technologies for sustainable e-waste management solutions

Technologies for Sustainable e-Waste Management Solutions

Ernesto E. Empig, DiSDS ICT4SD

MSU – Iligan Institute of Technology

Professor: Dr. Ermelinda Tobias

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Sustainable e-waste Management

System

3R ImplementationTechnology

E-waste Categories

Policies

Initiatives

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

E-Waste CategoriesWEEE Directive (EU, 2002a)

• “Electrical or electronic equipment which is waste including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the product at the time of discarding.”

• Directive 75/442/EEC, Article 1(a) defines “waste” as “any substance or object which the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of pursuant to the provisions of national law in force.” Er

nes

to E

. Em

pig

, DiS

DS

ICT4

SD;

Facu

lty:

Erm

elin

da

Tob

ias

WEEE Directives.pdf

Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE)Annex IA

• (a) ‘electrical and electronic equipment’ or ‘EEE’ means equipment which is dependent on electrical currents or electromagnetic fields in order to work properly and equipment for the generation, transfer and measurement of such current and fields falling under the categories set out in Annex IA to Directive 2002/96/EC (WEEE) and designed for use with a voltage rating not exceeding 1000 volts for alternating current and 1500 volts for direct current

E-Waste Volume 1: Inventory Assessment Manual, Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2007 p. 15-18

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered by this Directive

1. Large household appliances

2. Small household appliances

3. IT and telecommunications equipment

4. Consumer equipment

5. Lighting equipment

6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary industrial tools)

7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment

8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)

9. Monitoring and control instruments

10. Automatic dispensers

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s


• Large cooling appliances

• Refrigerators

• Freezers

• Other large appliances used for refrigeration, conservation and storage of food

• Washing machines

• Clothes dryers

• Dish washing machines

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s


• Cooking

• Electric hot plates

• Microwaves

• Other large appliances used for cooking and other processing of food

• Electric heating appliances

• Electric radiators

• Other fanning, exhaust ventilation and conditioning equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Small household appliances

• Vacuum cleaners

• Carpet sweepers

• Other appliances for cleaning

• Appliances used for sewing, knitting, weaving and other processing for textiles

• Iron and other appliances for ironing, mangling and other care of clothing

• Toasters

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Small household appliances

• Fryers

• Grinders, coffee machines and equipment for opening or sealing containers or packages

• Electric knives

• Appliances for hair-cutting, hair drying, tooth brushing, shaving, massage and other body care appliances

• Clocks, watches and equipment for the purpose of measuring indicating or registering time Scales. Er

nes

to E

. Em

pig

, DiS

DS

ICT4

SD;

Facu

lty:

Erm

elin

da

Tob

ias

IT and telecommunications equipment

• Centralized data processing

• Mainframes

• Minicomputers

• Printer units

• Personal computing:

• Personal computers (CPU, mouse, screen and keyboard included)

• Laptop computer (CPU, mouse, screen and keyboard included)

• Notebook computers

• Notepad computers

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s


• Printers

• Copying equipment

• Electrical and electronic typewriters

• Pocket and desk calculators And other products and equipment for the collection, storage, processing, presentation or communication of information by electronic means

• User terminals and systems

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s


• Facsimile, Telex, Telephones

• Pay telephones

• Cordless telephones

• Cellular telephones

• Answering systems

• And other products or equipment of transmitting sound, images or other information by telecommunications

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

4. Consumer equipment

• Radio sets

• Television sets

• Video cameras

• Video recorders

• Hi-fi recorders

• Audio amplifiers

• Musical instruments

• Other products or equipment for the purpose of recording or reproducing sound or image, including signals or other technologies for the distribution of sound and image than by telecommunications

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

5. Lighting equipment

• Luminaries for fluorescent lamps with the exception of luminaries in households

• Straight fluorescent lamps

• Compact fluorescent lamps

• High intensity discharge lamps, including pressure sodium lamps and metal lamps

• Low pressure sodium lamps

• Other lighting or equipment for the purpose of spreading or controlling light with the exception of filament bulbs

