sustainable farming- waste management
DESCRIPTION
Sustainable Farming, Professional Studies, Agricultural Waste ManagementTRANSCRIPT
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SUSTAINABLE FARMING: AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
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AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
BioGASBioMASS
Organic Fertilizers• Compost• Animal Manure
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Feasible
Increase the organic matter content in soil – nutrient availability for
crop - nutrient management plan
Reduces Well water contamination – minimize
surface water pollution
Increase water retention factor (water holding
capacity)
Why Agricultural
Waste Management?
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What is a Nutrient Management Plan? A Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) is a
tool that identifies the nutrient needs (in terms of timing and amount) of a given crop or crops being planted in order to maximize yields and minimize nutrient runoff.
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Why Develop a Nutrient
Management Plan?
Maintain an adequate supply of
nutrients for plant
production
Ensure manure or other organic by-products present
are maximized as a plant nutrient
source
Minimized the pollution
of surface and ground water
resources from excess
nutrients
Manage the physical,
chemical and biological
condition of soils for future
crop production.
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Biomass biological material derived from living,
or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.
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BIOMASS
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Biomass Energy Source on The Farm
Biomass Residue
Energy crops
Grasses
Trees
Oil Plants
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Methods of Biomass Conversio
n to Biofuel
Chemical
Thermal Biochemical
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Biomass Products
Liquid or Gases to produce electricity -
steam
Ethanol (Fermentation of Sugar cane
or Cone)-to make beer
Transportation Fuel – Biodiesel from Soy bean and Canola oils (vegetables oil or animal fats)
Methane gas – For cooking
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BIOGAS
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Energy Crops and Feedstock for Biogas Production
Typical Energy
Crops For Biogas
Production
Maize
Grass
Wheat
Rye
Triticale
Alternative Other Organic Material Such
as waste Products
Slurry
Manure
Vegetables waste
Glycerol –From Biodiesel
Manufacture
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Future of biogas Biogas recovery systems are another potential source of
income for farmers, including those with swine operations. “Codigestion” describes a process in which multiple types
of organic wastes are fed into a single digester, enabling higher methane output.
Eg: U.S. EPA’s AgSTAR program, a voluntary outreach and educational endeavor that promotes the recovery and use of methane from animal manure, has compiled a list of online resources for those who are interested in employing such systems.
Adapted from: http://farmindustrynews.com/bioenergy/energy-sector-looks-agricultural-waste
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Agricultural Biogas Plants Agricultural biogas plants typically consist of a
number of low digesters built either from concrete or metal. They are often topped by a twin-skinned gas storage bag, giving them a characteristic appearance. The majority of biogas will be produced by the first digestion tank with a lower gas yield being attained in the secondary digestate storage tank.
An useful approximate rule of thumb is that for 1 acre (0.405 hectares) of whole crop maize will produce enough gas to generate 1kW of electrical power.
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Economics of Agricultural Biogas Agricultural biogas plants typically
generate returns via the sale of electricity alone,
Gate fees as a charge for the acceptance of waste materials may be low or none-existent.
GE’s Jenbacher Gas Engines
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ORGANIC FERTILIZER
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Organic fertilizers
Organic Fertilizer
s
Sewage Sludge
Peat
Animal Waste –Manure
BloodmealBones,
horns, etc…
Agriculture Plant Waste
-Compost
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Compost organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as
a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. Compost is rich in nutrients. Difference: Fertilizer provides nutrients to the plant in order for
them to grow. Compost is a mixture of organic waste that provides nutrients to the soil.
Composting is an aerobic process where organic materials are biologically decomposed, producing mainly compost, carbon dioxide, water, and heat. Conventional composting processes typically comprise four major microbiological stages in relation to temperature: mesophilic, thermophilic, cooling, and maturation, during which the structure of the microbial community also changes, and the final product is compost
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HOW COMPOST WORKS? At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires
making a heap of wetted organic matter known as green waste(leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials.
The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Bacteria requiring oxygen to function (aerobic bacteria) and fungi manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium. The nitrogen is the form of ammonium (NH4) used by plants. When available ammonium is not used by plants it is further converted by bacteria into nitrates (NO3) through the process of nitrification.
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Key Factors Affecting The Composting Process
Air Factor
• Many microorganisms, including aerobic bacteria, need oxygen. • They need oxygen to produce energy, grow quickly, and consume more
materials.
Food
Factor
• Organic material provides food for organisms in the form of carbon and nitrogen
• Carbon and nitrogen levels vary with each organic material
Moistur
e Factor
• Decomposer organism need water to live• They need oxygen to produce energy, grow quickly, and consume more
materials. • Microorganisms can only utilize organic molecules that are dissolved in
water.
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Temperature Factor
• Related to proper air and moisture level• Temperature between 90 and 140F indicate rapid
decomposition
Particle Size Factor
• Affects the rate of organic Matter breakdown• The more surface area available, the easier it is for
microorganism to work.• Microorganism are able to digest more, generate more heat,
and multiply faster with smaller pieces of material
Volume Factor
• Retaining compost pile heat
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MATERIAL C:N RATIO
Corn stalks 50-100:1
Fruit waste 35:1
Grass clippings 12-25:1
Hay, green 25:1
Leaves, ash, black elder and elm 21-28:1
Leaves, pine 60-100:1
Leaves, other 30-80:1
Manure, horse and cow 20-25:1
Paper 170-200:1
Sawdust 200-500:1
Seaweed 19:1
Straw40-100:2
Vegetable waste 12-25:1
Weeds 25:1
Wood chips 500-700:1
Table 1 provides estimates of the C:N ratio for selected composting materials.TABLE 1. Carbon:Nitrogen RatiosAir Factor
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Articles Fertilizers from biomass enhance
growthhttp://biomassmagazine.com/articles/3529/fertilizers-from-biomass-enhance-growth
Is "Peecycling" the Next Wave in Sustainable Living?
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140202-peecycling-urine-human-waste-compost-fertilizer/
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Reference http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/agricu
ltural-wastes/
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/smart-energy-solutions/increase-renewables/growing-energy-on-the-farm.html#.VRvw0_6UeSo
Biomass to Fertilizers: http://
biomassmagazine.com/articles/3529/fertilizers-from-biomass-enhance-growth
http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk/portal/page?_pageid=77,109209&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL