southwest high school model united nations 2016 · general assembly 3th ... as a new-born mun...

Southwest High School Model United Nations 2016 ____________________________________________________________________________________________


Southwest High School Model United Nations 2016

General Assembly 3th

Background Guide


Catalog 1. Letter From the Secretary General………………………………4

2. Welcome Letter From the Chair…………………………………7

3. Introduction to the Committee…………………………………8

4. Introduction to the Topic………………………………………11

5. Topic 1: Refugee Crisis…………………………………………13

(1) Previous Actions………………………………………………14

(2) Possible Solutions………………………………………………15

(3) Bloc Positions…………………………………………………20

6. Topic 2: Millennium Development Goals……………………29

(1) Outline of the 8 Millennium Development Goals………………30

(2) Retrospect………………………………………………………33

(3) Key Aspects in the Development Agenda………………………34

7. References………………………………………………………40


LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

Dear Delegates, It’s my distinct pleasure to welcome you to Southwest High School Model United Nations 2016! I can’t wait to meet you in this February and look forward to your contributions made to the conference and committee. As a new-born MUN conference, SWHSMUN 2016 has a strong academics team. We invited outstanding MUNers from across the country to bring their committees to Chongqing. I promise that they will serve as a patient and professional guide in the committee as well as an enthusiastic partner out of the committee. And I highly suggest you make full use of their expertise and passion for their chosen subject area.

At SWHSMUN 2016, you will discuss the complex issues and discover the real world. I hope that you can indeed enjoy the moments spent on MUN and cherish every chance to communicate with other delegates or stuff in SWHSMUN 2016. Personally, I consider MUN as not only an academic stimulation but also a combination of speech making, debate gaining, social skills strengthening, knowledge broadening, and most importantly, friend making. Teenagers gather together to make their own voice about the society. I can’t really think of a more passionate incident.

The year 2016 will be one in which the global community continues to debate some of the major issues that the world faces today. The conference will bring some of these current issues to the forefront, including the refugee crisis, international terrorism, global epidemic disease, conflict in the Southern Asia and an evaluation of the Millennium Development goals. The dais of each committee have done very comprehensive research on the corresponding topic area and composed the invaluable background guide. But it’s still crucial for you to supplement the information based on your further research.

I hope you can get involved into the conference. And once you do so, you are involved into the world at the same time. That’s the exact magic of Model UN.

On behalf of Southwest High School MUN 2016, I welcome you to our conference!


Sincerely,

Kexin Lee

Secretary-General

Southwest High School Model United Nations 2016


WELCOME LETTER FROM CHAIR Dear delegates,

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Southwest High

School Model United Nations Conference at the Hilton Hotel in 2016.

Now you have represented your allocated country, and you should

prepare enough in order to make the committee’s direction and debate

productive. The following background guides will take you through this

Committee, as well as its’ agenda. It briefly connects all the different

aspects that will lead to fruitful debate in the Committee and provide you

with a bird’s eye view of the point of the issue. But more important you

need to realize is that the briefing guide only provide you with a bird’s

eye view of the gist of the issue. We encourage you to go searching

beyond this background guide and move further into the agenda to

enhance your knowledge of a burning global issue.

Our goal is the committee is to use another way to learn, think and

debate to make a better ending of , as well as remaining an unforgettable

experience. For MUN veterans, we promise you a different thinking and

debate. For newcomers, we are really excited to achieve meaningful and

future-caring part of your MUN voyage.


Please pay attention to the Position Papers are due by the Feb 13th.

Please send it to [email protected] and I’d like to help you out if you

have any questions.

Sincerely yours,

Director of the third committee of the General Assembly

Introduction to the committee

The Third Committee of the General Assembly at its seventieth session,

is chaired by H.E. Mr. Omar Hilale of Morocco.

The General Assembly allocates to the Third Committee, agenda items

relating to a range of social, humanitarian affairs and human rights issues

that affect people all over the world.

As in previous sessions, an important part of the work of the

Committee will focus on the examination of human rights questions,

including reports of the special procedures of the Human Rights Council

which was established in 2006. In October 2015, the Committee will hear

and interact with 54 such special rapporteurs, independent experts, and

chairs of working groups as mandated by the Human Rights Council.

The Committee also discusses questions relating to the advancement of

women, the protection of children, indigenous issues, the treatment of

refugees, the promotion of fundamental freedoms through the elimination


of racism and racial discrimination, and the right to self- determination.

The Committee also addresses important social development questions

such as issues related to youth, family, ageing, persons with disabilities,

crime prevention, criminal justice, and international drug control.

At the sixty-ninth session of the General Assembly, the Third

Committee considered over 60 draft resolutions, more than half of which

were submitted under the human rights agenda item alone. These

included three so-called country-specific resolutions on human rights

situations.

The Third Committee is expected to consider a similar number of draft

resolutions during the present session of the General Assembly.


Introduction to the Topic Ever since the 1980s or even earlier, the processes of society transition

in multiple African countries proved to be one failure and another.

Instead, the struggles between political and military groups have brought

about far more troubles. Political dissidents were harassed, intimidated,

unlawfully apprehended and prosecuted or even executed. In addition,

long-time civil wars have destroyed a shockingly large amount of

residences of local dwellers. As a result, a large proportion of these

political refugees fled to Europe to seek asylum and better living

condition.

For years European countries have been accepting political refugees. In

1990, the European Union passed The Dublin Convention, setting up

concrete laws regarding external migratory movement. However, there

are still numerous problems in the current mechanism. Due to different

interpretations of the common legal system, European Union countries

passed various domestic laws of political refugees issue; hence, there


exists a quantitative imbalance in the distribution of refugees among

European Union countries. For example, the Italian government has

housed no less than 200,000 refugees by now in 2015, costing a large

amount of state fortune.

Meanwhile, the refugees could also bring social instability to

European countries: these people occupy a large amount of social

resource, influence local employment market, and potentially cause the

local crime rate to rise. European Union has achieved no true consensus

so far, albeit a range of summits have indeed been held.

However, that is not the most intractable problem. Most political

refugees are stowaways; they crossed border illegally and rather riskily.

In African case, the refugees approached Italy by tiny boats across

Mediterranean, putting their own lives in jeopardy. On April 14th, 2015,

winds and waves overthrew a ship filled with 550 refugees leaving Libya

for Italy. More than 400 were killed in the tragedy. Most African political

refugees do not have safe and legitimate access to get to Europe, thus

forcing them to take risks to immigrate illegally.

The political refugee issue is not only a humanitarian problem, but

also a political one. The European Union has to act passively, rather than

positively, to cope with the situation, under the humanitarian pressure

from international community. The African Union, on the other hand, has

not yet taken full responsibility on the refugee issue. It is believed that the


European Union needs a more effective and comprehensive law system to

improve the recognition, treatment and protection of the political refugees.

At the same time, the African Union is expected to help its members to

stop civil wars, establish democracy, build state capacity and develop

national economy.

SHWSMUN2016 BACKGROUND GUIDE

Committee：General Assembly 3th

Topic Area A: Refugee Crisis


Previous Actions

EU Common Refugee Policy The attempt to establish regional refugee policy

（1） In the 1980s, the western European countries have tightened

loose refugee policy, and “the European defense line” began to

emerge. The important sign of the cooperation and coordination of

the European Community in the fields of refugees and migrants is

the“Schengen Agreement” and the “Single European Act”, which

make the boundary between member states much opener.

（2） The Dublin Convention, which was signed in 1990, is very

effective to prevent the wave of asylum by limiting the number of

applications.

A. Steer to restrictive refugee policy


The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the regional war finally gave

rise to the problem of the European refugees. The EU has strengthened

the cooperation of member states in the field of the refugee policy.

