the skeleton. bones – an introduction the human skeleton consists of 206 bones. we are actually...

Download The Skeleton. Bones – An introduction The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. We are actually born with more bones (about 300), but many fuse together

If you can't read please download the document

Upload: morgan-arron-harris

Post on 23-Dec-2015

233 views

Category:

Documents


5 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • Slide 1
  • The Skeleton
  • Slide 2
  • Bones An introduction The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. We are actually born with more bones (about 300), but many fuse together as a child grows up. These bones support your body and allow you to move.human skeleton The longest bone in our bodies is the femur (thigh bone). The smallest bone is the stirrup bone inside the ear. Each hand has 26 bones in it. Your nose and ears are not made of bone; they are made of cartilage, a flexible substance that is not as hard as bone.stirrup bone inside the ear
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Slide 5
  • The Axial & Appendicular Skeleton The skeleton is split into these 2 categories: Appendicular Skeleton Limbs, wings and pelvis Axial Skeleton Skull, vertebral column and ribcage COMPLETE WORKSHEET 1 C
  • Slide 6
  • The Vertebral Column Is there movement? Yes Very limited movement to create a stable structure for the organs found inside the ribcage 2 lumbar vertebrae are moveable, 3 are fused, therefore no movement Fused, therefore no movement
  • Slide 7
  • ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS 1.How many bones are there in the human body? 2.What is the longest bone in the body? 3.Where in the body is the smallest bone? 4.Your nose and ears arent made of bone but what other substance? 5.The skeleton is defined into two categories, what are they? 6.How many sections make up the vertebral column? 206 femur the ear cartilage axial & appendicular 5
  • Slide 8
  • Joints What is a joint? A place where two or more bones meet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo9- 3GJpr8&feature=PlayList&p=1D1576CEF4196B76&index=5 What are the types of joint? There are 3 types of joint: Freely Moveable / Synovial Slightly Moveable / Cartilaginous Immoveable / Fixed
  • Slide 9
  • There are 6 types of freely moveable or synovial joints joints in which we need to know 3 of them: 1.BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS 2.HINGE JOINTS 3.PIVOT JOINT 4.CONDYLOID- AS IN WRIST 5.GLIDING- AS IN ANKLE AND HAND 6.SADDLE- AS IN THUMB http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXoMa2bVC18&feature =related
  • Slide 10
  • Slide 11
  • Types of JointMovementExample of Joint Fixed joints (Fibrous)No movementCranium Sacrum Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous) Limited movementVertebral column (thoracic vertebrae) Carpals / Tarsals Synovial joint / freely movableFree movementBall and socket Hinge Sliding Saddle Pivot
  • Slide 12
  • Activity Write down 5 sports actions and beside each write down the main parts of the body that Move, the bones and the type of joint and joint action and movement possible for that action E.g. Snooker. Cueing the white ball. Right arm humerus, ulna, radius, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges. Elbow, synovial, hinge lots of movement
  • Slide 13
  • Function of the Skeleton worksheet 1e Your skeleton has many different functions to enable you to live and survive. These include: Protection Movement Shape Muscle/organ attachment Blood cell production bone growth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZxLfJRd4cs
  • Slide 14
  • Protection Many of the internal organs in your body are protected by bone. The flat type bones of your body function in this way (sternum, pelvis, cranium etc.) Movement Your body is able to move because of the co-operation between its muscles and bones. The muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton, creating a lever and joints system that allows the body to move. Shape Your skeleton provides the framework to give your body its shape. Without it, you would look like a blob of jelly.
  • Slide 15
  • Muscle/organ Your body provides a support system to attach muscles, organs, arteries, veins etc. Blood cell production Bone also produces blood cells. This occurs in the marrow of the bone that is found in the epiphysis (end) and diaphysis (shaft) of all long bones. Bone growth As we discovered earlier bone has the ability to be broken down and reformed. This is called ossification.
  • Slide 16
  • http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/human body/body/index_interactivebody.sht ml
  • Slide 17
