EUROPEAN COMMISSION

STATISTICAL OFFICE OF THE EUROPEANCOMMUNITIES

Social and regional statistics andgeographical information system

Unit: Education, health and other social fieldsTel. (352) 4301-32011, Fax (352) 4301-35399

DG34/E-3/

European Centre for the Development of VocationalTraining - P.O.B. 27-Finikas - GR-55102 Thessaloniki

The 25th January 1999 ,

Subject: Manual and Classification of Fields of Training

Dear Sir, dear Madam,

Upon the request and under the joint guidance of Eurostat and CEDEFOP, StatisticsSweden has elaborated a new Classification of Fields of Training as a sub-classification tothe ISCED fields of education. This classification was presented and approved during themeeting of the Eurostat working group ‘Education and Training Statistics’ inLuxembourg in April 1996.

It is the intention of Eurostat to use this new classification in a number of future datacollections, such as the next round of the vocational education and training data collection(VET), the next Continuing Vocational Training Survey (CVTS), the revised UOEquestionnaires on education statistics, and the ad hoc module for the Labour ForceSurvey.

In order to enable Member States to provide data accordingly, work had been launchedon the implementation of this new classification. Work has concentrated on theestablishment of a manual guiding the use of the classification. The results of the worklead us to publish the enclosed manual.

We hope that you will find this manual useful and user-friendly.

Yours sincerely,

Pascaline Descy Spyros Pilos

Fields of Training

Manual

Authors:Ronnie Andersson, Anna-Karin OlssonSCB Statistiska centralbyrån (Statistics Sweden)

January 1999

on behalf ofCEDEFOP – European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training

Project manager: Pascaline Descy under the responsibilityof Stavros Stavrou, Deputy Director – CEDEFOP

Thessaloniki 1999

Published by:

CEDEFOP – European Centre for the Development of Vocational TrainingMarinou Antipa 12, GR-57001 Thessaloniki

Postal address:PO Box 27 – Finikas, GR-55102 Thessaloniki

Tel.: (30-31) 490 111Fax: (30-31) 490 102E-mail: info@cedefop.grHomepage: www.cedefop.grInteractive website: www.trainingvillage.gr

and

EurostatStatistical Office of the European CommunitiesDirectorate E: Social and regional statistics and geographical information systemUnit: Education, health and other social fieldsBâtiment BECH - D2/7225, rue Alphonse WeickerL-2721 Luxembourg

Tel.: (352) 430 13 42 06Fax: (352) 430 13 53 99E-mail: Spyridon.PILOS@EUROSTAT.cec.beHomepage: http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/eurostat

CEDEFOP was established by Regulation (EEC) No 337/75 of the Council of theEuropean Communities, last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 251/95 of6 February 1995 and Council Regulation (EC) No 354/95 of 20 February 1995.

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. Itcan be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999

ISBN 92-828-6345-X

© European Communities, 1999

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed in Luxembourg

Contents

Introduction ....................................................................................6

Fields of Training; Structure...........................................................7

Fields of Training; the Classification..............................................9

How to Use the Manual................................................................12

Field Descriptions ........................................................................13

Alphabetic Code List ....................................................................25

Systematic Code List ...................................................................35

Introduction

BackgroundAt a time when particular importance is attributed tothe adequate preparation of people for working life,comprehensive, detailed and comparable informationon participation in vocational education and trainingis a prerequisite for policy-makers in order to suc-cessfully develop, monitor and evaluate trainingpolicies. This is true for the whole range of vocationaleducation and training, from initial vocational trainingfor young people to continuing vocational training forthose in employment.

While various data collections are in place to im-prove this information base, one aspect of traininghas been systematically ignored in the past: theinformation on the subjects learnt. This neglect origi-nated from a simple, but fundamental fact - the lackof an internationally comparable classification onwhich to found any data collection.

Aim of the ClassificationAlthough the recently revised International StandardClassification of Education (ISCED) does include aclassification by field of education, those fields havebeen considered too broad for the purpose of col-lecting policy-relevant data on fields of vocationaleducation and training.

Thus, a sub-classification of the ISCED classificationby field of education has been created with the dualaim of providing more detail and precision, whilesimultaneously maintaining the logic and structure ofISCED. The new classification concerns ‘fields ofvocational education and training’; the term ‘fields oftraining’ is used for short.

Aim of the manualThe availability of a common classification can onlybe a first step towards the collection of comparabledata. There is some evidence that, in the past,international classifications of education have notbeen applied in the same manner in all countries.This has not been caused by any major faults in theclassification systems themselves, but rather by thelack of clear guidelines on how to apply theclassifications.

A second and crucial step is therefore to ensure theconsistent application of the classification acrosscountries. Thus, it is the aim of this manual to offerclear guidelines on how to apply the classification tofields of vocational training. This is done by bothspecifying a number of general rules to be observedwhen classifying and providing detailed lists of ex-amples.

All training programmes − both initial and continuingvocational education and training − in all MemberStates should in principle be capable of beingclassified into one and only one field of training.When doing this, some decisions have to be made.With the help of this manual, all Member Statesshould be in a position to take similar decisions.

AcknowledgementsThe work on this manual has been jointly initiatedand supervised by Eurostat, the Statistical Office ofthe European Communities, and Cedefop, the Euro-pean Centre for the Development of VocationalTraining. We would like to thank Mr Ronnie An-dersson and Ms Anna-Karin Olsson (Statistics Swe-den), who have prepared the manuscript, and MrRoger Fox (FAS, Ireland), Ms Christiane Krüger-Hemmer (Statistisches Bundesamt, Germany), MsJoanna Selden (Department of Education and Em-ployment, United Kingdom) and Mr Max van Herpen(Central Bureau voor de Statistiek, Netherlands) fortheir critical comments and contributions as mem-bers of the steering group. In the absence of thiscooperation, this work could not have been achieved.

Fields of Training; Structure

Fields of Education in ISCEDThe International Standard Classification ofEducation (ISCED) is designed by UNESCO toserve ‘as an instrument suitable for assembling,compiling, and presenting statistics of educationboth within individual countries and internationally’.The system has recently been revised and updated,and the ‘new’ ISCED was introduced in 1997.

ISCED 97 uses a 2-digit code in a hierarchicalsystem for classifying fields; one for ‘broad fields’and one for ‘narrow fields’. There are 9 ‘broadfields’ and 25 ‘narrow fields’. Internationaleducation statistics are based on ‘narrow fields’;‘broad fields’ are mainly used for aggregation. The‘narrow fields’ are called ‘fields of education’ in thismanual.

A third digit for vocational trainingFor classifying vocational training, a new ‘digit’ hasbeen created within the ISCED system for fields. Athird digit has been added which represents ‘fieldsof training’ as illustrated on the next page.Altogether, there are about 65 ‘fields of training’.

Each field of training consists of a number oftraining programmes. The field descriptions in thismanual, together with the code lists, onesystematic and one alphabetic, are meant to beused as guidelines when classifying eachprogramme. The purpose of this is to standardisethe decisions that each country has to make, sothat borderline cases are treated in the same way inall Member States.

Training programmesThe classification aims to classify trainingprogrammes. For the purpose of this classificationthe ILO definition of a ‘training programme’ as a‘Group of training activities for a particularoccupation defined in terms of subject-matter to becovered, objectives, target population, methodology,duration, content and results’ has been used.Contrary to some other definitions of ‘programme’ inuse, this definition specifies subject-matter andcontent.

Since ‘Fields of training’ is a classification oftraining programmes, the classification can beapplied to all types of statistics involving training,

i.e. statistics on participation in vocational trainingprogrammes as well as statistics on diplomas anddegrees obtained from vocational trainingprogrammes. By extension, it can also be used forstatistics on educational attainment.

Fields of education in the ISCED 97

Broad fieldsFields of education

General ProgrammesBasic programmesLiteracy and numeracyPersonal development

EducationTeacher training and education science

Humanities and ArtsArtsHumanities

Social sciences, Business and LawSocial and behavioural scienceJournalism and informationBusiness and administrationLaw

ScienceLife sciencePhysical scienceMathematics and statisticsComputing

Engineering, Manufacturing and ConstructionEngineering and engineering tradesManufacturing and processingArchitecture and building

AgricultureAgriculture, forestry and fisheryVeterinary

Health and WelfareHealthSocial services

ServicesPersonal servicesTransport servicesEnvironmental protectionSecurity services

Not known or unspecified

Structure for fields of trainingBroad fields Fields of education Fields of Programmes/Subjects(ISCED) (ISCED) training x xx xxx ...........

........... ...........

xx xxx .....................

xxx .................................

xx xxx ........... xxx ...........

........... xx xxx ...........

........... xxx ...........

...........

Subject content approachThe rationale of the classification for fields of trainingis the subject content approach1. The trainingprogrammes (programme groups) are put together bycloseness in subject matter content. Then theseprogramme groups are aggregated to detailed, narrowand broad fields, based on ‘knowledge closeness’. Itmust be emphasised that it is the main content of theprogramme which decides into which field it should beclassified.

Thus, the distinction between fields does not take intoaccount the personal purposes of the participation inthe programmes (pleasure, leisure, to get a job etc),nor is the intended occupation explicitly taken intoaccount.

Fields - independent of levelIt is worth mentioning the fact that training fields arenot defined within levels, but are independent oflevels. It is recognised, however, that not all fieldsappear at all levels.

Long vocational training programmes at uppersecondary levelIn some Member States there are long (2-3 years)vocational training programmes, often at upper secon-dary level, which lead to a certain vocational qualifica-tion e.g. car mechanic. In these programmes, moretime may be devoted to other supporting subjects thanthe ‘intended occupation’ subject. Such programmesshould all the same be classified into the appropriate

1 When developing the classification system for fields of voca-tional training, there was much discussion about the rationale ofthe system. There seemed to be two main ways of classifyingtraining programmes into fields: by intended occupation or bysubject content. Some Member States recommended a systembased on intended occupation. In any event, most Member Stateswanted a system linked to ISCED, and therefore the subjectcontent approach was chosen. More information about the ration-ale behind the classification and its relation to ISCO (InternationalStandard Classification of Occupations) may be found in thedocument ‘Fields of training, Proposal’ Development of an inter-nationally comparable classification for fields of vocational educa-tion and training. Memo, Statistics Sweden, 31 May 1996.

vocational field; e.g. for car mechanics field 525 ‘Motorvehicles, ships and aircraft’.

The specific case of teacher trainingTeacher training programmes consisting primarily of asubject-matter speciality could either be classified asteacher training or in terms of discipline taught. In thisclassification for fields of training, all teacher trainingprogrammes are classified as ‘Teaching and training’,even if the main content is a subject-matter speciality.

Engineering programmes Engineering programmes should normally be includedin some of the fields under 52 (Engineering and engi-neering trades) or, in the case of civil engineer-ing/constructional engineering, under 58 (Architectureand building). This applies even if they are orientedtowards computing, media techniques, environmentalprotection, textiles, food, etc. if the emphasis is ondesigning and constructing machinery, engines, elec-trical devices, electronics, computers, etc. or buildings,roads and bridges.

Fields of Training; the Classification

The hierarchical system of ISCED’s fields, includingfields of training, can be seen in the overview below.There are 9 broad fields, 25 fields of education andabout 65 fields of training in the system. It should bepointed out that the broad fields are mainly meant foraggregation and thus not an important part of theclassification system.

The field descriptions, given on page 13−25 describemore exactly how training programmes are allocated tothe different fields of training.

It should be noted that it is the main subject content ofa training programme (or a group of trainingprogrammes) which decides into which field of trainingit should be classified.

