task na 3.6 preparatory course on seismic qualification - introduction to... · preparatory course...
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Task NA 3.6Preparatory Course on Seismic QualificationBristol, 11-12 January 2011
Introduction to seismic qualification
Prof Colin Taylor, University of Bristol
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
The presentation
Why seismic qualification?Origins and characteristics of earthquakesStructural response to earthquakesThe seismic qualification process▫ Test specifications▫ Required Response Spectra (RRS) and Test Response Spectra
(TRS)▫ Project documents▫ Test equipment and instrumentation▫ Exploratory tests▫ Seismic tests▫ Functional test
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Sichuan, China, 12 May 2008
AP Photo/Kyodo News/Takanori Sekine
AP Photo/Kyodo News/Takanori Sekine
AP Photo color/China Photo
70,000+ dead
3 million homeless
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Interior of Apartment Building
From http://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched/geology/eq-CA-Northridge1.html
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011From http://www.smate.wwu.edu/
Interior Damage to Schools
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011From http://www.theberkeleygraduate.com/2009/10/preparing-for-an-earthquake/From http://www.cfht.hawaii.edu/EARTHQUAKE/PHOTOS/IMGP0723_library1.JPG
Damage to Shelving and Storage
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Sichuan – 12 May 2008
Source: USGS
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Sichuan – 12/05/08 event & aftershocks
Source: USGS
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Sichuan – thrust fault
Source: USGS
Source: USGS
Source: USGS
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Northridge, California, Earthquake, 1994 24 Hour Seismogram
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
UK strong ground motion
Synthetic UK hard rock ground acceleration scaled to 1g PGA
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time / s
Acce
l / m
s-2
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Seismic response
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Elastic structural dynamic response
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
MDOF simulation and secondary structure response
4-storey with quake and tmd v8 090910.ds
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Dynamic models
• Natural frequency and period
• Mass - m• Stiffness - k• Damping – c• Displacement - x
• Equation of motiongxmtPkxxcxm &&&&& −==++ )(
sradmk /=ω
ωπ2
=T seconds
Internal inertia force
Internal damping
force
Internal ‘stiffness’
force
External (earthquake)
force
Mass (m)
Relativedisplacement x(t)
Ground displacement
xg(t)
Damping( c )
Stiffness(k)
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Elastic response
single elastic and single plastic with elastic tmd 240310.ds
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Elastic response
0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10
-5
0
5
10El Centro, USA (May 1940), 270deg
time (s)
Tota
l Acc
el. (
m/s
/s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10
-5
0
5
10
time (s)
Tota
l Acc
el. (
m/s
/s)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10
-5
0
5
10
time (s)
Tota
l Acc
el. (
m/s
/s)
T=0.2s
T=0.5s
T=1.0s
peak = 6.51m/s/s
peak = 8.34m/s/s
peak = 5.07m/s/s
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 13
4
5
6
7
8
9
Period T (s)
Pea
k To
tal A
ccel
.(m/s
/s)
Acceleration Response Spectrum
Elastic acceleration response spectrum
6.51
8.34
5.07
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Design response spectrum
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Period T (s)
Pea
k To
tal A
ccel
.(m/s
/s) A Design Spectrum
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
What is Seismic Qualification? One of many types of tests used to verify that a specimen can function under a range of
environmental conditions▫ Shake the specimen with representative earthquake loads▫ Numerical analysis▫ Reference to previous test database
Other environmental tests include:▫ Air temperature – High, Low, Change▫ Air – Pressure, speed▫ Humidity Range: Dry to Wet – especially for outdoors equipment▫ Water – Rain, ice & frost▫ Radiation – Solar , heat▫ Mechanical substances – Dust, sand▫ Chemical substances – Sulphur, chlorine, nitrogen, hydrogen fluoride, ozone▫ Flora and Fauna – Micro organisms, rodents, insects▫ Shock Loading – High g tests (up to 400g) normally by drop test▫ Office vibration – 1-100Hz sine sweeps 30 mins / sweep▫ EMC tests – Radio, microwave interference
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Who needs Seismic Qualification?