  • Bone Growth Bone is continually being broken down and replaced; this process is done by 2 different cells: Osteoclasts break down old bone and clean the bone environment. Osteoblasts are bone forming cells that help to develop new bone throughout life. These will replace about 10% of bone every year; this means that no matter how old we are our skeleton is no older than 10 years old. Bones start off as cartilage as a fetus. As the fetus develops, mineral are laid down and the cartilage becomes harder and less flexible. This process is called ossification and can continue until you are 30 (although it usually stops between 18-21)
  • Slide 18
  • Slide 19
  • Structure of a Long Bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone. Diaphysis Long shaft of the bone. Articular cartilage thin layer of blueish cartilage covering each end of the bone. Periosteum thin outer layer of the bone. It contains nerves and blood vessels that feed the bone. Compact bone This is hard and resistant to bending. Spongy bone this lies in layers within the compact bone. It has a honeycomb appearance and gives bones their elastic strength. Medullary cavity the hollow space down the middle of the compact bone and contains bone marrow. Bone marrow produces blood cells and store fat.
  • Slide 20
  • Types of Bone worksheet 1f Types of BoneExample found in bodyExample of function Short bonesCarpals Metatarsals Small movement Long bonesFemur Humerus Large movement Cell production Irregular bonesVertebraeProtection Support Flat or plate bonesPelvic girdle Cranium Attachment of muscle Protection Sesamoid bonesPatella Under 1 st metatarsal in the foot Prevention of hyper-extension of the femur. Protection of the tendon and increase movement of the joint.
  • Slide 21
  • HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ? Bones are classified according to their function. 1.(Protection) FLAT BONES 2.(Protection) IRREGULAR BONES 3.(Levers) LONG BONES 4.(Small movements)SHORT BONES
  • Slide 22
  • Slide 23
  • Slide 24
  • Slide 25
  • Slide 26
  • Slide 27
  • Slide 28
  • Slide 29
  • Movement worksheet 1g Movement TermDescription of movement AbductionThe limb moves away from the mid- line of the body AdductionThe limb moves closer to the mid-line of the body RotationThe limb rotates at the joint to cause movement at the distal end. ExtensionThe joint angle of two or more bones increases, or the limb straightens FlexionThe joint angle of two or more bones decreases, which results in a bending position
  • Slide 30
  • Movement TermDescription of movement CircumductionCircumduction is a movement in which flexion, abduction, extension and adduction movements are combined in sequence RotationMedial rotation is to turn inward. Lateral rotation is to turn outward. PronationPronation is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward. SupinationSupination is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward. Circumduction
  • Slide 31
  • Movement TermDescription of movement Plantar flexion the movement which increases the angle between the foot and the legfootleg Dorsiflexion the movement which decreases the angle between the foot and the legfootleg Inversion The act of turning from outside to inside Eversion The act of turning inside out Hyper Extension Hyperextension is a straightening movement that goes beyond the normal, healthy boundaries of the joint.
  • Slide 32
  • Slide 33
  • Slide 34
  • Slide 35
  • Slide 36
  • Slide 37
  • Slide 38
  • Slide 39
  • Slide 40
  • Slide 41
  • Slide 42
  • Slide 43
  • Slide 44
  • Slide 45
  • Slide 46
  • Effects of Exercise The skeletal system changes due to exercise. However, the changes depend on the type of exercise that individuals may participate in. The changes can be short or long term: Short term: When you participate in exercise your body moves more rapidly which means that joints need to work more. This extra demand on the joints causes a release of synovial fluid around the joint site that helps movement occur more easily. Long term: Hyaline cartilage increases in its thickness around the joint site as exercise continues. This can help with preventing the surface of the bones from wearing away too soon. Regular participation in weight bearing exercises also helps to increase bone density, resulting in the bones becoming stronger.
  • Slide 47
  • Describing the bodys parts and position Superior Inferior AnteriorPosterior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Anterior Front of body Posterior Back of body Superior closer to head Inferior further away from head Medial closer to midline of body Lateral further away from midline of the body Midline Proximal nearer point of attachment of main structure of body Distal further away from point of attachment to the main structure of the body