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ITEM S STRUCTURES

S-1-1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This item of the Specifications contains a general description of the specific items of work,the materials and construction requirements, and methods of measurement and payment ofall concrete structures including concrete pipe culverts, sla culverts, o! culverts, piles,composite

structures of concrete and prestressed and post tensioned girders etc" Such structure shalle uilt as indicated on the drawings and in conformity with the lines, grades, dimensionsand details there shown, and shall e read and constructed in conduction with the Special#rovisions, and any instructions which may e issued y the Engineer"

Materials, equipment, workmanship and construction methods to e applied in the worksshall conform to the requirements laid down herein and shall also follow the laourintensive method of construction practices and have the approval of the Engineer"

The provisions of this Item $S$ of the Specifications also include certain structural

feature and incidental items which are either common to all types of structures or whichmay apply to any of them"

#ayment for completed and accepted works according to the methods of measurementand payment of these specifications and%or the Special #rovisions for the items listed inthe Tender Schedule &'"(")* shall e full compensation for furnishing all materials,laour, equipment, tools and all incidental and preliminary works necessary for thecompletion"

S-1-+ CLEARING OF SITE

The ontractor shall clear the Sites of the proposed structures of trees, rush, stumpsand deris, in the manner outlined in Item $$, learing and ruing" Special clearingof the Site such as removal of e!isting ridges, uildings, concrete pavement etc will epaid for at prices tendered for these items, ut where no such #rices are provided for, allcosts in connection with this special clearing shall e included in the price tendered forthe various items of the structures in the Tender Schedule &'()*"

.emoval or relocation of pulic or private utilities such as telephone or telegraph lines,power lines, underground cale lines, sewer and water lines, etc shall e arranged y theEmployer/s .epresentative with the specific overnment 0gency%0gencies, tilityompanies or persons involved" The Employer shall ear the cost of relocating suchutilities"

S-+-2 FOUNDATION DATA

3oundation data when shown on the 4rawings have een otained from test orings, test

pits, or other sources and represents the est information in the possession of the Employeras to the character of the material at the locations actually tested" 0rticle 5"16, 'oreholesand E!ploratory E!cavation of the eneral onditions of ontract shall apply if additionalfoundation data are required"

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S-+-2 FINAL CLEARING

pon completion of the structure, the ontractor shall clean up the Site, remove alltemporary uildings, falswork, piling, lumer, equipment and all other deris" Theontractor shall level off and fine grade all e!cavated material not used for ackfillaround piers, ents, autments, culvert head walls and on emankment slopes" 'ridgesdecks and sidwalks shall e left in a clean and workmanlike condition =o specificpayment for clearing up shall e made ut the cost shall e included in other itemsshown in the Tender Schedule &'()*"

S-+-: OPENING TO TRAFFIC

'ridges or sla or o! culverts having decks constructed with #ortland cement concreteshall remain closed to all traffic and ontractor/s equipment su>ect to the results of testsmade of the concrete ut not less than twenty eight &+?* days after the placing ofconcrete"

The aove time of opening to traffic is applicale when temperatures are aove 18 o"@hen temperatures are elow 18o the time of opening to traffic shall e increased atthe discretion of the Engineer" In any event ridges or culverts with concrete decks shall

not e opened to traffic without the approval of the Engineer"

ITEM ( CONCRETE

(-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work consists of furnishing, placing, forming, curing and finishing inclusive oftransport, of cement concrete made from approved portland cement, water, fine andcoarse aggregates, all in accordance with the requirements in these specifications, andin a manner shown on the 4rawings, or called for in the Special #rovisions, and to theapproval of the Engineer"

(-1-1"1 Classes of Concrete

The classes of concrete recogniAed in these specifications shall e designatedB 0, ', ,4, E, C, and lean oncrete shall e used where it is called for on the 4rawings, or wheredirected y the Engineer or specified in the Special #rovisions" The followingrequirements shall govern unless otherwise shown on the 4rawings"

Class Aoncrete shall e used everywhere, for non-reinforced and reinforced concretestructures, e!cept as noted elow or directed y the Engineer" oncrete placed underwater shall e lass 0 with a minimum cement content of 688 Dg%m 2&+: pounds percuic feet* of concrete and a slump etween 18-+8 m &6 and ? inch*"

P.C.C. Class Aconcrete tiles, in shape and siAe, will e provided in accordance with thedrawings and%or as specified y the Engineer"

Class Boncrete shall e used only where specified"

Class Concrete shall e used for criing, or as otherwise directed y the Engineer orspecified in the Special #rovisions or on the 4rawings"

Class Doncrete shall e used for precast, pre-stressed and post-tensioned concretememers"

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Class Eoncrete shall e used for precast, pre-stressed and post-tensioned concretememers wherever specified on the drawings or given in writing y the desginer in hisdesign report or eneral =otes of the ridge"

Class Yoncrete shall e used as filler in steel grid ridge floors, or where indicated inthe praticular specifications or on the drawings"

Leanoncrete shall e used in thin layers underneath footings and when called for onthe 4rawings or directed y the Engineer"

The concrete of the various classes shall satisfy the requirements shown in Tale (-I"

TABLE CO-1

Portlan Ce!ent Concrete Re"#$re!ents

Type of Min Ma! SiAe +? days Ma!imum onsistency #ermis-oncrete ement of oarse ompressive &.ange in Slump* sile

Dg%m2 0ggregate

Strength

emte-mm kg%cm+ si* irated=on-irated nt .atio

inch inch

0 2:8 +8 +18 &2888* 8";: F +";: 8";: F 1";: 8":?

' 288 2? 1;8 &+688* 8";: F +";: 8";: F 1"+: 8"5:

2+: 2? +18 &2888*8";: F +";:8";: F 1";:8":?

4 6+: +: 2:8 &:888* 8";: F +"8 8";: F 1"+: 8"68

E +: 6+8 &5888* See =ote elow

C 288 12 +18 &2888* 8";: F +";: 8";: F 1";: 8":?

Geanoncrete 1;: 2? 188 &1688* - - -

=oteB It is the responsiility of the contractor to achieve the requierd strength of 6+8 Dg%cm +&5888 psi"*y a proper mi! design for th lass E oncrete" Test results of the samples shall approved y theEngineer%EngineerHs representative" The 0mount of ement per M2of the concrete, onsistancy

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of the concrete and the #ermissile @ater ement .atio shall e estalished from the mi!designs and test data%results"

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(-+-+ %ATERIAL RE&UIRE%ENTS

(-+-+"1 Portlan Ce!ent

ement remaining in ulk storage at the mill, prior to shipment, for more than si! &5*months or cement stored in local storage y the contractor for more than si!ty &58* daysafter shipment from the factory shall e retested efore use and will e re>ectded if itfails fot meet any of the specified requirments"

"#ortland cement shall conform to the requirements of the Standard Specifications for#ortland cement, 00S9T( 4esignation M?: &0STM 4esignation 1:8*" The type ofcement to e used, unless otherwise shown on the 4rawings or specified in the Special#rovisions, shall e Type 1"

Sampling of cement shall e in accordance with 00S9T( 4esignation T1+;"

Mill certificates shall accompany delivery of the material to the work, which shall etreated according to the provisions under Item ;, ontrol of Materials"

ement shall e delivered in sufficient quantities to ensure that there is no suspension of

the work of concreting at any time" 4ifferent rands or different types of cement from thesame mill, or the same rand or type from different mills shall not e mi!ed or usedalternately in the same item of construction unless authoriAed y the Engineer"

(-2-+"+ F$ne A''re'ate

The fine aggregate shall consist of sand, stone screenings or other approve inert materialswith similar characteristics, or a comination thereof, having clean, hard, strong, sound,durale, uncoated grains free from in>urious amount of dust, lumps, soft or flaky particles,shale alkali, organic matter, loam or other deleterious sustances, and shall not containmore than three &2* percent of material passing the =o"+88 sieve y washing nor more thanone percent of clay lumps or one &1* percent of shale" The use of each sand is prohiitedwithout the written consent of the Engineer"

3or e!posed work, the fine aggregate shall e free from any sustance that will discolor theconcrete surface"

The fine aggregate shall e uniformly graded and when tested in accordance with 00S9T(4esignation T 11 and T+; shall meet the following grading requirementsB

US Stanar S$e(e Percenta'e Pass$n' )* +e$',t

1 cm &2%? in"* 188=o" 6

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shall e made upon representative samples sumitted y the ontractor from such sourcesas he proposes to use" 3ine aggregate from any one source having a variation in finenessmodules greater than 8"+8 either way from the fineness modules of representative samplessumitted y the ontractor may e re>ected"

Testing of the aggregate is specified under Item (-21-2"< of these specifications"

(-6-+"2 Coarse A''re'ate

The coarse aggregate shall conform to 0STM -22 and consist of crushed or uncrushedstone, gravel or other approved inert materials with similar characteristics, or a cominationthereof, having clean, hard, strong, sound, durale uncoated particles, free from in>uriousamount of soft, friale, thin elongated, or laminated pieces, alkali, organic or otherdeleterious matter and conforming to the requirements of these Specifications"

The coarse aggregate shall e of uniform grading with ma!imum siAes as required for thevarious classes of concrete as shown in Tale (-1"

=ot more than : percent shall pass a =o" ? sieve"

oarse aggregate shall contain not more than 1 1%+ percent y weight of material passingthe =o"+88 sieve y washing, not more than : percent of soft fragments"

It shall have an arasion loss of not more than 68 percent at :88 revolutions, when tested inaccordance with 00S9T( T

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TABLE CO-

Gra$n' of Co!)$ne A''re'ates

S #ercentage #assingStandardSieve Ma!imum SiAe of 0ggregate

:1 mm

2? mm

+: mm

+8 mm

12 mm

+"8 in1J in

1 in

2%6 in

Jin

:1mm &+in* 188

2?mm &1Jin* ?8 F 188 188

+:mm &1in* :8 F ?5 ?8 F 188 188

+8mm &2%6in* 6: F ;: :: F 188

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6 F 18 : F 1: < F +8 < F +8 < F +8

1 F 2 1 F : 1 F 5 1 F 5 1 F 5

8 F + 8 F + 8 F + 8 F + 8 F +

(-5-+": Stora'e of Ce!ent an A''re'ates

a* 0ll cement shall e stored, immediately upon arrival on the site of the work, inweather-proof uilding which will protect the cement from dampness" The floorshall e raised from the ground" The uildings shall e placed in locations approvedy the Engineer" #rovisions for storage shall e ample, and the shipments ofcement as received shall e separately stored in such a manner as to provide easyaccess for identification and inspection of each shipment" Storage uildings shallhave capacity for storage of a sufficient quantity of cement is to e used" 'ulkcement, if used, shall e transferred to elevated air tight and weather-proof ins"9owever, if approved, sacked cement on small >os may e stored in the openupon a raised platform provided that ample waterproof covering is provided" Stored

cement shall meet the test requirements at any time after storage when retest isordered y the Engineer" 0t the time of use all cement shall e free-flowing andfree of lumps"

opies of cement records shall e furnished to the Engineer showing in such detailas he may reasonaly require, the quantity used during the day or run at each partof the work" ement held in storage for a period of over si!ty &58* days, or cementwhich, for any reason the Engineer may suspect of eing damaged, shall esu>ect to a retest efore eing used in the work"

* The handling and storing of concrete aggregates shall e such as to preventsegregation or the inclusion of foreign materials" The Engineer may require thataggregates e stored on separate platforms at satisfactory locations"

In order to secure greater uniformity of the concrete mi!, the Engineer may requirethat the coarse aggregate e separated into two or more siAes" 4ifferent siAes ofaggregate shall e stored in separate ins or in separate stock piles sufficientlyapart from each other to prevent the material at the edges of the piles fromecoming intermi!ed"

If aggregates are stored on the ground the ottom layer of aggregate shall not e disturedor used without recleaning and as approved y the Engineer"

(-;-+"5 +ater

The @ater for curing, for washing aggregates and for mi!ing shall e su>ect to theapproval of the Engineer" It shall e free from oil and shall contain not more than 1,888

parts per million of chlorides as l nor more than 1,288 parts per million of sulfates S( 6" Inno case shall the water contain an amount of impurities that will cause a change in thesetting time of #ortland cement of more than twenty five &+:* percent nor a reduction in thecompressive strength of mortar at fourteen &16* days of more than five &:* percent whencompared to the result otained with distilled water"

In non-reinforced concrete work, the water for curing, for washing aggregates, and formi!ing shall e free from oil and shall not contain more than +,888 parts per million ofchlorides as l, nor more than 1,:888 parts per million of sulfates as S(6"

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In addition to the aove requirements, water for curing concrete shall not contain anyimpurities in a sufficient amount to cause discolouration of the concrete or produce etchingof the surface"

@hen required y the Engineer, the quality of the mi!ing water shall e determined y theStandard Method of Test for )uality of @ater to e used in concrete, 00S9T( Methods ofSampling and Testing, 4esignationB T +5"

(-;-+"; A!$t#res

=o admi!tures shall e used without written permission from the Engineer" If air-entrainingagents, water reducing agents, set retarders or strength accelerators are permitted to eused, they shall not e used in greater dosages than those recommended y themanufacturer, or permitted y the Engineer, and shall conform to the relevant 00S9T( or

0STM requirements for each of the agents"

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(-?-2 CONSTRUCTION RE&UIRE%ENTS

The manufacturing, transport, handling and placing of concrete shall conform with therequirements given hereinafter"

nless, otherwise specified ordinary #ortland cement shall e used for all types of concrete"@hen sulphate resisting cement or other types of cement is required, it will e specified onthe 4rawing%or in '() or ordered y the Engineer"

(-?-2"1 Pro/ort$on$n' of Concrete

0ll concrete shall e proportioned y weighing, e!cept as specified herein" The proportionsy weight of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water necessary to produceconcrete of the required strength and consistency shall e approved y the Engineer" Suchapproval may e withdrawn at any time, and changes in the proportions may e required forthe purpose of required workaility, density, impermeaility duraility and strength"

'ased on the approved mi! proportions, the ontractor shall prepare lists showing thenumer of kilograms of the various materials to e used in the atch siAe adopted" Therequired consistency shall also e shown" Such lists are su>ect to approval y the

Engineer, and shall e posted at the mi!er" The amount of water in the mi! is the totalamount of free water, including the free water held y the aggregates"

=o concrete shall e placed in the works until the results of the twenty eight &+?* days testindicate that the design proportions are satisfactory as per requirements under Item(-2+-2"18" $Testing of ompressive Strength$" 0d>ustment of the proportions shall esu>ect to the following provisionsB

a* 0d>ustment for variation in workaility" If it is found impossile to otain concrete ofthe desired placaility and workaility with the proportions originally approved, theEngineer shall make such changes as are necessary"

* 0d>ustment for new materials" =o change in the source or character of thematerials shall e made without due notice to the Engineer has accepted suchmaterials and has approved new proportions ased on trial mi!es"

The ontractor/s attention is directed to the time required to prepare and test trial atches ata

sufficiently early date so that the progress of he work is not delayed"

(-

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(-ect to the approval of theEngineer" The measuring devices shall e checked as frequently as the Engineermay deem necessary to ensure their accuracy"

* %$$n' at S$te

oncrete mi!ers may e of the revolving drum or the revolving lade type andthe mi!ing drum or lades shall e operated uniformly at the mi!ing speedrecommended y the manufacturer" The pick-up and throw-over lades ofmi!ers shall e restored or replaced when any part or sections is worn +": m &1inch* or elow the original height of the manufacturer/s design" Mi!ers andagitators which have an accumulation of hard concrete or mortar shall not eused"

@hen the aggregates contain more water than the quantity necessary to producea saturated surface-dry condition, representative samples shall e taken and themoisture content determined for each kind of aggregate"

The temperature of mi!ed concrete, immediately efore placing, shall e notmore than 2+o" 0ggregates and water shall e cooled as necessary to produceconcrete within this temperatures limit" =either aggregates nor mi!ing watershall e heated to e!ceed 5:o" If ice is used to cool the concrete, discharge ofthe mi!er will not e permitted until all ice is melted"

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The atch shall e so charged into the mi!er that some water will enter inadvance of cement and aggregates" 0ll water shall e in the drum y the end ofthe first quarter of the specified mi!ing time"

ement shall e atched and charged into the mi!er y means that will notresult in loss due to the effect of wind, or in accumulation of cement on surfacesof conveyors or hoppers, or in other conditions which reduce or vary the requiredquantity of cement in the concrete mi!ture"

The entire contents of a atch mi!er shall e removed from the drum eforematerials for a succeeding atch are placed therein" The materials composing aatch e!cept water shall e deposited simultaneously into the mi!er"

0ll concrete shall e mi!ed for period of not less than 1 1%+ minutes after allmaterials, including water, are in the mi!er" 4uring the period of mi!ing, themi!er shall operate at the speed for which it has een designed"

The first atch of concrete materials placed in the mi!ed shall contain asufficient e!cess of cement, sand, and water to coat the inside of the drum

without reducing the required mortar content of the mi!" @hen mi!ing is tocease for a period of one hour or more, the mi!er shall e thoroughly cleaned"

c* 0an %$$n'

In case where the Engineer may authoriAed hand-mi!ing the latter shall e doneon a watertight platform and in such a manner as to ensure a uniform distriutionof the materials throughout the mass" Mi!ing shall e continued until ahomogeneous mi!ture of the required consistency has een otained"

8-11-2"6 0a#l$n' of %$e Concrete

a* 0a#l$n'

oncrete hauled in open-top vehicles shall e protected during hauling againstaccess of rain, or e!posure to the sun for more than +8 minutes when theamient temperature e!ceeds +:o"

* Rete!/er$n'

The oncrete shall e mi!ed only in such quantities as are required forimmediate use and any concrete that has partially hardened shall not eretempered or remi!ed"

1+"2": 0anl$n' an Plac$n' Concrete

a* General

In preparation for the placing of concrete all sawdust, chips and otherconstruction deris and e!traneous matter shall e removed from inside theformwork, and struts, stays and races serving temporarily to hold the forms incorrect shape and alignment, pending the placing of concrete at their locations,shall e removed when the concrete placing has reached an elevation renderingtheir services unnecessary" These temporary memers shall e entirely removedfrom the forms and not uried in the concrete"

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oncrete shall e placed so as to avoid segregation of the materials and thedisplacement of the reinforcement" The use of long troughs, chutes, and pipesfor conveying concrete to the forms shall e permitted only on writtenauthoriAation of the Engineer" In any case the Engineer will re>ect the use ofequipment for concrete transportation that will allow segregation, loss of fines, orin any other way will have a deteriorating effect on the concrete quality"

(pen troughs and chutes shall e of metal or metal linedK where steep slopesare required, the chutes shall e equipped with affles or e in short lengths thatreverse the direction of movement"

0ll chutes, troughs and pipes shall e kept clean and free from coatings ofhardened concrete y thoroughly flushing with water after each runK water usedfor flushing shall e discharged clear of the structure"

@hen placing operations would involve dropping the concrete more than 1": M &:feet*, it shall e conveyed through sheet metal or other approved pipes" 0s far aspracticale, the pipes shall e kept uried in the newly placed concrete" 0fter initialset of the concrete the forms shall not e >arred and no loading of any kind shall eplaced on the ends of pro>ecting reinforcement ars"

The concrete shall e placed as nearly as possile to its final position and the useof virators for e!tensive shifting of the mass of fresh concrete will not epermitted"

&* Plac$n' Concrete Uner +ater

oncrete shall not e placed under water e!cept where inevitale in which caseapproval must e sought from the Engineer and the work carried out under hisimmediate supervision" In this case the method of placing shall as hereinafterspecified"

oncrete deposited under water shall e lass 0" 0 concrete with a minimumcement content of 688 Dg%m2&+: pounds per cuic feet* of concrete"

The slum of the concrete shall e maintained etween 18 L +8 m &6 and ? inch*"To prevent segregation, it shall e carefully placed in a compact mass, in its finalposition, y means of a tremie, a ottom dump ucket, or other approved means,and it shall not e distured after eing placed" @ater must not e allowed to flowpast the fresh concrete surface"

0 tremie shall consist of a tue having a diameter of not less than +: m &18 inch*constructed in sections having flanged coupling fitted with gaskets with a hopper atthe top" The tremie shall e supported so as to permit free movement of thedischarge and over the entire top surface of the work and so as to permit rapidlowering when necessary to retard or step the flow of concrete" The discharge endshall e closed at the start of @ork so as to prevent water entering the tue and

shall e completely sumerged in concrete at all timesK the tremie tue shall ekept full to the ottom of the hopper" @hen a atch is dumped into thehopper, the flow of concrete shall e induced y slightly raising the discharge end,ut always keeping it in the placed concrete" The flow shall e continuous until thework is completed"

@hen the concrete is placed with a ottom-dump ucket, the top of the ucketshall e open" The ottom doors shall open freely downward and outward whentripped" The ucket shall e completely filled and slowly lowered to avoid

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ackwash" It shall not e dumped until it rests on the surface upon which theconcrete is to e deposited and when discharged shall e withdrawn slowly untilwell aove the concrete"

4ewatering may proceed when the concrete seal is sufficiently hard and strong"0ll laitance or other unsatisfactorily material shall e removed from the e!posedsurface y scraping, chopping or other means which will not in>ure the surface ofthe concrete"

&c* Co!/act$on

oncrete, during and immediately after placing shall e thoroughly compactede!cept lean concrete under footings and concrete deposited under water"oncrete in walls, eams, columns, etc, shall e placed in horiAontal layers notmore than 28 m &1+ inch* thick e!cept as hereinafter provided" @hen less thana complete layer is placed in one operation, it shall e terminated in a verticalulkhead" Each layer shall e placed and compacted efore the preceding layerhas taken initial set to prevent in>ury to the green concrete and avoid surfaces ofseparation etween the layers" Each layer shall e compacted so as to avoid theformation of a construction >oint with a preceding layer, which has not taken an

initial set"

The compaction shall e done y mechanical viration" The concrete shall evirated internally unless special authoriAation of other methods is given y theEngineer or is provided herein" irators shall e of a type, design, andfrequency approved y the Engineer" The intensity of viration shall e such asvisily to affect a mass of concrete with a 2 m &1 1%6inch* slump over a radiusof at least half a meter &1": ft*" The ontractor shall provide a sufficient numerof virators to properly compact each atch immediately after it is placed in theforms" irators shall e manipulated so as to thoroughly work the concretearound the reinforcement and emedded fi!tures and into the corners andangles of the forms and shall e applied at the point of placing and in the area offreshly placed concrete" The virators shall e inserted into and with drawn fromthe concrete slowly" The

viration shall e of sufficient duration and intensity to compact the concrete thee!tent that localiAed areas of grout are formed" 0pplication of virators shall eat points uniformly spaced and not farther part than twice the radius over whichthe viration is visily effective" iration shall not e applied directly to thereinforcement or to sections or layers of concrete that have hardened to thedegree that the concrete cases to e plastic under viration" It shall not e usedto make concrete flow in the forms over distances so great as to causesegregation, and virators shall not e used to transport concrete neither in theforms nor in troughs or chutes"

iration shall e supplemented y such spading as is necessary to ensuresmooth surfaces and dense concrete along form surfaces and in corners and

locations impossile to reach with the virations,

The provisions for viration in this paragraph apply to precast piling, and otherprecast memers e!cept that, if approved y the Engineer, the manufacturer/smethod of viration may e used"

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(-1:-2"5 Cast$n' Sect$ons an Constr#ct$on o$nts

a* General

The concrete in each integral part of a structure shall e placed continuously,and the ontractor will not e allowed to commence work on any such partunless sufficiently inspected and approved material for the concrete is at hand,and his forces and equipment are sufficient to complete the part withoutinterruption in the placing of the concrete"

onstruction >oints shall e made only where located on the plans or shown inthe pouring schedule, unless otherwise approved"

If not detailed on the plans, or in the case of emergency, construction >oints shalle placed as directed" Shear keys or inclined reinforcement shall e used wherenecessary to transmit shear or ond the two sections together" @hen shear keysor inclined reinforcement are not provided, the concrete shall e roughened asdirected"

oints in the concrete due to stopping work shall e avoided as far as possile"

Such >oints, when necessary, shall e constructed to meet the approval of theEngineer"

@hen the placing of concrete is temporarily discontinued the concrete, afterecoming firm enough to retain its shape, shall e cleaned of alance and othero>ectionale material to a sufficient depth to e!pose sound concrete" @here a$feathered edge$ might e produced at a construction >oint, as in the sloped topsurface of a wing wall, thickness of not less than 1: m &5"8 inch* in thesucceeding layer" @ork shall not e discontinued within :8 m &+8 inch* of thetop of any face, unless provision has een made for a coping less than :8 m&+8 inch* thick, in which case, if permitted y the Engineer, the construction >ointmay e made at the underside of coping"

Immediately following the discontinuance of placing concrete all accumulationsof mortar splashed upon the reinforcing steel and the surfaces of forms shall eremoved" 4ried mortar chips and dust shall not e puddled into the unsetconcrete" are shall e e!ercised, during the cleaning of the reinforcing steel,not e in>ured or reak the concrete steel ond at and near the surface of theconcrete"

&* Sla) C#l(erts

In general, the lean concrete in the foundation shall e placed and allowed to setefore the remainder of the culvert is constructed"

0fter the construction of masonry autment walls, the concrete ed plate andcurtain walls shall e constructed monolithically" onstruction >oints in wing walls

where unavoidale shall e horiAontal and so located that no >oints will e visilein the e!posed face of the wing wall aove the ground line"

&c* Bo C#l(erts

ertical construction >oints shall e at right angles to the a!is of the culvert"

In general, the ase sla or footings of o! culverts shall e placed

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and allowed to set efore the remainder of the culvert is constructed" In thiscase, suitale provision shall e made for pondig the sidewalls to the culvertase, preferaly y means of raised longitudinal keys so constructed as toprevent, as far as possile, the percolation of water through the construction

>oint"

In the construction of o! culverts 1+: m &6 feet* or less in height, the sidewallsand top sla may e constructed as a monolith" @hen this method ofconstruction is used, necessary construction >oints shall e vertical and at rightangles to the a!is of the culvert"

In the construction of o! culverts more than 1+: m &6 feet* in height theconcrete in the walls shall e placed and allowed to set efore the top sla isplaced" In this case, appropriate keys shall e left in the sidewalls for anchoringthe cover sla"

If possile, each wingwall shall e constructed as a monolith" onstruction >oints,where unavoidale, shall e horiAontal and so located that no >oint will e visilein the e!posed face of the wingwall aove the ground line"