Broad fields Fields of education Fields of training

0 General 01 Basic programmes 010 Basic programmesProgrammes2 08 Literacy and numeracy 080 Literacy and numeracy

09 Personal development 090 Personal development

1 Education 14 Teacher training and 141 Teaching and trainingeducation science 142 Education science

2 Humanities 21 Arts 211 Fine artsand Arts 212 Music and performing arts

213 Audio-visual techniques and media production214 Design215 Craft skills

22 Humanities 221 Religion and theology222 Foreign languages and cultures223 Mother tongue224 History, philosophy and related subjects

3 Social sciences, 31 Social and behavioural science 310 Social and behavioural scienceBusinessand Law 32 Journalism and information 321 Journalism and reporting

322 Library, information, archive

34 Business and administration 341 Wholesale and retail sales342 Marketing and advertising343 Finance, banking, insurance344 Accounting and taxation345 Management and administration346 Secretarial and office work347 Working life

38 Law 380 Law

2 ‘General’ in this context has nothing to do with ‘General’ as opposed to ‘Vocational’, but refers to basic skills and personal development.

Broad fields Fields of education Fields of training

4 Science 42 Life science 420 Life science

44 Physical science 440 Physical science

46 Mathematics and statistics 460 Mathematics and statistics

48 Computing 481 Computer science482 Computer use

5 Engineering, 52 Engineering and 521 Mechanics and metal workManufacturing and engineering trades 522 Electricity and energyConstruction 523 Electronics and automation

524 Chemical and process525 Motor vehicles, ships and aircraft

54 Manufacturing and 541 Food processingprocessing 542 Textiles, clothes, footwear, leather

543 Materials (wood, paper, plastic, glass)544 Mining and extraction

58 Architecture and building 581 Architecture and town planning582 Building and civil engineering

6 Agriculture 62 Agriculture, forestry 621 Crop and livestock productionand fishery 622 Horticulture

623 Forestry624 Fisheries

64 Veterinary 640 Veterinary

7 Health and 72 Health 721 MedicineWelfare 722 Medical services

723 Nursing724 Dental studies

76 Social services 761 Child care and youth services762 Social work and counselling

8 Services 81 Personal services 811 Hotel, restaurant and catering812 Travel, tourism and leisure813 Sports814 Domestic services815 Hair and beauty services

84 Transport services 840 Transport services

85 Environmental protection 850 Environmental protection

86 Security services 861 Protection of property and persons862 Occupational health and safety863 Military

9 Not known/ 99 Not known or unspecified. 999 Not known or unspecifiedunspecified

When classifying broad programmes, the ‘0’ should be used in the third position. See next page.

Inter-disciplinary programs‘Inter-disciplinary programs’ has here the meaning ofprogrammes combining particularly two vocationalfields, often from different fields of education. Forthese programs, the ‘majority rule’ should be used.

In Example 1 subjects fall into two different fields ofeducation. Use the majority rule; you are more or lessobliged to do that.

Example 1:A programme that mainly includes subjects within thearea of computer science should be allocated to field481 (‘Computer science’) even if a certain amount ofcomputer engineering (field 523 ‘Electronics andautomation’) is included.

In Example 2 subjects fall into the same field ofeducation but in two different fields of training. Even inthis case, use the majority rule. The programme is notbroad enough to be considered as a ‘broadprogramme’ according to the definition given below.

Example 2:A programme combining study of retail sales with studyof office work should be classified according to which ofthe fields dominates; 341 ‘Wholesale and retail sales’ or346 ‘Secretarial and office work’.

Broad programmes‘Broad programmes’ here means that a trainingprogramme comprises parts from several fields oftraining, mainly within the same field of education, andnone of the fields of training are clearly dominant.These broad programmes should be classified byusing ‘0’ as the third digit3 . Note that the ‘0’ will beused for information about broad programmes, andshould not be used as a rest code.

Examples 3:A programme in business and administration,consisting of management, financing, sales andmarketing etc. should be classified as 340 ‘Broadprogrammes in business’.

By way of exception, the ‘0’ can be used for broadprogrammes both as the second and third digit.

Example 4:A broad programme in health and welfare coveringseveral fields of training, could be classified as 700 ifemphasis is not given to either health or social welfare.

Programmes aiming at one specific vocational fieldconsisting also of supporting subjects from other fieldsare not considered as broad programmes in thiscontext.

3 This is applicable only for the fields of education that are dividedinto two or more fields of training, and is expected to be usedespecially under 34 ‘Business and administration’ and 52‘Engineering and engineering trades’.

Example 5:In a programme in electrical installation, more time maybe devoted to other supporting subjects (language,mathematics, natural science etc.) than the intendedvocation subject. However, this programme should beclassified as 522 ‘Electricity and energy’ and not as abroad programme.

Not specified or not able to classifyAs a last resort the ‘9’ may be used in the third positionif

− available information about a programmes is notenough, or if

− a specific program is not capable of classificationinto any of the fields of training.

By way of exception, the ‘9’ can be used both in thesecond and the third position.

Example 6:A programme in health, where more information is notavailable, should be classified as 729.

The ‘9’ must also be used sometimes when classifyinggroups of programmes.

Examples 7:In a national classification system a code for‘Engineering n.e.c. (not elsewhere classified)’ exists.529 should be used when classifying this programmegroup if it is not known which field of trainingdominates.A code exists for ‘Industry programmes n.e.c.’ Here599 may be used, if it is not known which type ofprogrammes dominate (field 52 or field 54).

How to Use the Manual

Two ways of classifyingThe aim of this manual is to assist the Member Statesto classify their training programmes by field and do itin the same or at least in a similar way. Comparabilityis important in international education statistics, andthis manual will hopefully help in obtaining bettercomparability between the Member States concerningfields of training.

There are at least two ways to classify national trainingprogrammes by the international classification on fieldsof training. First, if a national classification system forclassifying education and training programmes existsin the country, then a key or a cross-walk between thenational and the international classification can bemade. Second, if there is no national classificationsystem or for some reason the national classification isnot suitable, then each vocational training programmein the country must be classified by fields of training.

Note, before starting with the classification, irrespectiveof method, it is important to know about andunderstand the structure of the classification systemfor fields of training.

Key to the National ClassificationSome Member States use a national classificationsystem for classifying all or some of their educationand training programmes. In that case a key betweenthe national and the international classification couldbe made.

The best approach is to classify all national codes byfields of training. For some countries, which have avery comprehensive and detailed classificationsystem, this means a lot of work. The work can, atleast in the beginning, be reduced by classifying onlyprogrammes included in data collections concerningvocational education and training. It should be notedhowever, that all existing educational programmesmust be classified by fields of education in ISCEDwhen reporting statistics to the internationalorganisations on other occasions.

How to make a key to a nationalclassification:1. Each code in the national classification system represents

one or several programmes. When finding thecorresponding code for fields of training, look at theoverview of the classification on page 7-8. Start by decidingwhich of the fields of education should be referred to. Go onand look at the fields of training. In many cases, it is more orless obvious which code is, or at least seems to be, thecorresponding one.

2. When you have found an appropriate code, check thedescription given in the field descriptions on page 13-25 toconfirm that it is the right code.

3. If you need more help; look in the alphabetic code list at theend of the manual. If you find a possible code there, checkthe description given on page 13-25 to see if it really is theright code before using it.

Classifying Vocational Training ProgrammesWhen classifying vocational training programmes themethod is similar to the method given on the previouspage, except that the current national training

programmes themselves are classified by fields oftraining. This is a far more easy method, and it is ofteneasier to find the appropriate code. However, it doesnot give a key that can be used more generally whichis the case with the first method.

Which method to use?It is not possible to give a general recommendation onwhich of the methods to use; that depends to a greatextent on how the national classification is constructed.

If the national classification is too aggregated, then itmay be necessary to classify the vocational trainingprograms directly, likewise if the national classificationsystem is structured completely differently from thefields of training classification.

How to classify trainingprogrammes directly1. When classifying a programme, look at the overview of the

classification on page 7−8. Start by deciding which field ofeducation it should be classified into. Go on and look atfields of training. In many cases, it is more or less obviouswhich field the programme belongs to.

2. When you have found an appropriate code, check thedescription given in the field descriptions on page 13-25 toconfirm that it is the right code.

3. If it is not obvious into which field a programme should beclassified, or if you need more help, look up the name of theprogramme in the alphabetic code list on page 27. Then,check the description given in the field descriptions on page13-25 to see if it is the right code.

Field Descriptions

This part of the manual describes each field of trainingwith regard to the subject content of the field. Whenclassifying training programmes, it is very important tolook at these descriptions of the content and see whichfield that best corresponds to the programme or theprogramme group that is to be classified.

If classifying only from the names of the trainingprogrammes, large mistakes may be made. Specially,this is the case with some popular terms like‘communication’, ‘management’ etc, which are used inmany contexts. Also, one programme name mighthave different meanings in different countries. So, becareful with the names of the programmes and, as faras possible, consider the main subject content of theprogrammes instead.

Note that the lists of training programmes given undereach field description below are not complete. On page37 - 45 a more comprehensive list of programmes/subjects is found

010 Basic programmesBasic programmes are programmes designed to givea basic education in reading, writing and arithmeticalong with an elementary understanding of othersubjects such as history, geography, natural science,social science, art and music, and in some casesreligious instructions is featured. Basic programmesare normally given at primary and lower secondarylevel. General programmes at upper secondary levelwith no special subject emphasis are also classifiedhere. Training programmes are classified here only byway of exception.

080 Literacy and numeracyLiteracy and numeracy are programmes arrangedmainly for illiterate adults, designed to teach basicreading, writing and sometimes arithmetic. The typicalage range can be used to distinguish between field 010‘Basic programmes’ and this field. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Basic remedial programmes for adults− Literacy− Numeracy

090 Personal development Personal development programmes can be definedby reference to the effects on the individual’s capacity(mental, social etc.). This field covers personaldevelopment programmes, not included in 010 ‘Basicprogrammes’ or 080 ‘Literacy and numeracy’, givingkey competencies and transferable skills. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Argumentation and presentation− Communication skills− Cooperation− Development of behavioural capacities− Development of mental skills− Job-seeking programmes− Public speaking

− Self esteem skills− Social competence− Time management

Inclusions:• Training in leadership in the context of personaldevelopment is included in this field.• Training related to the work place or to assignmentsis included in this field if it has more to do with per-sonal development than work development.

Exclusions:• Study of leadership in the context of management isexcluded from this group and included in field 345‘Management and administration’. 141 Teaching and training Teaching and training are programmes dealing withthe theory and practice of teaching, intended toprepare persons to undertake teaching, mostly at acertain level of education in the school system.Programmes for vocational trainers are also included.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Early childhood teaching− Primary teaching− Secondary teaching− Special education teaching− Teacher training in a specialised subject− Training of driving instructors− Training of instructors in companies etc.− Training of trainers

Inclusions:• Teacher training programmes consisting primarily ofa subject-matter speciality are included in this field.Training programmes for teachers in theoreticalsubjects (mathematics, history, foreign languages etc)are included, as well as training programs for teachersin aesthetic/practical and vocational subjects.• Training of trainers for work is included in this field.• Training of driving instructors is included in this field.

