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STUDY ON THE CARBON SEQUESTRATION

POTENTIAL OF TREES IN KONNAGAR

MUNICIPALITY, W.B., INDIA

A COLLABORATIVE VENTURE BEWEEN KONNAGAR MUNICIPALITY AND CLEAN BLUE PLANET CONSULTANCY SERVICES

Report Prepared by Dr. Abhijit Mitra and Dr. Sufia Zaman on behalf of Clean Blue Planet Consultancy Services, Kolkata in collaboration with Konnagar Municipality

Go for a carbon free green zone

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CONTENTS

A. BACKGROUND

B. TECHNICAL

I. Introduction II. Project objectives III. Description of the study sites IV. Methodology V. Results & Discussion VI. Summary VII. Recommendation VIII. References



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A. BACKGROUND The phenomenon of global warming has become a vital issue in the present ‘era’,

which is keenly related to emission of carbon dioxide from varied sectors of human

civilization ranging from household activities to industries. Even the shifting of the

land use pattern generates considerable amount of carbon dioxide in the

atmosphere. Trees play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Considering the

extent and expansion rate of urban development coupled with industrialization, the

safe guarding of the environment is a key issue. This can be achieved cost-effectively

by carbon sequestering through plantation and ecorestoration of the dumping areas

of cities and towns.

A plantation or a forest may be a “source” or a “sink” of carbon depending on the

volume and relative density of the tree species, microbial load of the soil and

climatic condition of the area. So a project was framed to know the stored carbon in

different tree species inhabiting Konnagar Municipality area. Konnagar is a city and

a Municipality in Hooghly District in the maritime state of West Bengal, India

encompassing 20 wards in the Konnagar Municipal Area. It is under Uttarpara

Police Station in the Serampore sub-division.

In line with this primary objective, Dr. Abhijit Mitra, former Head, Department of

Marine Science, University of Calcutta and Advisor of Techno India University, Salt

Lake Campus (Kolkata) and Advisor of Clean Blue Planet Consultancy service visited

Konnagar on 27th June, 2015 to discuss in details the modalities of the project with

Hon’ble Chairman of Konnagar Municipality, Sri Bappaditya Chatterjee.

A group discussion took place to carry out the project objectives by involving the

schools teachers and students of Konnagar, and Shri Bappaditya Chatterjee decided



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to extend all infrastructural facilities to Dr. Abhijit Mitra and his team members. A

team was constituted involving researchers of Techno India University, Clean Blue

Planet Consultancy services, staff and associated members of Konnagar

Municipality, teachers and students of several schools in Konnagar Municipality

(Table 1).

TABLE 1: Team members at a glance

Name Designation Qualification Duty assigned by the PI

Dr. Abhijit Mitra (P.I. and Chief consultant of the project)

Former Head, Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta and Advisor of Clean Blue Planet Consultancy Services

M.Sc., Ph.D

Field sampling Technical guidance Chemical analysis Interpretation Report writing

Dr. Sufia Zaman (Consultant and Research Head of the project)

Adjunct Faculty, Techno India University

M.Sc., Ph.D

Field sampling Chemical analysis Interpretation Report writing

Smt. Shampa Mitra (Technical Head of the project)

Research Scholar, Techno India University

M.Sc.

Field sampling Chemical analysis Report compilation

Mr. Prosenjit Pramanick (Research Officer of the project)


M.Sc. Field sampling Chemical analysis

Mr. Subhasmita Sinha (Research Officer of the project)

Research Scholar, Calcutta University


Ms. Upasana Datta (Technical staff of the project)


M.Sc.

Field sampling Chemical analysis Awareness generation

Smt. Rupa Banerjee (Technical staff of the project)



Ms. Nabonita Pal (Technical staff of the project)


M.Sc.