&d* G$rers2 Sla)s2 an Col#!ns

3or simple spans, concrete shall preferaly e deposited y eginning at thecenter of the span and working from the center toward the ends" oncrete ingirders shall e deposited uniformly for the full length of the girder and roughtup evenly in horiAontal layers" 3or continuous spans" @here required y designconsideration, the concrete placing sequence shall e shown on the plans or inthe Special #rovisions"

oncrete in girder haunches less than 1 M &2 1%6 feet* in height shall e placedat the same time as that in the girder stem, and the column or autment topsshall e cut ack to form seats for the haunches" @henever any haunch or fillethas a vertical height of 1 M &2- 1%6 feet* or more, the autment or columns, thehaunch, and the girder shall e placed in three successive stageK first, the lowerside of haunchK second, to the lower side of the girderK and third to completion"

3or haunched continuous girders, the girder stem &including haunch* shall eplaced to the top of stem" @here the siAe of the pour is such that it cannot e madein one continuous operation, vertical construction >oints shall preferaly e locatedwithin the area of contrafle!ure"

oncrete in sla spans shall e placed in one continuous operation for eachspan unless otherwise provided" 0ll concrete in each span shall e placed eforeany concrete in the pour has taken its initial set"

The floors and girders of through girder superstructures shall e placed in onecontinuous operation unless otherwise specified, in which case a special shear

anchorage shall e provided to ensure monolithic action etween girder andfloor"

oncrete in T-eam or deck girder spans may e placed on one continuousoperation or may e placed in two separate operationsK each of which shall econtinuousK first, to the top of the girder stems, and second, to completion" In thelater case, the ond etween stem and sla shall e positive and mechanical,and may e secured y means of suitale shear keys or y artificiallyroughening the surface of the top of the girder stem" In general, suitale key

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may e formed y the use of timer locks appro!imately : y 18 m &+ y 6inch* in cross-section and having a length of 18 m &6 inch* less than the widthof the girder stems as required, ut the spacing shall e not greater than 28 m&1+ inch* center to center" The locks shall e removed as soon as the concretehas set sufficiently to retain its shape"

oncrete in o! girders may e placed in two or three separate operations" Ineither case the ottom sla shall e placed first" 'ond etween the ottom slaand stem shall e positive and mechanical" If the wes are placed separatelyfrom the top sla, ond etween the top sla and wes shall e secured in thesame manner as for T-eams" .equirements for shear keys for T-eams shallalso apply to o! girders, e!cept that keys need not e deeper than the depth tothe top of ottom sla reinforcement"

oncrete in columns shall e placed in one continuous operation, unlessotherwise directed" The concrete shall e allowed to set at least +6 hours eforethe caps are placed"

@hen friction collars are used to support cap forms, the concrete or columnsshall have een poured at least ; days"

nless otherwise permitted, no concrete shall e placed in the superstructureuntil the column forms have een stripped sufficiently to determine the characterof the concrete in the columns" The load of the superstructure shall not eallowed to come upon the ents have otained the minimum compressivestrength ut in no case in less than ; days"

&e* Constr#ct$on o$nts

onstruction >oints shall e made only where shown on the 4rawings or calledfor in the pouring schedule, unless otherwise approved y the Engineer" If notdetailed on the 4rawings, construction >oints, also in cases of emergency shalle placed to meet the approval of the Engineer" Shear keys or reinforcementshall e used, unless otherwise specified, to transmit shear or to ond the twosections together"

'efore depositing new concrete on or against concrete which has hardened, thefo8rms shall e retightened" The surface of the hardened concrete shall eroughened as required y the Engineer, in a manner that will not leave looseparticles of aggregate or damage concrete at the surface" It shall e thoroughlycleaned of foreign matter and laitance" when directed y the Engineer the surfacenew concrete shall e washed with water to his satisfaction, and to ensure ane!cess of mortar at the >uncture of the hardened and the newly deposited concrete,the cleaned and watered surfaces, including vertical and inclined surface, shall firste thoroughly covered with a coating of mortar of the same proportion of sand adcement as the class of concrete used against which the new concrete shall eplaced efore the grout or mortar has attained its final set"

The placing of concrete shall e carried continuously from >oint to >oint" The faceedges of all >oints which are e!posed to view shall e carefully finished true toline and elevation"

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(-+8-2"; Concrete S#rface F$n$s,$n'

&a* General

oncrete surface finishes shall e classified as followsB

'ridge 4eck Surface 3inishSide F walk Surface 3inish(rdinary Surface 3orm 3inishlass 1 Surface 3orm 3inish

The ridge deck surface finish shall e given to the surface of the ottom slasof the o!type underpass structures"

The requirements for sidewalk surface finish apply to the surfaces of the ottomsla in o! culverts, e!cept that the acceptale variation from a 2 M &ten feet*straightedge shall e 18 mm &2%? inch*, and rooming shall e omitted"

The ordinary surface form finish shall e the final finish applied to all surfacesafter removal of forms, unless otherwise specified or called for on the drawings"

The lass 1 surface form finish shall e applied only where specified, or asrequired y the Engineer when the ordinary surface finish did not produce therequired smooth, even surface of uniform te!ture and appearance"

&* Br$'e Dec3 S#rface F$n$s,

0 smooth riding surface of uniform te!ture, true to the required grade andcross-section, shall e otained on all ridge roadway decks" The ontractormay use hand tools, or finishing machines or a comination of oth, conformingto the requirements specified herein for f inishing ridge roadway deck concrete"

3inishing of concrete placed in ridge decks shall consist essentially ofcompacting and striking off the surface of the concrete as placed and floatingwith longitudinal floats the surface so struck off"

The placing of concrete in ridge roadway decks will not e permitted until theEngineer is satisfied that the rate of producing concrete will e sufficient tocomplete the proposed placing and finishing operations within the scheduledtime, that e!perienced finishing machine operators and concrete finishers areemployed to finish the deck, that fogging equipment and all necessary finishingtools and equipment are on hand at the site of the work and in satisfactorycondition for use" 3inishing machines shall e set up sufficiently in advance ofuse to permit inspection y the Engineer during the daylight hours efore eachpour"

The ad>ustment and operation of deck finishing machines shall e verified y

moving the machine over the full length of the deck section to e placed andtraversing the float completely across all end ulkheads efore placement ofconcrete is egun"

nless adequate lighting facilities are provided y the ontractor, the placing ofconcrete in ridge decks shall cease at such time that finishing operation can ecompleted during daylight hours"

.ails for the support and operation of finishing machines and headers for

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hand-operated strike-off devices shall e completely in place and firmly securedfor the scheduled length for concrete placement efore placing of concrete wille permitted" .ails for finishing machines shall e!tend eyond oth ends of thescheduled length for concrete placement a sufficient distance that will permit thefloat of the finishing machine to fully clear the concrete to e placed" .ails orheaders shall e ad>ustale for elevation and shall e set to elevations, withallowance for anticipated settlement, camer and deflection of false work, asrequired to otain a ridge roadway deck true to the required grade andcross-section .ails or headers shall e of a type and shall e so installed that nospringing or deflection will occur under the weight of the finishing equipment andshall e so located that finishing equipment may operate without interruptionover the entire ridge roadway deck eing finished"

.ails or headers shall e ad>usted as necessary to correct for unanticipatedsettlement or deflection which may occur during finishing operations"

Should settlement or other unanticipated events occur, which in the opinion ofthe Engineer would prevent otaining a ridge deck conforming to therequirements of these specifications, placing of deck concrete shall ediscontinued until corrective measures satisfactory to the Engineer are provided

prior to initial set of the concrete in the affected area, the placing of concreteshall e discontinued and a ulkhead installed at a location determined y theEngineer" 0ll concrete in place eyond the ulkhead shall e removed"

nless otherwise permitted y the Engineer, ridge deck concrete shall eplaced in a uniform heading appro!imately parallel to the ridge pier or entcaps" The rate of placing concrete shall e limited to that which can e finishingefore the eginning of initial set e!cept that concrete for the deck surface shallnot e placed more than 2 M &18 feet* ahead of strike off"

0fter the concrete has een placed, compacted, and consolidated, the surface ofthe concrete shall e carefully struck off y means of a hand-operated strikeoard operating on headers, or y a finishing machine operating on rials" 0uniform deck surface true to the required grade and cross-section shall eotained"

3ollowing strike off, the surface of the concrete shall e floated longitudinal" Inthe event strike-off is performed y means of a hand-operated strike oard, +separate hand-operated float oards for longitudinal floating shall e provided"The first float shall e placed in operation as soon as the condition of theconcrete will permit and the second float shall e operated as for ack of the firstfloat as the workaility of the concrete will permit"

In the event the strike off is performed with a finishing machine, longitudinalfloating of the concrete shall e performed y means of a hand-operated floatoard or a finishing machine equipped with a longitudinal wooden float" Thelongitudinal wooden float on the finishing machine shall have a length of not less

than +": M &? ft* nor more than 2": M &11": ft*" @hen oth strike off andlongitudinal floating are to e performed y finishing machines, one machine,with operator, shall e used for strike off and a

second machine, with a second operator, shall e used for longitudinal floating"Gongitudinal floating may e performed with the same finishing machine that isused for strike off provided that the length of deck unit eing placed is not morethan 18 meters &22 ft* and the strike off operation is completed for said deck unit8efore the condition of the concrete requires that longitudinal floating e

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started"

3inishing machines used for strike off having a wheel ase 1"? meters &5 ft* orless shall e followed y + separate hand-operated float oards for longitudinalfloating" 0ll the provisions in this item pertaining to hand-operated float oardsshall apply to the + separate float oards for longitudinal f loating"

Gongitudinal floats, either hand-operated or machine operated, shall e usedwith the long a!is of the f loat parallel to the center line of the ridge roadway Thefloat shall e operated with a comined longitudinal and transverse motionplaning off the high areas and floating the material removed into the low areas"Each pass of the float shall lap the previous pass y one-half the length of thefloat" 3loating shall e continued until a smooth riding surface is otained"

In advance of curing operations the surface of the concrete shall e te!tured yrooming with a stiff ristled room or y other suitale devices which will resultin uniform scoring" The operation shall e performed at a time and in a mannerto produce a hardened surface having a uniform te!ture"

9and-operated float oards shall e from 2": M to :"8 M &11": - 15": ft* long,

ried and trussed as necessary to provide a rigid float and shall e equippedwith an ad>ustale handle at each end" The float shall e wood, not less than +":m &1"8 inch* thick and from 18 m &6"8 inch* to +8 m &?"8 inch* wide"

0d>usting screws spaced as not to e!ceed 58 m &+ feet* on centers shall eprovided etween the float on the ri" The float oard shall e maintained free oftwist and true at all times"

9and-operated float oards shall e operated from transverse finishing ridges"The finishing ridges shall span completely the roadway area

eing floated L a sufficient numer of finishing ridges shall e provided topermit operation of the floats without undue delay" =ot less than + transversefinishing ridges shall e provided when hand-operated float oards are used"@hen a finishing machine is used for longitudinal floating, one finishing ridgeequivalent to the transverse finishing ridge specified herein shall e furnishedfor use y the Engineer"

0ll finishing ridges shall e of rigid construction and shall e free of e!cessivewole and springing when used y the operators of longitudinal floats and shalle easily moved"

Immediately following completion of the deck finishing operations, the concretein the deck shall e cured as specified in item (-+;-2"? $uring oncrete$hereinafter"

The finished surface of the concrete shall e tested y means of a straight edge2 M &18 feet* long" The surface shall not vary more than 2 mm &1%? in* from the

lower edge of the straight edge" 0ll high areas in the hardened surface in e!cessof 2 mm &1%? in* as indicated y testing shall e removed y arasive means"

0fter grinding y arasive means has een performed, the surface of theconcrete shall not e smooth or polished, round areas shall not e of uniformte!ture and shall present neat and appro!imately rectangular patterns"

@here the concrete of the ridge deck is to e covered y ituminous surfacing,earth, or other cover, +": m &1 inch* or more in thickness, the surface of theconcrete shall not vary more than < mm &2%? in* from the lower edge of the 2 M

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&18-feet* straight edge"

'ridge deck surfaces under the curs, railings and sidewalk shall e struck off tothe same plane as the roadway and left undistured when future widening isshown on the plans"

&c* S$e4al3 S#rface F$n$s,

0fter the concrete has een placed it shall e compacted and the concrete shalle struck off y means of a strike oard, floated with a wooden or cork floatingand finishing with a room" 0n approved edging tool shall e used on all edgesand at all e!pansion

>oints" 'rooming shall e transverse to the line of traffic and if water isnecessary, it shall e applied to the surface immediately in advance ofrooming" The surface shall not vary more than 5 mm &1%6 inch* under a 2 M&18-feet* straightedge, and the finished surface shall e free from lemishes"

&d* Or$nar* S#rface For! F$n$s,

(rdinary surface finish shall consist of filling holes or depressions in the surfaceof the concrete, repairing all rock pockets, removing stains and discolourationvisile from travelled ways" (rdinary surface finish shall e applied to allconcrete surfaces either as a final finish or preparatory to the lass 1 finish, (nesurfaces which are to e uried underground or surfaces which are enclosed,such as the cells of o! girders, the removal of fins will not e required"

E!cept as provided herein, all form olts and any metal placed for theconvenience of the ontractor shall e removed to a depth of at least +: mm&1"8 inch* elow the surface of the concrete" 0ll rock pockets and other unsoundconcrete shall e removed" The resulting holes or depression shall e cleanedand filled with mortar" 3orm olts pro>ecting into the cells of o! girders need note removed unless permanent access is provided into the cells, in which casesuch olts shall e removed flush with the surface of the concrete" Mortar usedto fill olt holes shall consist of one part cement and two parts sand" (therdepressions and pockets shall e filled with either packed mortar or air lownmortar as directed y the Engineer" Mortar shall e cured in conformance withthe requirements in Item (-+;-2"? &c* $uring StructureB"

If rock pockets or holes in the opinion of the Engineer, are of such an e!tent orcharacter as to affect the strength of the structure materially or to endanger thelife of the steel reinforcement, he may declare the concrete defective andrequire the removal and replacement of the portions of the structure affected"

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&e* Class 1 S#rface For! F$n$s,

lass 1 surface finish shall consist of finishing the surfaces of the structure asnecessary to produce even surfaces of uniform te!ture

and appearance, free of unsightly ulges, depressions and other imperfections"The degree of care in uilding forms and character of materials used in formwork will e a contriuting factor in the amount of additional finishing required toproduce even surfaces of uniform te!ture and appearance, free of unsightlyulges, depressions L other imperfections, and the Engineer shall e the sole

>udge in this respect"

0fter completion of the ordinary surface finish, area which do not e!hiit therequired smooth, even surface of uniform te!ture and appearance shall esanded with power sanders or other approved arasive means until smooth,even surfaces of uniform te!ture and appearance are otained" the use of powercarorundum stones or disks will e required to remove ulges and otherimperfections"

lass 1 surface finish shall not e applied until a uniform appearance can e

otained"

lass 1 surface finish may e required to e applied as the final finish for thefollowing surfaces, unless otherwise specified in the Special #rovision asdirected y the EngineerB

- 0ll form finish surface of ridge superstructures, e!cept the under surfacesetween girders and the inside vertical surfaces of T girders"

- 0ll surfaces of ridge piers, columns and autments, and retaining walls aovefinished ground and to at least 28 m &1+ in* elow finished ground"

- 0ll surfaces of open spandrel arch rings, spandrel columns and autment walls"

- 0ll surfaces of pedestrian undercrossings, e!cept floors and surfaces to ecovered with earth"

- Surface aove finished ground of culvert headwalls, endwalls and retainingwalls"

- Surface inside of culvert arrels having a height of 1": meter &: feet* or more fora distance inside the arrel at least equal to the height of the culvert"

- 0ll surface of railing"

(-+;-2"? C#r$n' Concrete

&a* General

0ll newly placed concrete shall e cured in accordance with these specifications,unless otherwise directed y the Engineer"

&* %et,os of C#r$n'

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The curing method shall e one or more of the following to e descriedhereinafterB

@ater Method@etted 'urlap Methoduring compound method

+ater %et,o

The concrete shall e kept continuously wet y the application of water for aminimum period of ; days after the concrete has een placed"

otton mats, rugs, carpets, or earth or sand lankets, may e used as a curingmedium to retain the moisture the entire surface of concrete shall e kept dampy applying water with a noAAle that so atomiAes the flow that a mist and not aspray is formed, until the surface of the concrete is covered with the curingmedium" The moisture from the noAAle shall not e applied under pressuredirectly upon the concrete in a quantity sufficient to cause a flow or wash thesurface" 0t the e!piration of the curing period the concrete surface shall e

cleared of all curing mediums"

@hen concrete ridge decks and flat slas are to e cured without the use of amoisture retaining medium, the entire surface of the ridge deck or sla shall ekept damp y the application of water with an atomiAing noAAle as specified inthe preceding paragraph until the concrete has set, after which the entire surfaceof the concrete shall e sprinkled continuously with water for a period of not lessthan ; days"

+ette B#rla/s %et,o

The surface of the concrete shall e covered with wetted urlap lankets as soonas the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent marring of surface" 0t least+ layers of wetted urlap shall e used and they shall e in contact with edges ofthe concrete, and that portion of material in contact with the edges shall e keptsaturated with water"

C#r$n' Co!/o#n %et,o

Surfaces e!posed to the air may e cured y the application of an imperviousmemrane if approved y the Engineer"