B. The formation of common refugee policy

In 1997, the common trend of the implementation of restrictive refugee

policy was formed after the signing of the Treaty of Amsterdam. In

practice, the EU’s digital fingerprint identification system, the community

refugee fund and minimum standards are constructed.

The tortuous development of common refugee policy At the beginning of this century, the development of common refugee

policy became tortuous. The Treaty of Nice reformed the EU’s

decision-making methods-from unanimous vote to effective majority vote,

which played a significant role in common refugee policy.

The EU common legal system of refugee and asylum In order to preserve the regional benefits and national security, the EU

common legal system regarding external migratory movement has been

established. Nonetheless, the systems of refugee and asylum were

integrated as a whole called EU refugee and asylum system, which

includes the mechanism of national responsibility for examining asylum

applications, the standards of the reception of asylum seekers, and

procedures and substantial rules relating to refugee status.


Possible Solutions Displacement of the political refugees is not only a real headache for

European and African countries, but also a threat to the peace and

stability of the whole world.

Thus, in face of the current situation, the international community is

expected to take positive controlling measures as a whole after in-depth

consultation and prudent assessment.

(1) African countries A long-term mechanism is in need for the protection of refugees and

reduction of its number.

Countries concerned should actively seek for national reconciliation and

reduce the occurrence of civil war and regional conflicts. It is urgent for

African countries to shift their focus to the acceleration of social and

economic development, proper placement of the existing refugees and the

reconstruction of homes and shelters.

Establish effective international conventions and agreements with their

European counterparts. Define the qualification process and the rights of

the refugees through legally binding documents.

(2) European countries Members of EU should stop shuffling the responsibility onto others

and face the issue of externally displaced persons with joint efforts.


First of all, countries that are main target states such as Italy and Greece

should establish an effective immigration system under the current

structure of the European Union common legal system and further

improve the “Refugee Quota Plan” to rationalize the distribution of

political refugees based on the condition and capacity of receiving

countries.

The issues that might be concerned are listed as below:

a. A more effective recognizing mechanism of the political refugees

b. A balanced entitlement system for the refugees among European

countries

c. A more pragmatic and feasible transition law system for the main

transit countries

Furthermore, it is also meaningful for EU member’s governments to

strengthen the capacity to handle emergency in refugees receiving

process and to seek for permanent settlement of refugees through

voluntary repatriation, local integration and resettlement in a third

country.

To stop the tragedies like Mediterranean Wreckage from happening again,

the EU countries should take responsibilities to combat human trafficking

and smuggling, by strengthening the border control and increasing the

intensity of the maritime patrol.

(3)Non-Governmental Organizations


a.Websites and Apps invented by NGOs for refugees

Refugeeinfo.eu

Google, the International Rescue Committee (IRC) and Mercy Corps

teamed up to launch refugeeinfo.eu. It's a one-stop information portal for

refugees from the moment they land in Greece, explaining the registration

process, where they can eat or sleep, how to get medical help, and the

cost of a ferry ticket to Athens.

Refugeeinfo.eu builds on projects such as InfoAid, an Android app built

by a Hungarian husband-and-wife team earlier this year. Users can learn

where to obtain train tickets, medical care and water. They can also get

alerts on ever-changing border closures.

First-contact.org

Another such initiative is First-contact.org, which went live in August.

It offers information specific to the Greek islands of Lesbos and Samos,

as well as locations within Croatia and Serbia. Refugees can view local

NGOs and useful phrases in the local language (think, "Where can I buy a

bus ticket?" or "I'm pregnant and need help").

First-contact.org is a project of Startupboat, a traveling hackathon

comprising startup founders, social entrepreneurs and investors from


Greece, South Africa and Germany. In the past three months they have

visited Lesbos and Samos to better understand how the technology can

make refugees' journeys through Europe a bit easier.

b.MOAS (Migrant Offshore Aid Station)

MOAS idea and founding

Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS) is a global NGO specialised in

search and rescue.MOAS was set up after the tragedies of 2013 when two

boatloads of migrants, one from Eritrea and Somalia and one carrying

Syrian refugees, perished en route from North Africa to Europe.

Each year, thousands of migrants, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa, risk

their lives when attempting this perilous crossing on rickety boats. The

ultimate aim of MOAS is to eliminate loss of life at sea to the greatest

extent possible. MOAS does not act a ferry, but uses all its resources to

assist the respective rescue coordination centres in locating and treating

suffering human beings, and to save lives where required.

The MOAS Team

The MOAS group is made up of humanitarians, security professionals,

medical staff and experienced maritime operators. They are passionate


about the plight of migrants and the dangers they face as they try to find a

life free of violence.

Cooperations

Doctors Without Borders partnered with MOAS from

May to September 2015 onboard the MY Phoenix where

they cared for 6,985 people rescued at sea. The 6 person

team cared for migrants needing treatment for conditions

ranging from dehydration to gunshot wounds.

Bloc Positions

European Countries

Southern Europe

Greece The refugees are flooding into Coase Islands and Les Voss islands

while Greece is still concerned about its debt crisis. It is reported that the

vast majority of the refugees are from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, with

Syria’s refugees accounting for 63%. The number of refugees who are

surging to Lesbos Island is growing. Besides, the lack of ferry problems


may lead to thousands of refugees stranded, and pose a threat to the

island’s limited resources.

However, the director of the European affairs in the UN refugee agency

noted that Greece has almost no placement center, which puts the

refugees into a very embarrassing situation. He hoped that Greece can

take emergency measures.

The former Greek Prime Minister Tsipras said it was hard to deal with a

large number of immigrants and refugees when Greece bearing a huge

debt. The problem of refugees belongs to Europe, not just the Greece. He

also mentioned that all departments should coordinate to reduce the

burden on the island of Aegean Sea: the government should set up a

special group and use the funds allocated by the European Union to

strengthen border controls, and help refugees to integrate into society.

Italy Due to its geographic position, Italy became the priority of refugees.

Until August 23rd 2015, more than 264,500 refugees who made the

journey across the Mediterranean arrived in Italy. The flood of migrants

adds great pressure to this country. Italy has the responsibility to carry on

the emergency rescue mission from the EU.

But it struggles to provide rescue, shelter, food and medical care for these

migrants, because this country itself is facing a domestic economic


downturn. Italian authorities also fear that the excess migrants will bring

instability and conflict in the neighborhoods. Italy believes that ending

the chaos in host countries is necessary for the solution of the migration

crisis. Some Italian officials have claimed that its northern neighbors

have not yet grasped the severity of the problem because it is not on their

doorstep. Italy has been seeking heap from Eurpoe to tackle this situation.

Western Europe

France The increase in immigration has triggered in France the alarming

development of illegal settlements with squalid living conditions that are

unacceptable for the migrants themselves as well as the wider population.

This state of affairs shows that the asylum and emergency

accommodation systems are no longer equipped to cope with the new

influx. What is more, France and its neighbors like the UK and Italy fail

to reach an agreement on handling refugee crisis.

France opposes the introduction of migrant quotas. But meanwhile the

Government is taking action to solve these problems. Parliament

definitively adopted the asylum reform bill on Wednesday 15 July 2015,

and has pledged to ease pressure on the asylum-seeking process by


creating 4.000 additional accommodation places by 2016, on top of the

4,200 places already planned by the end of 2015.

United Kingdom In the 1990s, the management of refugee and asylum seekers entered

into the political agenda. Since 1999, Britain parliament has passed three

laws about asylum: Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act 1993; Asylum

and Immigration Act 1996; Immigration and Asylum Act 1999.

The event of September 11, 2001 attacks not only seriously harmed the

US, it also greatly affected the British refugee policy. British made

important adjustments to the asylum issues within the UK, such as the

soaring number of asylum application, asylum applications from Muslim

countries and the issures of repatriation of rejected asylum seekers,

Government enacted Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002,

regulated a serial of asylum policies and procedures.

