the coming of independence chapter 2:2 mercantilism economic policy where a nation tried to export...
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mercantilism
• economic policy where a nation tried to export more products than it imported
• followed by many European countries in the 1600s and 1700s
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American colonies
• established by England to supply raw materials for her industry
• also served as a market for finished goods exported from England
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Examples of pre-Independence colonial
self-government:
• Virginia House of Burgesses
• Mayflower Compact
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House of Burgesses(est. 1619)
• first representative body in America
• was formed at the request of the king
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Mayflower Compact
• Pilgrim leaders agreed to “join together in a civil body politic” with the other passengers in order to enact “just and equal laws” for the good of the colony
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Pilgrims establish political traditions that have endured
• government based on the consent of the governed
• majority rule• laws enacted should treat all
people fairly
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• first written constitution in America
• based on the following ideas:-consent of the governed-majority rule-protection of minority rights
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bicameral legislature
• two-house legislature (made up of an assembly and a council)
• modeled after the two houses of the English Parliament
• only one colony was not organized this way by 1750
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Colonial Assembly
• akin to the House of Commons
• elected by the male property- owners
• was supposed to represent the common citizen’s interests
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Colonial Council
• similar to the House of Lords• members usually appointed by the
colonial governor• supposedly acted as a balance to
the assembly (theoretically had the power to veto laws passed by the assembly)
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Monarch’s view of Colonial Assemblies
• assemblies were conveniences-made it easier to operate colonies at long distances
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Colonists’ view of Colonial Assemblies
• saw assemblies as necessities-were a fulfillment of the social contract-performed functions that kept the colonies running smoothly:
raised taxesorganized militias
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“I never heard in any conversation from any
person . . . the least expression of a wish for
separation from England.”
- Benjamin Franklin
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French and Indian War(1754-1763)
• between England and France• lasted nine years
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England won an enormous amount of land.
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salutary neglect
• means “healthy neglect”
• conscious policy of not over-regulating the colonies as long as they supply England with raw materials and markets
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Parliament’s new policies
• passed acts designed to shift the burden of empire from English taxpayers to the American colonists
• provided for strict enforcement of existing laws
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- James Otis
“Taxation without representation is
tyranny!”
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Declaratory Act of 1766
• Parliament claimed full power to tax and rule the colonies
• sent two regiments of soldiers to Boston to enforce their will
• imposed new taxes on paper, glass, paint, and tea
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Colonial response to the Declaratory Act
• simple disobedience
• formal protests
• boycotts of English goods
• violence
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Events in New York
• New Yorkers protested the quartering of troops in their homes
• England suspended the New York legislature
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The Boston Massacre.
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Bostonians protested the tea tax by dumping 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.
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First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in September 1774.
It advised the colonies to organize militias and stockpile supplies.
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Causes of the AmericanWar of Independence
• social
• economic
• political
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Social Causes
• colonists had developed an “American consciousness”
• sense of independence due to isolation from the “mother country”
• felt their legislatures were equal to Parliament
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Economic Causes
• Parliament tried to enforce mercantilist policies
• colonists chafed under the following:-burden of taxation-enforcement of trade and manufacturing restrictions
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Political Causes
• colonists questioned who should be doing the taxing-felt they had both the right and understanding to tax themselves-argued that Parliament had violated their rights
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The Colonists Declare
Independence
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Second Continental Congresssends mixed signals:
- profess loyalty to king and a desire to end hostilities
- asks colonies for war supplies and troops
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England mobilizes
• withdraws protection from the colonies
• hires German mercenaries
• authorized the Royal Navy to seize American ships
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Divided Colonial America1775
P atrio ts U n d ec id ed L oya lis ts
A ll A m ericanC o lon is ts
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“Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries “Tis Time To Part!”
- Thomas Paine
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“These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States.”
- Richard Henry Lee,Delegate from Virginia
7th June 1776
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Congress appointeda committee to write
a declaration:
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John Adams,Massachusetts
Ben Franklin,Pennsylvania
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Philip Livingston,New York
Roger Sherman,Connecticut
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Thomas Jefferson,Virginia
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The signing of the Declaration.
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Purposes of theDeclaration of Independence
1. a theory of government
2. a list of grievances
3. a declaration of independence
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The Declaration as a theory of government
• people have “inalienable” from God (i.e. life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
• governments were organized to protect these rights
• just governments rule with the peoples’ consent
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The Declaration asa list of grievances
• contained 27 grievances against the English crown-was trying to list the reasons for separating from England-was trying to gain support in Europe for our independence
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The Declaration as a Declaration of Independence
• argued that the colonists had done everything possible to preserve peace
• independence was inevitable in light of England’s intransigence
• was viewed by England as a declaration of war