The memrane forming compound used shall consist of a practically colorlessliquid" The use of any memrane-forming compound that will alter the naturalcolor of the concrete or impart a slippery surface to any wearing surface shall eprohiited" The compound shall e applied with a pressure spray in such amanner as to cover the entire concrete surface with a uniform film, and shall e

such character that it will harden within 28 minutes after application" The amountof compound applied shall e ample to seal the surface of the concretethoroughly" #ower operated spraying equipment shall e equipped with anoperational pressure gauge and means of controlling the pressure"

The curing compound shall e applied to the concrete following the surfacefinishing operation immediately after the moisture sheen egins to disappearfrom the surface, ut efore any drying

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shrinkage or craAe cracks egins to appear" In the event of any delay in theapplication of curing compound, which result in any drying or cracking ofsurface, application of water with an atomiAing noAAle as specified under $@aterMethod$, shall e started immediately L shall e continued until application ofthe compound is resumed or startedK however, the compound shall not eapplied over any resulting free standing water" Should the film of compound edamaged from any cause efore the e!piration of ; days after the concrete isplaced in the case of structures, the damaged portion shall e repairedimmediately with additional compound"

uring compounds shall not hard settle in storage" They shall not e diluted oraltered in any manner after manufacture" 0t the time of use, the compound shalle in an thoroughly mi!ed condition" If the compound has not een used within1+8 days after the date of manufacture, the Engineer may require additionaltesting efore use to determine compliance to requirements"

0n anti-setting agent or comination of anti-setting agents shall e incorporatedin the curing compound to prevent caking"

The curing compound shall e packaged in clean arrels or steel containers or

shall e supplied from a suitale storage tank located at the >o site" (n sitestorage tanks shall have a permanent system designed to completely redisperseany settled material without introducing air or any other foreign sustance"ontainers shall e well sealed with ring seals and lug type crimp lids" Thelinings of the containers shall of a characters that will resist the solvent of thecuring compound" Each container shall e laeled with manufacturer/s name,specification numer, and shall have lael warning concerning flammaility" Thelael shall also warn that the curing compound shall e well stirred efore use"@hen the curing compound is shipped in tanks or tank trucks, a shipping invoiceshall accompany each load" The invoice shall contain the same information asthat required herein for container laels"

uring compound may e sampled y the Engineer at the source of supply andat the >o site"

+ater/roof %e!)rane %et,o

The e!posed finished surfaces of concrete shall e sprayed with water, using anoAAle that so atomiAes the flow that a mist and not a spray is formed" until theconcrete has set, after which the curing memrane shall e placed" The curingmemrane shall remain in place for a period of not less than ;+ hours"

@aterproof paper shall conform to the specifications of 00S9T( 4esignationM-12

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eing placed, the roken or damaged portions shall e immediately repaired withnew sheets properly cemented into place"

Sections of memrane which have lost their waterproof qualities or have eendamaged to such an e!tent as to render them unfit for curing the concrete shallnot e used"

For!s-$n-/lace %et,o

3ormed surfaces of concrete may e cured y retaining the forms-in-place" Theforms shall remain in place for a minimum period of ; days after the concretehas een placed, e!cept that for memers over :8 m &+8$in* least dimension,the form shall remain in place for a minimum period of : days" @ooden formsshall e kept wet y watering during the curing period"

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&c* C#r$n' Str#ct#res

0ll newly placed concrete for cast-in-place structures other than highway ridgedecks, shall e cured y the water method all in accordance with therequirements in item (-+;-2"? &* $Method of uring$"

The top surface of highway ridge decks shall e cured y the water method"The water cure shall e applied not later than 6 hours after completion of thedeck finishing or, for portions of the decks on which finishing is completed afternormal working hours, the water cure e applied not later than ?"88 a"m thefollowing morning"

&d* C#r$n' Precast Concrete %e!)ers

#ercent concrete memer shall e cured for not less than ; days y the watermethod"

(-21-2"< Test$n' of A''re'ates

Samples of fine and coarse aggregate to e used shall e selected y the Engineer" It

shall e responsiility of the ontractor to designate the source of aggregate and tootain the necessary samples and sumit them for testing at least 58 days efore actualconcreting operations are to egin"

Samples of aggregates shall e otained and tested in accordance with the followingstandard 00S9T( MethodsB or equivalent 0STM StandardsB

Sampling 0ggregates T-+Sieve analysis T-+;

0mount of material passingthe =o"+88 sieve T-11(rganic impurities T-+1Mortar strength T-;1Sodium sulphate soundness T-1863riale #articles T-11+

0rasion loss T-ect will e permitted to e done until the Engineersignifies in writing that he gives his approval, following the performance of the necessarytests, to the use of all the materials involved in making the concrete"

(-2+-2"18 Test$n' of Co!/ress$(e Stren't,

oncrete compressive strength requirements consist of a minimum strength at the ageof +? days and the minimum strength which must e attained efore various loads orstresses are applied to the concrete" The various strengths are required are specified inTale (-1"

The compressive strength of concrete will e determined from test cylinders which haveeen faricated from concrete sampled and tested in accordance with 00S9T( T +2 and

00S9T( T ++"

0 set of samples consisting of 5 cylinders shall e taken from each ;: M2&+5:8 cft"* ofeach class of concrete or fraction thereof placed each day" 2 of the 5 cylinders to etested after ; days and 2 after +? days"

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Re"#$re!ents5

a* The minimum average +? days test result of all samples tested at any time shalle the specified +? days strength"

* =o individual samples tested after +? days shall show a test result lower than ?:percent of the required +? days strength"

oncrete represented y one individual test that fails to comply with the requirementunder &* aove will e re>ected unless the ontractor at his e!pense, provide evidencethat the strength and quality of the concrete placed in the work are acceptale" If suchevidence consists of tests made on cores taken from the work, the cores shall eotained and tested in accordance with the specifications of 00S9T( T+6"

Should the test result fail to comply with the requirements under &a* aove and shouldany individual test show less than

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price respectively for the pay items listed elow that is shown in the 'ill of )uantitieswhich prices and payment shall e full compensation also for such works as curing,surface finishing as required formation of construction >oints and any such work andincidentals necessary to complete the item e!cept works that are paid for under otherpay items"

#ay Item =o" 4escription Measurement

(-a oncrete lass 0 M2

(- oncrete lass ' M2

(-c oncrete lass M2

(-d oncrete lass 4 M2

(-g oncrete lass E M2

(-e oncrete lass C M2

(-f Gean oncrete M2

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ITEM CURB

-1-1 DESCRIPTION.

The work shall consist of the construction or resetting of cur, gutter or comination curand gutter in accordance with these specifications and in reasonaly close conformity withthe lines and grades shown on the plans or estalished y the Engineer"

The types of curing are designated as followsB

Type 1 Stone curing constructed of quarried natural stone"

Type + ast in place concrete curing

Type 2 #recast concrete curing

Type 6 4oweled concrete curing

Type : .eflecting concrete curing

Type 5 'ituminous curing

Type ; E!truded concrete curing

-1-+ %ATERIALS

Material shall conform to the requirements specified in Section ("

-1-2 CONSTRUCTION RE&UIRE%ENTS

-1-2"1 Stone C#r)$n'.

a) Eca(at$on E!cavation shall e made to the required depth, and the aseupon which the cur is to e set shall e compacted to a firm,even surface" 0ll soft and unsuitale material shall e removedand replaced with suitale material which shall e thoroughlycompacted to the density as specified y the Engineer"

* Installat$on The cur shall e set so that the front top arris line conforms to theline and grade required" 0ll spaces under the curing shall e filledwith material conforming to the requirements of the material for

edcourse" This material shall e thoroughly tamped"

c* 6o$nts uring shall e laid with >oints as close as possile for stonecur" These >oints shall e filled with mortar as specified"

In those cases where a #ortland cement concretepavement is to e constructed contiguous to a curing, >ointsshall e constructed in the curing directly in line with pavemente!pansion >oints" The >oint in the cur shall e + m &2%6 inch* inwidth and shall e filled with an e!pansion >oint fil ler of the same

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nominal thickness as the pavement >oint" 0ny voids etween the>oint filler and the stone cur shall e filled with mortar"

d* Bac3f$ll$n' 0fter the cur has set, any remaining e!cavated areas shall etamped in layer not e!ceeding 1: m &5 inches* in depth"

CU--7. Cost $n Place Concrete C#r)$n' Or C#r) an G#tter.

a* Eca(at$on. E!cavation and edding shall conform to the requirements ofsusection -1-2"1 &a*"