Field sampling Quiz material

preparation



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Sri Deb Kumar Samanta (Field staff of the project)

Field Staff, Clean Blue Planet Consultancy Services

Class X (appeared)

Field sampling

Dr. Kanchan Panda Konnagar Uccha Vidyalaya Head Teacher

Co-ordination of the project

Identification of the floral species

Sri Bhaskar Chongdar

Konnagar Uccha Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher



Sri Kamalakshya Chakraborty




Sri Motilal Murmu




Smt. Mahua Singha Roy




Sri Tulsidas Bandyopadhyaya

Rajendra Smriti Vidyalaya Head Teacher



Sri Sudipto Shankar Mani

Rajendra Smriti Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher



Sri Rajib Chatterjee Rajendra Smriti Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher



Smt. Anjali Biswas Rajendra Smriti Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher



Smt. Shibani Sarkar Konnagar Hindu Uccha Balika Vidyalaya Head Teacher



Smt. Anjana Sengupta

Konnagar Hindu Uccha Balika Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher





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Smt. Ruma Majumdar

Konnagar Hindu Uccha Balika Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher



Dr. Asish Ghosh Hazra

Sri Aurobindo Vidyapith Head Teacher



Sri Haripada Murmu

Sri Aurobindo Vidyapith Assistant Teacher



Sri Subhasish Saha Sri Aurobindo Vidyapith Assistant Teacher



Sri Niloy Shankar Banerjee

Sri Aurobindo Vidyapith Assistant Teacher



Smt. Nibha Bandopadhyay

Konnagar Kalyan Parishad Head Teacher



Smt. Ganga Saha (Bose)

Konnagar Kalyan Parishad Assistant Teacher



Smt. Rituparna Palui




Smt. Soma Talukdar




Smt. Namita Murmu




Sri Swapan Kumar Nag

Nagendra Kundu Vidyamandir Head Teacher



Sri Prabir Kumar Sarkar

Nagendra Kundu Vidyamandir Assistant Teacher





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Smt. Subhra Bhattacharya Biswas

Nagendra Kundu Vidyamandir Assistant Teacher



Smt. Munmun Mukherjee

Konnagar Ashalata Balika Vidyalaya Head Teacher



Smt. Basanti Tudu

Konnagar Ashalata Balika Vidyalaya Assistant Teacher



Smt. Soma Mitra




Smt. Promila Majumdar




Smt. Haimanti Maji




Konnagar Municipality participants

Name Designation Job description

Sri Bappaditya Chatterjee Chairman Concept development, coordination, awareness

Sri Sujit Kar Staff Field survey, awareness and coordination

Sri Aloke Mukherjee Staff Co-ordination Sri Samar Ranjan Dhar Staff Co-ordination Sri Manoj Saha Staff Co-ordination Sri Ranjan Ghosh Member Concept initiation, co-

ordination, awareness

__________________________________ ______________________________

Signature of Chairman, Signature of P.I of the Project Konnagar Municipality



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B. TECHNICAL

The general consensus among climate researchers and environmentalists is that

increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from human activities and

luxurious life styles, burning fossil fuels, and massive deforestation in many regions

of the world are changing the climate of the planet Earth. CO2 plays the major role in

absorbing outgoing terrestrial radiation and contributes about half of the total green

house effect. Between 1850 and 1900, around 100 gigatons of carbon was released

into the air just for land-use changes (Pandey, 2002). Most of the increase has been

since 1940 (Hair and Sampson, 1992). The atmospheric CO2 concentration is

currently rising by 4% per decade (Jo and McPherson, 2001). Worldwide concern

about climate change has created increasing interest in trees to help reduce the level

of atmospheric CO2 (Dwyer et al., 1992). Trees are most critical components for

taking carbon out of circulation for long periods of time. Of the total amount of

carbon tied up in earthbound forms, an estimated 90% is contained in the world’s

forests, which includes trees, forest floor (litter) and forest soil. For each cubic foot

of merchantable wood produced in a tree, about 33 lb. (14.9 kg) of carbon is stored

in total tree biomass (Sampson et al., 1992).

In 2001, Governments throughout the world made a broad political commitment to

address climate change. The Marrakech Accords to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were adopted after several years of

extensive negotiation. Through these accords, Governments agreed on a set of rules

for implementing commitments under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions over the subsequent decade. A number of forestry and land-use initiatives



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were included in the Kyoto Protocol as a result of the Marrakech Accords. They were

recommended as road maps to facilitate carbon sequestration in the face of climate

change, and include afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, as well as

revegetation and management of forest, cropland and grazing land. A group of 39

industrialised countries, called Annex I Parties, agreed to use these activities to

partly offset their emissions during the first commitment period of the Kyoto

Protocol from 2008 to 2012.

On this background, the present study is an attempt to establish a baseline data set

of the carbon content in the major tree species of Konnagar Municipality

Carbon registries typically segregate a number of carbon pools within forests or

plantation sites that can be clearly identified and quantified. These carbon pools are

categorized in a variety of ways, but typically include many of the same components.

The total carbon in a forest or plantation site is the summation of the Above Ground

Biomass (AGB), Below Ground Biomass (BGB), litter and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC).

The biomass of trees in the respective sites depends on multiple factors like soil

property, rainfall, solar radiation, nutrient availability and even the grazing

pressure.



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1. Monitoring the variation of stored carbon in the Above Ground Biomass (AGB) of common (dominant) tree species in the Konnagar Municipality area.

2. Evaluation of Above Ground Carbon (AGC) and CO2-equivalent. 3. Monitoring the soil pH of selected wards.

4. Drafting carbon card for each tree species inhabiting Konnagar

Municipality

5. Awareness generation.

Konnagar is located on the west bank of the River Hooghly between 22.7°N and 88.35°E

and has an average elevation of ~ 13.56 metres. Konnagar is positioned between Rishra

and Hindmotor on the Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line and Grand Trunk Road.

Approximate area of Konnagar is 4.32 km2.

Konnagar is culturally a rich zone and has a number of temples, cultural clubs and

meeting places where people of all ranks of the society often meet to exchange/share their

knowledge. Konnagar houses the famous Kalitala, Baro Mandir and Shankaracharya

Temple. A heritage property (known as Konnagar Bagan Bari), which belonged to the

father of the master artist Late Abanindranath Tagore has added a cultural feather on the

crown of Konnagar (Fig. 1).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishra

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindmotor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrah-Bardhaman_Main_Line

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road



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Fig. 1. Heritage property in Konnagar

As of 2011 India census, Konnagar had a population of ~80,000. Males constitute 52% of

the population and females 48%. Konnagar has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher

than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 77%.

There are 20 wards in the Konnagar Municipal Area. It is under Uttarpara Police Station

in Serampore sub-division.

A wide spectrum of tree species is a noted feature in the landscape of Konnagar. The

dominant tree species includes Mangifera indica (Mango), Azadirachta indica (Neem),

Aegle marmelos (Bel), Terminalia arjuna (Arjun), Eucalyptus globus (Eucalyptus),

Psidium guajava (Guava), Acacia auriculacformis (Akashmoni), Peltophorum

pterocarpum (Radhachura), Delonix regia (Krishnachura) etc.



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The entire network of the present study initiated with the selection of six sampling

zones in the Konnagar Municipality area. In each zone 10 m × 10 m quadrate was

selected (at random) for the study and the average readings were documented from

each such quadrate by involving the school students and teachers after imaparting a

training to the team members on biomass estimation of trees. A form was supplied

to all the participating schools where the students measured and estimated the

Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and Relative Abundance (RA) of the tree species

under the supervision of their teachers. The mean relative abundance of each tree

species was evaluated for assessing the order of dominance of tree species in the

study area. Only those species occupying equal to and above 70% in the study area

were considered for carbon estimation. This exercise (by involving the teachers,

students and staff of Konnagar Municipality) was carried out to aware the people of

all ranks of the society of Konnagar regarding the values of trees in upgrading the

environmental health.

The Above Ground Biomass (comprising of stem, branch and leaf) of individual trees

of dominant species in each quadrate was estimated as per the standard procedure

stated here and the average biomass values (of all quadrates of each zone) were

finally expressed as tonnes per hectare. Soil pH was analyzed as directly through

soil pH meter.

The methodologies adopted for assessing different parameters in the present study

are explained in details through 5 sections.



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Section 1: Stem biomass estimation

The stem biomass for each tree species in every plot was estimated using non-

destructive method in which the Diameter at the Breast Height (DBH) was

measured after assessing the circumference with a measuring tape and height with

laser beam (BOSCH DLE 70 Professional model). Form factor was determined with

Spiegel relascope as per the method outlined by Koul and Panwar (2008). The stem

volume (V) was then calculated using the expression FHΠr2, where F is the form

factor, r is the radius of the tree derived from its DBH and H is the height of the

target tree. Specific gravity (G) of the wood was estimated taking the stem cores,

which was further converted into stem biomass (BS) as per the expression BS = GV.

Section 2: Branch biomass estimation

The total number of branches irrespective of size was counted on each of the

sample trees. These branches were categorized on the basis of basal diameter into

three groups, viz. <6 cm, 6–10 cm and >10 cm. Dry weight of two branches from

each size group was recorded separately using the equation of Chidumaya (1990).

Total branch biomass (dry weight) per sample tree was determined as per the

expression:

Bdb = n1bw1 + n2bw2 + n3bw3 = Σ nibwi

Where, Bdb is the dry branch biomass per tree, ni the number of branches in the ith

branch group, bwi the average weight of branches in the ith group and i = 1, 2, 3, …..n

are the branch groups. This procedure was followed for all the dominant tree

species separately for every quadrate.



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Section 3: Leaf biomass estimation

Leaves from nine branches (three of each size group as stated in section 2) of

individual trees of each species were removed. One tree of each species per

quadrate was considered for estimation. The leaves were weighed and oven dried

separately (species wise) to a constant weight at 80 ± 50C. The leaf biomass was

then estimated by multiplying the average biomass of the leaves per branch with the

number of branches in a single tree and the average number of trees per plot as per

the expression:

Ldb = n1Lw1N1 + n2Lw2N2 + ……….niLwiNi

Where, Ldb is the dry leaf biomass of the tree species per quadrate, n1..….ni are the

number of branches of each tree species, Lw1 …….Lwi are the average dry weight of

leaves removed from the branches and N1………Ni are the number of trees per species

in the quadrate.

Section 4: Carbon and carbon dioxide-equivalent estimation

Direct estimation of percent carbon was done by a CHN analyzer. For this, a portion

of fresh sample of stem, branch and leaf from selected trees (two

trees/species/plot) of individual species (covering all the selected plots) was oven

dried at 700C, randomly mixed and ground to pass through a 0.5 mm screen (1.0

mm screen for leaves). The carbon content (in %) was finally analyzed for each part

of each species through a Vario MACRO elementar CHN analyzer. The mean of these

vegetative parts were considered as the stored carbon in AGB of each species and

finally converted to CO2 – equivalent by multiplyting with a factor of 3.67.



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Section 5: Soil pH analysis

The measurement of soil pH was done in the field with a micro pH meter (Systronics,

Model No, 362) with glass – calomel electrode (sensitivity ± 0.01) and standardized with

buffer 7.0.

The biomass and productivity of forests have been studied mainly in terms of wood

production, forest conservation, and ecosystem management (Putz and Chan, 1986;

Tamai et al., 1986; Komiyama et al., 1987; Clough and Scott, 1989; McKee, 1995; Ong

et al., 1995). The contemporary understanding of the global warming phenomenon,

however, has generated interest in the carbon-stocking ability of trees. The carbon

sequestration in this unique producer community is a function of biomass

production capacity, which in turn depends upon interaction between edaphic,

climate, and topographic factors of an area. Hence, results obtained at one place

may not be applicable to another. Therefore, region based potential of different

land types needs to be worked out. In the present study, mean values of AGB and

AGC data have been presented (Table 2) considering the 6 zones demarcated in the

map (Fig. 2).



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Fig. 2. Sampling zones for carbon mapping programme in Konnagar Municipality



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TABLE 2

List of dominant tree species in Konnnagar municipality with their respective AGB

and AGC

Sl.

No. Species

AGB

(tonnes ha-1

)

AGC

(tonnes ha-1

)

CO2-

equivalent

1.

Cocos nucifera (Coconut)

914.90

432.74

(47.3%)

1674.73

2.

Murraya koenigii (Curry tree)

34.10

15.96

(46.8%)

58.57

3.

Albizia saman (Shirish)

448.24 220.09

(49.1%) 807.73



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4.

Azadirachta indica (Neem)

307.89 141.01

(45.8%) 517.51

5.

Mangifera indica (Mango)

2474.53 1328.82

(53.7%) 4876.77

6.

Tamarindus indica (Tentul)

4195.60 1929.98

(46.0%) 7083.03

7.

Bombax ceiba (Shimul)

830.03 392.60

(47.3%) 1440.84



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8.

Aegle marmelos (Bel)

3202.00 1501.74

(46.9%) 5511.39

9.

Terminalia arjuna (Arjun)

481.24 223.30

(46.4%) 819.51

10.

Tectona grandis (Segun)

542.72 249.11

(45.9%) 914.23



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11.

Delonix regia (Krishnachura)

2854.98 1350.41

(47.3%) 4956.00

12.

Artocarpus heterophyllus

(Jackfruit)

228.67 111.82

(48.9%) 410.38

13.

Swietenia mahagoni

(Mahogany)

455.35 219.02

(48.1%) 803.80



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14.

Terminalia catappa (Kath

badam)

233.12 114.23

(49.0%) 419.22

15.

Psidium guajava (Guava)

924.92 454.14

(49.1%) 1666.69

16.

Acacia auriculacformis

(Akashmoni)

1961.45 927.77

(47.3%) 3404.92



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17.

Alstonia scholaris (Chatim)

116.54 55.71

(47.8%) 204.46

18.

Ziziphus mauritiana (Kul)

301.74 145.44

(48.2%) 533.76

19.

Eucalyptus globus (Eucalyptus)

5853.95 2716.23

(46.4%) 9968.56



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20.

Dalbergia sissoo (Shishu)

486.62 222.87

(45.8%) 817.93

21.

Syzygium samarangense

(Jamrul)

30.10 14.21

(47.2%) 52.15

22.

Santalum album (Sandal)

5.96

3.27

(54.9%)

12.00



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23.

Peltophorum pterocarpum

(Radhachura)

604.14 275.49

(45.6%) 1011.78

24.

Polyalthia longifolia (Debdaru)

341.39 156.70

(45.9%) 575.09

25.

Borassus flabellifer (Sugar

palm)

348.77 168.80

(48.4%) 619.50



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26.

Areca catechu (Betel palm or

Supari)

3111.52 1481.08

(47.6%) 5435.56

27.

Ficus religiosa (Peepul)

2143.11 1073.70

(50.1%) 3940.48

28.

Ficus benghalensis (Banyan)

1095.66 540.16

(49.3%) 1982.39



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The AGB of the study site is in the order Eucalyptus globus (5853.95) > Tamarindus

indica (4195.60) > Aegle marmelos (3202.00) > Arecea catechu (3111.52) > Delonix

regia (2854.98) > Magnifera indica (2474.53) > Ficus religiosa (2143.11) > Acacia

auriculacformis (1961.45) > Ficus bengalensis (1095.66) > Psidium guajava (924.92) >

Cocos nucifera (914.90) Bombax ceiba (830.03) > Peltophorum pterocarpum (604.14) >

Tectona grandis (542.72) > Dalberegia sissoo (486.62) > Terminalia arjuna (481.24) >

Swietenia mahagoni (455.35) > Albizia saman (448.24) > Polyalthia longifolia (341.39)

> Azadirachta indica (307.89) > Ziziphus mauritiana (301.74) > Terminalia catappa

(233.12) > Artocarpus heterophyllus (228.67) > Alstonia scholaris (116.54) > Murraya

koenigii (34.10) > Syzygium samarangense (30.10) > > Santalum album (5.96).

Similarly the AGC follows the sequence of Eucalyptus globus (2716.23) > Tamarindus

indica (1929.98) > Aegle marmelos (1501.74) > Arecea catechu (1481.08) > Delonix

regia (1350.41) > Magnifera indica (1328.82) > Ficus religiosa (1073.70) > Acacia

auriculacformis (927.77) > Ficus bengalensis (540.16) > Psidium guajava (454.14) >

Cocos nucifera (432.74) > Bombax ceiba (392.60) > Peltophorum pterocarpum (275.69)

> Tectona grandis (249.11) > Terminalia arjuna (223.30) > Dalberegia sissoo (222.87) >

Albizia saman (220.09) > Swietenia mahagoni (219.02) > Polyalthia longifolia (156.70)

> Ziziphus mauritiana (145.44) > Azadirachta indica (141.01) > Terminalia catappa

(114.23) > Artocarpus heterophyllus (111.82) > Alstonia scholaris (55.71) > Murraya

koenigii (15.96) > Syzygium samarangense (14.21) > Santalum album (3.27).



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The burning of fossil fuel, changes in land uses, mining and construction have

caused an increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Such increases

have the potential to cause regional and global climate and related environmental

changes like increase in global temperature, change in precipitation amount and

pattern, rise in sea level, and increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather

events (Easterling et al., 2000). These projections have encouraged scientists to

consider options for minimizing future increase in global CO2 concentrations. A

potential approach to mitigating the rising CO2 concentration is to enhance

sequestration of C in terrestrial ecosystems (Paustian et al., 1998). This can be

achieved by enhancing the processes of photosynthesis through plants that

assimilate CO2 increasing biomass productivity, and allocating the assimilated C into

long-lived plant and Soil Organic Matter (SOM) pools resistant to microbial

decomposition. This indicates the importance of plant - and soil - based carbon

sequestration strategies, which can be successfully implemented to reduce the net

CO2 emission into the atmosphere.

The core findings of the present study are listed below:

1) The present study has covered 25% of the total area of Konnagar, which is

approximately 1.32 sq. km.

2) In this 25% area Polyalthia longifolia (Debdaru), Delonix regia (Krishnachura),

Peltophorum pterocarpum (Radhachura) are dominant species, but the carbon

sequestration being a function of biomass and number of individuals of each species

is highest in Eucalyptus followed by Tamarindus indica (Tentul), Aegle marmelos

(Bel), Arecea catechu (Supari), Magnifera indica (Mango), Ficus religiosa (Peepul),



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Ficus bengalensis (Banyan) and Acacia auriculiformis (Akashmoni). The other

species have biomass less than 1000 tonnes/ha.

3) The order of AGC is exactly similar to the order of AGB.

4) The total Above Ground Biomass (AGB) of dominant trees (where Relative

Abundance is equal to or more than 70%) is 34,529. 24 tonnes/ha and the total

stored carbon (AGC) is 16,466.40 tonnes/ha, which is equivalent to 60,431.69 CO2-

equivalent.

Remark: Although Curry tree (Murraya koenijii) and Sandal tree (Santalum album) are much below 70% in terms of abundance, but considering the rareity of the species we have included them in the present study.

5) The soil pH in most of the quadrates of Konnagar ranges between 6.4 -6.8.

However, in some places (like the soil within the heritage property of Konnagar) the

pH is highly acidic which is between 2.8 -3.3. Also in the northern side of the

Konnagar Rabindra Bhawan the soil pH is around 5. All these places require some

soil management.

6) Awareness generation amongst the students for afforestation related

programmes was carried out through slide presentation and quiz contest.

Application of 2% lime (dissolved in water) needs to be carried out (frequency once

in every 2 months) in all the six sampling zones, and for Heritage property site and

Konnagar Rabindra Bhaban the frequency will be once a month. This is

recommended for three months.

Use of organic fertilizer (liquid form) is recommended (Annexure 1). This may be

sourced from endemic floral species, preferably water hyacinth that is widely



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available in Jorapukur (Boro/Large) or any other waterbodies in Konnagar

Municipality area.

Public awareness programmes on air, water and soil quality need to be organized

frequently.

Annexure 1: Composition of organic fertilizer ingredients

Ingredient N P2O5 K2O Ca Mg S Comments

Blood

(dried)

12-15 2-3 1 BDL BDL BDL Good source of

nutrients

Blood meal

(steamed)

15 0.5-1 1 BDL BDL BDL Good source of

nutrients

Bone meal

(steamed)

~ 1.8 10-

20

0 18-30 0 0 Low nitrogen and

moderate source of

nutrients

Compost

(garden)

V V V V V V Depending on the

ingredients and

technology, the

composition varies

Cotton seed

meal

6-7 2.5 1.5 BDL BDL BDL Good source of

nutrients

Cotton seed

hull ash

0 0 27 BDL BDL BDL Noted for high

potassium level

Fish scrap

(Acidulated)

8.5-9.5 1-2 0 BDL BDL 2.0 Rich in nitrogen, but

bioaccumulated heavy

metals and pesticides

are causes of concern

Dried fish

meal

8.5- 10.0 0 0 5.8 BDL BDL Rich in nitrogen, but

bioaccumulated heavy

metals and pesticides

are causes of concern

Legume 2-3 2.4 2.4 1.2 0.2 0.3 Balanced nutrient level

Cattle

manure

0.5-2 1.5 1.1-1.2 1.1 0.3 BDL -

Broiler litter 2-3 3.0 2.0 1.6-1.9 0.4 0.3 Balanced nutrient level

Seaweed 0.5-0.8 0.8 4.7 BDL BDL BDL Bioaccumulation of

conservative pollutants

is reported depending

on the habitat *V = Variable; BDL = Below Detectable level



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