general & earth work (241199)

GENERAL G-1-1 INTRODUCTION

G-1-1.1 General

The Specifications contained herein define the board requirements for the material quality and control and the workmanship required for satisfactory completion of the work items herein described. These Specifications have been principally based on the latest editions of AASHTO Specifications and Tests with measurement units stated in the metric system wherever possible.

G-1-1.2 Equivalency of Standards and Codes

Wherever reference is made in the Contract to the respective standards and codes in accordance with which goods and materials are to be furnished, and work is to be performed or tested, the provisions of the latest current edition or revision of the relevant standards and codes in effect shall apply, unless otherwise expressly set forth in the Contract. Where such standards and codes are national in character, or relate to a particular country or region, other authoritative standards which ensure an equal or higher quality than the standards and codes specified will be accepted subject to the Engineer's prior review and written approval. Differences between standards specified and the proposed alternative standards must be fully described in writing by the Contractor and submitted to the Engineer at least thirty (30) days prior to the date when the Contractor desires the Engineer's approval. In the event the Engineer determines that such proposed deviations do not ensure equal or higher quality, the Contractor shall comply with the Standards set forth in the documents.

G-2-2 SCOPE

The Specification is a contract document, which shall be read in conjunction with the following contract documents and shall be mutually explanatory of one another.

Part I General Conditions of the Contract.

Part II Tender Documents Instructions to Tenderers Tender & Appendices Forms.

Part III Special Provisions

Part IV General Specification

Part V Bill Of Quantities

Part VI Construction Drawings.

Part VII Addenda (If any).

/tt/file_convert/5695d4781a28ab9b02a18e64/document.doc

G-2-3 DESIGNATION OF DOCUMENTS

The General Conditions of Contract and Special Provisions in the Tender Documents and the Contract Drawings, in that order shall have preference over the Specifications where any discrepancies in instructions or dimensions appear.

G-2-4 ABBREVIATION AND DEFINITIONS

Whenever in these Specifications or in other contract documents the following abbreviations and terms or pronouns in place of them are used, the intent and meaning shall be interpreted as follow:

G-2-4.1 Abbreviations

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

AWG American Wire Gauge

AWPA American Wood preservers Association

BS British Standard Code of practice

ACI American Concrete Institute

FHWA U.S.Federal Highway Administration

PCA Portland Cement Association

WT. Weight

Lb. Pound

AWS American Welding Society

Gallon U.S. Gallon

in. Inch

ft. Foot

Yd. Yard

Ltr. Liter

mm millimeter

cm, Cm centimeter

m, M meter

Km Kilometer

m2 Square Meter


m3 Cubic Meter

ha Hectare

kg Kilogram

Ton Metric Ton (1000 kg) (2240 lbs)

C Degree Celsius

F Degree Farenheit

G-4-4.2 Definitions

Wherever in these specifications or in other contract documents the following terms or pronouns in place of them are used, the intent and meaning shall be interpreted as follows:

Accepted Completion of the work item to the Engineer's satisfaction

Aggregates Crushed stone or processed gravel (shingle)

Amenities Recreational facilities and similar items provided to improve livingconditions at site -characteristics conducive to pleasantness

Apron A concrete, rock or masonry slab forming a part, or for the protectionof a structure.

Asphalt High quality, thoroughly controlled hot Concrete mixture of asphalthot Concrete cement and well-graded, high quality aggregate, thoroughly compacted

into a uniform, dense mass

Asphalt All courses of asphalt-aggregate mixtures placed above the layer ofConcrete Pavement base course, subbase or improved subgrade. When placed Pavement directly on the subgrade, it is called Full depth asphalt pavement

Surface - The uppermost layer of specified Course thickness of a pavement, alsoCourse called "wearing course"

Levelling The layer of specified material and Course variable thickness placedgenerally on an existing surface to allow placement of subsequent layersin uniform thickness and facilitate control of final grades

Auxiliary That portion of the roadway adjoining Lane the travelled way for speed change or other purposes supplementary to through traffic movements

Batten Beam, structural member Bearer-Servant

Bearer Unskilled laborer employed on maintenance gangs for canals or roads

Tender Schedule of unit prices and/or pay items Schedule (Bill of Quantities)Price

Blinding A layer of concrete or other material Layer (Generally thin) covering the surface of excavated ground or fill, and protecting it from the effects ofthe weather or forming a stable surface on which further work may be


constructed

Bore Holes Drill Holes

Boulder A rock fragment, usually rounded by weathering or abrasion, with an average dimension of 30 centimeters or more

Boundary Limit of right-of-way or other zones

Bridge Any structure other than a culvert, which carries a utility, facility, or railroad highway, pedestrian, or other traffic over a water course, or over under or around any obstruction and with a clear span of more than 6.50 meter (21 ft)

Bund A continuous embankment, dike or levee (generally associated with training or containing the flow of rivers)

Catchment The watershed or area which contributes runoff to a drain or other channel

Contract Acceptance Limit. A number that is the - largest or smallest value QualityControl Terms of measurements or a characteristic of acceptable material

Acceptance Plan. An agreed-upon method of taking and making measurements on a sample for the purpose of determining the acceptability of a lot of material or construction

Defect. A failure to meet a requirement with respect to a single quality characteristic

Job Mix Formula (JMF). The percentage of each material in a mixtureintended for a particular use; may include mixing temperature of bituminous mixtures

Lot. An isolated quantity of material from a single source; a measured amount of a construction assumed to be produced by the same process

Maximum Density. The highest density that can be obtained under stated conditions

Multiple Deficiencies. With respect to the Characteristic(s) under consideration

Random Number. A number selected entirely by chance as from a table of random sampling numbers

Random Sampling at times or locations determined in advance by the use of a table of random numbers

Table of Random Numbers. A table arranged so that every digit has an equal chance of occurrence

Cooly Laborer

Culvert Any structure, other than a bridge which provides an opening under


roadway for drainage or irrigation purposes and with a clear span of 6.50meter (21 ft) or less

Cum With or associated with - for example, Railroad cum-road'bridge

Cusec A rate of flow of one cubic foot per second

Cumec Flow rate of one cubic meter per second

Daywork Work to be paid for on the basis of actual labor, material, and plant usedForce account

Detour A temporary roadway which leaves the (Diversion) main route to rejoin it later, for the uninterrupted flow of traffic

Earth Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particle, produced by the physical and chemical disintegration of rock, and which may or may not contain organic matter

Flexible Any combination of improved Pavement Subgrade, subbase, base and asphalt surfacing Structural placed on the subgrade to support the traffic load and reduce its intensity at the subgrade surface

Surfacing The uppermost layer of specified material placed on the travelled way or shoulder. Types of surfacing may consist of surface treatment (hot

surface dressing) or asphalt concrete surface course

Base The layer of specified material and thickness placed between the baseCourse course and subgrade

Subbase The layer of specified material and thickness placed between the base course and subgrade

Subgrade The top surface of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure and shoulders including curbs are constructed

Subgrade Modification of roadbed material by stabilizationTreatment

Subgrade A cross sectional area with the top Area dimensions equal to the widthArea of the roadway including shoulders with side slopes of 1:2 and a height

of about 1.25 m (4 feet) covering the whole base width from toe to toe of the embankment

Subgrade That level of the roadbed (or Level embankment) on which other road Level materials have to be placed

Forms or Shuttering including supports and falseworkFormwork

Frustrated Rendered impossible of performance by external cause beyond the(of a contemplation of the partiesContract)

Ganger Foreman over a gang of workmen


Gasoline Motor spirit, patrol

Godown Warehouse, store room or storage shed

Gravel Shingle

Guide Bank A protective and training embankment or levee for directing river flow(or Bund)

Highway A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way. (Recommended Usage: in urban area-highway or street; in rural areas - highway or road)

Improved Any layer or layers of selected or improved earth materials underlyingSubgrade the pavement structure

Jamadar Labor Foreman(or Headman)

Kacha Temporary or non-permanent construction (Kacha)(Road)

Kandar Nodules of calcium carbonate found in some soils

Kharif Summar season (Crop)

Kohistan Mountains (Persian)

laboratory A testing laboratory of the Government or any testing laboratory which may be designated by the Engineer

Leading Experienced workman or laborers incharge of small groups of workmenHand or laborers

Malkana Proprietary rights

Metalled Surfaced, paved (road way)(road Way)

Mile Distance of 1,610 m (5,280 feet)

Mistry Foreman in the particular trade

Monsoon Prevailing winds in the Indian Ocean.The rainy season associated with the south-west monsoon

Motor Spirit Petrol

Nadi Stream (A running water)

Octroi A municipal fee for municipal services

Overseer Superintendent, or Sub-Engineer

Particularize Stated in detail

Pahar Hill


Pitching or Broken stone, brickwork or other materials placed usually on side slopesRiprap of Embankment for protection of the earth surface

Plinth Area The area of a building contained within the outside dimensions of the building at the finished floor elevation including veranda areas butexcluding courtyard areas

Prime Cost A net sum entered in the Bill of Quantities by the Employer as the sum provided to cover the cost of or to be paid by the Contractor to merchants or others for specific articles or materials to be supplied after deducting all trade discounts and any discount for cash.

Provisional Any sum of money fixed by the Employer Sum and included in the Bill of Quantities to provide for work not otherwise included therein. A provisional sum is only to be expended, either wholly or in part under the Employer's Representatives or the Engineer's direction in accordance with Contract.

Pucca Well constructed or permanent construction (Road) (Pacca)

Regulator A canal structure, usually equipped with gates, for control, or checking, of flow in the canal or an off taking channel

Return Report

Revetment Rock(Material)

Right-of- A general term denoting land, property, Way or interest therein, usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to transportation purposes

Roadside A general term denoting the area adjoining the outer edge of the roadway. Extensive areas between the roadways of a divided highway may also be considered roadside

Roadside Those items necessary to the complete Development highway which provide for the preservation of landscape materials and features; the rehabilitation and protection against erosion of all areas disturbed by construction through seeding, sodding, mulching and the placing of other ground covers; such suitable planting and other improvements as mayincrease the effectiveness and enhance the appearance of the highway

Roadway The portion of a highway within limits of construction

Setting out Laying out or staking out-establishing on the site the lines, levels and grades to which the works are to be built

Shoulders The portion of the roadway contiguous with the travelled way for accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of base and surface courses

Sidewalk That portion of the roadway primarily constructed for the use of pedestrians

Special Additions and revisions to the Standard Specifications and General


Provision Conditions of Contract, covering conditions particular to an individual contract

Spoil Bank Disposal area for excess excavation, spoil tip or waste dump

Substruc- All of that part of a structure below the bearings of simple and ture continuous spans, or rigid frames, including back walls, wing walls and

protection railings

Tender Bid Proposal

Tenderer A firm submitting a Tender

Traffic That portion of a travelled way for the Lanes movement of a single line of vehicles

Tubewell A drilled well provided with pipe casingand equipped with a pump and a motor

Unmetalled Unsurfaced, unpaved (roadway)(Roadway)

Variation Change orderOrder

Voluntary Dissolution of a Corporation for the Liquidations purposes of a merger or reorganization for purposes of amalgamation or reconstruction

Wagon A railroad freight car(railway)

Wayleave Permission to cross land, right of entry

Well A concrete or masonry caisson incorporated in foundations

Written A written promiseUndertaking


G-12-5 REFERENCES IN THE SPECIFICATION

Reference to AASHTO or ASTM shall in every case be deemed to include the latest edition or issue of such specifications.

G-12-6 CONTROL OF WORK

G-12-6.1 Inspection

The Engineer shall, at all times, have safe access to the work during its construction, and shall be furnished with every reasonable facility for ascertaining that the materials and the workmanship are in accordance with the requirements and intentions of these specifications, the special provisions, and the plans. All work done and all materials furnished shall be subject to his inspection.

The inspection of the work or materials shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations to fulfill his contract as prescribed. Work and materials not meeting such requirements shall be made good and unsuitable work or materials may be rejected, not withstanding that such work or materials have been previously inspected by the Engineer or that payment therefore has been included in a progress estimate.

G-13-6.2 Removal of Rejected and Unauthorized Work

All work which has been rejected shall be remedied, or removed and replaced by the Contractor in an acceptable manner and no compensation will be allowed him for such removal, replacement, or remedial work.

Any work done beyond the lines and grades shown on the plans or established by the Engineer, or any extra work done without written authority will be considered as unauthorized work and will not be paid for.

Upon order of the Engineer unauthorized work shall be remedied, removed, or replaced at the Contractor's expenses.

Upon failure of the Contractor to comply promoptly with any order of the Engineer made under this item 6.2, the Employer may cause rejected or unauthorized work to be remedied, removed or replaced, and to deduct the costs from any moneys due or to become due the Contractor.

G-13-6.3 Equipment and Plants

The Contractor shall provide suitable equipment and plants to meet the requirements of Construction, and when ordered by the Engineer shall remove unsuitable equipment from the work and discontinue the operation of unsatisfactory plants.

G-14-7 CONTROL OF MATERIALS

G-14-7.1 General

G-14-7.1.1 Source of Supply and Quality of Materials

The Contractor shall furnish all materials required to complete the work, except materials that are designated in the specifications to be furnished by the Employer.

Only materials conforming to the requirements of the specifications shall be incorporated in the work.


The materials furnished and used shall be new, except as many be provided elsewhere in these specifications, on the plans or in the Special Provisions. The material shall be manufactured, handled, and used in a workmanlike manner to ensure completed work in accordance with the plans and specifications.

Materials to be used in the work will be subject to inspection and tests by the Engineer or his designated representative. The Contractor shall furnish without charge such samples as may be required. The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer a list of his sources of materials and the locations at which such materials will be available for inspection. The list shall be submitted on a form and shall be furnished to the Engineer in sufficient time to permit inspecting and testing of materials to be furnished from such listed sources in advance of their use. The Engineer may inspect, sample or test materials at the source of supply or other locations, but such inspection, sampling or testing will not be undertaken until the Engineer is assured by the Contractor of the cooperation and assistance of both the Contractor and the supplier of the material. The Contractor shall assure the Engineer or his authorized representative has free access at all times to the material to be inspected, sampled or tested. It is understood that such inspections and tests if made at any point of incorporation in the work in no way shall be guarantee of acceptance of such material nor of continued acceptance of material presumed to be similar to that upon which inspections and tests have been made, and that inspection and testing performed by the Engineer shall not relieve the Contractor or his suppliers of responsibility for quality control.

Manufacturers warranties, guarantees, instruction sheets and parts lists, which are furnished with certain articles or materials incorporated in the work, shall be delivered to the Engineer before acceptance of the contract.

Reports and records of inspection made and tests performed, when available at the site of work, may be examined by the Contractor.

G-15-7.1.2 Storage of Materials

Articles or materials to be incorporated in the work shall be stored in such a manner as to ensure the preservation of their quality and fitness for the work, and to facilitate inspection.

G-15-7.1.3 Defective Materials

All materials which the Engineer has determined do not conform to the requirements of the plans and specifications will be rejected whether in place or not. They shall be removed immediately from the site of the work, unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer. No rejected material, the defects of which have been subsequently corrected, shall be used in the work, unless approval in writing has been given by the Engineer. Upon failure of the Contractor to comply promptly with any order of the Engineer made under the provisions in this item 7.1.3, the Engineer shall have authority to cause the removal and replacement of rejected material and to deduct the cost thereof from any monies due or to become due to the Contractor.


G-16-7.1.4 Trade Names and Alternatives

For convenience in designation on the plan or in the specifications, certain articles or materials to be incorporated in the work may be designated under a trade name or the name of a manufacturer and his catalogue information. The use of an alternative article or material which is of equal quality and of the required characteristics for the purpose intended will be permitted, subject to the following requirements:

The burden of proof as to the quality and suitability of alternatives shall be upon the Contractor and he shall furnish all information necessary as required by the Engineer. The Engineer shall be the sole judge as to the quality and suitability of alternative articles or materials and his decision shall be final.

Whenever the specifications permit the substitution of a similar or equivalent material or article, no tests or action relating to the approval of such substitute material will be made until the request for the substitution is made in writing by the Contractor accompanied by complete data as to the equality of the material or article proposed. Such request shall be made in ample time to permit approval without delaying the work, but need not be made in less than thirty five (35) days after award of the contract.

G-16-7.1.5 Certificates of Compliance

A Certificate of Compliance shall be furnished prior to the use of any materials for which these specifications or the Special Provisions require that such a certificate be furnished. In addition, when so authorized in these specifications or in the Special Provisions, the Engineer may print the use of certain materials or assemblies prior to sampling and testing if accompanied by a Certificate of Compliance. The certificate shall be signed by the manufacturer of the material or the manufacturer of assembled materials and shall state that the materials involved comply in all respect with the requirements of the specifications. A Certificate of Compliance shall be furnished with each lot so certified shall be clearly identified in the certificate.

All materials used on the basis of a Certificate of Compliance may be sampled and tested at any time. The fact that material is used on the basis of a Certificate of Compliance shall not relieve the Contractor of responsibility for incorporating material in the work which conforms to the requirements of the plans and specifications and any such material not conforming to such requirements will be subject to rejection whether in place or not.

The Employer reserves the right to refuse to permit the use of material on the basis of a Certificate of Compliance. The form of the Certificate of Compliance and its disposition shall be as directed by the Engineer.

G-17-7.2 Local Materials

G-17-7.2.1 General

Local material is rock, sand, gravel, earth, or other mineral material, other than local borrow or selected material, obtained on the project. Local material does not include materials obtained from established commercial sources.

Local materials shall be furnished by the Contractor from any source the Contractor may select, except that when mandatory local material sources of certain materials are designated in the Special Provisions, the Contractor shall furnish material from such designated mandatory sources.


The Contractor shall be responsible for making all arrangements necessary to obtain materials from any local material sources other than a mandatory local material source. If the Contractor selects to obtain materials from a possible material source, subject to the provision of item 7.2.2 "Possible Local Material Sources" he shall comply with the requirements of said item. If the Contractor selects to obtain material from any other non-mandatory sources he shall furnish the Engineer with satisfactory evidence that he has entered into an agreement with the property owner for obtaining material from such source and with copies of any necessary permits, licenses and other clearances before removing any material from such sources.

The furnishing of local materials from any source is subject to the provisions of "Examination of Plans, Specifications, Contract and Site of Work" and item 7.2.

Unless described in the Special Provisions as a mandatory local material source, or approved in writing by the Engineer, material sources shall not be excavated at locations where the resulting scars will present an unsightly appearance from any highway. No payment will be made for material obtained in violation of this provision.

The Contractor shall, at his expense, make any arrangements necessary for hauling over local public and private roads from any source.When requested by the Contractor in writing, the Employer will test materials from any local material source, which has not been previously tested. If satisfactory material from such local source is used in the work the Contractor will not be charged for the costs of the tests.

In all other cases, the cost of such testing requested by the Contractor shall be at his expense and deductions shall be made from any monies due or to become due to the Contractor, sufficient to cover the costs of such tests.

Full compensation for furnishing all labor materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals, and for doing all the work involved in conforming to the provisions in this Item 7.2.1 for furnishing and producing materials from any source shall be considered as included in the price paid for the contract item of work involving such material and no additional compensation will be allowed therefore.

G-19-7.2.2 Possible Local Material Sources

Where the Employer has made arrangements with the owners of land in the vicinity of the project for the obtaining of material from an owner's property, such arrangements are made solely for the purpose of providing all bidders an equal opportunity to obtain material from such property. Bidders or Contractors may, upon written request, inspect the documents evidencing such arrangements between property owners and the Employer. The Contractor may, if he so selects, exercise any rights, that have been obtained, which may be exercised by a Contractor under such arrangements, subject to and upon the conditions hereinafter set forth.

Such arrangements are not a part of the contract and it is expressly understood and agreed that the Employer assumes no responsibility to the bidder or Contractor whatsoever in respect to the arrangements made with the property owner to obtain materials therefrom and that the Contractor shall assume all risks in connection with the use of such property, the terms upon which such use shall be made, and there is no warranty or guaranty, either expressed or implied, as to the quality or quantity of material that can be obtained or produced from such property or the type or extent of processing that may be required in order to produce material conforming to the requirements of the specifications.