Nuclear Industry▫ Power stations▫ Submarine bases
Telecoms Industry▫ Equipment (cabinets and contents)
for installation in Europe / USA / Japan / Taiwan etc.
Engineering Consultancies ▫ Validation of FE analysis
e.g. non-linear dynamic contact elements
Engineering Contractors▫ Testing of new materials / construction techniques
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Test Specifications BELLCORE – NEBS
NEBSTM Requirements: Physical ProtectionTelcordia Technologies Generic RequirementsGR-63-CORE Issue 2, April 2002
IEC 60068-2-57 International Test StandardEnvironmental testing –Part 2-57: Tests – Test Ff: Vibration – Time-history method
ETSI EN 300 019-2-3 V2.2.2 (2003-04)European Standard (Telecommunications series)Environmental Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and
environmental tests for telecommunications equipment; Part 2-3: Specification of environmental tests; Stationary use at weather protected locations
IEEE-87
Custom – British Energy
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Telcordia Earthquake Zone Map
From GR-63-CORE Issue 2, April 2002
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011From GR-63-CORE Issue 2, April 2002
GR-63-CORE Response Spectra
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011From GR-63-CORE Issue 2, April 2002
GR-63-CORE Response Spectra
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Develop specific secondary response spectra
Typically from dynamic FE analysis of building system
Calculate floor time history response and response spectra
Rules for idealising shape of spectra
▫ Peak broadening▫ Enveloping▫ etc
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Typical Test SequencePreliminary meetings to agree test specification including:
Equipment requirementsMain test spectraNumber and amplitude of shakes Exploratory test requirementsDetails of functions testing
Preparation of test documentation – QP, TMSGenerate shakes ready for testingArrival of specimen, examination for transport damageMount specimen on shaking tableInstall instrumentationFunctional testsExploratory testsFunctional testsMain seismic tests including basic data processingFunctional testsRemove specimen from shaking table and return to clientFinal data processing and produce test report
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Requirements of Test House
Necessary testing equipment – shaking tableAdditional equipment – power (3 phase), air line, water etc.Calibrated InstrumentsA fully operating QA systemSkilled operators
Within the University of Bristol BEELAB performs this role
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Test Equipment – Shaking table
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Project Documentation
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Calibration Certificates
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Typical Test Specimens• Electronics
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Mounting Arrangements • Mounted as will be installed on site• Both location and style of connection
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Instrumentation Acceleration:
Shaking table: 3 axisSpecimen Top: 3 axisSpecimen mid height : 3 axis
Displacement:Specimen Top: 2 axis
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Exploratory Tests To ascertain main frequencies of test itemUse random excitation or sine sweeps. Excitation levels predefinedResults may be used to modify main test sequence
Results for a telecoms cabinet ( X and Y axes)
Main Natural Frequency: 9.8 Hz Damping: 2.4 %
Main Natural Frequency: 8.5 Hz Damping: 2.6 %
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Exploratory Tests• Sine sweep test data• In-house processing of results
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Functional TestsTo confirm test item operates after (and during) a seismic event
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Typical Shake Sequences Triaxial Shakes:25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 140% (and back down)5 at 25%, 1 at 100%, 1 at 140%5 at OBE, 1 DBE, 1 SSEOther combinations are possibleShakes more than 100% are used to check for “cliff edge” effects
Single Axis Shakes:BELLCORE100% each axis
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (s)
Zone 4 accel (g)Zone 2 accel (g)
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Signal shaping
Prescribed time history▫ E.g. Bellcore▫ Adjust table control to fit table motion to prescribed history within allowed
tolerances
Generate synthetic table time history that envelopes Required Response Spectrum▫ At key frequencies (e.g. 1/3rd octave) ▫ Iterative approach▫ Statistical independence of motions
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Typical Test Specimens • Telecoms, Mechanical Equipment
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Typical Test Specimens• Subsea unit for oil well Xmas tree - Operation and Transportation tests
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Typical Test DataX axis - Run 1 Failed to envelope X axis - Run 2 Enveloped
SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES
SERIES Training Course - Bristol, Jan 11-12 2011
Horizontal BELLCORE shakeExample Test