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

6. Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception large-scale stationary industrial tools)

• Drills

• Saws

• Sewing machines

• Equipment for turning, milling, sanding, grinding, sawing, cutting, shearing, drilling, making, holes, punching, folding, bending or similar processing of wood, metal and other materials

• Tools for riveting, nailing or screwing or removing rivets, nails, screws or similar uses

• Tools for welding, soldering or similar use

• Equipment for spraying, spreading, dispersing or other treatment of liquid or gaseous substances by other means

• Tools for mowing or other gardening activities

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment

• Electric trains or car racing sets

• Hand-held video game consoles

• Video games

• Computers for biking, diving, running, rowing, etc.

• Sports equipment with electric or electronic components

• Coin slot machines

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

8. Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)

• Radiotherapy equipment

• Cardiology

• Dialysis

• Pulmonary ventilators

• Nuclear medicine

• Laboratory equipment for in-vitro diagnosis

• Analysers

• Freezers

• Fertilization tests

• Other appliances for detecting, preventing, monitoring, treating, alleviating illness, injury or disability

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

9. Monitoring and control instruments

• Smoke detector

• Heating regulators

• Thermostats

• Measuring, weighing or adjusting appliances for household or as laboratory equipment

• Other monitoring and control instruments used in industrial installations (e.g. in control panels)

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

10. Automatic dispensers

• Automatic dispensers for hot drinks

• Automatic dispensers for hot or cold bottles or cans

• Automatic dispensers for solid products

• Automatic dispensers for money

• All appliances which deliver automatically all kind of products

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Current Practices of WEEE/E-waste Management

• Current practices of WEEE/ E-waste management provides an understanding of policy/laws/ regulations and institutional framework related to WEEE/ E-waste management.

• At first, existing policy/ laws/ regulations and institutional framework related to WEEE/ Ewaste management in developed countries is presented.

• This is followed by an exposition on developing countries and initiatives undertaken by different agencies in addressing the gaps globally.

• Finally, guidance notes provide a broad road map to assist in developing enabling policy/ laws/ regulations and institutional framework for WEEE/ Ewaste management.

E-Waste Volume 2: e-Waste Mangement Manual, Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2007 p. 25

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

National and Social Policies/ Laws/ Regulations/ Institutional Roles in Developed Countries

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

1. Policies/ Laws/ Regulation

• “Extended Producer Responsibility” or “Product Take Back” forms the basis of policy framework in developed countries.

• WEEE directives provide a regulatory basis for collection, recovery and reuse/ recycling targets in EU (European Union)

• The fundamental principle of WEEE directive is “Extended Producer Responsibility”, where producers are responsible for WEEE/ E-waste take back.

• Countries like Japan have regulations focused on “Reuse, Recycling and Recovery”.

• Other countries like Canada and Australia are developing their systems based on the similar principles of “Extended Producer Responsibility”.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

2. Institutional Mechanism

• Institutional mechanism for WEEE/E-

waste management system has been

described in terms of three elements: 1. Collection Systems

2. National Registry

3. Logistics

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Collection Systems

• Regulation in each country provides the basis of WEEE/ E-waste collection system. There are two generic categories of collection systems at national level i.e. “collective system (monopoly)” and competition based “clearing house system” for managing WEEE/E-waste.

• The collective system is a system which is responsible for collection, recycling and financing of all or major part of WEEE/ E-waste within national boundaries.

• The clearing house system is a system in which multiple partners (producers, recyclers, and waste organizations) can provide services on a competitive basis. The government ensures that there is a register of producers and it defines the allocation mechanisms, and reporting and monitoring systems.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

National Registry

• Any registered body/ agency, which maintains the register of producers/ recyclers/ waste organizations, inventory of WEEE/E-waste has been defined as national registry.

• This body/ agency can also determine collection obligation of each producer and ensure equitable compliance.

• This body/ agency could be any government entity or a non-profit organization recogniz

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Logistics

• There are three primary channels of WEEE/E-waste collection; municipal collection sites, retailer take-back, and producer take-back.

