that remove a packet of pre-existing hard tissue and then packet of pre-existing hard tissue and then produce osteoblasts that replace it with a packet produce osteoblasts that replace it with a packet of newly made bone. Complete replacement of of newly made bone. Complete replacement of callus with functionally competent lamellar bone callus with functionally competent lamellar bone by remodeling by remodeling one to four yearsone to four years

TYPES OF JOINTS TYPES OF JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS)(ARTICULATIONS)

Joints can be classified in two ways.Joints can be classified in two ways.

Functionally and structurally Functionally and structurally

FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONAL

1.1. SYNARTHROSES- immovable SYNARTHROSES- immovable

2. AMPHIARTHROSES- slightly 2. AMPHIARTHROSES- slightly movable movable

3.3. DIARTHROSES- freely movableDIARTHROSES- freely movable

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONSSTRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS

1.1. FIBROUSFIBROUS – connected by fibrous tissue- – connected by fibrous tissue-

sutures of the skull (synarthrotic) sutures of the skull (synarthrotic)

2.2. CARTILAGINOUSCARTILAGINOUS- connected by - connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage-vertebrae- fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage-vertebrae- Pubic symphysis- (usually AMPHIARTHROTICPubic symphysis- (usually AMPHIARTHROTIC

3.3. SYNOVIALSYNOVIAL- joints with a cavity containing - joints with a cavity containing synovial fluid (DIARTHROTIC)synovial fluid (DIARTHROTIC)

4 features of synovial joints4 features of synovial joints

1.1. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE-(hyaline ARTICULAR CARTILAGE-(hyaline cartilage on end of bone)cartilage on end of bone)

2.2. FIBROUS ARTICULAR CAPSULE- FIBROUS ARTICULAR CAPSULE- fibrous connective tissue lined with fibrous connective tissue lined with synovial membranes encloses the synovial membranes encloses the jointjoint

3.3. JOINT CAVITY- filled with synovial JOINT CAVITY- filled with synovial fluidfluid

4.4. REINFORCING LIGAMENTS- REINFORCING LIGAMENTS-

4 features of synovial joints4 features of synovial joints

BURSA SACS- tiny sacs of lubricating BURSA SACS- tiny sacs of lubricating fluid- that act like “ball bearings”fluid- that act like “ball bearings”

(can become inflammed- BURSITIS (can become inflammed- BURSITIS often called water on the knee)often called water on the knee)

TENDON SHEATH- bursa sac that TENDON SHEATH- bursa sac that wraps around a tendon to protect itwraps around a tendon to protect it

Type of synovial jointsType of synovial joints

1. Ball and Socket1. Ball and Socket – head of one bone fits – head of one bone fits into cavity of another bone-such as the into cavity of another bone-such as the shoulder or the hip and femur. shoulder or the hip and femur. (MULTIAXIAL)(MULTIAXIAL)

2. Hinge2. Hinge - one bone can hinge in a trough - one bone can hinge in a trough shaped area of another bone-such as the shaped area of another bone-such as the elbow, ankle, and phalanges (UNIAXIAL)elbow, ankle, and phalanges (UNIAXIAL)

3. Pivot3. Pivot – allows one bone to rotate around – allows one bone to rotate around another, such as the atlas and axis , also another, such as the atlas and axis , also the radius and ulna. (UNIAXIAL)the radius and ulna. (UNIAXIAL)

Type of synovial jointsType of synovial joints 4. Condyloid “knucklelike”4. Condyloid “knucklelike” – one egg shaped – one egg shaped

surface fits into an oval concavity- allows surface fits into an oval concavity- allows movement from side to side and up and movement from side to side and up and down but no rotation- such as the wrist down but no rotation- such as the wrist between radius and carpals, or knee between radius and carpals, or knee (BIAXIAL)(BIAXIAL)

5. Saddle5. Saddle – each bone has a convex and – each bone has a convex and concave shape-such as the joint between concave shape-such as the joint between carpal and metacarpal of the carpal and metacarpal of the thumbsthumbs. . (BIAXIAL)(BIAXIAL)

6. 6. PlanePlane- gliding movement across each - gliding movement across each other, carpals (NONAXIAL)other, carpals (NONAXIAL)

skeletal system 206 bones make up the human skeleton

Documents

flat bone

bone cells

growing bone

short bone

spongy bone bones

irregular bone bones

layer of compact bone

layer of spongy bone