THE COLD WAR

THE COLD WAR

Duck & CoverDuck & Cover

Cold

War

Vs.

Hot

Cold

War

Vs.

Hot

War

War

Cold War Hot War

Threat of war Build-up of Arms War of Words

Declaration of War Deployment of Arms War of Weapons

Billy Joel: “We Didn’t Start The Billy Joel: “We Didn’t Start The Fire”Fire”

1 - The A

tomic

1 - The A

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Age

• The use of the The use of the atomic bombatomic bomb by the by the US changed the face of US changed the face of warfarewarfare and drastically altered and drastically altered international international relations after WWIIrelations after WWII

2 - The A

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2 - The A

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Age

• Although they had Although they had been been alliesallies during during WWII the WWII the USUS and and the the Soviet UnionSoviet Union began to compete began to compete against each other against each other for world for world powerpower after WWII.after WWII.

Wo

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After WWII, the USA and the After WWII, the USA and the USSR both were known as USSR both were known as superpowers . This is superpowers . This is because they both:because they both:

Were not significantly Were not significantly damaged by the wardamaged by the war

Had a large amount of Had a large amount of natural resourcesnatural resources

Had the nuclear bomb Had the nuclear bomb (Russia exploded its first in (Russia exploded its first in 1949)1949)

Had a lot of national wealthHad a lot of national wealth Have very strong armiesHave very strong armies

IGOR GOUZENKOIGOR GOUZENKO On September 5On September 5thth 1945, Igor 1945, Igor Gouzenko (a Soviet Clerk at the Gouzenko (a Soviet Clerk at the Russian Embassy in Ottawa) Russian Embassy in Ottawa) defected to Canada.defected to Canada.

Gave the Canadian government a Gave the Canadian government a briefcase full of documents that briefcase full of documents that exposed the degree to which Soviet exposed the degree to which Soviet intelligence was targeting the West intelligence was targeting the West through espionage and outright through espionage and outright theft of Atomic Secretstheft of Atomic Secrets

Reaction to this defection began the Reaction to this defection began the 45 year long Cold War between the 45 year long Cold War between the Soviets and the West Soviets and the West

Igor and his family were protected Igor and his family were protected by the Canadian government and by the Canadian government and were housed at were housed at Camp X Camp X near near OshawaOshawa

Defect= To disown allegiance to one's country and take up residence in another

3 - After WWII 3 - After WWII StalinStalin set up set up communistcommunist governments in all the countries the Soviets governments in all the countries the Soviets

had liberated in WWIIhad liberated in WWII

Many countries became Many countries became communist after World War communist after World War 2 including:2 including:

Czechoslovakia (1948)Czechoslovakia (1948)

Poland (1947)Poland (1947)

Hungary (1947)Hungary (1947)

China (1949)China (1949)

Cuba (1959)Cuba (1959)

North Korea (1945)North Korea (1945)

The D

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• The USSR had a lot of The USSR had a lot of influence over many of the new influence over many of the new communist countries communist countries (especially those in Europe).(especially those in Europe).

• The USA was very worried that The USA was very worried that the USSRthe USSR’’s influence over s influence over these countries was making these countries was making the USSR and communism the USSR and communism more powerful.more powerful.

• The USA did not want The USA did not want communism to spread any communism to spread any further – they were worried further – they were worried about the domino effect (one about the domino effect (one country becomes communist, country becomes communist, then another, then another etc)then another, then another etc)

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4 -

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• While the While the SovietsSoviets continued to continued to control Eastern European control Eastern European countries, it was said that countries, it was said that ““An An Iron CurtainIron Curtain”” was descending was descending across Europe across Europe

• An iron curtain was the name An iron curtain was the name for the “line” that divided the for the “line” that divided the communist and non-communist and non-communist countriescommunist countries

After WWII, Secretary of State of the United States, George Marshall, toured Western Europe and witnessed widespread homelessness and famine.

Aid for Europe:

Children in a London suburb, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home. September 1940.

Nuremberg, Germany, April 20, 1945

Marshall, fearing that communist revolts could occur in such an atmosphere, proposed that the U.S. help to rebuild the European economy in what became known as the Marshall Plan.

NEXT STEP:

Truman Doctrine –President Truman that promised military and economic support to nations threatened by communism.

In 1947, the U.S. gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey in order to help them put down communist revolts.