• All the three channels address “Business to Consumer” (B2C) and “Business to Business” (B2B) WEEE/Ewaste collection. Generally, municipal collection sites are usually free for households to use to an unlimited extent while take-back through retailers is usually free but can be dependent upon the purchase of a new product (both B2C and B2B).

• The direct producer take-back system may apply to larger commercial equipment and operates on a new for old basis (B2B). Er

nes

to E

. Em

pig

, DiS

DS

ICT4

SD;

Facu

lty:

Erm

elin

da

Tob

ias

3.2 National and Social Policies/ Laws/ Regulations/ Economic/ Institutional Roles in Developing Countries

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Initiatives of Different Agencies

• Basel Convention

• G-8 3Rs Initiative

• StEP - Solving the E-waste Problem

• UNEP/ DTIE (IETC)

• GeSI: Global e-Sustainability Initiative

• Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO)

• GTZ now known as GIZ

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Basel Convention

• The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was adopted on 22 March 1989 by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Basel, Switzerland, in response to a public outcry following the discovery, in the 1980s, in Africa and other parts of the developing world of deposits of toxic wastes imported from abroad.

• The Convention entered into force on 5 May 1992 and, as of 1 January 2011, there are 175 Parties to the Convention.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Basel Convention

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

G-8 3Rs Initiative

• The Ministerial Conference on 3Rs Initiatives, held in April 2005 in Tokyo, formally launched the 3Rs Initiative agreed upon by the G8 leaders at the Sea Island Summit.

• During the Conference, participating countries and organizations shared information on 3R-related activities.

• The Basel Secretarial works closely with 3Rs initiative on E-waste issue.

• Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States of America - Also represented European Union

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/index.html

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

StEP - Solving the E-waste Problem

• The StEP initiative, developed in 1984 and formally launched in March 2007, is based in the UN University, Bonn, Germany. The StEP initiative is the offspring of UNU, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

• Other prominent charter partners include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of California at Berkeley, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Technical University Vienna (Austria), French National Institute of Telecommunication (France), Technical University Delft (Netherlands), University of Melbourne (Australia), State Secretary of Economics and EMPA (Switzerland), Regional Environmental Centre (Hungary), the Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources, and Umicore Precious Metal Refining (Belgium).

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

http://www.step-initiative.org/

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

UNEP/ DTIE (IETC)

• UNEP through International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) is implementing “Integrated Solid Waste Management Project” based on 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle).

• ISWM covers all types of wastes in an integrated manner. UNEP DTIE-IETC is also focusing on WEEE/E-waste management and is developing three manuals on WEEE/E-waste assessment, WEEE/E-waste management and WEEE/e-waste “Take back system”

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

http://www.unep.org/dtie/Branches/IETC/tabid/29689/Default.aspx

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

GeSI: Global e-Sustainability Initiative

• The Secretary to GeSI is located in UNEP/DTIE. It is an industrial organisation for which a membership fee is paid annually to run the Secretariat and handle other administrative matters.

• GeSI consists of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) service providers and suppliers, with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme and International Telecommunication Union.

• Their objectives are to share their experience and knowledge, work with stakeholders, manage their own private sector operations in a sustainable way, raise awareness of the contribution ICT can make to society and engage in research and benchmarking.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

GeSI: Global e-Sustainability Initiative

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

http://gesi.org/

Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO)

• SECO along with Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA) has designed and implementing the global program "Knowledge Partnerships in E-waste Recycling".

• EMPA is studying the situation of E-waste recycling in developing and transition countries. The program expects to share knowledge and experience gained through this system and to establish "Knowledge Partnerships in E-waste Recycling".

• The project is being implemented in India, China, Chile, Columbia and South Africa. The programme is split into two complementary parts: "Knowledge Management" and "Capacity Building".

