the cold war people, policies & events. people of the cold war era
TRANSCRIPT
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The Cold War
People, Policies & Events
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People of the Cold War Era
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Harry Truman
• President of U.S. 1945-1953
• Made decision to drop atomic bomb on Japan to end WWII
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George Kennan
• U.S State Department official 1940-1950
• American diplomat who spent time in Soviet Union
• Proposed the policy of containment (see vocabulary slides)
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George C. Marshall
• U.S. Secretary of State 1945-1949
• U.S. Secretary of Defense 1950-1951
• Developed & implemented the Marshall Plan to aid in European recovery following WWII
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Joseph Stalin
• President of Soviet Union 1924-1953
• Communist leader of the Soviet Union
• “man of steel”• Ruled with a tight fist• Turned on the Allies
after WWII
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Nikita Khrushchev
• President of Soviet Union 1953-1964
• Believed communism would take over world but do so peacefully
• Policy of coexistence between U.S. & Soviets
• Competition economically & scientifically
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
• President of U.S., 1953-1961
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Chiang Kai-Shek
• Nationalist Party leader in China, 1928-1949
• Ruled in Southern & Eastern China
• Received aid from U.S.
• Failing economy, weak leadership, poor morale
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Mao Zedong
• Communist Party leader of China, 1949-1976
• Ruled in Northern China• Received aid from Soviet
Union• Used communist ideas to
gain supporters (especially the poor)
• Gained complete control of China in 1949
• Est. People’s republic of China
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Kim II Sung
• President of North Korea, 1945-1994
• communist
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Syngman Rhee
• President of South Korea, 1948-1960
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Douglas MacArthur
• U.S. army general (WWII & Korea), 1941-1951
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John F. Kennedy
• President of U.S., 1961-1963
• Most famous for Cuban Missile Crisis & Bay of Pigs
• Assassinated November 22, 1963
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Lyndon B. Johnson
• President of U.S., 1963-1969
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Fidel Castro
• Communist leader of Cuba, 1959-present day
• Allied with Soviet Union
• ** because of failing health, Castro’s brother is currently the “acting” leader of Cuba
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Policies of the Cold War Era
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Truman Doctrine
• 1947
• Policy that stated the U.S. would help any country fighting against communism
• Focused mainly on Greece & Turkey by supporting both countries financially
• Keep Soviet Union’s influence out of Eastern Europe
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President Truman signing the Truman Doctrine
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Marshall Plan
• 1948• European Recovery Plan• U.S. program that gave money & aid to
European countries to help them rebuild after WWII.
• Secretary of State George Marshall proposed $13 billion in aid against “hunger, poverty, desperation & chaos.”
• Also to help stop the spread of communism in Europe
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Countries that received aid from the Marshall Plan
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Baruch Plan
• 1946
• Created an international agency to impose penalties on countries that violated restrictions placed on nuclear weapons & nuclear testing
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Atomic Energy Act
• 1946
• Federal Law that created the civilian run Atomic Energy commission to oversee the research of nuclear weapons
• Promote peacetime use of atomic energy
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NATO
• 1949• North Atlantic Treaty Organization• Alliance between U.S., Canada, &
several Western European nations• Pledged to defend one another if
attacked
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Map of NATO countries
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Warsaw Pact
• 1955
• Alliance formed by the Soviet Union & Eastern European nations
• Response to NATO
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Member countries of Warsaw Pact (in red)
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Alliance for Progress
• 1961
• JFK’s program of economic aid to Latin American countries
• Designed to promote democratic reform & capitalism in this region
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Peace Corps
• 1961
• JFK’s program that sent volunteers to work & help make improvements in developing countries
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Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
• 1963
• Agreement signed by the U.S. & the Soviet Union that ended the above-ground testing of new nuclear weapons
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Cold War Era Vocabulary
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Containment
• U.S. policy of trying to restrict the expansion of the Soviet Union & communism
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Satellite Nations
• Countries throughout Eastern Europe that were under the control of the Soviet Union
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Brinkmanship
• Policy that called for threatening all-out war in order to confront Communist aggression
• U.S. built up air force & nuclear bombs as did the Soviet Union
• Threat of nuclear attack was elevated
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Detente
• Period when the cold war tensions lessened
• During President Nixon’s term
• Nixon even visited Communist China
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Domino Theory
• Belief that if one nation fell to communism, others would quickly follow
• Leads to U.S. policy of containment
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Hot Line
• Connection between the U.S. & the Soviet Union that allowed the leaders to communicate directly with each other should a crisis arise
• Established between JFK & Khrushchev in 1963
• Attempt to avoid nuclear disaster or annihilation
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Events of the Cold War Era
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U-2 Incident
• 1960
• U.S. pilot Gary Powers shot down & captured by Soviet Union while spying
• Further damaged relations between U.S. & Soviet Union
• Lead to a renewed tension between the 2 countries
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Berlin Airlift
• 1948-1949• U.S., Britain, France unite their sectors of
Germany & the city of Berlin (located in Soviet sector)
• No agreement from Stalin to allow access to Berlin from West Germany
• Stalin closed all roads & railways into West Berlin
• 2.1 million residents of West Berlin cut off from supplies
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Berlin Airlift
• 1948-1949• U.S. & British flew in food &
supplies to bypass the blockade• Lasted for 327 days• By May of 1949 Soviets realized it
was beaten and lifted the blockade
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Berlin Wall
• 1961• Barrier built between communist East &
democratic West Berlin by Soviet Union• 20% of East Berlin population had fled into West
Berlin since 1949• These people advertised the failure of East
Germany’s communist gov’t & failing economy• Wall prevented people from leaving East Berlin• Torn down in 1989
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Sputnik
• 1957• First artificial satellite
launched into space by the Soviet Union
• Beginnings of the space race between U.S. & Soviets
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Korean War
• 1950-1953• Korea divided into 2 zones at 38th parallel• North: communist; South: democratic• U.S. supported South Korea• 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea• U.S. & UN troops sent in to help S. Korea• China joined forces with N. Korea• War settled into a stalemate in 1951• 1953 President Eisenhower negotiated peace terms,
U.S. troops out• Country is still divided today: North & South
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Bay of Pigs
• 1961
• CIA sent to Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro from power
• U.S. trained Cuban rebels
• Invaded Cuba but were quickly defeated by Cuban forces
• INVASION WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE
• Further crippled U.S. & Cuban relations
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1962• U.S. spy planes found Soviet Union missiles in Cuba
pointed towards U.S.• JFK ordered blockade of Cuba • Demanded removal of missiles• Both countries ready to attack “both fingers were on the
button”• Threat of nuclear war was eminent for days• Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if JFK promised
not to attack Cuba• TURNING POINT OF COLD WAR: U.S. & Soviet Union
began to work together to reduce tensions & threats of war
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Questions #37-57
Use the information that you just research to help you complete the multiple choice & true false questions.