* For!s" 3orms shall e of wood, or other suitale material and shalle!tend of the full depth of the concrete" 0ll forms shall

e straight free from warp and of sufficient strength to resist thepressure of the concrete without displacement" 'racing andstaking of forms shall e such that the forms remain in othhoriAontal and vertical alignment until their removal" 0ll formsshall e cleaned and coated with an approved form releaseagent efore concrete is placed" 4ivider plates shall e metal"

c* %$$n' an oncrete shall e proportioned, mi!ed and placed inPlac$n' accordance with the requirements for the class of

concrete specified" onsolidation of concrete placed in theforms shall e y viration or other acceptale methods" 3ormsshall e left in place for +6 hours or until the concrete has setsufficiently so that they can e removed without in>ury in thecuring" The concrete shall e struck off to the cross sectionspecified, after which it shall e finished smooth and even ymeans of a wood float" 3or the purpose of matching ad>acentconcrete finishes or for other reasons, the Engineer may permitother methods of finishing" =o plastering will e permitted"

d* Sect$ons" uring shall e constructed in sections having a uniform length of2

M &ten feet*, unless otherwise ordered" Section shall eseparated y open >oints 2 mm &1%? inch* wide e!cept ate!pansion >oints" @here the cur is constructed ad>acent toconcrete pavement, the contraction or open >oints in the cur shallmatch the contraction >oints in the pavement"

e* E/ans$on E!pansion >oints shall e formed at the intervals shown6o$nts on the plans using a preformed e!pansion >oint filler

having a thickness of + m &2%6 inch*" @hen the cur isconstructed ad>acent to or on concrete pavement, e!pansion

>oints shall e located opposite >oints in the pavement"

f* C#r$n' Immediately upon completion of the finishing, the

curing shall e moistened and kept moist for three days, or thecuring shall e cured y the use of memrane formingmaterial" The method and details of curing shall e su>ect tothe approval of the Engineer"

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g* Bac3f$ll$n' 0fter the concrete has set sufficiently, the space in front andack of the cur shall e refilled to the required elevation withsuitale material, which shall e thoroughly tamped, in layer ofnot more than si! inches"

h* C#r) The cur or cur and gutter may e constructed y the use%ac,$ne of a cur forming machine meeting the following requirements"

1* The weight of the machine shall e such that required compaction is otainedwithout the machine riding aove the ed on which curing is constructed"

+* The machine shall form curing that is uniform in te!ture, shape and density" whenthe

cur machine is used, contraction >oints may e created in a manner approved ythe Engineer"

-6-2"2 Precast Concrete c#r)$n'"

The installation of precast concrete curing shall meet the requirements of susection-1-2"1"

-6-6 %ET0OD OF %EASURE%ENT

uring, oth new and reset, will e measured y the linear foot along the front face of thesection at the finished grade elevation" omination cur and gutter will e measured alongthe face of the cur" =o deduction in length will e made for drainage structures installed inthe curing section or for driveway opening where the gutter is carried across the drive"

-6-: BASES OF PAY%ENT

The accepted quantities of curing will e paid for at the contract unit price per linearmeasurement for each kind and type of curing specified and per unit volume for edcourse material complete in place" Such payment shall include all sugrade preparationand the disposal of surplus materials"

#ay Item =o" 4escription Measurement

ur type M

utter Type M

ur and M

utter Type M

.eset ur Type M

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ITEM ## RCC PROTECTI8E POLES AT STREET DEAD ENDS

. protective poles should e provided at the dead ends of the street according to thedrawings at places as recommended y the Engineer"

#ay Item =o" 4escription Measurement

## . #rotective #oles M2

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ITEM SE LANDSCAPING AND S+EET EART0 FILLING

SE-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This item shall consist of providing spreading of sweet soil, suitale for growing flowerplants or any other vegetation for the eautification of medians in roads, within and uptothe limits specified in the drawings"

SE-1-+ %ATERIAL RE&UIRE%ENTS

SE-1-+"1 S4eet So$l

The sweet soil shall consist, generally of soil appropriate for gardening without deris,ush, organic matter and any deleterious materials and as required y the Engineer, limeL fertiliAers shall e added to it for improvement of its agricultural characters"

SE-1-2 CONSTRUCTION RE&UIRE%ENTS

3ollowing the preparation of sugrade, the surface will e scarified and loosened upto a

depth of 1 to 2 inch with approved method" The sweet soil, prepared as in SE-1-+"1aove, shall e spread over this surface, as directed y the Engineer upto elevationshown on the drawings"

SE-1-6 %EASURE%ENT AND PAY%ENT

Gandscaping will e measured and paid in sq meter and Sweet Earth 3illing will emeasured L paid in cft as per contract unit price" This price will e full compensation forfurnishing all the material L for all the preparation, hauling, scarifying, mi!ing L for allGaour, equipment, tools and necessary to complete this item"

#ay Item =o" 4escription Measurement

SE Sweet Earth M2

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ITEM 3 FALSE+OR9 AND CENTERING FOR BRIDGES

3-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of the design, supply and construction of falsework which willprovide the necessary rigidity to support the loads imposed, and produce in the finishedstructures the lines and grades indicated on the plans or as required y the Engineer"

3-1-+ %ATERIAL RE&UIRE%ENTS

Timer and lumer to e used for falsework shall e of sound lumer and comply withthe requirement in 00S9T( M 15?"

Structural steel to e used for falsework shall comply with the requirements of StructuralSteel 00S9T( M 1?2" .einforcing steel if it is to e used for falsework shall comply withthe requirements of 00S9T( M21, M?+" oncrete when used shall conform with item( of these specifications"

3-1-2 CONSTRUCTION RE&UIRE%ENTS

3-1-2"1 False4or3 Des$'n an Dra4$n's

4etailed working drawings of the falsework shall e furnished y the ontractor to theEngineer" =o falsework construction shall start until the Engineer has reviewed andapproved the drawings" The ontractor shall provide sufficient time for the Engineer tocomplete this review" Such time shall e proportionate to the comple!ity of the falseworkdesign and in no case shall e less than two &+* weeks"

The ontractor may revise the falsework drawings at any time provided sufficient time isallowed for the Engineer/s review efore construction is started on the revised portions"

0ssumptions used in design of the falsework shall include ut not e limited to thefollowingB

- 3or designing falsework and centering, a weight of +68 Dg per M2&1:8 pound per cuicfeet* shall e assumed for green concrete" 0ll falsework shall e designed andconstructed to provide the necessary rigidity and to support the loads without apprecialesettlement or deformation" The Engineer may require the ontractor to employ screw

>acks or approved wedges to take up any settlement in the formwork either efore orduring the placing of concrete"

- The entire superstructure cross-section, e!cept railing, shall e considered to e placedat one time, e!cept when in the option of the Engineer, a portion of the load is carried ygirders previously cast and having attained a certain strength"

- Soil earing values and soil conditions &wet and dry* shall e designated y the

ontractor on the falsework drawings" 3alsework footings shall e designed to carry theloads imposed upon them without e!ceeding estimated soil earing values or allowalesettlements"

- 3alsework shall e set to give the finished structure the camer specified or indicated onthe 4rawings"

- The ma!imum loading and deflection used on >acks, rackets, columns, and othermanufactured devices shall not e!ceed the manufacturer/s recommendation" If

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requested y the Engineer the ontractor shall furnish catalogues or other data verifyingthese recommendations"

- If the concrete is to e prestressed, the false-work shall e designed to support anyincrease or read>usted loads caused y the prestressing forces"

- oints supporting slas and overhangs shall e considered as falsework and designed assuch"

3or the construction of falsework over and ad>acent to roadways where falseworkopenings are required for maintaining traffic, the ontractor shall provide any additionalfeatures for the work

needed to ensure that the falsework will e stale if su>ected to impact y vehicles"

The false design at the locations where said openings are required shall include ut note limited to the following minimum provisionsB

- Each e!terior stringer in a span shall e securely anchored to the falsework cap orframing"

- 0dequate racing shall e used during all stages of falsework construction and removalover or ad>acent to pulic traffic"

- 3alsework memers shall e at least 28 cm &1+ in* clear of temporary protective railingmemers"

The falsework drawings shall include a superstructure placing diagram showing proposedconcrete placing sequence and construction >oint location, e!cept that where a schedulefor placing concrete is shown on the contract plans no deviation will e permittedtherefrom unless approved in writing y the Engineer"

The falsework drawings shall show any pedestrian openings which are required throughthe falsework"

0nticipated total settlements of falsework and forms shall e indicated y the ontractoron the falsework drawings" These should include falsework footing settlement and >ointtake-up" 0nticipated settlements over + m &2%6 inch* will not e allowed unlessotherwise permitted y the Engineer" 4eck sla forms etween girders shall econstructed with no allowance for settlements relative to the girders"

4etailed calculations y the ontractor showing the stresses, deflections, and camernecessary to compensate for said deflections in all load supporting memers shall eincluded in the working drawings"

0fter approving the ontractor/s falsework deflection camer, the Engineer will furnish tothe ontractor the amounts of camer necessary to

compensate for vertical alignment or anticipated structure deflection, if this is not shownon the drawings" The total camer used in constructing falsework shall e the sum of theaforementioned camers"

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3-6-2"+ False4or3 Constr#ct$on

The falsework shall e constructed to conform to the falsework drawings" The materialsused in the falsework construction shall e of the quantity and quality necessary towithstand the stresses imposed" The workmanship used in falsework construction shalle such quality that the falsework will support the loads imposed on it without e!cessivesettlement or takeup eyond that shown on the falsework drawings"

3alsework shall e founded on footing, capale of supporting the loads imposed on it"

