A. Glaciers and IcebergsB. WetlandsC. Ponds and LakesD. Streams and RIvers

3. Rivers Shape the Land

1. Runoff

5. Flood Plains and Floods

Surface WaterReview

2. River Systems

4. Profile of a River

Water Phase Changes

Hydrologic Cycle

1.Glacier-huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land scraping and reshaping ita.Valley

b. b. Continental

2. Iceberg-large floating chunk of ice. Only 7%-10% visible

1.An area of land covered with a shallow layer of water for all or part of the year

2. Sheltered waters rich with nutrients provide great habitats

3.help control flooding4.3 main types: bogs,

marshes and swamps5.Florida Everglades largest

1. Form when water collects in hollows and low-lying land areas

2. Ponds-shallow lake where sunlight reaches the bottom

3. Lake-large body of water; usually deep; formed in depressions like craters, glacial deposits or from dams (reservoirs)

4. Turnover-seasonal mixing of bottom and top layers that refresh nutrients

5. Eutrophication-nutrient build-up causes algae to overgrow

1.Runoff-water that flows over the ground. Several factors affect this flow.

a.Type of surfaceb.Rate of rainfallc.Slope of the land

A river system consists of a river and all of its

tributaries.

The drainage basin of a river system is all the land that is drained by the river and its tributaries. This is also called a watershed . There are many but we live in the largest. It is the Mississippi River Basin

2. River Systems

Tributary

River

Divide

Important Definitions

____________ – a stream and all its tributaries

________ – a smaller stream that empties into a larger stream

_________ – the land area drained by a river system

______ – a high point that separates river systems

River System

Tributary

Watershed

Divide

River Channels and Drainage

There are different types of river channel patterns and river drainage patterns.

1. Dendritic2. Radial3. Rectangular4. Trellis

Dendritic -interconnecting streams resemble the pattern that branches of a tree might make

Radial network

Radial- streams flow outward from a cone-shaped mountain, and make a pattern resembling spokes on a wheel.

Rectangular

streams join each other at right angles because of a rectangular grid of fractures that breaks up the ground

Trellis-A system that develops across a landscape of parallel valleys and ridges so that major tributaries flow down the valleys and join a trunk that cuts through the ridge; the resulting map pattern resembles a garden trellis.

3. Rivers Shape the Land

a. River speed is a factor that can be determined by the:

1.Steepness of a slope2.The channel it flows

through (this creates friction)

3.Volume of water

b. Rivers wear down Earth’s surface and erode and deposit materials like sediments. A river may carry materials in solution, in suspension, and in its bed load.

Flow

Suspension:Silt and clay

Bed load: sand, gravel,pebbles and boulders Materials carried in

solution cannot be seen.

1.________ – wearing away of materials

2.__________ – soil and rock are left behind

3._________ – rock and soil picked up and dropped in erosion and deposition

ErosionDepositionSediments

4. A stream can carry its load in three different ways:

________ – material is dissolved __________ – particles are held up by

stream’s moving water_________ – material pushed or rolled

along the stream’s channel

solutionsuspensi

onbed load

How Streams Move Sediment

c. The speed of a river determines what drops out of the water to create different landforms. These landforms can be:

1. Canyons

2. Mudflats

3. Sandbars

4. Gully

____________ – deposit formed when a stream spreads out onto a less steep area like at the base of a mountain

5. Alluvial Fan

Write the definition down!

_____ – where a stream empties into a larger body of water

6. Delta

Write the definition down!

4. Profile of a River

a. Headwaters-Beginning or river source; fast water and narrow canyons

b.Downriver-slope less steep; tributaries increase water volume; channel is wider and deeper because of erosion

c. Flood Plain-broad, flat area that has other river features1. Meanders-looping

curves2. Oxbow lakes-crescents

of land cut off from the main river

d. Mouth- Point where the river flows into another body of water (deltas, alluvial fans)

________ – the bends and curves of a stream

Meanders

Oxbow lake

deposition

erosion

Youthful rivers form steep-sided canyons and V-shaped valleys. The lowest level to which a river can erode its bed is called its base level.

River Valleys

Surface Water

Rapids can form as a river runs down a deep slope, while a river that plunges over a cliff forms a waterfall.

Stream Stages

________:

RapidsWaterfallsFast-moving

waterSteep slope

_______:

Broad floodplain

MeandersOxbow lakesMeander Scars

Youthful Old

River Systems

Youthful

Mature

Old

Stream Processes and Floodplain Development

Oxbow Lakes

Oxbow Lakes

____________ – when an old age stream downcuts to “make it new again”

Rejuvenation

Forming Stream Terraces

floodplain

A river that has cut down close to its base level tends to erode the sides of its valley, forming a meandering river in a wide flood plain.

5. Floodplains and Floods

Back swampValley wall

Oxbow lake

Meander

Natural levees

Yazoo tributary

River floods are natural events that can have constructive as well as destructive effects. They destroy habitats and homes but they leave behind land rich in nutrients.

People have developed different methods to control and prevent river flooding. One is a man-made dam called a levee

Floods occur when the volume of water in a river increases and overflows its channels.

Floodplain and Natural Levee Development

Mississippi River Flood

1993 Before and After

Tigris – Euphrates River

The Nile River

Yangtze River

Ganges River

Amazon River

The Mississippi River

Vocabulary Review

Flood: The phenomenon whereby a river overflows its banks.

Flood plain: A wide, level area that borders a river and is covered by its water during a flood.

Meander: Broad: looping bends in a river.Oxbow lake: A crescent-shaped body of water

formed when sediments deposited by a river cut off a meander from the river.

Natural levees: Elevated ridges along a river’s bank that are formed by the deposition of the river’s sediment load.

Flash flood: A sudden flood, usually caused by intense, heavy rainfall.