Exclusions:• Training of sport trainers are excluded from this fieldand included in field 813 ‘Sports’. 142 Education science Education science is the study of the learning processand the theories, methods and techniques of impartingknowledge to others. Teacher training programmes arenot included, but training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Didactics− Education science− Educational assessment, testing and measure-

ment− Educational evaluation and research− Pedagogical sciences

Exclusions:• Teacher training programmes are excluded from thisfield and included in field 141 ‘Teaching and training’. 211 Fine arts Fine arts is the study of visual forms of creativeexpressions, dealing with theory, history, techniques,performance and production in fine arts, especiallypainting and sculpture. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Art theory− Etching− Fine art printmaking− History of art− Painting− Philosophy of art− Sculpture

Exclusions:• Training in ceramics, pottery etc is excluded from thisfield and included in field 215 ‘Craft skills’.• Study of architecture is excluded from this field andincluded in field 581 ‘Architecture and town planning’.• Teacher training in arts is excluded from this field andincluded in field 141 ‘Teaching and training’. 212 Music and performing arts Music and performing arts is the study of theprinciples and techniques associated with performanceinvolving music, speech, movement, mime,characterisation, improvisation and stage craft.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Acting and directing− Choreography− Circus− Composition (music)− Conducting (music)− Dance (art)− Drama− Music− Theatre

Inclusions:• Study of music and performing arts history and theoryis included in this field. Exclusions:• Teacher training in music and other performing arts isexcluded from this field and included in field 141‘Teaching and training’. 213 Audio-visual techniques and media production Audio-visual techniques and media production isthe study of techniques and skills to produce books,newspapers, radio/TV production, film/videoproduction, recorded music production and graphicreproduction. It includes programmes in methods ofcolour reproduction, photography and computergraphics. Study of combining pictures, words anddecorations in the production of books, magazines,posters, adverts etc. is also included. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Bookbinding− Camera operating− Compositing (printing)− Computer type-setting− Film production− Graphic design− Graphic reproduction− Illustration− Media techniques− Photography− Printing− Publishing design, lay-out− Radio and TV production− Recorded music production− Sound engineering− Type-setting

Inclusions:• Training programmes in desktop publishing and lay-out are included in this field. Exclusions:• Separate training programmes in using specificsoftware applications for desktop publishing areexcluded from this field and included in field 482‘Computer use’.• Study of journalism (wording and content ofmessages) is excluded from this field and included infield 321 ‘Journalism and reporting’. 214 Design Design is the study of creatively combining line, formand fabric in designing and constructing e.g. fashiongarments, industrial products and interiors. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Costume design− Design of industrial products− Fashion design− Interior architecture− Interior design− Stage designing− Window dressing

Exclusions:• Building design is excluded from this field andincluded in field 581 ‘Architecture and town planning’.Industrial design is excluded from this field if emphasisis given to technical subjects and not to artistic design,and included in the appropriate field under 52‘Engineering and engineering trades’.• Publishing design and graphic design is excludedfrom this field and included in field 213 ‘Audio-visualtechniques and media production’. 215 Craft skills Craft skills is the study of techniques and skills in achosen aspect of handicraft, such as jewellery, pottery,weaving, woodcarving etc. Training programmes withthe following main content are classified here:

− Ceramics− Crafts, folk arts and artisanry− Decorative metal crafts− Embroidery− Floristry (flower arranging)

− Glass arts and craft− Goldsmithing− Handicrafts− Jewellery− Making of musical instruments (not industrial)− Musical instruments (repairing and tuning)− Silversmithing− Stone carving (craft)− Weaving (art)− Woodcarving

Exclusions:• Study of industrial production of pottery, wovenmaterials, embroidery etc. is excluded from this fieldand included in some of the detailed fields under broadfield 5 ‘Engineering, manufacturing and construction’. 221 Religion and theology Religion and theology is the study of religious beliefs,concepts, symbols, expressions, text and spirituality.Training programmes with the following main contentis classified here:

− Bible studies− Missionary studies− Religious history− Study of different religions− Theology

Inclusions:• Included in this field are programmes for children andyoung people, usually given in religious schools orseminars, in monasteries etc, aiming to develop aninterest in the tenets of their religion and sufficientfamiliarity with its philosophy to assist in thepropagation of their faith. Exclusions:• Basic programmes given in religious schools,seminars etc. containing religious instruction but notemphasising it or leading to a religious vocation, areexcluded from this field and included in 010 ‘Basicprogrammes’. 222 Foreign languages and cultures Foreign languages and cultures is the study of thestructure and composition of foreign languages. Itincludes the study of related cultures, literature andlinguistics. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Foreign languages− Interpretation programmes− Languages, ‘dead’− Second languages− Translation programmes

Inclusions:• Foreign languages is the study of a language beingtaught as a foreign language or a second language. Asecond language means a national language taught topupils whose main language is another language. Exclusions:• Programmes teaching the mother tongue, even if thislanguage is not the national language (e.gprogrammes for immigrants teaching their mother

tongue) are excluded from this field and included infiled 223 ‘Mother tongue’.• Study of foreign cultures is excluded from this field ifnot related to the study of a foreign language, andincluded in field 310 ‘Social and behavioural science’. 223 Mother tongue Mother tongue is the study of the native language,including the study of related literature and linguistics.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Creative writing− Home language− Languages, native− Mother tongue programmes− Proof-reading programmes− Sign language

Inclusions:• Mother tongue is study of a language taught as themother tongue, even if the language is not the nationallanguage of the country, e.g. programmes forimmigrants in their home language. Exclusions:• National language programmes are excluded fromthis field if the language is taught as a foreign or asecond language, and are then included in 222‘Foreign languages and cultures’. 224 History, philosophy and related subjects History, philosophy and related subjects is the studyof history, archaeology, philosophy, logic, ethics andother related subjects. This field consists to a largeextent of non-vocational education. Programmes withthe following main content are classified here:

− Archaeology− Ethics− History− History of literature− History of science and ideas− Logic− Philosophy

Exclusions:• If study of literature is combined with study of aspecial language it is excluded from this field andincluded in field 222 ‘Foreign languages and cultures’or 223 ‘Mother tongue’. 310 Social and behavioural science Social and behavioural science is the study of thebehaviour of humans, their interaction and socialorganisation. It includes the study of politics andeconomics. The field consists to a large extent of non-vocational education. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Anthropology (except physical anthropology)− Criminology− Demography/population studies− Economic history− Economics− Ethnology− Human rights− Peace and conflict studies− Political economy

− Political science− Psychology− Social geography− Sociology

Exclusions:• Social welfare programmes where emphasis is givento practical social work are excluded from this field andincluded in field 762 ‘Social work and counselling’.• Study of economics where emphasis is given tobusiness studies is excluded from this field andclassified as 340 ‘Broad programmes in business andadministration’. 321 Journalism and reporting Journalism and reporting is the study of the theoryand practices of journalism/reporting as part of thefield of mass communication. Journalism and reportingis about the wording and content of messages. Itcomprises news reporting, writing commentaries andfeature stories of public interest etc. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Broadcast journalism− Information (wording and content)− Journalism− Mass communication (wording and content)− News reporting

Exclusions:• Study of techniques for mass communication (e.g.printing and radio/TV production) is excluded from thisfield and included in field 213 ‘Audio-visual techniquesand media production’.• Study of lay-out and publishing design is excludedfrom this field and included in field 213 ‘Audio-visualtechniques and media production’.• Study of public relations is excluded from this fieldand included in field 342 ‘Marketing and advertising’. 322 Library, information, archive Library, information, archive is the study of themethods of selecting, acquiring, organising and storingcollections of information, and facilitating the use ofinformation. Library programmes are included in thisfield. Training programmes with the following maincontent are classified here:

− Archival sciences− Documentation− Information science− Library programmes− Museum documentation

341 Wholesale and retail sales Wholesale and retail sales is the study of buying andselling goods and services, including stockmanagement, pricing practice, loss prevention, salesystems and procedures. It includes the study of theworkings and current trends of the wholesale and retailindustries. Selling of buildings and properties is alsoincluded. Training programmes with the following maincontent are classified here:

− Auctioneering− Consumer services

− Demonstration techniques− Purchasing− Real-estate business− Retailing− Stock-keeping− Ware-housing− Wholesaling

Inclusions:• Study of buying and selling buildings and properties isincluded in this field. 342 Marketing and advertising Marketing and advertising is the study of exchangeprocesses of goods and services betweenorganisations and/or individuals, and the study ofconsumer behaviour and requirements. It includes thestudy of the role of product development, pricing,distribution, promotion and sales in order to maximisebusiness performance. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Advertising− Market research− Marketing− Merchandising− Public relations

343 Finance, banking, insurance Finance, banking, insurance is the study of planning,directing, organising and controlling financial activitiesand services. It includes the control and monitoring ofthe financial resources of organisations, institutionsand individuals, and the provision of financial servicesat the corporate and individual level. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Bank teller programmes− Banking and finance− Finance theory− Insurance− Investment analysis− Investments and securities− Pension insurance− Social insurance− Stock-broking

Exclusions:• Study of actuarial science is excluded from this fieldand included in field 460 ‘Mathematics and statistics’. 344 Accounting and taxation Accounting and taxation is the study of maintaining,auditing and recording financial transactions. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Accounting− Auditing− Bookkeeping− Tax accounting

345 Management and administration Management and administration is the study ofplanning, directing and operating the functions andactivities of organisations and institutions.Programmes in management also includingadministration, economics, finance etc. are included in

this field if emphasis is given to management andadministration. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Administration− Educational management− Employment management− Logistic management− Management science− Office management− Organisational theory and behaviour− Personnel administration− Personnel management− Start your own business-courses− Training management

Inclusions:• Study of leadership in the context of management isincluded in this field. Exclusions:• Study of administration in the meaning of office workis excluded from this field and included in field 346‘Secretarial and office work’. Training of leadership in the context of personaldevelopment is excluded from this field and included infield 090 ‘Personal development’. 346 Secretarial and office work Secretarial and office work is the study ofadministrative procedures and practises, officetechnology and clerical, shorthand and keyboard skills.Specialised secretarial programmes (bilingual,medical, law, accounting etc) are included if theprogramme is aiming to secretarial work, rather thanwork as specialised assistants. Training programmeswith the following main content are classified here:

− Administrative and secretarial services− Clerical programmes− Data entry− Foreign language secretary programmes− Keyboard skills− Legal secretary programmes− Medical secretary programmes− Operation of office machines− Receptionist training− Secretarial programmes− Shorthand− Switchboard operating− Typing

Inclusions:• Broad secretarial programmes comprising amongother thing computer courses are included in this field Exclusions:• Separate training programmes in using a specificcomputer software are excluded from this field andincluded in 482 ‘Computer use’• Office management is excluded from this group andincluded in field 345 ‘Management and administration’.• Hotel receptionist training programmes are excludedfrom this field and included in field 811 ‘Hotel,restaurant and catering’.

347 Working life Working life is the study of the structure and functionof working life. It includes programmes, mainly givenas staff training, related to the work place and toassignments. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Company knowledge− Induction courses− Meeting clients’ needs− Organisation− Quality assurance− Trade union courses (general)− Work development

Inclusions:• Staff training related to the work place or assignmentsis included in this field if it is not possible to classify itin any other field. Exclusions:• Training related to the work place or assignments isexcluded from this field if it has more to do withpersonal development than work development and isincluded in field 090 ‘Personal development’.• Programmes that can be classified in any other fieldis excluded from this field and is included in theappropriate field. E.g. quality courses should, iftechnical, be included in some of the fields under 52‘Engineering and engineering trades’. 380 Law Law is the study of the principles and procedures forformally maintaining social order, including training forlegal professions such as advocate or training for thejudical bench. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Commercial law− Criminal justice studies− History of law− Jurisprudence− Labour law− Legal practice

420 Life science Life science is the study of the structure, function,reproduction, growth, evolution and behaviour of allliving organisms. It comprises the study of biologicaland related sciences. This field consists to a largeextent of non-vocational education. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Biochemistry− Biology− Botany− Genetics− Pharmacology− Toxicology− Zoology

Inclusions:• Study of chemical processes in living organisms(biochemistry, toxicology, pharmacology etc.) isincluded in this field.

Exclusions:• Study of environmental science and ecology, which isstudy of the relation between living organisms and theenvironment, is excluded from this field and included infield 850 ‘Environmental protection’. 440Physical science Physical science is the study of matter and energyand the transformation patterns linking them. Itcomprises the study of physics, chemistry and earthscience. The field consists to a large extent of non-vocational education. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Astronomy− Chemistry− Earth science− Geography (nature)− Geology− Meteorology− Optics− Physics− Seismology− Space science

Inclusions:• Chemistry is included in this field. Exclusions:• Biochemistry is excluded from this field and includedin field 420 ‘Life science’.• Social/human geography is excluded from this fieldand included in field 310 ‘Social and behaviouralscience’. 460 Mathematics and statistics Mathematics is study of abstract deductive systems,numerical facts, data and their applications. It includesalgebra, arithmetic, geometry, real and complexanalysis and applied mathematics. Statistics is thestudy of collecting, describing, arranging and analysingnumerical data Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Actuarial science− Geometry− Mathematical statistics− Mathematics− Numerical analysis− Probability theory− Statistics

481 Computer science Computer science is the study of the design anddevelopment of computer systems and computingenvironments. It includes the study of the design,maintenance and integration of software applications.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Computer science− Computer programming− Computer system analysis− Computer system design− Electronic data processing− Network administration− Operating systems

− Programming languages (Visual Basic, C++etc.)

Exclusions:• Computer engineering (hardware) is excluded fromthis field and included in field 523 ‘Electronics andautomation’.• Training programmes in using computer applicationsare excluded from this field and included in field 482‘Computer use’. 482 Computer use Computer use is the study of using computers andcomputer software and applications for differentpurposes. These programmes are generally of shortduration. Training programmes with the following maincontent are classified here:

− Computer use− Software for calculating (spreadsheets)− Software for data processing− Software for desk top publishing− Software for word processing− Use of Internet

521 Mechanics and metal work Mechanics and metal work (Engineering andengineering trades) is the study of planning, designing,developing, producing, maintaining and monitoringmachines, mechanical plants and systems and metalproducts. It includes designing and maintainingmachines which produce goods and services. Thefocus of programmes in this field is machines,mechanical systems and metal products. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Gunsmith− Hydraulics− Locksmith and safe repairer− Mechanical engineering− Mechanical trades programmes− Metal casting and patternmaking− Metal fitting, turning and machining− Metallurgical engineering− Precision mechanics− Sheetmetal working− Steel production− Tool and die making− Welding

Exclusions:• Study of motor vehicle mechanics and engineering isexcluded from this field and included in field 525 ‘Motorvehicles, ships and aircraft’. 522 Electricity and energy Electricity (Engineering and engineering trades) is thestudy of installing, maintaining, repairing anddiagnosing faults in electrical wiring and relatedequipment in domestic, commercial and industrialestablishments. Installation and maintenance ofoverhead and underground electrical power distributionnetworks is included. Energy is the study of energygeneration. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Air-conditioning trades programmes− Climate engineering

− Electrical appliances repairing− Electrical engineering− Electrical fitting− Electrical power generation− Electrical trades programmes− Energy programmes− Gas distribution− Heating trades programmes− Nuclear, hydraulic and thermal energy− Power production− Powerline installation and maintenance− Refrigeration

Inclusions:• The study of installing, diagnosing faults in andrepairing heating, air-conditioning and refrigerationequipment is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of vehicle electricity is excluded from this fieldand included in field 525 ‘Motor vehicles’. 523 Electronics and automation Electronics and automation (Engineering andengineering trades) is the study of planning, designing,developing maintaining and monitoring electronicequipment, machinery and systems. It includesdesigning computers and equipment forcommunication. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Broadcasting electronics− Communication systems− Communications equipment installation− Communications equipment maintenance− Computer engineering− Computer repairing− Control engineering− Data processing technology− Digital technology− Electronic engineering− Electronic equipment servicing− Network technology− Robotics− Telecommunication technology− Television and radio repairing

Exclusions:• Computer science (design of computer systems andsoftware applications) is excluded from this group andincluded in 481 ‘Computer science’. 524 Chemical and process Chemical and process (Engineering and engineeringtrades) is the study of planning, designing, anddeveloping products and processes where chemicaland physical changes occur. It includes designingchemical plants and control systems. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Biochemical technologies− Biotechnology engineering− Chemical engineering− Chemical process engineering− Laboratory technology− Oil/gas/petrochemicals processing

− Plant and machine operation (processing)− Process technology

Inclusions:• Programmes in laboratory technology are included inthis field if emphasis is not given to a specificapplication. Exclusions:• Laboratory technology programmes are excludedfrom this field if emphasis is given to a specificapplication (biological, physical, medical, dental etc.)and are included under appropriate field (420, 440,722, 724 etc) 525 Motor vehicles, ships and aircraft Motor vehicles, ships and aircraft (Engineering andengineering trades) is the study of designing,developing, producing, maintaining, diagnosing faultsin, repairing and servicing motor vehicles, includingearth moving equipment and agriculture machines.Typical is the combining of studies in both metalstructures and motors. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Air craft engineering− Air craft maintenance− Automotive electrics− Automotive engineering− Coachwork− Motorcycle engineering− Panel beating− Shipbuilding− Varnishers/sprayers− Vehicle building and repairing

Inclusions:• Study of vehicle electricity is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of producing and repairing non-motor vehiclesis excluded from this field and included in 521‘Mechanics and metal work’ (e.g. bicycles) or 543‘Materials; wood, paper, plastic, glass’ (e.g. boats,non-motor). 541 Food processing Food processing (Manufacturing and processing) isthe study of processing and packaging of food andbeverages, and the equipment and procedures used inthe production and distribution of foods. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Baking− Beer brewing− Butchering− Confectionary− Dairy foods− Food and drink processing− Food preservation− Food science and technology− Meat processing− Pastry cooking− Tobacco processing− Wine production

Inclusions:• Study of food handling and food hygiene is includedin this field. Exclusions:• Restaurant and catering programmes are excludedfrom this group and included in field 811 ‘Hotel,restaurant and catering’.• Nutritional science is excluded from this field andincluded in field 722 ‘Medical services’. 542 Textiles, clothes, footwear, leather Textiles, clothes, footwear, leather (Manufacturingand processing) is the study of the manufacture oftextiles, textile and leather products, clothing andrelated items, shoes and other forms of footwear.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Clothing trades programmes− Dressmaking− Footwear making− Fur making− Garment production− Leather processing− Saddlery− Shoemaking− Skins and leather production− Spinning− Tailoring− Textile trades programmes− Upholstery− Weaving (industrial)− Wool science

Exclusions:• Handicraft programmes (weaving, embroidery etc.)are excluded from this field and included in field 215‘Craft skills’. 543 Materials (wood, paper, plastic, glass) Materials (Manufacturing and processing) is the studyof the manufacturing of products in wood, paper,plastic, glass or other materials like stone, clay,synthetic materials etc. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Boat building (non-motor)− Cabinet making− Carpentry (not building)− Ceramics (industrial)− Furniture making− Glass working (industrial)− Industrial diamond production− Paper manufacturing and processing− Plastic manufacturing− Rubber manufacturing− Timber technology− Wood machining and turning− Woodwork trades programmes

Exclusions:• Handicraft programmes (glass arts and crafts,woodcarving etc) are excluded from this field andincluded in field 215 ‘Craft skills’.

• Study of building carpentry and joinery is excludedfrom this field and included in field 582 ‘Building andcivil engineering’.• Study of chemical processing is excluded from thisfield and included infield 524 ‘Chemical and process’.• Study of printing and bookbinding is excluded fromthis field and included in field 213 ‘Audio-visualtechniques and media production’. 544 Mining and extraction Mining and extraction (Manufacturing andprocessing) is the study of planning, developing,assessing and directing the extraction of minerals, oiland gas from the earth. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Coal mining− Mineral technology− Mining engineering and technology− Oil and gas extraction− Raw material extraction

Inclusions:• Study of mining engineering is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of metallurgical engineering is excluded fromthis field and included in 521 ‘Mechanics and metalwork’• Study of geology is excluded from this field andincluded in field 440 ‘Physical science’. 581 Architecture and town planning Architecture is the study of the art, science andtechniques of building design. It encompasses bothutilitarian ends − such as the soundness of thestructure and the functional and economic efficiency ofthe building − and aesthetic considerations. Townplanning is the study of the regulated growth andimprovement of towns in both functional andaesthetical points of view. Training programmes withthe following main content are classified here:

− Architectural urban design and planning− Architecture− Building design− Cartography/Land surveying− City planning− Community development− Community planning− Landscape architecture− Structural architecture− Surveying− Town and country planning− Urban planning

Inclusions:• Study of cartography and surveying is included in thisfield Exclusions:• Study of interior design is excluded from this field andincluded in field 214 ‘Design’. 582 Building and civil engineering Building is the study of the science, technology andtechniques of assembling, erecting and maintainingpublic, commercial, industrial and residential

structures and their fittings. Civil engineering is thestudy of planning, designing, testing and directing theconstruction of large scale buildings and structures,including systems for transport, water supply, sewageetc. Training programmes with the following maincontent are classified here:

− Bricklaying− Bridge construction− Building construction− Building engineering− Building technology− Carpentry and joinery (building)− Civil engineering− Constructional metalwork (building)− Dock and harbour engineering− Floor and wall tiling− Floor covering− Mason and tile setting− Masonry− Painting and wall covering− Plastering− Plumbing and pipefitting− Road building− Water engineering and technology− Water supply and sewerage engineering− Ventilation

Exclusions:• Installation of electricity is excluded from this field andincluded in field 522 ‘Electricity and energy’. Similarly,installing and repairing of heating, air-conditioning andrefrigeration equipment is excluded from this field andincluded in field 522 ‘Electricity and energy’. 621 Crop and livestock production Crop and livestock production (agriculture) is thestudy of growing, maintaining and harvesting cropsand pastures, and grazing and managing animals. Itincludes the study of managing and maintaining farmsand producing unprocessed plant and animal products.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Agricultural economics− Agricultural sciences− Agronomy and crop science− Animal husbandry− Crop husbandry− Dog breeding− Farm and ranch management− Farming− Fruit growing− Grain growing− Horse breeding− Pig farming− Poultry husbandry− Rye and wheat growing− Sheep farming− Soil science− Vegetable plantation− Wine growing

Inclusions:• Study of soil science, soil fertility and irrigationtechniques is included in this field.

• Study of growing intensively managed crops such asfruit and vegetables is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of wine production is excluded from this fieldand is included in field 541 ‘Food processing’.• Study of gardening is excluded from this field andincluded in field 622 ‘Horticulture’.• Study of fisheries is excluded from this group andincluded in field 624 ‘Fisheries’. 622 Horticulture Horticulture (gardening) is the study of horticulturaltechnology and management, floriculture, greenhousemethods, nursery management, landscape gardeningetc. Training programmes with the following maincontent are classified here:

− Floriculture− Gardening− Greenkeeping− Horticulture− Landscape gardening− Nursery management− Turf cultivation

Inclusions:• The laying out and construction of urban anddomestic parks and gardens is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of growing crops (plants such as wheat, rice,fruit, vegetables etc, grown in order to be eaten) isexcluded from this field and included in field 621 ‘Cropand livestock production’.• Study of soil science, soil fertility and irrigationtechniques is excluded from this field and included infield 621 ‘Crop and livestock production’.• National park management is excluded from this fieldand included in field 850 ‘Environmental protection’. 623 Forestry Forestry is the study of establishing, cultivating,harvesting and managing forests. It includes study ofhunting and trapping. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Forest keeping− Forest product techniques− Forestry− Hunting and trapping

Exclusions:• National park management is excluded from this fieldand included in field 850 ‘Environmental protection’.• Timber technology (sawmill production etc) isexcluded from this field and included in field 543‘Materials (wood, paper, plastic, glass)’. 624 Fisheries Fisheries is the study of breeding, rearing andharvesting fish and other seafood. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Fish breeding− Fish farms− Fishery− Fishery science and technology− Shellfish breeding

Inclusions:• Training programmes for operating fishing boats areincluded in this field. Exclusions:• Study of industrial processing of fish is excluded fromthis group and included in field 541 ‘Food processing’. 640 Veterinary Veterinary is the study of preventing, diagnosing andtreating diseases and injuries in animals, and theirgeneral care. The study of caring for sick, injured andinfirm animals undergoing treatment in veterinaryclinics is included. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Animal health care− Animal reproduction (science)− Veterinary assisting− Veterinary medicine− Veterinary science

Inclusions:• The science of animal reproduction is included in thisfield.

Exclusions:• Study of animal breeding is excluded from this fieldand included infield 621 ‘ Crop and livestockproduction’. 721 Medicine Medicine is the study of the principles and proceduresused in preventing, diagnosing, caring for and treatingillness, disease and injury in humans and themaintenance of general health. Principally, this fieldconsists of training of physicians/doctors. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Medical science− Medical training− Medicine− Training of physicians/doctors

722 Medical services Medical services is the study of physical disorders,treating diseases and maintaining the physical well-being of humans, using non-surgical procedures. Itcomprises a wide range of services such aspharmacy, physiotherapy, occupational therapy,chiropractic, radiography, optometry, auditory,speech pathology, nutrition and ambulance service.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Ambulance service− Hearing aid technology− Hypnotherapy− Massage (medical)− Medical laboratory technology− Medical x-ray techniques− Nutrition and dietetics− Occupational therapy− Optical lens making− Orthopaedic prosthetics− Para-medical programmes− Pharmacy

− Physiotherapy− Radiotherapy− Speech pathology and therapy− Vocational rehabilitation

Inclusions:• Study of vocational rehabilitation and occupationaltherapy is included in this field.• Medical laboratory technology is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of laboratory technology is excluded from thisfield if emphasis is not given to medical laboratorytechnology. General laboratory technology is includedin field 524 ‘Chemical and process’. Laboratory tech-nology where emphasis is given to other specific appli-cations (biological, physical, dental etc) is included inappropriate field (420, 440, 724 etc). 723 Nursing Nursing is the study of providing health care for thesick, disabled or infirm and assisting physicians andother medical and health professionals diagnose andtreat patients. The focus of qualifications in nursing ismaintaining and caring for the health during illness andrehabilitation. It includes care of old people and care ofthe disabled. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Assistant nursing− Basic nursing− Care of old people− Care of the disabled− Health care programmes− Infant hygiene (nursing)− Midwifery− Nursing aide/Orderly− Psychiatric nursing

Exclusions:• Veterinary nursing is excluded from this field and isincluded in field 640 ‘Veterinary’.• Care of children (if not health care) is excluded fromthis field and included in field 761 ‘Child care andyouth services’. 724 Dental studies Dental studies is the study of diagnosing, treating andpreventing diseases and abnormalities of the teeth andgums. It includes the study of designing, making andrepairing dental prostheses and orthodonticappliances. It also includes the study of providingassistance to dentists. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Dental assisting− Dental hygiene− Dental laboratory technology− Dental nursing− Dental science− Dental surgery− Odontology− Orthodontics

Inclusions:• Study of dental hygiene and public dental health isincluded in this field.

761 Child care and youth services Child care and youth services is the study of thedevelopment and care of children and youths. Itincludes study of recreation and leisure activities as asocial service for school children. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Child care− Children recreation programmes− Youth services− Youth worker programs

Exclusions:• Study of early childhood education is excluded fromthis field and included in field 141 ‘Teaching andtraining’.• Study of health care of children is excluded from thisfield and included in field 723 ‘Nursing’.

762 Social work and counsellingSocial work and counselling is the study of thewelfare needs of communities, specific groups andindividuals and the appropriate ways of meeting theseneeds. The focus is on social welfare with emphasis onsocial policy and practice. Training programmes withthe following main content are classified here:

− Alcohol and drug abuse counselling− Alcohol, tobacco, drugs− Crisis support− Family and marriage counselling− Maltreatment− Social policy− Social practice− Social theory (applied)− Social work (welfare)− Vocational counselling− Vocational guidance

Inclusions:• Study of vocational guidance is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study of sociology and social science is excludedfrom this field and included in field 310 ‘Social andbehavioural science’. 811 Hotel, restaurant and catering Hotel, restaurant and catering is the study ofproviding food, beverages, accommodation and relatedservices at hotels, restaurants etc. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Cabin crew training− Catering− Cooking (restaurant and hotel-type)− Food serving− Hospitality services− Hotel- and restaurant programmes− Hotel receptionist training− Hotel services− Waiting and bar service

Exclusions:• Study of food processing (industrial) is excluded fromthis field and included in field 541 ‘Food processing’.• Receptionist training (general) is excluded from thisfield and included in field 346 ‘Secretarial and officework’. 812 Travel, tourism and leisure Travel and tourism is the study of marketing andadvertising tourist destinations and events. It includesthe study of ticketing and reservation practices.Leisure is the study of recreational and leisureactivities for individuals and groups. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Ground crew training (airport)− Guiding, tour leading− Recreation and leisure− Tourist trades programmes− Travel agency services− Travel and tourism− Travel services

Exclusions:• Study of recreation and leisure activities for schoolchildren is excluded from this field and included in field761 ‘Child care and youth services’. 813 Sports Sports is the study of techniques and skills in achosen sport. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Diving (sport)− Football playing− Gymnastics− Sport trainer programmes− Umpires and other sports officials

Exclusions:• Training of school teachers in physical education(sports teachers) is excluded from this field andincluded in field 141 ‘Teaching and training’. 814 Domestic services, Domestic services is the study of various domesticservices, such as housekeeping, cleaning, laundering,sewing etc. Training programmes with the followingmain content are classified here:

− Caretaking, housekeeping and homeserviceworkers

− Chimney sweeping− Cleaning− Cooking (home)− Domestic science− Dry-cleaning− Funeral services and mortuary science− Home economics− Laundry− Needlework (home)− Sewing (home)

Inclusions:• Cleaning programmes are included in this field even ifdirected towards cleaning schools, hospitals, factories,etc. Exclusions:• Study of building maintenance is excluded from thisfield and included in field 582 ‘Building and civilengineering’. 815 Hair and beauty services Hair and beauty services is the study of caring forthe hair and the body for beautification etc. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Barbering− Beauty therapy− Cosmetology (make up)− Hairdressing− Fitness and weight control

840 Transport servicesTransport services is the study of operating,navigating and directing ships, aircraft and other formsof transportation. Training programmes with thefollowing main content are classified here:

− Air traffic control− Aircraft operation− Communication (air, railway, road etc.) pro-

grammes− Crane operation and lorry driving− Driving programmes− Flying and navigation− Navigation technologies− Postal service− Railway operations− Road motor vehicle operations− Ship operation− Transport programmes

Exclusions:• Cabin crew training is excluded from this field andincluded in field 811 ‘Hotel, restaurant and catering’.• Programmes in telephone network services isexcluded from this field and included in field 523‘Electronics and automation’. 850 Environmental protection Environmental protection is the study of therelationships between living organisms and theenvironment in order to protect a wide range of naturalresources, from air and drinking water to wildlife. Itincludes study of establishing and maintaining nationalparks in order to preserve their original natural state.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Air pollution control− Ecology− Environmental conservation− Environmental control− Environmental protection− Environmental science− Garbage disposal− National parks and wildlife management

− Natural resources conservation− Natural resource use programmes− Noise pollution control− Recycling− Soil and water conservation− Water pollution control− Wildlife management

Inclusions:• Programmes in services to the community dealingwith items that affect public health, such as hygienestandards in food and water supply, disposal ofgarbage, street cleaning etc. is included in this field. Exclusions:• Study in forestry and horticulture is excluded fromthis field and included in fields under 62 ‘Agriculture,forestry and fishery’. 861 Protection of property and persons Protection of property and persons is the study ofservices to the community concerning protection ofproperty and persons. It comprises training in policework, public security, fire protection and fire fighting.Training programmes with the following main contentare classified here:

− Civil security− Customs programmes− Fire technology− Fire-protection (fire fighting)− Life guarding− Police work− Policing studies− Prison work− Public security− Security and loss prevention services

Exclusions:• Study of law is excluded from this field and includedin field 380 ‘Law’.• Study of criminology is excluded from this field andincluded in field 310 ‘Social and behavioural science’. 862 Occupational health and safety Occupational health and safety is study ofrecognising, evaluating and controlling environmentalfactors associated with the workplace. Trainingprogrammes with the following main content areclassified here:

− Ergonomics (occupational health and safety)− Health and safety in the workplace− Industrial welfare− Labour protection− Labour security− Labour welfare (safety)− Occupational health and industrial hygiene− Occupational safety− Stress

Exclusions:• Study of vocational rehabilitation and occupationaltherapy is excluded from this field and included in field722 ‘Medical services’.• Study of labour law is excluded from this field andincluded in 380 ‘Law’.• Study of ergonomics is excluded from this field ifemphasis is given to technical aspects and is included

in the appropriate field under 52 ‘Engineering andengineering trades’. 863 Military Military is the study of services to the communityconnected with war and defence, designed to providetraining in the principles and practice of militaryscience. Training programmes with the following maincontent are classified here:

− Army training− Defence studies− Military science

Exclusions:• Military personnel participating in non-military pro-grammes should be classified according to the subjectcontent of the training program.

When writing the field descriptions in this manual, the‘Australian Bureau of Statistics Classification ofQualifications’ (ABSCQ)has been helpful. Thank you, Australia, for letting ususe some of your wordings.

Alphabetic Code List

This part of the manual, the alphabetic code list, ismeant to be used as a tool when classifying trainingprogrammes or groups of training programmes intofields of training. It should be used as a guidance − if apossible code for a field is found, it must be verified bylooking at the field description given on page 13-25 if itreally is the appropriate code before using it.

A344 Accounting440 Acoustics212 Acting and directing460 Actuarial science345 Administration346 Administrative and secretarial services342 Advertising525 Aeronautical engineering525 Aerospace engineering211 Aesthetics621 Agricultural business/agribusiness operations621 Agricultural economics621 Agricultural sciences621 Agriculture525 Agriculture machinery mechanics621 Agronomy and crop science840 Air crew programmes (flying and navigation)850 Air pollution control840 Air traffic control522 Air-conditioning programmes525 Air-craft engineering525 Air-craft maintenance840 Aircraft operation762 Alcohol and drug abuse counselling762 Alcohol, tobacco, drugs460 Algebra722 Ambulance service721 Anaesthesiology440 Analytical chemistry721 Anatomy222 Ancient Greek621 Animal breeding640 Animal health care621 Animal husbandry640 Animal reproduction (science)621 Animal training213 Animation310 Anthropology (except physical anthropology)460 Applied mathematics224 Archaeology581 Architectural urban design and planning581 Architecture322 Archival sciences090 Argumentation technique863 Army training211 Art history211 Art studies211 Art theory210 Arts and crafts (broad programmes)210 Arts (broad programmes)090 Assertiveness

723 Assistant nursing440 Astronomy440 Astrophysics440 Atmospheric sciences341 Auctioneering721 Audiology/hearing sciences344 Auditing722 Auditory prosthetics523 Automation525 Automotive electricity525 Automotive electrics525 Automotive engineering840 Aviation

B721 Bacteriology541 Baking343 Bank teller programmes343 Banking and finance811 Bar service815 Barbering811 Bartender/mixologist723 Basic nursing010 Basic programmes080 Basic remedial programmes for adults621 Basic skills in agriculture815 Beauty therapy541 Beer brewing310 Behavioural sciences221 Bible studies521 Bicycle production521 Bicycle repair213 Binding and finishing (printing)524 Biochemical technologies420 Biochemistry420 Biology420 Biometrics420 Biophysics524 Biotechnology engineering543 Boat building (non-motor)521 Boilermaking and welding213 Bookbinding344 Bookkeeping813 Bookmaking (horses etc)420 Botany541 Brewing582 Bricklaying582 Brickwork and masonry582 Bridge construction321 Broadcast journalism523 Broadcasting electronics582 Building construction581 Building design582 Building engineering582 Building maintenance582 Building renovation582 Building technology840 Bus and coach driving345 Business administration

346 Business correspondence343 Business finance340 Business programmes, broad541 Butchering341 Buying and selling

C811 Cabin crew training543 Cabinet making211 Calligraphy213 Camera operating543 Cane willow and bamboo work721 Cardiology723 Care of old people723 Care of the disabled814 Caretaking, housekeeping, homeservice543 Carpentry (not building)582 Carpentry and joinery (building)581 Cartography/Land surveying811 Catering582 Cement working215 Ceramics (craft)543 Ceramics (industrial)541 Cheese production524 Chemical engineering524 Chemical process engineering440 Chemistry761 Child care761 Children recreation programmes814 Chimney sweeping722 Chiropractic212 Choreography213 Cinematography212 Circus (art)581 City planning582 Civil engineering861 Civil security814 Cleaning346 Clerical programmes347 Clients’ needs522 Climate engineering724 Clinical dentistry542 Clothing industry542 Clothing trades programmes542 Clothing, apparel and textile working525 Coachwork544 Coal mining344 Commercial assistants

dataprocessing/accounting380 Commercial law840 Communication (air, railway, road etc.)090 Communication skills523 Communication systems321 Communication, mass- (wording and content)523 Communications equipment installation523 Communications equipment maintenance581 Community development723 Community nursing581 Community planning347 Company knowledge224 Comparative literature213 Compositing (printing)212 Composition (music)