In those instances in which the Employer has compiled "Materials information" the said compilation may include the documents setting forth the arrangement made with some of the property owners for the obtaining of material form such owners' properties. The inclusion of such documents therein shall not in any respect operate as a waiver of any of the provision in this item 7.2.2 concerning said documents.

All necessary permits, licenses and other clearances needed to enable the Contractor to use a possible local material source for which the "Materials Information" compilation for the project does not include said permits, licenses and other clearances issued to the Employer (whether or not the arrangement made by the Employer with the owner of the property is included in the compilation) shall be obtained by the Contractor and copies thereof shall be furnished to the Engineer before any material is removed from such source.

The bidder or Contractor is cautioned to make such independent investigation and examination as he deems necessary to satisfy himself as to the quality and quantity of materials available from such property, the type and extent of processing that may be required in order to produce material conforming to the requirements of the specifications and the rights, duties and obligations acquired or undertaken under such arrangement with the property owner.

Not withstanding that the Contractor may select to obtain material from any such property owner's property, no material may be obtained from such property unless the Contractor has first either:

(1) Executed a document that will guarantee to hold such owner harmless for all claims for injury to persons or damage to property resulting from the Contractor's operations on the property owner's premises and also agree to conform to all other provisions set forth in the arrangement made between the Employer and the Property owner. Said document will be prepared by the Engineer for execution by the Contractor, or

(2) Entered into an agreement with the owner of the material source on any terms mutually agreeable to the owner and the Contractor; provided that the Contractor shall furnish to the Engineer a release, in a form satisfactory to the Engineer, executed by the owner, relieving the Employer of any and all obligations under the Employer's arrangement with the owner.

If the Contractor selects to obtain material under (1) the use of such site shall be subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of the arrangement made between the property owner and the Employer and the Contractor shall pay such charges as are provided for in the arrangement made by the Employer with the property owner, and deductions will be made from any monies due or to that may become due to the Contractor under the contract sufficient to cover the charges for such material removed.

If the Contractor selects to obtain material under (2) he shall pay, such charges as are provided for in the agreement between the owner and the contractor and deductions will not be made from any monies due or that may become due to the Contractor under the contract to cover such charges.

Before acceptance of the contract, the Engineer may require the Contractor to submit written evidence that the owner of the material source is satisfied that the Contractor has satisfactorily complied with the provisions of either (1) the arrangement between the owner and the Employer, or (2) the agreement between the owner and the Contractor, as the case may be.


Full compensation for furnishing all labor materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals, and for doing all the work involved in furnishing and producing specified materials from possible local material sources, including the construction of any access road or fences and any clearing, grubbing and stripping of material sources, and all processing of whatever nature and extent required, shall be considered as included in the price paid for the contract item of work involving such material and no additional compensation will be allowed therefore.

G-21-7.3 Testing

G-21-7.3.1 General

Unless otherwise specified, all tests shall be performed in accordance with the methods used by AASHTO/ASTM and shall be made by the Engineer or his designated representative.

Whenever the specifications provide an option between two or more tests, the Engineer will determine the test to be used.

Whenever a reference is made in the specifications to a specification manual, or a test designation either of the American association for Testing and Materials, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Specifications, or any other organized national organization, and the number or other identification representing the year of adoption or latest revision is omitted, it shall mean the specification, manual or test designated in effect on the day the Notice to Contractor for the work is dated. Whenever said specification manual or test designation provides for test reports (such as certified mill test reports) from the manufacturer, copies of such reports, identified as to the lot of material, shall be furnished to the Engineer. The manufacturer's test reports shall supplement the inspection, sampling and testing provisions in item 7 "Control of Materials", and shall not constitute a waiver of the Employer's right to inspect. When material which cannot be identified with specific test reports is proposed for use, the Engineer may, at his discretion, select random samples from the lot for testing. Test specimens from the random samples, including those required for retest, shall be prepared in accordance with the referenced specification and furnished by the Contractor at his expense. The number of such samples and test specimens shall be entirely at the discretion of the Engineer. Unidentified metal products such as sheet plate, hardware, etc. shall be subject to the test requirements prescribed by the Engineer.


G-22-7.3.2 Random Sampling Method

Wherever applicable or as directed by the Engineer, the procedure described hereinafter, shall be employed.

This procedure is particularly appropriate for selecting locations of in-place density tests of embankment, subbase and base construction, for thickness measurements of base and for sampling road materials mixed or blended in-place for gradation analysis. The objective of random sampling is to assure that each and every location have the same equal probability of being measured. One recommended method for achieving this objective is through the use of the random sampling table.

Table 1 contains random numbers for use in selecting locations for sampling and testing. To use this table the following steps are necessary:

1) Bread down the work area into lots whose boundaries are defined by changes in conditions such as change of material used, length of section constructed using the same compacting equipment, or simply divide the area into convenient lengths of about 400 to 500 M (1300 to 1650 ft).

2) Determine the number of sampling locations within each lot by selecting the maximum "average" longitudinal distance desired between the samples and dividing the length of the lot by the maximum average longitudinal distance selected. The average distance may be taken as 100 M (330 ft) and the number of sampling locations should be at least three.

3) Select a column of random numbers in Table 1 by placing (28) 2.5 Cm x 2.5 Cm (one inch x one inch) square pieces of cardboard, numbered 1 through 28, into a container (such as a bowl), shaking the container to get the pieces labor mixed, and drawing out one.

4) Refer to the column of Random Numbers identified with the number drawn from the container. In subcolumn A, locate all number equal to or less than the number of sampling location per section, as determined in step 2.

5) Multiply the total length of the lot by the decimal values in subcolumn B, found opposite the numbers located in subcolumn A which were determined in step 4. Add the result to the station number at the beginning of the section to obtain the station of the sampling location or simply the distance from the starting end.

6) Multiply the total width of the lot by the decimal values in the subcolumn C, found opposite the numbers located in subcolumn A, to obtain, the offset distance from the left edge of the sampling location.

EXAMPLE

Given: Base course material has been laid and compacted over a strip 10 m by 450 m (33 ft wide x 1480 ft long). It is required that field density tests be taken at an "average" interval of 100 m (330 ft).

1) The entire 450 m (1480 ft) length can be taken as one sampling lot.

2) Number of sampling locations required equal 1480/330 =4.5, say 5 locations.

3) Assume that number 23 was drawn from the container of random numbers.


4) The numbers selected from column 23 of Table 1 are:

Subcolumn A Subcolumn B Subcolumn C

5 0.539 0.6204 0.515 0.9933 0.053 0.2562 0.623 0.2711 0.937 0.714

5) Calculations: Distance from starting end

Length of Section Distance from LocationSubcolumn B Beginning of Nometer (feet) (a) (b) (a)x (b) M (feet)

450 M (1480 ft) 0.539 243 M (798 ft) 50.515 232 M (762 ft) 40.053 24 M (78 ft) 30.623 280 M (922 ft) 2 0.937 422 M (1387 ft) 1

6) Calculation: Distance from left edge

Width of Section Distance from LocationSubcolumn C Beginning of Nometer (feet) (a) (b) (a) x(b) M (feet)

10 M (33 ft) 0.620 6.5 M (20.5 ft) 50.993 9.8 M (32.7 ft) 40.256 2.6 M (8.5 ft) 3

0.271 2.7 M (8.9 ft) 2 0.714 7.1 M (23.6 ft) 1

The sampling locations are shown on Figure 1.


PART 1 EARTHWORK

ITEM E GENERAL

E-1-1 SCOPE

Earthwork will consist of all necessary work for the excavation and placing in embankment or backfill or disposal by dumping of earth, rock or other material from or to the roadway or adjacent thereto or from borrow areas, including the excavation of side and interception ditches, the removal of unsuitable subgrade material, the formation of laybys, the widening of cuts and the flattening of cut slopes whether to obtain material for embankments or backfill, or to increase the stability of the slopes, clearing and grubbing, the selective removal of trees, tripping and the removal of existing obstructions within the approved cross section for excavation, in accordance with these specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades, sections, and dimensions shown on the drawings or as required by the Engineer.

E-1-2 SOIL INFORMATION

Any information on the properties of the soil that may be shown on the drawings or obtained by the Contractor as a result of discussion with the Engineer or other shall be without prejudice and shall not be considered as a valid basis for the Contractor's bid prices.

The Contractor shall visit the site prior to making his bid and shall ascertain the nature of the earth and rock, its quantity locations and suitability to meet the specified requirements and he shall base his bid estimates solely on his own soil investigation. After the award of the contract no claim for a revision of bid prices depending on the sources of soil information will be entertained.

E-2-3 EXPLOSIVES

Where explosives are used the Contractor shall provide suitable buildings or warehouses in approved positions for the storage of explosives, which shall be stored in the manner and quantity approved by the Engineer. Such storage places shall be accessible only to authorized personnel. They shall be properly marked, all doors or accesses thereto shall be constructed of materials as directed by the Engineer, and provided with secure locks and all necessary means of preventing access by unauthorized persons.

The Contractor shall be responsible for the prevention of any unauthorized issue or improper use of any explosives. The handing of explosives shall be entrusted only to experienced and responsible men, shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and in conformity with the statutory regulations.

All drilling and blasting shall be done in such a manner as to bring the excavation as close as possible to the required cross sections, and to disturb as little as possible the material to be left in place. Blasting by means of drill holes, tunnels, or any other method shall be performed at the entire risk and responsibility of the Contractor who shall have no claim to payment for extra work occasioned by breakage outside the approved cross sections.

The greatest care shall be taken by the Contractor during all blasting operations to ensure that no injury be done to persons or damage to property or to the finished work. Shots shall be properly loaded and capped, and only a moderate charge shall be used in each hole. A register of all explosives used, showing locations and amounts, shall be


kept by the Contractor for checking by the Engineer.

Where directed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall provide heavy mesh blasting mat for protection of persons, property and the work. If found necessary, blasting shall be restricted to times prescribe by the Engineer.

