The Age of Empire

The Age of EmpireMr. ErmerWorld History HonorsMiami Beach Senior HighModern ImperialismImperialism: domination of European powersand later the United States and Japan as wellover subject lands in the larger world.Sometimes by force, other times by trade and investmentColonialism: sending of colonists; as well as political, social, economic, and cultural structures to facilitate imperialismSettler Colonies: ones with large population of colonists from colonizing powerArgentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa Other colonies only have small colonizing force (India, Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia)Many imperialists governments colonize for control of natural resourcesSome colonies strategically important for trade, military reasonsImperialism inspires patriotism, quells social tensionPaternalistic mission to civilize the savage worldModern military, transportation, & communication tech makes imperialism possible

The Suez CanalBritish IndiaBritish East India Co. maintained mercantile activities since 1600s1750s: British expands control over weak Mughal Empire, doctrine of lapseCompany rule enforced by British troops and sepoys1856-57: British fight against Indian rebellion, victoriousMughal Empire and East India Co. abolished, Queen Victoria appoints viceroyBritish clear forests, restructure land holdings, build infrastructureEncourage cultivation of high value trade items (tea, cotton, opium, coffee)Promote education for bureaucratic class, not Christianity

Imperialism in Asia1800s: Russia and France also compete for influence in IndiaQing and Ottoman decline creates vacuum in Central Asia, Russia fills the voidFrench efforts at India fade after fall of Napoleon1800s: Dutch tighten control over the Spice IslandsDutch East Indies1824: Thomas Stamford Raffles establishes port of SingaporeBritish command trade in Straits of Melaka1870s-1880s: Singapore serves as base for British conquest of MalayaBritish seek influence in Irrawaddy Delta, colonize Burma by 1880s1859-1893: French colonize French IndochinaVietnam, Cambodia, and LaosSiam (Thailand) retains independence as a buffer b/w French & British lands

The Scramble for AfricaBetween 1875-1900 European presences goes from limited to almost completeAbundance of African natural resources to exploit, European nationalist rivalries = motivationMissionaries, explorers, and adventurers begin to report about Africas interiorDr. David Livingstone and Henry Morton StanleyImproved knowledge of river systems (Congo, Nile, Niger, & Zambezi) Richard Burton and John Speke find source of Nile RiverBelgiums King Leopold II hires Stanley to establish trade in the CongoLeopold turns the Congo Free State into a personal colony with a brutal plantation economy1652: Dutch establish colony at Cape Town on southern tip of AfricaDutch Boers become Afrikaners after encroaching on tribal lands further inlandKhoikhoi and Xhosa tribes decimated and displaced by AfrikanersBritish take control during the Napoleonic Wars, pushing Afrikaners further inlandBritish abolition of slavery hurts Afrikaner livelihood, economyThe Great TrekAfrikaners establish independent republics, British attempt to take wealthBoer War

Colonial Rule1884-1885: Berlin West Africa Conference establishes rules for African claimsAfrican colonies proved very expensive for European imperialistsInitial colonization accomplished by concessionary companiesCompany rule usually brutal and marginally profitable for colonizing nationAfter 1900, most European nations imposed rule of law/governmentFrench preferred direct rule, British preferred indirect ruleDirect Rule: divide and weaken existing power structures, rulersIndirect Rule: control through indigenous institutionsEmpire in the Pacific1770s: British establish settler colonies in Australia and New ZealandEuropean population overwhelms indigenous people with superior tech and deceaseLate-1800s: Europeans begin to establish outright control on Pacific islandsContact first in terms of trading and religious missionsNationalist motivations push European powers to create colonies in the Pacific1841-53: France claims various Polynesian islands1874: British annex Fiji as a crown colony1876-78: Germany colonizes several of the Marshall IslandsRest of Oceania claimed by Britain, France, Germany, and U.S. at the Berlin Conference

American ImperialismMonroe Doctrine establishes the Americas as a U.S. protectorateMostly to protect free trade, discourage European imperialism, exploit resources1867: U.S. buys Alaska from Russia as first expansion outside N. A. temperate zone1875: U.S. establishes protectorate over Hawaii and its American owned sugar fields, 1893 U.S. planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, U.S. annexes HawaiiSpanish-American WarU.S. takes Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam from Spain, gives Cuba independenceU.S. puts down Filipino rebellion of Emilio Aguinaldo, William Taft appointed first governor of Phil.U.S. assists Panamanian rebels gain independence from ColombiaTakes control of canal zone abandoned by French company, builds Panama CanalRoosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy

The Panama Canal

Imperial JapanJapan resents unequal treaties of Tokugawa era, seeks equal footing Japanese expand and migrate to islands north and south of homeland1876: Japan buys British warships to bolster navy, force unequal treaty with KoreaSino-Japanese WarAnti-foreign rebellion erupts in Korea, Qing China sends soldiers to pacify rebellionJapan declares war on China, Qing forces decimated, Japan gains equal trade rights in ChinaChina cedes Korea, Taiwan, other smaller islands to Japan, Japanese navy controls E. Asian watersRussian and other Europeans surprised by Japanese strength, nervousRusso-Japanese War1904: Japanese overrun Russian installations in east Asia, Russia sends Baltic fleet to retaliateJapan destroys Russian Baltic fleet, Russians cede interests in Manchuria and Sakhalin islandJapan considered a major imperialist power

Legacies of ColonialismColonialism remakes production of traditional products, introduces new onesMigration of peoples remakes the worlds population and demographicsScientific RacismJoseph Arthur de Gorbineau classifies the races in Essays on the Inequality of the Human RacesCharles Darwins The Origin of Species argues tenant of evolution through natural selectionOthers begin to categorize some human races as more evolved than othersSocial DarwinismColonial tyranny pushes local populations to develop nationalist movementsIndian nationalism comes early on, Ram Mohan Roy and the Indian National Congress

Chapter 19, Lesson 4 Review:On page 385, write and answer questions 1-5