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

http://www.seco.admin.ch/?lang=en

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

GTZ now known as GIZ

• GTZ is supporting WEEE/E-waste initiatives in different countries. As part of its advisory services, it is supporting Indo-European E-waste Initiative, apart of Indo German Environment Program, known as Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM 2002-2008). It has also supported programme on WEEE/E-waste assessment in Yemen.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

http://www.giz.de/en/#

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

THE 3R – Redesign, Reuse and Recycle

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

1. Redesign

• This Task Force is dedicated to product design aspects. We contribute to the StEPaim of solving the e-waste problem by fostering the re-design of electric and electronic equipment (EEE) in order to reduce negative impacts of their entire life cycle.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Vision

• By moving the design of EEE towards enabling closed loops, EEE should not cause harm to the environment at end-of-life during either appropriate or uncontrolled treatment methods. Design should further encourage (with the following hierarchy except when it may be environmentally detrimental):

(1) Lifetime extension (including product reuse and repair);(2) Refurbishment;(3) Recovery of components for reuse;(4) Recovery of materials for recycling.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Objectives, topics and tasks

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

TF2_TermsOfReference.pdf

2. Reuse

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s


Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Activity-oriented view on re-use terminology

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Re-use Defined (waste hierarchy)

1. Potential for re-use

2. Re-use

3. Preparation for Re-use

4. Remanufacture

5. Refurbish (=Recondition)

6. Repair

7. Upgrade

8. Remarket

9. Redeploy

10.Donate

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Differentiation of alternative activities in preparation for re-use

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

3. ReCycle

• Our Taskforce: ReCycle

• The major aim of this Task Force is to enhance infrastructures, systems and technologies to realize sustainable e-waste recycling, especially in industrializing countries. As a neutral arena we want to initiate international, inter-stakeholder cooperative activities and dialogues on a scientific basis in order to find economically, environmentally and socially sound solutions.

• Overall Aim

• The aim of the Taskforce Recycling is to enhance global recycling infrastructures, systems and technologies realizing sustainable e-waste-recycling systems. Er

nes

to E

. Em

pig

, DiS

DS

ICT4

SD;

Facu

lty:

Erm

elin

da

Tob

ias


• Assess the most relevant environmental, economic and social characteristics of e-waste recycling in the industrialized world

• Perform recycling system evaluations leading to recommendations for long-term development of eco-efficient resource cycles

• Analyse complexities of transboundary shipments and logistics of e-waste and its underlying driving forces, dynamics, regulations and the constraints for sustainable resource

• Identify and describe best available and emerging technologies for e-waste treatment in industrializing and industrialized countries

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

• Support legislative and policy development bodies with roadmaps and strategies to reduce environmental and social problems

• Investigate appropriate financing mechanisms for different countries and markets

• Identify and assess the required cross-border infrastructure including the possibilities to control safe treatment and corresponding policy implications

• Enhance communication and transfer

• Of e-waste treatment technologies to facilitate growth in capacity and environmental/social quality of electronics recycling infrastructure

• Of the implications of treatment technologies, environmental issues, economic possibilities and social dimensions into e-waste management strategies

• Activate and improve networks for monitoring and supervising relevant waste streams

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Current WEEE System in South Africa [56, 58]

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

WEEE/ E-waste Treatment Technology

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

EWasteManual_Vol2.pdf

Treatment Schemes for WEEE/ E-waste

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

1st level

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

2nd and 3rd levels

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Table 3.1: Components in WEEE

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Table 3.3: Recoverable quantity of elements in a PC

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

• All the three levels of WEEE/ E-waste treatment systems are based on material flow. The material flows from first level to third level treatment. Each level treatment consists of unit operations, where E-waste is treated and output of first level treatment serves as input to second level treatment. After the third level treatment, the residues are disposed of either in hazardous waste landfill or incinerated. The efficiency of operations at first and second level determines the quantity of residues going to hazardous waste landfill site or incineration. Most of the E-waste treatment facilities in other countries consist of first and second level treatment at one place, while third level treatment is geographically located at other place. The description of treatment at each level is given in terms of input, unit operations and output in the following sections.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Treatment areas

1. Impermeable surfaces for appropriate areas with appropriate spillage collection facilities and, where appropriate, decanters and degreasers.

2. Appropriate storage for dissembled spare parts.

3. Appropriate containers for storage of batteries, capacitors containing PCBs or PCTS, and other hazardous waste such as radioactive waste.

4. Equipment for the treatment of water, including rainwater.

5. (Suitable) balances for measuring the weight of treated waste.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Guideline for treatment areas

• Weatherproof covering

• Impermeable surfaces

• Spillage collection facilities

• Equipment for treatment of water

• Storage for disassembled parts

• Storage for other components and residues

• Balances

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Examples of WEEE/E-waste collection systems (impermeable surfaces & weatherproof coverings) at a collection facility

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

First Level WEEE/E-waste Treatment

• Input: E-waste items like TV, refrigerator and Personal Computers (PC)

• Unit Operations: Following three unit operations occur at first level of treatment

• 1. Removal of all liquids and Gases

• 2. Dismantling (manual)

• 3. Segregation

• Output:

• 1. Segregated hazardous wastes like CFC, Mercury (Hg) Switches, CRT, batteries and capacitors

• 2. Decontaminated E-waste consisting of segregated non-hazardous E-waste like plastic, circuit board and cables

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

• All the three unit operations are dry processes, which do not require use of water. The first step is to decontaminate E-waste and render it non-hazardous. This involves removal of all types of liquids and gases (if any) under negative pressure, and their recovery and storage. Further, all other hazardous WEEE/ E-waste residues are dismantled and segregated. These segregated hazardous WEEE/ E-waste fractions are then sent for third level treatment.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Manual Decontamination/ Dismantling Process

Step 1: Collected E-waste entering the disassembly line in the dismantling facilityStep 2: Manual dismantling of monitor (removal of plastic back cover and disposal into a plastic bin)Step 3: Decontamination by manually removing the hazardous items and their collection in binsStep 4: Complete dismantling and segregation of E-waste fractions

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Second Level WEEE/ E-waste Treatment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

• Input: Decontaminated E-waste consisting segregated non hazardous E-waste like plastic, circuit board and cables.

• Unit Operations: There are three unit operations at second level of E-waste treatment

• 1. Hammering

• 2. Shredding

• 3. Special treatment processes

• Special treatment processes are given below.

• 1. CRT treatment consisting of separation of funnels and screen glass.

• 2. Electromagnetic separation

• 3. Eddy current separation

• 4. Density separation using air or water.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

• Output: Output from the second level treatment technology is given below.

• 1. Ferrous metal scrap (secondary raw material)

• 2. Non ferrous metal scrap mainly copper and aluminum

• 3. Precious metal scrap mainly silver, gold, palladium

• 4. Plastic consisting of sorted plastic, plastic with flame retardants and plastic mixture

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Equipment used in second level WEEE/E-waste treatment

1. Shredder• For size reduction into a size enabling the majority of the ferrous material

to be separated from the non-ferrous/ insulation and plastic fraction

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

2. Eddy Current Separator 1

• For separation of the heavy mixed metal fraction.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

3. Heavy Pre-Granulator

For size reduction of the material prior to separation in the Eddy Current Separator 2.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

4. Eddy Current Separator 2

For separation of the light mixed metal fraction

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

5. Heavy Granulator

For final size reduction of the material

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

6. Separation Table

For final separation of the remaining fraction into a plastic (organic) fraction and a mixed metal fraction.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Second Level WEEE/ E-waste Unit Operations

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Refrigerator Harmless Treatment & Resource Recycling System

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ⅱ. Functional description

• The recycling system for refrigeration devices consists of a shredder, a crusher, a cyclone separation unit for PUR foam, magnetic separation unit for iron, a eddy current separation unit for Aluminium / Copper from plastic and an exhaust air decontamination system.

• Before the refrigerators are broken up, the loose inner parts are taken out, this includes glass, drawer and racks etc. This operations followed by the disposal of the oil-CFC that is done with the refrigerant suction system.

• After removing the compressor the refrigerator is automatically moved to the fridge recycling system. The refrigerators area automatically moved by hydraulic lifting and/or belt conveyor to the cutting unit of the twin-shaft primary-shredder, and broken into small and long shape pieces.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ⅱ. Functional description

• The recyclable material – aluminium/copper, iron, plastic and PUR-foam – are separated subsequently:

• The shredded pieces of PUR-foam are separated by cyclone separator and are moved into PUR foam crusher to down size and storage

• Pieces of iron are taken out through a magnetic separation belt

• The eddy-current separator removes the residual aluminium/copper from the plastic.

• The CFC / pentane / air-mixture from the shredder and crusher is cooled and frozen, and subsequently condensed and bottled.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Cathode Ray Tube(CRT) Separation & Recycling Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

I. VARY Cathode Ray Tube Separation Plant

• End of life televisions have to be recycled.

• The C(cathode ) R(ray) T(tube) has to be separated in a front and a rear part. There is toxic material in the CRT, Panel glass contains fluorescent coating. The rear glass contains led. Also it is important to separate the glass from the front and the rear. The front is very good to reuse when there are no remains of lead in it.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ⅱ. Work Flow Instruction

• Main steps for CRT separation equipment. Electric grinding wheel to remove explosive-proof belt, hot wire and high pressure cooling separate panel and funnel glass, vacuum cleaner collect fluorescent coating. Manually put CRT on the explosive-proof belt remove platform, fixed by sucker; Electric grinding wheel take the metal belt off, an dangle grinder remove glue and graphite; Processed CRT delivered by conveyor to separation platform, CRT is centered in the separation station, Ni-chrome wire wrapped CRT, fasten and heating, cool down by high pressure compress cool air, panel and funnel glass is separated; after separation, fluorescent coating is collected by vacuum cleaner. As there is different element for the panel and funnel glass, funnel glass contains lead(about 22%), panel glass is lead-free, thus, panel and funnel glass need processed separately

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

CRT Crushing & Recycling Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

LCD Monitor Dismantling Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Waste Washing Machine Dismantling Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

TV & PC Disassembly Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Scrap Steel and End-of-Life Vehicle Disassembly and Separation Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Recycling Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Waste Cables & Wires Recycling Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Waste Plastic Crushing & Washing Equipment

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Low Copper Waste Liquid

Waste water Reuse Technical and Equipment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Flow sheet of a WEEE/ E-waste recycling plant in Japan

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

3rd Level WEEE/ E-waste Treatment

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Input/ Output and unit operations for third level treatment of E-waste

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

Recycling options for managing plastics from end-of-life electronics

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

General guidelines for WEEE/E-waste treatment facilities provide guidance for establishing WEEE/E- waste treatment facility.

1. Prepare Environmental Impact Assessment report along with detailed project report of the WEEE/E-waste treatment facility.

2. Regular re-evaluation of environment, health and safety (EH&S) objectives and monitoring of progress toward achievement of these objectives is conducted and documented at all facilities.

3. Facilities take sufficient measures to safeguard occupational and environmental health and safety. Such measures may be indicated by local, state, national and international regulations, agreements, principles and standards, as well as by industry standards and guidelines. Such measures for all facilities include:

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s

• 4. Facilities have a regularly-implemented and documented monitoring and recordkeeping programme that tracks key process parameters, compliance with relevant safety procedures, effluents and emissions, and incoming, stored and outgoing materials and wastes.

• 5. Facilities have an adequate plan for closure. The need for closure plans and financial guarantees is determined by applicable laws and regulations, taking into consideration the level of risk. Closure plans should be updated periodically, and financial guarantees should ensure that the necessary measures are undertaken upon definite cessation of activities to prevent any environmental damage and return the site of operation to a satisfactory state, as required by the applicable laws and regulations.

Ern

esto

E. E

mp

ig, D

iSD

S IC

T4SD

; Fa

cult

y: E

rmel

ind

a To

bia

s