Suitale >acks or wedges shall e used in connection with falsework to set the forms totheir required grade and to take up any e!cessive settlement in the falsework eitherefore or during the placing of concrete"

The ontractor shall provide tee-tales attached to the soffit forms easily readale and inenough systematically-placed locations to determine the total settlement of the entireportion of the structure where concrete is eing placed"

Should events occur, including settlements that deviate more than O + m & 2%6 inch*from those indicated on the falsework drawings, which in the option of the Engineer

would prevent otaining a structure conforming to the requirements of thesespecifications, the placing of concrete shall e discontinued until corrective measuressatisfactory to the Engineer are provided" In the event satisfactory measures are nottaken to correct the e!cessive settlements, the ontractor shall not e relieved ofresponsiility for conforming to the requirements of these specifications"

3-:-2"2 Re!o($n' False4or3

nless otherwise shown on the drawings, or permitted y the Engineer, falseworksupporting any span of a simple span ridge shall not e released efore 16 days afterthe last concrete, e!cluding concrete aove the ridge deck, has een placed" 3alseworksupporting any span of a continuous or rigid frame ridge shall not e released efore 16days after the last concrete, e!cluding concrete aove the ridge deck, has een placedin that span and in the ad>acent portions of each ad>oining span for a length equal to atleast one half &1%+* the length of the span where falsework is to e released"

3alsework supporting deck overhangs and deck slas etween girders shall not ereleased until seven &;* days after the deck concrete has een placed"

In addition to the aove requirements, no falsework for ridges shall e released until thesupported concrete has attained a compressive strength of at least eighty &?8* percent ofthe required twenty eight &+?* day strength"

3alsework for cast-in-place prestressed portions of structures shall not e released untilafter the prestressing steel has een tensioned"

0ll falsework materials shall e completely removed"

0ll deris and refuse resulting from work shall e removed and the premises left in aneat and presentale condition"

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3-:-6 %EASURE%ENT AND PAY%ENT

3or all concrete structures, prestressed concrete structures, or portions thereof, noseparate measurement or payment shall e made for falsework supporting suchstructures" 0ll falsework costs shall e considered as included in the contract prices paid&cost%olume* for the various items of concrete work and no additional compensation wille allowed thereof"

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ITEM 31 FOR%+OR9

3-5-1 DESCRIPTION

The work shall consist of providing, erecting and removing concrete forms etc" and inconformity with requirements hereinafter specified"

3-5-+ %ATERIAL RE&UIRE%ENTS

3orms shall e of wood, metal or other approved materials and shall e uilt mortartightand of sufficient rigidity to prevent distortion due to the pressure of the concrete andother loads incident to the construction operations"

3-5-2 CONSTRUCTION RE&UIRE%ENTS

3-5-2"1 For!4or3 Des$'n an Dra4$n's

The ontractor shall prepare working drawings and material data for the form work andshutters to e sumitted to the Engineer for approval unless otherwise directed" The

requirements for design of formwork is the same as under item $3-1-2"1$"

3-5-2"+ For!4or3 Constr#ct$on

oncrete forms shall e constructed and maintained so as to prevent warping and theopening of >oints due to the shrinkage of the lumer and shall e true to the dimensions,lines and grades of the structure and with the sufficient strength, rigidity, shape andsurface smoothness as to leave the finished works true to the dimensions shown ondrawings or required y the Engineer and with the surface finish as specified"

3orms for e!posed surfaces shall preferaly e lined with metal, plywood, or othermaterials approved y the Engineer" 3orms shall e filleted at all sharp corners&Minimum + m i"e 2%6 inch triangular fillets* and shall e given a level or draft in thecase of all pro>ections, such as girders and copings, to ensure easy removal"

3orms fasteners consisting of form olts, clamps or other devices shall e used asnecessary to prevent spreading of the forms during concrete placement" The use of tiesconsisting of twisted wire loops to hold forms in position will not e permitted" Metal tiesor anchorage within the forms shall e so constructed as to permit their removal to adepth of at least : m &+ inch* from the face without in>ury to the concrete"

3ittings for metal ties shall e of such design that, upon their removal, the cavities thatare left will e of the smallest possile siAe" The cavities shall e filled with cementmortar and the surface left sound, smooth, even, and uniform in use in supporting formsor for lifting precast memers" The use of driven types of anchorages for fastening formsor form supports to concrete will not e permitted"

The inside surfaces of forms shall e cleaned of all dirt, mortar and foreign material"3orms which will later e removed shall e thoroughly coated with form oil prior to use"The form oil shall e a commercial quality form oil or other approved coating which willpermit the ready release of the forms and will not discolour the concrete" 0ll e!posedsurfaces of similar portions of a concrete structure shall e formed with the sameforming material or with materials which produce similar concrete surface te!tures,colour and appearance"

oncrete shall not e deposited in the forms until all work in connection with constructing

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the forms has een completed, all materials required to e emedded in the concretehave een placed for the unit to e poured, and the Engineer has inspected andapproved forms and materials"

The rate of depositing concrete in forms shall e such to prevent deflections of the formsor form panels in e!cess of the deflections permitted y these specification"

3orms for all concrete surfaces which will not e completely enclosed or hidden elowthe permanent ground surface shall conform to the requirements herein for forms fore!posed surfaces" Interior surfaces of underground drainage structures shall econsidered to e completely enclosed surfaces"

3ormwork for concrete placed under water shall e watertight" @hen lumer is used thisshall e planed and tongued and grooved"

3orms for e!posed concrete surfaces shall e designed and constructed so that theformed surface of the concrete does not undulate e!cessively in any direction etweenstuds, >oists, form stiffeners, form fasteners, or wales" ndulations e!ceeding either +mmor 1%+;8 of the center to center distance etween studs, >oists, form stiffeners, formfasteners, or wales will e considered to e e!cessive" Should any form or forming

system, even though previously approved for use, produce a concrete surface withe!cessive undulations, its use shall e discontinued until modifications satisfactory to theEngineer have een made" #ortion of concrete structures with surface undulations ine!cess of the limits herein may e re>ected y the Engineer"

3orms shall e set and maintained true to the line designated until the concrete issufficiently hardened" 3orms shall remain in place for periods which shall e determinedas here in specified" @hen forms appear to e unsatisfactory in any way, either efore orduring the placing of concrete, the Engineer will order the work stopped until the defectshave een corrected"

The shape, strength, rigidity, watertightness, and surface smoothness of reused formsshall e maintained at all times" 0ny warped or ulged lumer must e resiAed eforeeing reused" 3orms that are unsatisfactory in any respect shall not e reused"

3or narrow walls and columns, where the ottom of the form is inaccessile the lowerform oards shall e left loose so that they may e removed for cleaning out e!traneousmaterial immediately efore placing the concrete"

3-?-2"2 Re!o(al of For!4or3

In the determination of the time for the removal of falsework and forms, considerationshall e given to the location and character of the

structure, the weather, and other conditions influencing the setting of the concrete, andthe materials used in the mi!"

If field operations are not controlled y eam or cylinder tests, the following periods,e!clusive of days when the temperature is elow :o, for removal of forms and supportsshall e used as a minimum su>ect to the approval of the Engineer and to therequirements of Item 3-:-2"2, .emoving 3alsework"

entering nder 'eams 16 4ays"Supports nder 3lat Slas 16 4ays"3loor Slas 16 4ays"ertical @all Surfaces +6 4ays"

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olumns +6 4ays"Side of 'eams 1+ 4ays"Top Sla ."" 'o! ulverts 16 4ays"

Side forms for cast-in-place eams, girders, columns, or other memer where the formsdo not resist dead load ending shall remain in place for at least forty &68* hours afterplacing concrete for the memers" Side forms for precast memers may e removed thene!t may after placing concrete therein"

If high early strength cement is used or y the use of additional cement, these periodsmay e reduced as directed"

@hen field operations are controlled y cylinder tests, the removal of forms, supportsand housing, and the discontinuance of heating and curing &where applicale* may eginwhen the concrete is found to have the required compressive strength, provided furtherthat in no case shall supports e removed in less than seven &;* days after placing theconcrete"

0ll forms shall e removed, e!cept when no permanent access is availale to the cells,the forms supporting the deck of o! girders and the forms in hollow autments or piersmay remain in place" #rior to completion of forming for the deck forms, the inside of o!girders shall e cleared of all loose material and swept clean"

Methods of form removal likely to cause overstressing of the concrete shall not e used"In general, the forms shall e removed from the ottom upwards" 3orms and theirsupports shall not e removed without approval" Supports shall e

removed in such a manner as to permit the concrete to uniformly and gradually take thestresses due to its own weight"

3-18-6 %EASURE%ENT AND PAY%ENT

3or all concrete structures prestressed concrete structures, or portions thereof, noseparate measurement or payment shall e made for 3ormwork supporting suchstructures" 0ll formwork costs shall e considered as included in the contract prices paid

&cost%olume* for the various items of concrete work and no additional compensation wille allowed thereof"

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ITEM ST STEEL REINFORCE%ENT

ST-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall cons