213 Composition equipment operating523 Computer repairing523 Computer engineering213 Computer graphics481 Computer programming481 Computer science482 Computer software use481 Computer system analysis481 Computer system design213 Computer type-setting482 Computer use212 Conducting (music)541 Confectionary850 Conservation and land management215 Conservation of cultural material582 Constructing plant operation582 Construction technology582 Constructional engineering582 Constructional metalwork (building)814 Consumer economics341 Consumer services523 Control engineering814 Cooking (home)811 Cooking (restaurant and hotel-type)090 Cooperation815 Cosmetic services815 Cosmetology214 Costume design762 Counselling346 Court reporting215 Craft programmes215 Crafts, folk arts and artisanry840 Crane driving223 Creative writing380 Criminal justice studies310 Criminology762 Crisis support621 Crop husbandry811 Culinary arts224 Cultural history142 Curriculum development (theory)814 Custodian/caretaker542 Custom tailoring861 Customs programmes542 Cutting and tailoring721 Cytology

D541 Dairy foods (industrial)341 Dairy retailing541 Dairy science212 Dance (art)460 Data analysis (mathematics/statistics)346 Data entry523 Data processing technology215 Decorative metal crafts624 Deep sea fishing863 Defence studies310 Demography/population studies582 Demolition341 Demonstration techniques724 Dental assisting724 Dental hygiene

724 Dental laboratory technology724 Dental nursing724 Dental science724 Dental surgery724 Dental technology724 Dentistry721 Dermatology214 Design214 Design of industrial products (art)213 Desktop publishing310 Development and child psychology090 Development of behavioural capacities090 Development of mental skills090 Development of personal organisational capaci-

ties142 Didactics722 Dietician programmes523 Digital technology212 Directing (theatre)213 Discjockey training142 Distance education methodology541 Distilling861 Diving (professional)813 Diving (sport)582 Dock and harbour engineering322 Documentation621 Dog breeding814 Domestic science212 Drama211 Drawing (art)520 Drawing, technical (broad programmes)542 Dressmaking141 Driver and safety teacher education141 Driving instructor training840 Driving programmes814 Dry-cleaning

E141 Early childhood teaching440 Earth science850 Ecology310 Econometrics310 Economic history310 Economics340 Economics, business142 Education science142 Education technology142 Educational assessment, testing and measure-

ment142 Educational evaluation and research345 Educational management522 Electrical appliances repairing522 Electrical engineering522 Electrical fitting522 Electrical power generation522 Electrical trades programmes481 Electronic data processing523 Electronic engineering523 Electronic equipment servicing141 Elementary teacher education215 Embroidery (craft)542 Embroidery and needlework (industrial)722 Emergency para-medical technologies

345 Employment management522 Energy programmes522 Energy studies520 Engineering (broad programmes)090 Enhancing personal skills345 Enterprise training420 Entomology850 Environmental conservation850 Environmental control850 Environmental protection850 Environmental science850 Environmental studies850 Environmental toxicology721 Epidemiology862 Ergonomics (occupational health and safety)211 Etching (art)224 Ethics310 Ethnic and cultural studies310 Ethnology582 Excavation engineering

F762 Family and marriage counselling090 Family life development training621 Farm and ranch management621 Farm maintenance621 Farming214 Fashion design212 Fashion modelling215 Fibre, textile and weaving arts213 Film production343 Finance theory343 Finance, banking, insurance343 Financial management211 Fine art printmaking861 Fire technology861 Fire-protection (fire fighting)624 Fish breeding624 Fish farms624 Fish husbandry624 Fishery624 Fishery science and technology815 Fitness and weight controll815 Fitness services141 Flight instructor training582 Floor and wall tiling582 Floor covering622 Floriculture215 Floristry (flower arranging)840 Flying and navigation541 Food and drink processing811 Food and hospitality services541 Food engineering541 Food handling/hygiene541 Food preparation541 Food preservation541 Food processing industry541 Food programmes541 Food science541 Food science and technology811 Food serving813 Football playing542 Footwear making

346 Foreign language secretary programmes222 Foreign languages721 Forensic medicine722 Forensic medicine technology623 Forest keeping623 Forest product techniques623 Forest ranging623 Forestry840 Fork-lift driving621 Fruit growing621 Fruit production080 Functional literacy814 Funeral services and mortuary science542 Fur making543 Furniture crafts543 Furniture making542 Furrier310 Futurology

G850 Garbage disposal622 Gardening542 Garment production522 Gas distribution440 Gemmology721 General medicine420 Genetics440 Geodesy310 Geography (cultural)440 Geography (nature)440 Geography (physical)440 Geology460 Geometry440 Geophysics440 Geoscience723 Gerontological services721 Gerontology215 Glass arts and craft543 Glass production543 Glass working (industrial)582 Glazing440 Global change science215 Goldsmithing621 Goose keeping621 Grain growing213 Graphic design213 Graphic reproduction622 Greenhouse operations622 Greenkeeping812 Ground crew training (airport)812 Guiding, tour leading521 Gunsmith813 Gymnastics721 Gynaecology

H721 Haematology815 Hairdressing215 Handicrafts862 Health and safety in the work place723 Health care programmes722 Hearing aid technology522 Heating trades programmes

525 Helicopter construction721 Histology224 History

History and philosophy of science andtechnology

211 History of art380 History of law224 History of science and ideas814 Home economics223 Home language721 Homeopathic medicine621 Horse breeding621 Horse husbandry622 Horticulture811 Hospitality services811 Hotel receptionist training811 Hotel services811 Hotel- and restaurant programmes811 Hotel/motel and restaurant services345 Human resources management310 Human rights623 Hunting and trapping521 Hydraulics440 Hydrogeology440 Hydrology850 Hygiene, community723 Hygiene, medical722 Hypnotherapy

I213 Illustration721 Immunology541 Industrial bakery/flour production214 Industrial design (artistic)543 Industrial diamond production347 Industrial relations862 Industrial welfare723 Infant hygiene (nursing)481 Informatics (computer science)321 Information (wording and content)346 Information processing/data entry322 Information science322 Information searching582 Insulation343 Insurance214 Interior architecture214 Interior decorating214 Interior design721 Internal medicine310 International cultures310 International economics310 International relations482 Internet use programmes222 Interpretation programmes347 Induction courses at work343 Investment analysis343 Investments and securities582 Irrigation and drainage (construction)621 Irrigation techniques

J215 Jewellery design215 Jewellery making (craft)

862 Job safety090 Job-seeking programmes813 Jockeying582 Joining and carpentry321 Journalism380 Jurisprudence

K346 Keyboard skills542 Knitting (industrial)

L524 Laboratory assistant programmes524 Laboratory technician programmes524 Laboratory technology380 Labour law862 Labour protection862 Labour security862 Labour welfare (safety)581 Landscape architecture622 Landscape gardening223 Language maintenance222 Languages, 'dead'222 Languages, foreign223 Languages, native215 Lapidary and jewellery222 Latin814 Laundry380 Law861 Law enforcement213 Lay-out542 Leather goods maker542 Leather goods production542 Leather processing542 Leather trades programmes380 Legal practice346 Legal secretary programmes380 Legal studies812 Leisure and tourism322 Librarianship training322 Library programmes861 Life guarding090 Life orientation programmes420 Life sciences420 Limnology222 Linguistics, foreign languages223 Linguistics, native language080 Literacy224 Literature history211 Lithography345 Local public administration521 Locksmith and safe repairer224 Logic345 Logistic management

M840 Mail operations622 Maintaining sports turf520 Maintenance engineering (broad programmes)815 Make-up215 Making of musical instruments (not industrial)762 Maltreatment345 Management of education

345 Management science345 Management skills346 Management support services815 Manicure624 Mariculture525 Marine construction440 Marine science525 Maritime engineering342 Market research342 Marketing582 Mason and tile setting582 Masonry321 Mass communication (wording and content)815 Massage (beauty)722 Massage (medical)460 Mathematical statistics460 Mathematics541 Meat processing521 Mechanical engineering521 Mechanical trades programmes213 Media techniques722 Medical laboratory technology721 Medical science346 Medical secretary programmes722 Medical technology721 Medical training722 Medical x-ray techniques721 Medicine224 Medieval and renaissance studies722 Mental health services342 Merchandising521 Metal casting and patternmaking521 Metal fitting, turning and machining521 Metal trades programmes521 Metallurgical engineering521 Metallurgical technology440 Meteorology420 Microbiology521 Micromechanics723 Midwifery863 Military science544 Mineral technology440 Mineralogy544 Mining engineering544 Mining technology221 Missionary studies and missiology420 Molecular biology223 Mother tongue programmes723 Mothercraft nursing525 Motorbike mechanics525 Motorcycle engineering310 Multicultural studies224 Museology322 Museum documentation212 Music212 Music and the stage215 Musical instruments (repairing and tuning)

N310 National accounts850 National parks and wildlife management850 Natural resource use programmes850 Natural resources conservation

721 Naturopathic medicine840 Nautical science525 Naval engineering840 Navigation technologies215 Needle craft814 Needlework (home)481 Network administration523 Network technology721 Neurology321 News reporting850 Noise pollution control722 Nuclear medicine technologies440 Nuclear physics522 Nuclear, hydraulic and thermal energy080 Numeracy460 Numerical analysis622 Nursery management (horticulture)723 Nursing723 Nursing aide/Orderly141 Nursing education (teacher training)722 Nutrition722 Nutrition and dietetics

O721 Obstetrics and gynaecology862 Occupational health and industrial hygiene862 Occupational health and safety722 Occupational therapy440 Ocean life sciences440 Oceanography724 Odontology346 Office automation345 Office management544 Oil and gas extraction524 Oil refining524 Oil/gas/petrochemicals processing621 Olive growing721 Oncology481 Operating systems346 Operation of office machines460 Operations research721 Ophthalmics721 Opthalmology722 Optical lens making722 Optical prosthetics/lenses440 Optics722 Optometry621 Orchards construction440 Organic chemistry347 Organisation at work345 Organisational theory and behaviour420 Ornithology724 Orthodontics722 Orthopaedic prosthetics722 Osteopathy

P341 Packing721 Paediatrics211 Painting (art)582 Painting and wall covering440 Palaeontology525 Panel beating

543 Paper manufacturing and processing380 Para-legal studies722 Para-medical programmes420 Parasitology541 Pastry cooking721 Pathology310 Peace and conflict studies142 Pedagogical sciences (education)815 Pedicure542 Pelt worker343 Pension insurance345 Performance appraisal212 Performing arts090 Personal career planning090 Personal development345 Personnel administration345 Personnel management440 Petrology420 Pharmacology722 Pharmacy223 Philology (native language)224 Philosophy211 Philosophy of art213 Photo developing213 Photography141 Physical education teacher training813 Physical training (sports)440 Physics721 Physiology722 Physiotherapy215 Picture framing621 Pig farming582 Pipe fitting440 Planetary sciences524 Plant and machine operation (processing)582 Plastering (building)543 Plastic manufacturing721 Plastic surgery582 Plumbing861 Police work861 Policing studies310 Political economy310 Political science310 Politics440 Polymer chemistry090 Positive thinking141 Post-school teacher training840 Postal service621 Poultry husbandry522 Power production522 Powerline installation and maintenance141 Pre-primary teacher training521 Precision mechanics090 Presentation technique721 Preventive and social medicine141 Primary teaching213 Printing213 Printing machining861 Prison work460 Probability theory524 Process technology622 Production of ornamental plants481 Programming (computer)

481 Programming languages (Visual Basic, C++etc.)

223 Proof-reading programmes341 Property sales723 Psychiatric nursing721 Psychiatry310 Psychoanalysis310 Psychology345 Public administration345 Public and institution management720 Public health programmes342 Public relations861 Public security090 Public speaking321 Publishing (dissemination of messages)213 Publishing design341 Purchasing341 Purchasing, procurement and contracts

Q347 Quality assurance520 Quality control (technical)345 Quality management582 Quantity surveying544 Quarry supervision

R621 Race horse care213 Radio and TV production722 Radiography722 Radiotherapy840 Railway operations544 Raw material extraction341 Real-estate business346 Receptionist training213 Recorded music production812 Recreation and leisure812 Recreation management345 Recruitment850 Recycling722 Reflexology522 Refrigeration programmes850 Refuse collection722 Rehabilitation221 Religion221 Religious history221 Religious studies341 Retailing582 Road building840 Road motor vehicle operations523 Robotics582 Roof fixing543 Rubber manufacturing581 Rural development621 Rye and wheat growing

S542 Saddlery342 Sales and marketing341 Sales representatives815 Salon services (beauty therapy)582 Sanitation (building)850 Sanitation, community

222 Sanskrit582 Scaffolding work213 Screen printing211 Sculpture840 Seamanship840 Seamen's programmes222 Second languages141 Secondary teaching346 Secretarial programmes861 Security and loss prevention services861 Security guarding440 Seismology090 Self esteem skills090 Self-confidence222 Semantics, foreign languages223 Semantics, native language814 Sewing (home)542 Sewing (industrial)621 Sheep farming521 Sheetmetal working624 Shellfish breeding840 Ship operation525 Shipbuilding542 Shoe production542 Shoe, boot and leather repairing542 Shoemaking346 Shorthand223 Sign language213 Silk screen printing215 Silversmithing080 Simple literacy542 Skins and leather production090 Social competence310 Social conflict theory310 Social geography343 Social insurance762 Social policy762 Social practice310 Social sciences762 Social theory (applied)762 Social work (welfare)310 Social/human geography310 Sociology542 Soft furnishings482 Software for calculating (spreadsheets)482 Software for data processing482 Software for desktop publishing482 Software for word processing481 Software localisation481 Software testing850 Soil and water conservation621 Soil and water technician programmes621 Soil fertility621 Soil science522 Solar energy213 Sound and vision213 Sound engineering440 Space science141 Special education teaching223 Speech and rhetorical studies (native language)722 Speech pathology and therapy542 Spinning813 Sport leadership

813 Sport trainer training813 Sports813 Sports coaching622 Sports grounds maintenance813 Sports instructor training214 Stage designing345 Start your own business-courses460 Statistics521 Steel production346 Stenography811 Stewardess/steward training343 Stock-broking341 Stock-keeping721 Stomatology215 Stone carving (craft)543 Stone cutting582 Stonemasonry850 Street cleaning862 Stress at work581 Structural architecture582 Structural engineering310 Studies of regional cultures221 Study of different religions721 Surgery581 Surveying346 Switchboard operating543 Synthetic fibre manufacturing

T542 Tailoring344 Tax accounting141 Teacher education141 Teacher training141 Teacher training in a practical subject141 Teacher training in a theoretical subject141 Teacher training in a vocational subject141 Teacher training in an aesthetic subject090 Teamwork520 Technical drawing (broad programmes)141 Technical teaching523 Telecommunication technology341 Telephone selling523 Television and radio repairing542 Textile techniques542 Textile trades programmes542 Textiles, clothing and footwear212 Theatre221 Theology214 Three dimensional design543 Timber technology090 Time management541 Tobacco processing521 Tool and die making581 Topography812 Tourism812 Tourist trades programmes581 Town and country planning581 Town and regional planning581 Town planning420 Toxicology347 Trade union courses (general)345 Training management721 Training of doctors

141 Training of instructors in companies etc.721 Training of physicians141 Training of trainers222 Translation programmes840 Transport programmes812 Travel agency services812 Travel and tourism812 Travel services840 Truck driving622 Turf cultivation622 Turf management213 Type-setting346 Typing

U813 Umpires and other sports officials542 Upholstery581 Urban planning581 Urban studies

V525 Varnishers/sprayers621 Vegetable plantation525 Vehicle and motor engineering525 Vehicle building525 Vehicle diagnostics525 Vehicle electricity525 Vehicle mechanics525 Vehicle painting525 Vehicle repairing525 Vehicle trimming582 Ventilation (building)640 Veterinary assisting640 Veterinary medicine640 Veterinary science621 Vineyard construction420 Virology621 Viticulture762 Vocational counselling762 Vocational guidance722 Vocational rehabilitation440 Vulcanology

W811 Waiting and bar service341 Ware-housing521 Watchmaking850 Water pollution control850 Water supply (service)582 Water supply and sewerage engineering582 Water technology and engineering215 Weaving (craft)542 Weaving (industrial)521 Welding341 Wholesaling815 Wig making850 Wildlife management850 Wildlife ranger studies214 Window dressing621 Wine growing541 Wine production541 Wine science541 Wine storing/maturing

310 Women's studies543 Wood machining and turning543 Wood technology215 Woodcarving543 Woodwork trades programmes543 Woodworking and carpentry542 Wool science347 Work development347 Working life

Y761 Youth recreation programmes761 Youth services761 Youth worker programmes

Z420 Zoology

Systematic Code List

This part of the manual, the systematic code list, ismeant to be used as a tool when classifying trainingprogrammes or groups of training programmes intofields of training. It should be used as a guidance − if apossible code for a field is found, it must be verified bylooking at the field description given on page 13-25 if itreally is the appropriate code before using it.

010 Basic programmesBasic programmes

080 Literacy and numeracyBasic remedial programmes for adultsFunctional literacyLiteracyNumeracySimple literacy

090 Personal developmentArgumentation techniqueAssertivenessCommunication skillsCooperationDevelopment of behavioural capacitiesDevelopment of mental skillsDevelopment of personal organisationalcapacitiesEnhancing personal skillsFamily life development trainingJob-seeking programmesLife orientation programmesPersonal career planningPersonal developmentPositive thinkingPresentation techniquePublic speakingSelf esteem skillsSelf-confidenceSocial competenceTeamworkTime management

141 Teaching and trainingDriver and safety teacher educationDriving instructor trainingEarly childhood teachingElementary teacher educationFlight instructor trainingNursing education (teacher training)Physical education teacher trainingPost-school teacher trainingPre-primary teacher trainingPrimary teachingSecondary teachingSpecial education teachingTeacher educationTeacher trainingTeacher training in a practical subjectTeacher training in a theoretical subjectTeacher training in a vocational subjectTeacher training in an aesthetic subjectTechnical teachingTraining of instructors in companies etc.Training of trainers

142 Education scienceCurriculum development (theory)DidacticsDistance education methodologyEducation scienceEducation technologyEducational assessment, testing and measurementEducational evaluation and researchPedagogical sciences (education)

211 Fine artsAestheticsArt historyArt studiesArt theoryCalligraphyDrawing (art)Etching (art)Fine art printmakingHistory of artLithographyPainting (art)Philosophy of artSculpture

212 Music and performing artsActing and directingChoreographyCircus (art)Composition (music)Conducting (music)Dance (art)Directing (theatre)DramaFashion modellingMusicMusic and the stagePerforming artsTheatre

213 Audio-visual techniques and media productionAnimationBinding and finishing (printing)BookbindingCamera operatingCinematographyCompositing (printing)Composition equipment operatingComputer graphicsComputer type-settingDesktop publishingDiscjockey trainingFilm productionGraphic designGraphic reproductionIllustrationLay-outMedia techniquesPhoto developingPhotographyPrintingPrinting machiningPublishing design

Radio and TV productionRecorded music productionScreen printingSilk screen printingSound and visionSound engineeringType-setting

214 DesignCostume designDesignDesign of industrial products (art)Fashion designIndustrial design (artistic)Interior architectureInterior decoratingInterior designStage designingThree dimensional designWindow dressing

215 Craft skillsCeramics (craft)Conservation of cultural materialCraft programmesCrafts, folk arts and artisanryDecorative metal craftsEmbroidery (craft)Fibre, textile and weaving artsFloristry (flower arranging)Glass arts and craftGoldsmithingHandicraftsJewellery designJewellery making (craft)Lapidary and jewelleryMaking of musical instruments (not industrial)Musical instruments (repairing and tuning)Needle craftPicture framingSilversmithingStone carving (craft)Weaving (craft)Woodcarving

221 Religion and theologyBible studiesMissionary studies and missiologyReligionReligious historyReligious studiesStudy of different religionsTheology

222 Foreign languages and culturesAncient GreekForeign languagesInterpretation programmesLanguages, 'dead'Languages, foreignLatinLinguistics, foreign languagesSanskritSecond languagesSemantics, foreign languagesTranslation programmes

223 Mother tongueCreative writingHome languageLanguage maintenanceLanguages, nativeLinguistics, native languageMother tongue programmesPhilology (native language)Proof-reading programmesSemantics, native languageSign languageSpeech and rhetorical studies (native language)

224 History, philosophy and related subjectsArchaeologyComparative literatureCultural historyEthicsHistoryHistory and philosophy of science and technologyHistory of science and ideasLiterature historyLogicMedieval and renaissance studiesMuseologyPhilosophy

310 Social and behavioural scienceAnthropology (except physical anthropology)Behavioural sciencesCriminologyDemography/population studiesDevelopment and child psychologyEconometricsEconomic historyEconomicsEthnic and cultural studiesEthnologyFuturologyGeography (cultural)Human rightsInternational culturesInternational economicsInternational relationsMulticultural studiesNational accountsPeace and conflict studiesPolitical economyPolitical sciencePoliticsPsychoanalysisPsychologySocial conflict theorySocial geographySocial sciencesSocial/human geographySociologyStudies of regional culturesWomen's studies

321 Journalism and reportingBroadcast journalismCommunication, mass- (wording and content)Information (wording and content)JournalismMass communication (wording and content)News reportingPublishing (dissemination of messages)

322 Library, information, archiveArchival sciencesDocumentationInformation scienceLibrarianship trainingLibrary programmesMuseum documentation

341 Wholesale and retail salesAuctioneeringBuying and sellingConsumer servicesDairy retailingDemonstration techniquesPackingProperty salesPurchasingPurchasing, procurement and contractsReal-estate businessRetailingSales representativesStock-keepingTelephone sellingWare-housingWholesaling

342 Marketing and advertisingAdvertisingMarket researchMarketingMerchandisingPublic relationsSales and marketing

343 Finance, banking, insuranceBank teller programmesBanking and financeBusiness financeFinance theoryFinance, banking, insuranceFinancial managementInsuranceInvestment analysisInvestments and securitiesPension insuranceSocial insuranceStock-broking

344 Accounting and taxationAccountingAuditingBookkeepingCommercial assistants dataprocessing/accountingTax accounting

345 Management and administrationAdministrationBusiness administrationEducational managementEmployment managementEnterprise trainingHuman resources managementLocal public administrationLogistic managementManagement of educationManagement scienceManagement skillsOffice managementOrganisational theory and behaviourPerformance appraisal

Personnel administrationPersonnel managementPublic administrationPublic and institution managementQuality managementRecruitmentStart your own business-coursesTraining management

346 Secretarial and office workAdministrative and secretarial servicesBusiness correspondenceClerical programmesCourt reportingData entryForeign language secretary programmesInformation processing/data entryKeyboard skillsLegal secretary programmesManagement support servicesMedical secretary programmesOffice automationOperation of office machinesReceptionist trainingSecretarial programmesShorthandStenographySwitchboard operatingTyping

347 Working lifeClients’ needsCompany knowledgeIndustrial relationsInduction courses at workOrganisation at workQuality assuranceTrade union courses (general)Work development

380 LawCommercial lawCriminal justice studiesHistory of lawJurisprudenceLabour lawLawLegal practiceLegal studiesPara-legal studies

420 Life scienceBiochemistryBiologyBiometricsBiophysicsBotanyEntomologyGeneticsLife sciencesLimnologyMicrobiologyMolecular biologyOrnithologyParasitologyPharmacologyToxicologyVirologyZoology

440 Physical scienceAcousticsAnalytical chemistryAstronomyAstrophysicsAtmospheric sciencesChemistryEarth scienceGemmologyGeodesyGeography (nature)Geography (physical)GeologyGeophysicsGeoscienceGlobal change scienceHydrogeologyHydrologyMarine scienceMeteorologyMineralogyNuclear physicsOcean life sciencesOceanographyOpticsOrganic chemistryPalaeontologyPetrologyPhysicsPlanetary sciencesPolymer chemistrySeismologySpace scienceVulcanology

460 Mathematics and statisticsActuarial scienceAlgebraApplied mathematicsData analysis (mathematics/statistics)GeometryMathematical statisticsMathematicsNumerical analysisOperations researchProbability theoryStatistics

481 Computer scienceComputer programmingComputer scienceComputer system analysisComputer system designElectronic data processingInformatics (computer science)Network administrationOperating systemsProgramming (computer)Programming languages (Visual Basic, C++ etc.)Software localisationSoftware testing

482 Computer useComputer software useComputer useInternet use programmesSoftware for calculating (spreadsheets)Software for data processingSoftware for desktop publishing

Software for word processing

521 Mechanics and metal workBicycle productionBicycle repairBoilermaking and weldingGunsmithHydraulicsLocksmith and safe repairerMechanical engineeringMechanical trades programmesMetal casting and patternmakingMetal fitting, turning and machiningMetal trades programmesMetallurgical engineeringMetallurgical technologyMicromechanicsPrecision mechanicsSheetmetal workingSteel productionTool and die makingWatchmakingWelding

522 Electricity and energyAir-conditioning programmesClimate engineeringElectrical appliances repairingElectrical engineeringElectrical fittingElectrical power generationElectrical trades programmesEnergy programmesEnergy studiesGas distributionHeating trades programmesNuclear, hydraulic and thermal energyPower productionPowerline installation and maintenanceRefrigeration programmesSolar energy

523 Electronics and automationAutomationBroadcasting electronicsCommunication systemsCommunications equipment installationCommunications equipment maintenanceComputer repairingComputer engineeringControl engineeringData processing technologyDigital technologyElectronic engineeringElectronic equipment servicingNetwork technologyRoboticsTelecommunication technologyTelevision and radio repairing

524 Chemical and processBiochemical technologiesBiotechnology engineeringChemical engineeringChemical process engineeringLaboratory assistant programmesLaboratory technician programmesLaboratory technologyOil refining

Oil/gas/petrochemicals processingPlant and machine operation (processing)Process technology

525 Motor vehicles, ships and aircraftAeronautical engineeringAerospace engineeringAgriculture machinery mechanicsAir-craft engineeringAir-craft maintenanceAutomotive electricityAutomotive electricsAutomotive engineeringCoachworkHelicopter constructionMarine constructionMaritime engineeringMotorcycle engineeringMotorbike mechanicsNaval engineeringPanel beatingShipbuildingVarnishers/sprayersVehicle and motor engineeringVehicle buildingVehicle diagnosticsVehicle electricityVehicle mechanicsVehicle paintingVehicle repairingVehicle trimming

541 Food processingBakingBeer brewingBrewingButcheringCheese productionConfectionaryDairy foods (industrial)Dairy scienceDistillingFood and drink processingFood handling/hygieneFood engineeringFood preparationFood preservationFood processing industryFood programmesFood scienceFood science and technologyIndustrial bakery/flour productionMeat processingPastry cookingTobacco processingWine productionWine scienceWine storing/maturing

542 Textiles, clothes, footwear, leatherClothing industryClothing trades programmesClothing, apparel and textile workingCustom tailoringCutting and tailoringDressmakingEmbroidery and needlework (industrial)Footwear makingFur making

FurrierGarment productionKnitting (industrial)Leather goods makerLeather goods productionLeather processingLeather trades programmesPelt workerSaddlerySewing (industrial)Shoe productionShoe, boot and leather repairingShoemakingSkins and leather productionSoft furnishingsSpinningTailoringTextile techniquesTextile trades programmesTextiles, clothing and footwearUpholsteryWeaving (industrial)Wool science

543 Materials (wood, paper, plastic, glass)Boat building (non-motor)Cabinet makingCane willow and bamboo workCarpentry (not building)Ceramics (industrial)Furniture craftsFurniture makingGlass productionGlass working (industrial)Industrial diamond productionPaper manufacturing and processingPlastic manufacturingRubber processingStone cuttingSynthetic fibre manufacturingTimber technologyWood machining and turningWood technologyWoodwork trades programmesWoodworking and carpentry

544 Mining and extractionCoal miningMineral technologyMining engineeringMining technologyOil and gas extractionQuarry supervisionRaw material extraction

581 Architecture and town planningArchitectural urban design and planningArchitectureBuilding designCartography/Land surveyingCity planningCommunity developmentCommunity planningLandscape architectureRural developmentStructural architectureSurveyingTopographyTown and country planning

Town and regional planningTown planningUrban planningUrban studies

582 Building and civil engineeringBricklayingBrickwork and masonryBridge constructionBuilding constructionBuilding engineeringBuilding maintenanceBuilding renovationBuilding technologyCarpentry and joinery (building)Cement workingCivil engineeringConstructing plant operationConstruction technolgyConstructional engineeringConstructional metalwork (building)DemolitionDock and harbour engineeringExcavation engineeringFloor and wall tilingFloor coveringGlazingInsulationIrrigation and drainage (construction)Joining and carpentryMason and tile settingMasonryPainting and wall coveringPipe fittingPlastering (building)PlumbingQuantity surveyingRoad buildingRoof fixingSanitation (building)Scaffolding workStonemasonryStructural engineeringWater supply and sewerage engineeringWater technology and engineeringVentilation (building)

621 Crop and livestock productionAgricultural business/agribusiness operationsAgricultural economicsAgricultural sciencesAgricultureAgronomy and crop scienceAnimal breedingAnimal husbandryAnimal trainingBasic skills in agricultureCrop husbandryDog breedingFarm and ranch managementFarm maintenanceFarmingFruit growingFruit productionGoose keepingGrain growingHorse breedingHorse husbandryIrrigation techniques

Olive growingOrchards constructionPig farmingPoultry husbandryRace horse careRye and wheat growingSheep farmingSoil and water technician programmesSoil fertilitySoil scienceVegetable plantationWine growingVineyard constructionViticulture

622 HorticultureFloricultureGardeningGreenhouse operationsGreenkeepingHorticultural techniquesHorticultureLandscape gardeningMaintaining sports turfNursery management (horticulture)Production of ornamental plantsSports grounds maintenanceTurf cultivationTurf management

623 ForestryForest keepingForest product techniquesForest rangingForestryHunting and trapping

624 FisheriesDeep sea fishingFish breedingFish farmsFish husbandryFisheryFishery science and technologyMaricultureShellfish breeding

640 VeterinaryAnimal health careAnimal reproduction (science)Veterinary assistingVeterinary medicineVeterinary science

721 MedicineAnaesthesiologyAnatomyAudiology/hearing sciencesBacteriologyCardiologyCytologyDermatologyEpidemiologyForensic medicineGeneral medicineGerontologyGynaecologyHaematologyHistology

Homeopathic medicineImmunologyInternal medicineMedical scienceMedical trainingMedicineNaturopathic medicineNeurologyObstetrics and gynaecologyOncologyOphthalmicsOpthalmologyPaediatricsPathologyPhysiologyPlastic surgeryPreventive and social medicinePsychiatryStomatologySurgeryTraining of doctorsTraining of physicians

722 Medical servicesAmbulance serviceAuditory prostheticsChiropracticDietician programmesEmergency para-medical technologiesForensic medicine technologyHearing aid technologyHypnotherapyMassage (medical)Medical laboratory technologyMedical technologyMedical x-ray techniquesMental health servicesNuclear medicine technologiesNutritionNutrition and dieteticsOccupational therapyOptical lens makingOptical prosthetics/lensesOptometryOrthopaedic prostheticsOsteopathyPara-medical programmesPharmacyPhysiotherapyRadiographyRadiotherapyReflexologyRehabilitationSpeech pathology and therapyVocational rehabilitation

723 NursingAssistant nursingBasic nursingCare of old peopleCare of the disabledCommunity nursingGerontological servicesHealth care programmesHygiene, medicalInfant hygiene (nursing)MidwiferyMothercraft nursingNursing

Nursing aide/OrderlyPsychiatric nursing

724 Dental studiesClinical dentistryDental assistingDental hygieneDental laboratory technologyDental nursingDental scienceDental surgeryDental technologyDentistryOdontologyOrthodontics

761 Child care and youth servicesChild careChildren recreation programmesYouth recreation programmesYouth servicesYouth worker programmes

762 Social work and counsellingAlcohol and drug abuse counsellingAlcohol, tobacco, drugsCounsellingCrisis supportFamily and marriage counsellingMaltreatmentSocial policySocial practiceSocial theory (applied)Social work (welfare)Vocational counsellingVocational guidance

811 Hotel, restaurant and cateringBar serviceBartender/mixologistCabin crew trainingCateringCooking (restaurant and hotel-type)Culinary artsFood and hospitality servicesFood servingHospitality servicesHotel receptionist trainingHotel servicesHotel- and restaurant programmesHotel/motel and restaurant servicesStewardess/steward trainingWaiting and bar service

812 Travel, tourism and leisureGround crew training (airport)Guiding, tour leadingLeisure and tourismRecreation and leisureRecreation managementTourismTourist trades programmesTravel agency servicesTravel and tourismTravel services

813 SportsBookmaking (horses etc)Diving (sport)

Football playingGymnasticsJockeyingPhysical training (sports)Sport leadershipSport trainer trainingSportsSports coachingSports instructor trainingUmpires and other sports officials

814 Domestic servicesCaretaking, housekeeping, homeserviceChimney sweepingCleaningConsumer economics

Cooking (home)Custodian/caretakerDomestic scienceDry-cleaningFuneral services and mortuary scienceHome economicsLaundryNeedlework (home)Sewing (home)

815 Hair and beauty servicesBarberingBeauty therapyCosmetic servicesCosmetologyFitness and weight controlFitness servicesHairdressingMake-upManicureMassage (beauty)PedicureSalon services (beauty therapy)Wig making

840 Transport servicesAir crew programmes (flying and navigation)Air traffic controlAircraft operationAviationBus and coach drivingCommunication (air, railway, road etc.)Crane operationDriving programmesFlying and navigationFork-lift drivingMail operationsNautical scienceNavigation technologiesPostal serviceRailway operationsRoad motor vehicle operationsSeamanshipSeamen's programmesShip operationTransport programmesLorry driving

850 Environmental protectionAir pollution controlConservation and land managementEcology

Environmental conservationEnvironmental controlEnvironmental protectionEnvironmental scienceEnvironmental studiesEnvironmental toxicologyGarbage disposalHygiene, communityNational parks and wildlife managementNatural resource use programmesNatural resources conservationNoise pollution controlRecyclingRefuse collectionSanitation, communitySoil and water conservationStreet cleaningWater pollution controlWater supply (service)Wildlife managementWildlife ranger studies

861 Protection of property and personsCivil securityCustoms programmesDiving (professional)Fire technologyFire-protection (fire fighting)Law enforcementLife guardingPolice workPolicing studiesPrison workPublic securitySecurity and loss prevention servicesSecurity guarding

862 Occupational health and safetyErgonomics (occupational health and safety)Health and safety in the work placeIndustrial welfareJob safetyLabour protectionLabour securityLabour welfare (safety)Occupational health and industrial hygieneOccupational health and safetyStress at work

863 MilitaryArmy trainingDefence studiesMilitary science

CEDEFOP – European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training

Fields of Training

Manual

Ronnie Andersson, Anna-Karin OlssonSCB Statistiska centralbyrån (Statistics Sweden)

CEDEFOP panorama

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

1999 – 45 pp. – 21.0 x 29.7 cm

ISBN 92-826345-X

Cat.-No.: HX-21-99-141-EN-C

Free of charge – 5092 EN –