The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

5 -

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5 -

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• The The USUS and the and the Soviet Soviet UnionUnion had different had different political political ideologiesideologies

• The US was The US was capitalistcapitalist

• The Soviet Union was The Soviet Union was communistcommunist

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6 -

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• To protect To protect themselves the US themselves the US and the USSR each and the USSR each formed their own formed their own militarymilitary alliances alliances

• The The USUS became part became part of of NATONATO – The North – The North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization

• The The USSRUSSR created created the the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

NATO was created “to keep the NATO was created “to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, Russians out, the Americans in,

and the Germans down”and the Germans down”

- Lord Ismay- Lord Ismay

7 - The C

old War

7 - The C

old War

• Both the US and USSR developed Both the US and USSR developed long rangelong range nuclear nuclear missilesmissiles that that could hit their enemycould hit their enemy

• The The shortestshortest distance for the distance for the missiles to missiles to traveltravel was right over was right over CanadaCanada!!

8 - The C

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8 - The C

old War

• For itFor it’’s own s own protectionprotection Canada Canada had to develop a way to had to develop a way to detectdetect surprise nuclear attackssurprise nuclear attacks

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AD

• The The DEW LineDEW Line - (Distant - (Distant Early Warning Line) and a Early Warning Line) and a network of defence systems network of defence systems was put together to help was put together to help North America detect a North America detect a nuclearnuclear attack attack

• The The USUS and and CanadaCanada set up set up NORADNORAD (North American Air (North American Air Defence Command) to detect Defence Command) to detect missiles and enemy aircraftmissiles and enemy aircraft

10 -

NO

RA

D10

- N

OR

AD

• The Main operating center for The Main operating center for NORADNORAD was set up in the was set up in the Cheyenne Mountains in Cheyenne Mountains in ColoradoColorado

11 -

NO

RA

D11

- N

OR

AD

Deep inside the mountain military Deep inside the mountain military personal worked behind personal worked behind blastblast doors doors that would protect them in the event that would protect them in the event of a of a nuclear attacknuclear attack

NORADNORAD

Tracking Santa http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=bIK_LWgQuGw

M.A

.D.

M.A

.D.

• Stands for: Mutually Stands for: Mutually Assured DestructionAssured Destruction

• Beginning in 1954, the Beginning in 1954, the US and therefore, NATO US and therefore, NATO advocated this policyadvocated this policy

• Based on simple idea Based on simple idea that ``I (Nation A) will that ``I (Nation A) will deter you (Nation B) deter you (Nation B) from attacking me by from attacking me by threatening to react to threatening to react to any attack by using my any attack by using my full nuclear arsenal``full nuclear arsenal``

Crisis over Berlin

Crisis over BerlinSidenote: Sidenote:

Focus on BerlinFocus on Berlin

After World War II, After World War II, Germany was Germany was divided into four divided into four zones, occupied zones, occupied by French, British, by French, British, American, and American, and Soviet troopsSoviet troops..

Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

Soviet blockade:

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin

East Berlin

In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.

Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin.

BERLIN AIRLIFT

At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

The Soviet zone of Germany, including East Berlin, became known as the nation of East Germany.

Germany remains divided:

In May of 1949, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union ended the blockade.

October, 1949

The Wall is BuiltThe Wall is Built

• August 1961 – Khrushchev and East August 1961 – Khrushchev and East German government orders barbed wire German government orders barbed wire barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall barrier across Berlin, followed by a wall of concrete blocksof concrete blocks

• All of West Berlin encircled apart from All of West Berlin encircled apart from access pointsaccess points

ResultsResults

BerlinBerlin was divided, free access ended was divided, free access ended between East and West, many families between East and West, many families split, many attempted to escape to the split, many attempted to escape to the West-between 1961 and 1989; 86 West-between 1961 and 1989; 86 people died trying to cross the Berlin people died trying to cross the Berlin WallWall

By Mr Crowewww.SchoolHistory.co.uk THE BERLIN WALLTHE BERLIN WALL

12 - The C

old War

12 - The C

old War

• During the Cold War the US and During the Cold War the US and the USSR had many the USSR had many spiesspies trying to steal secret trying to steal secret informationinformation

• On the big screen On the big screen James BondJames Bond captured peoplecaptured people’’s imaginationss imaginations

13 -

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13 -

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ar • The Cold War was a very The Cold War was a very scary scary time in North time in North AmericaAmerica

• For years people lived For years people lived with the with the fearfear of a of a nuclearnuclear attackattack

• In the US and Canada In the US and Canada civilians were taught what civilians were taught what to do in case of a nuclear to do in case of a nuclear attack. attack.

14 - The C

old War

14 - The C

old War

• The Canadian government The Canadian government published booklets on how to published booklets on how to survivesurvive a a nuclear nuclear attack. attack.

• Many of their suggestions would Many of their suggestions would not havenot have worked against a worked against a deadly deadly nuclear attacknuclear attack

““Russians” - StingRussians” - Sting