The Engineer may prohibit blasting and order the rock to be excavated by other means, if, in his opinion, it would be dangerous to persons or adjacent structures, or is being carried out in a reckless manner. If traffic on the road has to be interrupted, the contractor shall obtain approval of his schedule for such interruption from the proper authorities and shall satisfy the Engineer that he has obtained it.

E-3-4 REMOVAL OF EXISTING OBSTRUCTIONS

The pay items under items CG, EX1, EX2, and EM shall include the cost of removal of all material regardless of its nature, encountered within the limits of the approved cross-section for excavation, including the removal and disposal, as required by the Engineer, of existing brick, stone, concrete or masonry, rock boulders or fragments, old pavements, culverts, bridges or parts thereof, retaining walls or any other material encountered during the excavation.

E-3-5 REMOVAL OR DIVERSION OF WATER

Except where provided for, no separate payment will be made for control of or removal of water during or after earthwork operations. The cost of sheeting, shoring, cofferdams, pumping and draining shall be included in the bid prices for earthwork. The Contractor shall provide necessary facilities for dewatering and for draining or diverting water courses when necessary for the protection of the contract work or where required by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall provide such drainage outlet ditches or canals as may be necessary to effect proper drainage before rain is to be expected. Such drainage ditches or canals for protection of work during construction and their maintenance and clearing to make them continuously effective during the work of the contract shall not be paid separately, but shall be included in other items of work.

The Contractor shall also provide, fix, maintain and work such engines, pumps, hoses, chutes and other appliances as are necessary to keep the accumulated water at a level required for the safety of the structure as directed by the Engineer.

E-4-6 DITCHES

The Contractor shall construct side ditches, interception ditches, and inlet and outlet ditches as shown on the Drawings or where ordered by the Engineer whether for temporary or permanent drainage. In order to keep water away from the embankment, subgrade, and/or pavement during construction, the Contractor shall at all times ensure adequate drainage by so scheduling ditch and outlet construction that the drainage is operative before work is begun on the embankment, subgrade or pavement. He shall clean and trim all such drainage ditches from time to time so that there may be a free flow of water throughout the whole period of the Contract. Damage to the work attributable to wetting through failure to provide adequate drainage will result in an order to repair the damage at the Contractor's expense. Ditches shall first be trimmed short of the approved cross-sections, and final trimming, including the repair of any damage that may have been during the construction work, shall be carried out after the completion of the other construction work and shall be a condition for final approval and acceptance.

Except where otherwise specified in the Special Provisions, no separate pay item will be made for the excavation of side ditches, interception ditches, inlet and outlet ditches but such payment will be made under item EX1 or EM whichever is applicable for drainage


features which are part of the permanent works.

Where indicated on the drawings or when required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall take cross-section of existing stream channels, and in collaboration with the Engineer, mark them with details of the excavation required for the relocation of the stream channel. Work shall not proceed without written approval of the marked cross-section by the Engineer.

E-4-7 EXCAVATION FOR CULVERTS

Except where otherwise specified in the Special Provision, excavation and backfill for culvert and drainage pipes, except granular backfill to underdrains, will not be paid for separately but shall be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor covered under the contract price for the various classes of culvert pipe as provided in Item PC.

E-5-8 LANDSLIDES, BENCHES, FLATTENING OF SLOPES

The Engineer may order the removal of material resulting from landslides, the construction of benches in or above the cut slope or in the embankment slope or where in his opinion the slope shows signs of instability, the flattening of the slope. Payment of all such works except lanslides shall be at contract prices inItem EX or EM as the case may be. The contractor shall estimate the quantities of landslides & its ermoval and shall include the cost in rates of items number EX or EM as the case may be.

E-5-9 SURVEY AND LEVELLING PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT OF EARTHWORK

The Contractor shall be responsible for the setting out of the work in accordance with Clause 6.3 of the General Conditions of Contract. Notwithstanding that project drawings have been issued to the Contractor, unless otherwise directed in the Special Provisions, the Contractor shall also be responsible for taking cross-sections on the proposed alignment of the road, submitting three copies of the plotted cross-sections and longitudinal profile to the Engineer and obtaining the approval of the Engineer to such cross-section and longitudinal profile before any work in connection with Earthwork is commenced. These cross-sections and longitudinal profile shall be of the form and manner as instructed in writing by the Engineer.

E-5-10 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantities of the various classes of excavation and embankment to be measured for payment under the contract will be limited to the lines shown on the drawings, and will be indicated on approved profiles and cross-sections.

Excavation and filling beyond the lines shown on the approved profiles and cross-sections will not be paid for. The Engineer will decide the angle of the slope of cuts and fills as the work proceeds on the basis of his evaluation of the soil characteristics. The actual lines of the cuts and fills as made will be duly measured and recorded by the Contractor. The Engineer will check these records and will approve the measurements, if correct, as a basis of payment.

Excess of excavation shall be backfilled, as directed by the Engineer, with subbase materials without extra payment to the Contractor: excess of fill may be either left in place or removed as required by the Engineer. The quantities of earthwork to be paid for in items EX1 & EM of Tender Schedule/B.O.Q shall be the number of units of volume of material measured by the average end-area method, except where the error may exceed plus or minus five percent as compared with the prisomidal formula in which cases the Engineer will authorize the use of the more accurate method.


However the Contractor shall request such authority before he submits his quantities for approval. Quantities measured on the average end-area basis, once they have been submitted and approved shall not be subject to review for the purpose of applying a more accurate method.


ITEM CG CLEARING & GRUBBING

CG-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of the removal to the specified depth, grubbing and disposal of all surface objects, stumps, roots, bushes, vegetation, logs, rubbish and other objectionable material except such objects as are designated to remain or are to be removed in accordance with other section of specification.

CG-1-2 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

CG-1-2.1 Clearing/Grubbing

In roadway cut areas, all surface objects or any object to the depth of 30cm below subgrade level such as stumps, roots, vegetation, bushes, logs, rubbish shall be cleared and/or grubbed as directed by Engineer.

In roadway fill areas where clearing and grubbing is required, it shall be carried out to the depth of 50Cm below subgrade level as described above.

After clearing and grubbing the area should be compacted in accordance with item 108 "Formation of Embankment".

Before bottom layer of embankment is placed, contractor will grub up and remove without extra pavement, any vegetation that may, in the meantime have grown on surface previously cleared and grubbed.

CG-2-2.3 Protection and Restoration

The Contractor shall prevent damage to all pipes, conduits, wires, cables or structure above or below ground. No land monuments, property markers, or official datum points shall be damaged or removed until the Employer/Engineer has witnessed or otherwise referenced their locations and approved their removal. The Contractor shall so control his operations as to prevent damage to trees and shrubs, which are to be preserved. Preserved. Protection may include fences and boards lashed to trees to prevent damage from blasting or machine operations. The Contractor shall carefully cut off all branches of trees hanging within 5.0 meters (16 ft) above any part of the roadway or which have been broken or injured during construction. Where soil over the roots of trees to be preserved has become compacted it shall be restored by proper cultivation to a condition to permit adequate aeration of the soil.

CG-2-2.4 Backfilling of Holes

Except in areas to be excavated, stump holes and other holes from which obstructions are removed, shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted in conformance with the requirements of Item EM-1-3.1 (Formation of Embankment).


CG-2-3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Clearing and grubbing will be measured for payment only on areas so designated in writing by the Engineer or shown on the drawings. The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of units of Area satisfactorily cleared and grubbed.

Clearing and grubbing carried out by the Contractor in cuts and borrow pits shall not be measured for direct payment.

The quantities determined as provided above will be paid for at the contract unit price for the pay item mentioned below and shown in the Bill of Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for all the costs involved in the proper completion of the work prescribed in this item.

Pay Item No. Description Measurement

CG Clearing & Grubbing M2


ITEM RT REMOVAL OF TREES

RT-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of the removal of trees and stumps to a depth not less than fifty (50) centimeters or as designated by the Engineer to ensure complete removal of roots and stumps and their disposal as provided in Special Provision.

RT-1-2 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Such individual trees as the Engineer may designate and mark in white paint shall be left standing uninjured. All other trees to be removed shall be counted and an inventory prepared showing girth of the tree stem.

When necessary to prevent injury to other trees or structures or to minimize danger to traffic, trees shall be cut in sections from top downwards.

RT-1-3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Contractor shall prevent damage to all under-ground utilities, such as pipes cables or conduits etc. For this purpose if so required removal of trees shall be carried out manually. Any under-ground or over-ground property damaged by the contractor shall be immediately repaired by the contractor at his own expense.

RT-1-4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

RT-1-4.1 Measurement

Engineer and Contractor shall jointly measure the girth and number of trees to be removed under this item. Any tree having a girth of less than 150mm measured six hundred (600) mm above ground level shall not be measured under this item, as the same shall be removed under item " Clearing and Grubbing ".

RT-1-4.2 Payment

The quantities determined as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price for the pay item mentioned below and shown in the Bill of Quantities which price shall be deemed to include all cost of labor equipment and incidental related to the item.


RT (a) Removal of trees 150-300mm girth Each

RT (b) Removal of trees 300-600mm girth Each

RT(c) Removal of trees 600mm or over girth Each


ITEM C COMPACTION OF NATURAL GROUND

C-1-1 DESCRIPTION

Before the construction of the embankment is commenced, the Engineer may order in writing the compaction of the cleared surface.

C-1-2 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT

This work shall consist, where applicable, of the compaction of the cleared surface of the original ground prior to commencement of embankment construction in accordance with these specifications, as shown on the Drawings or as required by the Engineer.

C-1-2.1 Compaction Requirements

The cleared surface of the original ground shall be compacted to a depth of 20 Cm (8 in.) and to the specified density in conformance with the provision of Item EM-1-3.1 (Formation of Embankment).

C-1-3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of units of area as are shown on the Drawing or directed to be compacted and accepted by the Engineer for payment.

The area determined as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price for the pay item listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities which price and payment shall constitute full compensation for all the costs necessary for the proper completion of the work prescribed in this item.


C Compaction of natural ground M2


ITEM S STRIPPING

S-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of removing top soil, transporting and depositing in stock piles or spreading where indicated on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

S-1-2 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENT

The areas from which stripping of top soil is required shall be as indicated on Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall remove top soil from these areas to depth as directed by Engineer. Stripping of top soil in any case shall be not less than 10cm in depth. The removed top soil shall be transported, deposited in stock piles at locations designated by the Engineer and/or spread where indicated on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

The top soil shall be placed separately from other excavated materials and be completely removed to the required depth from the area prior to the beginning of regular excavation or embankment work in that area. No payment will be made for top soil removed from places other than that directed by the Engineer.

S-1-3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

S-1-3.1 Measurement

Measurement shall be made by multiplying the length breadth and depth of layer approved by the Engineer in cubic meter of material removed and disposed as directed by the Engineer.

S-1-3.2 Payment

The payment under this item shall be made for at the contract unit price per cubic meter of stripping measured as above, for removal of material to a depth approved by the Engineer including its disposal at designated place and in the manner as directed by the Engineer.


S Stripping M3


ITEM EX CLASSIFICATION OF EXCAVATION

GENERAL

Classification of excavation in the subsequent section is made for the purpose of identifying the class of material and its excavation. For the purpose of payment the excavation shall be cosidered in all types of materials. It is the contractor’s responsibility to visit the site and estimate the effort required in excavation of different type of materials in the project to formulate its composite rate.

EX-1-1 ROADWAY EXCAVATION IN ALL TYPES OF SOILS

Roadway Excavation shall comprise all excavation that is not classified as Structural Excavation which is excavated within the limits of the roadway including permanent drainage ditches and side slopes in cut. Roadway excavation in all types of soil is to be commenced in all types of soils irrespective of common/rock to the lines and grades shown on the drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.

In making his bid the contractor shall inspect the site and carefully estimate the cost of carrying out all such excavation activities and the work will be measured under the Pay Item EX-1(C). Any material declared unsuitable or surplus by the Engineer under special conditions will be measured under Pay Item EX-1 (D).

EX-1-2 BORROW EXCAVATION

Borrow Excavation shall comprise all excavation taken from borrow pits. Material from borrow pits shall normally be used for the construction of embankment or for the backfill when there is no material available from roadway excavation or structural excavation. Permission to use material from borrow shall first be obtained in writing from the Engineer. Nevertheless the total amount of material from roadway excavation and structural excavation after deduction of the material declared unsuitable by the Engineer shall be considered available for use in the work and any surplus material resulting form the Contractor having used materials from borrow pits in its place shall not be measured for payment.

Borrow pits shall be at least 30 M (hundred 100 feet) from the toe of the embankment or the top of the cut unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer.

In making his bid the Contractor shall inspect the site and from his estimate of the haulage cost on the basis of his own survey of the possible nature and locations of the borrow pits. Their distance from the work sites shall not be grounds for extra payment or revision of the contract price.

The consent of the landowner or tenant for the excavating of borrow material and hauling along private access roads shall be secured by the Contractor who shall if required pay for such concession. Borrow pits shall be left in a condition acceptable to the landowner and/or tenant and to the Engineer.

EX-2-3.1 Roadway Excavation in Common Materials

Common material shall comprise all excavation that is not rock or structural excavation.

When the material is conglomerate and in the opinion of the Engineer is not so firmly consolidated as to require drilling and blasting, the Contractor shall use an excavator with suitable steel tines, or other appropriate equipment for its removal. Such work shall be


considered as common.

Loose earth or loose rock, the individual size of which is not greater than one quarter of a cubic meter (9 cft) shall be removed when required by the Engineer. Payment for such removal shall be at the contract price for pay item No.EX1 (a) or EM (a) as the case may be.

When ordered in writing by the Engineer, the Contractor shall excavate decayed vegetable matter or other unsuitable material, which is more than 30 Cm (12 in) below ground level to such depth as the Engineer may require. This work shall be considered as common excavation and paid for under pay item EX1 (a).

EX-2-3.2 Roadway Excavation in Rock Materials

Rock material shall consist of excavation of material that in the opinion of the Engineer requires drilling and blasting with explosives for its removal.

Rock material above ground level such as stones, boulders, piles of stones and dry stones walling whose individual sizes are greater than one quarter of a cubic meter (9 cft) shall be removed and disposed off if directed in writing by the Engineer and this work shall be considered rock and paid for under Item Nos. EX1 (b) or EM (b).


EX1 (a) Excavate Unsuitable/Surplus Common Material M3

EX1 (b) Excavate Unsuitable/Surplus Rock Material M3

Ex1 (c) Roadway Excavation in all types of soils M3


ITEM EX1 EXCAVATION OF UNSUITABLE OR SURPLUS MATERIAL

EX-3-1 DESCRIPTION

Unsuitable or Surplus Material arising from roadway excavation which is declared in writing by the Engineer to be unsuitable for use or surplus to the requirements of the project. When excavation of unsuitable material requires special attention for a known condition on a specific project, constructional requirements and payment shall be covered under Special Provisions.

EX-3-2 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

All suitable material excavated within the limits and scope of the project shall unless provision is expressly made to the contrary in these specifications be used in the most effective manner for the formation of the embankment, for widening the roadway, for backfill, or for other work included in the contract.

Any material surplus to this requirement or any material declared in writing by the Engineer to be unsuitable shall be disposed of and levelled in thin layers by the Contractor outside the right of way or as directed by the Engineer.

When unsuitable materials ordered to be removed and replaced the soil left in place shall be compacted to a depth of 20 Cm (8 in) to the density prescribed under Item EM-1-3.1 payment for such compaction shall be included in the contract prices for the excavation of unsuitable materials.

If the unsuitable material, which is removed, is below standing water level and the replacement material is gravel or a similar self-draining material of at least 30 Cm (12 in) in depth, the compaction may be dispensed with if approved by the Engineer.

EX-3-3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Only material which is surplus to the requirements of the project or is declared in writing by the Engineer to be unsuitable will qualify for payments under pay item No.EX1 (a) or EX1 (b) or EX1 (d) as the case may be.

The undermentioned pay Item Nos. EX1 (a) or EX1 (b) or EX1 (d) shall include the cost of obtaining the consent of the owner or tenant of the land where the disposal of surplus or unsuitable material is made.

Unsuitable or surplus material shall be measured in its original position and its volume shall be calculated in accordance with Item E-1-1.

The quantities determined as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price respectively for each for the particular pay items listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities which prices and payment shall constitute full compensation for all costs involved in the proper completion of the work prescribed


Ex1 (d) Disposal of all types of unsuitable/surplus material M3


ITEM EX2 STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

EX-5-1 DESCRIPTION

Structural excavation shall include the removal of all material, of whatever nature, necessary for the construction of foundations of bridges, culverts, retaining wall, wing walls, catch basin, manholes, inlets and other structures not otherwise provided for in these specifications and in accordance with the plans or as directed by the Engineer.It shall include the furnishing of all necessary equipment and construction of all cribs, cofferdams, caissons, dewatering, sheeting, shoring etc, which may be necessary for the excavation of the work. It shall also include the subsequent removal of cofferdams and cribs and the placement of all necessary backfill as hereinafter specified. It shall also include the disposing of excavated material, which is not required for backfill, in a manner and in locations so as not to effect the carrying capacity of any channel and not to be unsightly.

EX-5-2 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

EX-5-2.1 Backfill

Backfill shall consist of granular material or other common materials as noted on the drawings or as approved by the Engineer

EX-5-3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

EX-5-3.1 Structural Excavation

a) General

All substructures, where practicable, shall be constructed in open excavation and, where necessary, the excavation shall be shored, braced, or protected by cofferdams in accordance with approved methods. When footings can be placed in the dry without the use of cribs or cofferdams, backforms may be omitted with the approval of the Engineer, and the entire excavation filled with concrete to the required elevation of the top of the footing. The additional concrete shall be placed at the expense of the Contractor.

b) Preservation of Channel

Unless otherwise specified, no excavation shall be made outside of caissons, cribs, cofferdams, piling, or sheeting, and the natural stream bed adjacent to the structure shall not be disturbed without permission from the Engineer. If any excavation or dredging is made at the site of the structure before caissons, cribs, or cofferdams are in place, the Contractor shall, without extra charge, after the foundation base is in place, backfill all such excavation to the original ground surface or river bed with material satisfactory to the Engineer. Material deposited within the stream area from foundation or other excavation or from filling of cofferdams shall be removed and the stream bed freed from obstruction thereby.

c) Depth of Footings

The elevation of the bottoms of footings, as shown on the drawings, shall be considered as approximate only and the Engineer may order, in writing, such changes in dimensions or elevation of footings as may be necessary to secure a satisfactory foundation.


d) Preparation of Foundations for Footings

1) All rock or other hard foundation material shall be freed from all loose material, cleaned and cut to a firm surface, either level, stepped, or roughened, as may be directed by the Engineer.

2) When masonry is to rest on an excavated surface other than rock, special care shall be taken not to disturb the bottom of the excavation, and the final removal of the grade shall not be made until just before the masonry is to be placed.

e) Cofferdams and Cribs

1) For substructure work, the Contractor shall submit, upon request, drawings showing his proposed method of cofferdams construction and other details left open to his choice or not fully

shown on the Engineer's drawings. The Contractor shall not start work until the Engineer has approved such drawings.

2) Cofferdams and cribs for foundation construction shall be carried to adequate depths and heights, be safely designed and constructed, and be made as watertight as is necessary for the proper performance of the work which must be done inside them. In general, the interior dimensions of cofferdams and cribs shall be such as to give sufficient clearance for the construction of forms and the inspection of their exteriors, and to permit pumping outside the forms. Cofferdams or Cribs which are tilted or moved laterally during the process of sinking shall be righted, reset, or enlarged so as to provide the necessary clearance and this shall be solely at the expense of the Contractor.

3) When conditions are encountered which, in the opinion of the Engineer, render it impracticable to dewater the foundation before placing masonry, he may require the construction of a concrete foundation seal of such dimensions as may be necessary. The foundation shall then be pumped out and the balance of the masonry placed in the dry. When weighted cribs are employed and the weight is utilized to partially overcome the hydrostatic pressure acting against the bottom of the foundation seal, special anchorage such as dowels or keys shall be provided to transfer the entire weight of the crib into the foundation seal. During the placing of a foundation seal, the elevation of the water inside the cofferdam shall be controlled to prevent any flow through the seal and if the cofferdam is to remain in place, it shall be vented or ported at low water level.

4) Cofferdams or cribs shall be constructed so as to protect green concrete against damage from a sudden rising of the stream or river and to prevent damage to the foundation by erosion. No timber or bracing shall be left in cofferdams or cribs in such a way as to extend into the substructure masonry without written permission from the Engineer.

5) Unless otherwise provided, cofferdams or cribs with all sheeting and bracing shall be removed after the completion of the substructure, care being taken not to disturb or otherwise injure the finished masonry.

f) Pumping

1) Pumping from the interior of any foundation enclosure shall be done in such a manner as to preclude the possibility of the movement of water through any fresh


concrete. No pumping will be permitted during the placing of concrete or for a period of at least twenty four (24) hours thereafter, unless it be done from a suitable sump pit separated from the effective means.

2) Pumping to dewater a sealed cofferdam shall not commence until the seal has set sufficiently to withstand the hydrostatic pressure.

g) Inspection.

After each excavation is completed the Contractor shall notify the Engineer, and no masonry shall be placed until the Engineer has approved the depth of the excavation and the character of the foundation material.

EX-8-3.2 Backfill

a) Granular backfill shall be placed in the position and to the required depth, shown on the drawing or where and as required in writing by the Engineer and it shall be well compacted in layers not exceeding 20 Cm (twelve 8 in.) in thickness to the density shown on the Drawings or as specified by the Engineer. The backfill layers should be stepped into the cut by a horizontal distance equal to the corresponding layer thickness.

b) Common backfill shall consist of earth free from large lumps, wood and other organic materials and of a quality acceptable to the engineer. It shall be placed in the position & to the required depths shown on the Drawings and/or as required in writing by the Engineer and it shall be well compacted in layers not to exceed 15 Cm (eight 6 in) in depth to the density shown on the Drawings or as specified by the Engineer.

c) All spaces excavated and not occupied by abutments, piers, or other permanent work shall be refilled with earth or granular fill as

approved by the Engineer to the surface of the surrounding ground, with a sufficient allowance for settlement. All such backfill shall be thoroughly compacted and, in general, its top surface shall be neatly graded.

d) The fill behind abutments and wing walls of all bridge structures shall be deposited in well-compacted, horizontal layers not to exceed 30 Cm (twelve 12 in.) in thickness. The common backfill in front of such units shall be placed first to prevent the possibility of forward movement. Special precautions shall be taken to prevent any wedging action against the masonry, and the slope bounding the excavation for abutments and wingwalls shall be destroyed by stepping or roughening to prevent wedge action. Jetting of the fill behind abutments and wingwalls will not be permitted.

e) Fill placed around culverts and piers shall be deposited on both sides to approximately the same elevation at the same time.

f) Adequate provision shall be made for the thorough drainage of all backfill. French drains shall be placed at weep holes.

g) No backfill shall be placed against any masonry abutment, wingwall, or culvert until permission shall have been given by the Engineer and preferably not until the masonry has been in place fourteen (14) days, or until test cylinders show the strength to be twice the working stress used in the design.


EX-9-4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

EX-9-4.1 Measurement

a) Structural Excavation

The quantities of structural excavation to be paid for shall be the number of units of volume of material measured in its original position computed by the average end-area method, and excavated to the satisfaction of the Engineer. If the rate listed in BOQ is for structural excavation in all types of soil then the work will be measured under pay item EX-2 (c). While preparing for bid contractor should thoroughly investigate the nature of excavation and fill the rates accordingly.

b) Granular Backfill

Granular backfill material shall give the following grading requirements.

GRADING REQUIREMENT

MM Inch A B

25.00 1" 100 10019.00 3/4" 60-100 75-1004.75 No.4 50-85 55-1002.0 No.10 40-70 40-1000.425 No.40 25-45 20-500.075 No.200 10-25 6-20

or material satisfying the requirements of coarse sand falling under soil classification A-3. In case, coarse sand is utilized for granular fill it shall be ensured that the same is confined properly with approved material. The quantities of granular backfill to be paid for shall be the number of units of volume of material laid in place within the limits defined in item EX-9-4.1 (a) above, computed and accepted by Engineer.

Structural Excavation will be classified for Ex-9 measurement and payment as "Structural Excavation in Common Material" and "Structural Excavation in Rock Material" according to whether the excavation is in earth or rock as defined in Item EX-2-3.1 and EX-2-3.2.

The volume of earth or rock to be measured for structural excavation shall consist of a prisomid bounded by the following planes;

1) The vertical limits for computing pay quantities will be vertical planes 50 Cm (20 inches) outside of the neat lines of footings or foundations as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.

2) The upper limit for payment of structural excavation shall be the ground surface as it existed prior to the start of construction operations, except where structural excavation is performed within roadway excavation or ditch excavation areas the upper limit shall be the planes of the bottom and side slopes of said excavated areas.

3) The lower limits for computing pay quantities of structural excavation or structural backfill shall be a plane at the bottom of the completed footings, foundations or


structures.

Measurement for structural excavation shall not include material removed below the footing grade and beyond specific limits to compensate for anticipated swell or as a result of effective swell during pile driving, or additional material resulting from sides, slips, cave-ins, siltings or fillings, whether due to the action of the elements or to carelessness of the Contractor. The depth of the footings shown on the drawings are approximate only and any variation found to be necessary during construction shall be paid for at the contract unit price.

C) Common Backfill

The quantities of Common Backfill to be paid for shall be the number of units of volume of material laid in place within the limits defined in Item EX-9-4.1 (a) above, computed by the average end-area method, compacted and accepted by the Engineer.

EX-11-4.2 Payment

The quantities determined as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price respectively, for each of the particular pay item listed below that as shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price and payment shall be full compensation for all the costs involved in the proper completion of the work prescribed in this item.


EX2 (a) Structural Excavation in Common Material M3

EX2 (b) Structural Excavation in Rock Material M3

EX2 (c) Granular Backfill M3

EX2 (d) Common Backfill M3

EX2 (e) Structured Excavation in all types of soils. M3


ITEM EM FORMATION OF EMBANKMENT

EM-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of formation of embankment including preparation of area for placing and compaction of embankment material in layers and in holes, pits and other depressions within the roadway area in accordance with the specifications and in conformity with the lines, grades, thickness and typical cross-section shown on the plans or established by the Engineer.

EM-1-2 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

Material for embankment shall consist of suitable material excavated from borrow, roadway excavational, structural excavation or material from excavation in all types of soil. Borrow material will be used only when material obtained from roadway or structural excavation is not suitable or is deficient for embankment formation.

The material under this item shall conform to the following specification. a) Contractor shall use AASHTO Class A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5 soil as specified in

AASHTO M-145 or other material approved by Engineer.

b) C.B.R of the material shall not be less than five (5) percent, determined in accordance with AASHTO T-193. CBR value shall be obtained at a density corresponding to the degree of compaction required for the corresponding layer.

c) Swell value of the material for embankment formation shall not exceed three length (0.3) percent. In case sandy material be used for embankment formation, it shall be properly confined with a material approved by the Engineer and shall not be used on slopes of embankment.

d) In areas subject to flood and prolonged inundation of the embankment, such as at bridge sites, the material used in embankment, unless rock, shall be AASHTO Class A-1 or A-2 soils. Other soils may be used only with the written consent of Engineer.

EM-2-3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

EM-2-3.1 Formation of Embankment with Common Material

Material for embankment, obtained and approved as provided above, shall be placed in horizontal layers of uniform thickness and in conformity with the lines, grades, sections and dimensions shown on the Drawings or as required by the Engineer. The layers of loose material other than rock shall be not more than 20 Cm (8 in thick).

The Material placed in all embankment layers and the material scarified to the designated depth shall be compacted to the density specified below:

Depth in Cm (inch) Percent of AASHTO T 180 *below subgrade level Maximum Dry Density

0 to 30 Cm (0 to 12 in) 95 30 to 75 Cm (12 to 30 in) 93

more than 75 Cm (30 in) 90

* Method "B" or "D" whichever is applicable.In place density determinations of the compacted layers shall be made in accordance with AASHTO T 191 or other approved methods. For all soils, with the exception of rock fill materials, containing more than 10% oversize particles (retained on 3/4 inch/ 19mm


sieve) the "targeted" density obtained in the laboratory by using AASHTO T 180 shall be adjusted to account for such oversize particles by using procedure described in AASHTO T 224-67 OR equivalent procedure described by the Engineer, Subsequent layers shall not be placed and compacted unless the previous layers has been properly compacted and accepted by the Engineer.

Material for embankment of points inaccessible to normal compaction equipment shall be placed in horizontal layers of loose material not more than 20 Cm (8 inches) thick and compacted to the densities specified above by the use of mechanical tampers, or other appropriate equipment.

The Compaction of the embankment shall be carried out at the designated moisture content consistent with the available compacting

equipment. In forming the embankment the Contractor shall take steps to ensure that the work can be drained free of rain water, and he shall make due allowance in the height and width of the work for swelling or shrinkage.

Embankment material that does not contain sufficient moisture to obtain the required compaction shall be given additional moisture by means of approved sprinklers and mixing. Material containing more than the amount of moisture necessary to obtain the required compaction may not, without written approval of the Engineer, be incorporated in the embankment until it has been sufficiently dried out. The drying of wet material may be expedited by discussing or other approved methods.

When materials of widely divergent characteristics, such as clay and chalk or sand, drawn from different sources, are to be used in the embankment they shall be deposited in alternative layers of the same material over the full width of the embankment to depths approved by the Engineer. Rock clay or other material shall be broken up, and no accumulation of lumps or boulders in the embankment will be permitted.

No surplus material shall be permitted to be left at the toe of embankment or at the top of cut sections.

Side slopes shall be neatly trimmed to the lines and slopes shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer, and the finished work shall be left in a neat and acceptable condition.

EM-3-3.2 Formation of Embankment with Rock material

No rock fill shall be placed until after the Contractor has discussed his plans for the work of cut and fill with the Engineer and secured the latter's approval. In order to provide a suitable grade level, material satisfactory for covering the rock fill shall be reserved from the Roadway Excavation. Should such material be available and not reserved by the Contractor, so that Borrow Excavation has to be used for forming the grade level, such borrow shall be supplied and placed without extra payment to the Contractor.

Rock fill shall be placed in loose layers not to exceed 60 Cm (24 inches) in thickness and compacted as herein provided and the interstices throughout the full depth shall be thoroughly filled with clean small spalls, shale, gravel or similar approved material and thoroughly compacted to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The top layer of this fill shall not be less than 20 Cm (8 inches) thick.

Rock in fill shall be considered as rock only when the earth or other finer material when uniformly distributed throughout is considerably less than sufficient to fill the voids so that the rock particles shall be in intimate contact and not separated by earth or similar


material. Otherwise, the fill material shall be handled and considered as earth fill to be placed and compacted as specified in Item EM-1-3.1.

Where rock to be incorporated in fill or portion of fill is composed largely of weak or friable material, the rock shall be reduced to a maximum size not exceeding 50 percent of the thickness of the layer being placed.

EM-4-3.3 Formation of Embankment on Steep Slopes

Where embankments are located on steep slopes, hillsides, or where new fill is to be compacted against existing embankments, or where fill is constructed one half width at a time, the original slope of the hillside, of the old or of the first half width fill, shall be cut into a distance sufficient to accommodate the width of the compacting equipment as the new fill is placed in horizontal layers, and the excavated material shall be incorporated and compacted with the new fill.

In the measurement of the work no allowance will be made for the volumes of material cut out from the hillside or from the first half width fill to accommodate the compacting equipment but will be calculated only on the net volume of fill placed against the original hillside, the old embankment or the first half width fill.

EM-4-3.4 Formation of Embankment on Existing Roads

Before fill is placed and compacted on an existing roadway, the existing embankment and/or pavement may be levelled by cutting, rooting or scarifying by approved mechanical means to a level to be determined by the Engineer. The earth, old asphalt or other material arising as a result of this operation will be declared by the Engineer to be either suitable or unsuitable for use in the embankment subbase. In the first case it shall be used in the adjacent embankment as directed by the Engineer, and payment shall be as provided for under pay Item No. EM (a). In the second case the material shall be disposed off as provided in Item EX1 and payment shall be as provided for under pay Item No. EX1 (a).

Scarified material removed from the existing road surface may be placed in the embankment in thin layers in strict compliance with the instructions of the Engineer. No extra compensation shall be allowed for the storing and rehandling of such material for the disposal of material discarded at the Contractor's own choice or for the use of borrow in its place.

EM-5-3.5 Construction of Embankment in Areas of High Water levels and Salinity Conditions

Irrigation of areas, such as rice fields and fish or natural ponds upon which embankments are to be placed, shall have been halted at least two months in advance of, and drained or kept drained of all surface water prior to commencing with the placing of fill, and all clearing and grubbing shall have been performed, manually if necessary, in accordance with the relevant articles.

Where embankments are to be placed in areas of high water levels and salinity conditions and which is inaccessible to heavy construction equipment, a special working platform shall be first established, consisting of a blanket of fill material placed on top of the soft layer. The material of the working table shall consist of normal or processed granular fill material obtained from borrow excavation. This material shall conform to the following specifications;

Sieve Description Percentage of Weight Passing Sieve, AASHTO T 27

3 inch (75 mm) 100


The remaining grading shall be such as to avoid Intrusion into the working platform material of subgrade or natural ground surface material. For this condition to be met it will be required that the ratio

D 15 (Working Platform Material) to the D 85 (Natural Ground Material) is less than 5

D85 and D15 mean the particle diameters corresponding to 85% and 15% respectively, passing (by weight) in a grain size analysis.

Construction of this working table shall proceed from one edge of the soft area by using the fill as a ramp for further material transport.

The thickness of the working table as prescribed above shall be approximately 0.5 M (1.5 ft) unless directed otherwise by the Engineer, and the width shall be that of the embankment. The placement and compaction of the working table shall be carried out by use of light equipment.

No density requirements are specified for the working platform, however, subsequent layers above it shall be compact to the densities specified in Item EM-1-3.1.

In those areas of high water levels and salinity with soft subsoils and where embankments are high such as approach fills to structure, Special Provisions shall be made to measure and determine likely fill settlements will be accomplished. These precondition are necessary in order to specify particular construction procedures which may be necessary and to establish the time at which the pavement structure can be placed to avoid cracks and subsidence of these layers.

EM-6-3.6 Trial Section

Before starting the formation of the embankment the Contractor shall construct a maximum of three trial sections of 200 M (650 feet) each for each soil type proposed to be used for compaction as directed by the Engineer. The soils used in the trial shall be the same as those intended to be used for the formation of embankment and the compacting equipment shall be same equipment that the Contractor will use for the main work and that has been accepted by the Engineer.

The object of these trials will be to determine the optimum moisture content and the relationship between the number of passes of compacting equipment and density obtained for the soil types under trial and for the verification of the soil type itself. No separate payment will be made for this work, which will be required as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor under pay Item No. EM (a), EM (b) or EM (c).

EM-6-3.7 Excavation in Embankments

Unless otherwise specified in the Special Provisions, the Contractor may choose with the approval of the Engineer to excavate for structure, culverts, and pipe culverts after the embankment has been placed. Any space remaining after the placing of such structures or culverts and deducting for specified bed or backfill shall be filled with material approved by the Engineer and compacted as follows:

Layers not more than 20 Cm (8 in.) in loose thickness shall be placed and compacted in succession, with mechanical tampers or tires or tracks of motor driven equipment operated transversely to the roadway, to the densities specified in Item EM-1-3.1. Moisture content shall be adjusted as directed by the Engineer.

The excavation in embankment and the placing of backfill for the purposes described above shall not constitute any claims for payment but shall be covered under the contract unit price paid for other works in which the operation is involved. Granular backfill when specified by the Engineer shall be paid under Item EX2 (c).


EM-7-3.8 General Requirements

To avoid interference with the construction of bridge abutments, any wing walls the Contractor shall, at points to be determined by the Engineer, suspend work on embankments and/or in cuts forming the approaches to any such structure until such time as the construction of the latter is sufficiently advanced to permit the completion of the approaches without the risk of interference or damage to the bridge works. The cost of such suspension of work shall be included in the contract unit prices for embankment. In carrying embankments up to or over bridges, culverts or pipe drainage, care shall be taken by the Contractor to have the embankments brought up equally on both sides and over the top of any such structure.

When as a result of settlement, an embankment requires the addition of material up to 30 Cm (12 inches) in thickness to bring it up to the required grade level, the top of the embankment shall be thoroughly scarified before the additional material is placed, and no extra payment shall be made for the scarification.

The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of all embankments and shall replace any portions that in the opinion of the Engineer have been damaged or displaced due to carelessness or neglect on the part of the Contractor. Embankment material which may be lost or displaced as a result of natural causes such as Storms, cloud-burst or as a result of unavoidable movement or settlement of the ground or foundation upon which the embankment is constructed shall be replaced by the Contractor with acceptable material from excavation or borrow. No additional compensation will be allowed for the replacement except that the quantity of material required will be paid for at the contract price for the type of material used.

During construction the roadway shall be kept in shape and drained at all times. When unsuitable material has been placed in the embankment by the Contractor he shall remove it without extra payment.

EM-8-4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

EM-8-4.1 Measurement

The quantities to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meters calculated on theoretical designed lines and grades compacted in place, after clearing grubbing and stripping. (if required) accepted by the Engineer formed with material resulting from:

1) Borrow Excavation2) Structural Excavation3) Roadway Excavation4) Excavation in all types of soils

In the measurement of " Formation of Embankment on steep slopes " no allowance will be made for the volume of material cut out from the hill side or from the first half, width fill to accommodate the compacting equipment but will be calculated only on the net volume of fill placed against the original hill sides, the old embankment or the first half width fill.


8-4.2 PAYMENT

a) From Borrow Excavation

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of cubic meter placed in embankment, measured as provided above for material from borrow excavation and such a payment will be deemed to include cost of excavation, payment of royalty, levies and taxes of Local, Provincial and Federal Government, cost of hauling, spreading, watering, rolling, labour, equipment, tools and incidental necessary to complete this item.

b) From Structural Excavation

The quantity to be paid for shall be number of cubic meter placed in embankment and measured as provided above for material from structural excavation and such payment will be deemed to include cost of hauling, spreading, watering, rolling, labour, equipment, tools and incidental necessary to complete this item.

c) From Roadway Excavation

Refer to specification clause EX-1-1, EX-2-3.1 and EX-2-3.2 as the case may be.


EM (a) Formation of Embankment from Roadway Excavation in Common Material M3

EM (b) Formation of Embankment from RoadwayExcavation in Rock material. M3

EM (c) Formation of Embankment from Borrow material M3

EM (d) Formation of Embankment from Common StructuralExcavation M3

EM (e) Formation of Embankment from Rock Structural Excavation M3

EM (f) Formation of Embankment from Roadway Excavation in all types of soils M3

EM (g) Formation of Embankment from Structural Excavation in all types of soils M3


ITEM SG SUBGRADE PREPARATION

SG-1-1 DESCRIPTION

The subgrade preparation shall be that part of the work, which is the preparation for the support of the subbase, or, if there is no subbase, the base of the pavement structure. It shall extend to the full width of the roadbed including the shoulders and layby as shown on the Drawings or as specified herein.

SG-1-2 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

SG-1-2.1 Prior Works

Culverts, drain pipes and any other minor structures below the subgrade level, including the fully compacted backfill over them, if necessary to within 30 cm (12 in) below the subgrade level; ditches, drains, outlets for drainage and headwalls and wingwalls for culverts, shall be in such operative condition as to ensure prompt and effective drainage and to avoid damage to the subgrade by surface water. No work shall be started on the preparation of the subgrade before the prior works herein described have been approved by the Engineer.

SG-1-2.2 Compaction Requirements

All materials down to a depth of 30 Cm (12in) below the subgrade level shall be compacted to at least 95 percent of the maximum dry density as determined according to AASHTO T 180 Method "B" or "D" whichever is applicable.

SG-1-2.3 Subgrade Level in Earth Cut

When subgrade is in earth cut which includes the excavation in embankment of the existing road, the finished compacted surface shall not be greater than 2.5 Cm (1 in) above nor 4.5 Cm (1.75 in) below the specified levels. The soil shall be compacted to a depth of 30 Cm (12 inches) with approved rollers to the density specified in Item SG-1-2.2 and prior to compaction the moisture content shall be adjusted by watering with approved sprinkler trucks or by drying out as may be required, in order that the specified degree of compaction may be attained.

If the soil in the cut has a CBR below that required for the project according to laboratory testing, the unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced by suitable material to a depth determined by the Engineer.

SG-2-2.4 Subgrade Level in Rock Cut

Excavation in solid rock shall extend to at least 15 cm below subgrade level and nearly to the correct transverse and longitudinal profiles checked by template. These cuts below subgrade level shall be backfilled with selected material conforming to subbase requirements and compacted to at least 98 percent of the maximum dry density determined according to AASHTO T 180 Method "D" or as directed by the Engineer. Performance of this work shall not be paid under this Item but shall be covered by the contract price for Pay Item SB1.

SG-2-2.5 Subgrade Level in Embankment

When the subgrade is to be formed on embankment, the material to be placed in the upper part of the embankment down to a depth of 30 Cm (12 inches) below the subgrade level shall meet the compaction requirements of Item SG-1-2.2.

Roller of approved size and type, accepted by the Engineer, shall be used for


compaction, and water shall be added to obtain the optimum moisture content, if necessary. Only suitable material approved by the Engineer should be used for subgrade. If unsuitable material is placed, it shall be removed and replaced with suitable material by the Contractor without additional payment. The Contractor shall repeat any part of the work if necessary to attain the specified requirements of the subgrade.

Performance of this work shall not be paid for under this section but shall be covered by the contract price for pay item No. EM (a) or EM (b) as the case may be.

SG-2-2.6 Protection of Completed Work

Any part of the subgrade that has been completed shall be protected and well drained and any damage resulting from default of the Contractor shall be repaired as directed by the Engineer without additional payment.

The Contractor shall be responsible for all the consequence of traffic being admitted to the subgrade. He shall repair any ruts or ridges occasioned by his own traffic or that of others by reshaping and compacting with rollers of the size and type necessary for such repair. He shall limit the amount of subgrade preparation to an area that can be maintained with the equipment available. He shall limit the amount of subgrade preparation to an area that can be maintained with the equipment available. He shall arrange for subgrade preparation and subbase or base placing to follow each other closely. The subgrade, when prepared too soon in relation to the laying of the subbase, is liable

to deteriorate, and in such case the Contractor shall, without additional payment, repair reroll, or compact the subgrade as may be necessary to restore it to the state specified herein.

SG-3-2.7 Templates and Straightedges

The Contractor shall provide for the use of the Engineer satisfactory templates and straightedges in sufficient numbers to check the accuracy of the work, as provided in these specifications and no subsequent work shall be permitted until the subgrade levels have been checked and approved by the Engineer. For tolerances see Item SB-2-3.

SG-3-3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

The quantity to be paid for shall be the number of units of Area of subgrade prepared as hereinbefore prescribed and accepted. Subgrade in rock cuts and on embankment shall not be measured for direct payment.

The quantities, determined as provided above, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for the pay item listed below that is shown in the Bill of Quantities which price and payment shall be full compensation for all costs necessary for the proper completion of the work prescribed in this item excepting always the following:

a. Preparation of subgrade in rock cut;

b Preparation of subgrade in embankment;

all of which shall be paid for under the appropriate pay Item for the work involved.


SG Subgrade preparation in Earth Cut M2


ITEM-IG IMPROVED SUBGRADE

G-1-1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of the formation of the top 75 centimeters of the roadbed, whichever is shown on the drawings, with an approved blend of materials, uniformly mixed, compacted, shaped and finished to the lines, grades and typical cross sections shown on the drawings.

Improved subgrade as herein referred to may be defined as material suitable for embankment to which better quality material is blended in proper proportion to improve its engineering properties or performance.

IG-1-2 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

The major component of improved subgrade shall consist of material conforming to item Em-1-2 material requirements for embankment.

The blending material shall be any soil that classifies as A-1, A-2-4 according to AASHTO T 145.

The blended mixture when compacted to 95 percent of the AASHTO T-180 maximum dry density shall exhibit a laboratory soaked CBR not less than 13% or as specified in the special provisions.

IG-1-3 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

IG-1-3.1 Preparation

The surface of the roadbed on which the improved subgrade is to be constructed shall be compacted to the density specified under item EM-1-3.1.

IG-1-3.2 Proportioning of Materials

Prior to start of construction, the proportion of each material to comprise the improved subgrade shall be established as provided in the Special Provisions and approved by the Engineer. The Special Provisions shall specify a single percentage of each material to be blended and shall establish the gradation of the resulting mixtures alongwith the ranges of permissible gradation tolerances to assure that the required CBR for the improved subgrade is achieved.

The blend proportions thus establish shall apply when each material to be used is obtained from one source. Should a change in sources of material be made, a new mixture shall be established before new

materials are used. When unsatisfactory results or other conditions make it necessary the Engineer may require additional laboratory tests.

IG-2-3.3 Mixing And Spreading

a) Stationary Plant Method

The soil ingredients and water shall be mixed in an approved mixing plant. The plant shall be equipped with feeding and metering devices that will add the materials to be blended in the specified quantities. Water shall be added during the mixing operation in the amount required for proper compacting which is approximately optimum moisture content plus or minus 2 percent. The mixing time shall be that which is required to secure a uniform mixture. After mixing, the blended material shall be transported to the job site while it contains the proper


moisture and shall be placed on the roadbed by means of an approved spreader. The mixture shall be spread at a quantity per linear meter that will produce a uniform compacted thickness conforming to the required grade and cross-section. Compaction shall start as soon as possible after spreading and shall continue until the specified relative compaction is achieved.

b) Travelling Plan Method

The travelling plant shall be either a flat transverse shall type or a windrow type pugmill. After the materials have been placed by a mechanical spreader or windrow sizing device the material shall be uniformly mixed by the travelling mixing plant. During the mixing operation water shall be added as necessary to bring the moisture content of the mixture to the percentage suitable for proper compaction.

c) Road Mix Method

The materials shall be transported to the site and spread on the roadbed in the quantities required to produce the specified blend. After the materials for each lift have been spread, the materials shall be mixed by motor graders and other approved equipments until the mixture is uniform throughout.

During the mixing operation water shall be added as necessary to bring the moisture content to the proper percentage.

IG-3-3.4 Compaction

Unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer based on the performance of the compacting equipment used as determined from the trial sections, each layer of improved subgrade shall be placed in horizontal layers of uniform loose thickness not exceeding 20 centimeters. Each layer shall be compacted to the density conforming to the requirements specified in item. EM-1-3.1

In place density determinations of the compacted layers shall be made in accordance with AASHTO 191, T 238 or other approved methods.

IG-3-3.5 Trial Sections

Prior to starting the formation of the improved subgrade, the Contractor shall construct a maximum of three trial sections of 200-meter length each and for each blend of improved subgrade proposed to be incorporated in the main work, as directed by the Engineer. The compacting equipment to be used in the trial sections shall be the same equipment that the Contractor will use for the main work and that have been accepted by the Engineer.

The object of these trials is to determine the proper moisture content, the relationship between the number of passes of compacting equipment and density obtained for the blended material under trial, and to established the optimum lift thickness that can be effectively compacted with the equipment used. No separate payment will be made for this work, which will be regarded as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor under pay item No. EM.

IG-4-3.6 Protection Of Completed Work

Any part of the improved subgrade that has been completed shall be protected and well drained and any damage resulting from default of the contractor shall be repaired as directed by the Engineer without additional payment.

The Contractor shall be responsible for all the consequences of traffic being admitted to the improved subgrade. He shall repair any ruts or ridges occasioned by his own traffic or that of others by reshaping and compacting with rollers of the size and type necessary for


such repair. He shall limit the amount of improved subgrade preparation an area that can be maintained with the equipment available. He shall arrange for subgrade preparation and placement of succeeding layer to follow each other closely. The improved subgrade, when prepared too soon in relation to the placing of the layer above it, is liable to deteriorate and in such case the Contractor shall, without additional payment, repair, reroll, or recompact the improved subgrade as may be necessary to restore it to the state specified herein.

IG-4-3.7 Templates And Straight Edges

The contractor shall provide for the use of the Engineer, satisfactory templates and straightedges in sufficient numbers to check the accuracy of the work, as provided in these specifications and no subsequent work shall be permitted until the improved subgrade level have been checked and approved by the Engineer.

IG-4-3.8 Tolerance

The allowable tolerances for the finished improved subgrade surface prior to placing the overlying subbase, base or asphaltic concrete course are given below:

Overlying Level 3m Straight Cross Fall Longitudinal(mm) Edge (mm) (%) Grade in 30m (%)

Subbase + 10- 30 20 ± 0.3 `± 0.1

Base or + 5 6Asphalt - 10 6 ± 0.2 ± 0.1ConcreteCourse

IG-5-4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

IG-5-4.1 Measurement

The quality of improved subgrade to be paid for shall be measured by the theoretical volume in place as shown on the drawings, placed and accepted in the completed improved subgrade.

IG-5-4.2 Payment

The accepted quantities measured as provided above shall be paid for at the contract unit price per cubic meters of improved subgrade for the pay item listed below and shown in the Bill of Quantities, which price and payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing all materials, hauling, mixing, placing in layers, watering and compacting, labour, equipment tools and incidentals necessary to complete the item.


IG Improved Subgrade M3


general & earth work (241199)

Documents

following contract documents

contract drawings

general conditions of

relevant standards

authoritative standards

equivalency of standards

respective standards

general generalprivate