The British Government strictly controlled the asylum application from

the Islamic countries; and compared with 2002, the total number of

asylum applications in 2003 has dropped by nearly half; the proportion of

repatriation of rejected asylum seekers has shown a clear upward trend.

In the aftermath of the 11/9, government emphasized more on the

enactment and practice of Britain asylum policy, such as the

improvement of every step of asylum management, the implementation of


the new asylum model, the adjustment of the way of sheltering assistance

to the rejected asylum seekers and reinforcement of repatriation of

rejected asylum seekers, and got remarkable results.

Central Europe

Germany Within the European Union, Germany is by far the country taking in

the most asylum seekers. Up to 800.000 asylum seekers will come to

Germany this year, which would mean about four times more people than

last year. Germany lives up to its responsibilities towards people who are

victims of political persecution.

The federal and state government were setting up coordination staff to

find pragmatic solutions. In order to achieve this, Germany provides help

bilaterally and together with the other EU states. It places the focus of its

refugee aid on the regions of origin, especially on tackling the root causes

of displacement and supporting host regions. However, Germany cannot,

on a permanent basis, take on 40 percent of all refugees who arrive in

Europe.

African Countries

Republic of South Africa


Before the promulgation of the constitution of the Republic of South

Africa, the core content of the immigration system is the “Foreign

Control Law”. The purpose is to strictly control the entry, residence, work

and stay of foreigners.

The “Foreign Control Law” has a stark limitation of the right os refugees,

which denies the status of refugees. However, since the “Refugee Act”

was promulgated in 1998, the refugee system of the Republic of South

Africa is deeply rooted in human rights norms recognized under

international conventions and reinforced by the domestic charter of rights.

In April 2015, lots of xenophobic violence happened in the Republic of

South Africa. Foreign refugees suffered from attacks and their living

conditions also caused people’s great concern.

In September 2015, Ministry of Interior in the Republic of South Africa

may submit the amended new refugee bill to the Congress, but the real

implementation of the bill may be postponed to 2016.

Kenya The Republic of Kenya is the second largest recipient country of all

kinds of refugees in Africa. In 2015, Kenya has housed approximately

587,000 refugees all over its territory.

The long-term experience of dealing with the refugee issue makes Kenya

a unique participator in this commission. As a member of the African


Union as well as a member of the United Nations, Kenya has long been

active in diplomatic arena. United Nations Environment Programme and

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme both set their

headquarters in Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya.

Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda is one of the most undeveloped countries in

the world. Since the end of 20th century, a large proportion of political

refugees have been fleeing out of Rwanda. In 1994, the shocking Rwanda

Genocide, the cruelest massacre witnessed after WWII, happened,

causing 1000,000 civilians’ deaths.

Libya Locating at the south bank of Mediterranean, State of Libya is one of

the most convenient exists for the refugees leaving Africa for Europe.

According to United Nations, this year 260,000 African refugees risked

crossing the Mediterranean to Europe, mostly to Italy and Greece. Due to

the civil war and other forms of domestic conflicts, millions of Libyans

left their homeland and became political refugees.

After the Arab Spring, al-Gaddafi;s government was overthrown and so

began Libya’s long-term chaos.


Somali Somalia people have been suffering from the civil wars for years and

the social system of Somali has been paralyze since last century,

Therefore, Somali is a main source of the political refugees.

To get to Europe, the Somali refugees have to take extremely high risks

getting through state borders, crossing desserts or the Mediterranean.

Numerous died during the process of people-smuggling, including

women and children. It is no doubt an emergency for the Somalia people

to establish a stable and peaceful society.

Middle East Countries View Points From the Inventor

The groups behind these sites and apps hope to accomplish what

European leaders have failed to do: gain refugees' trust. Rather than

create more safe, legal means of resettlement, in recent months European

officials have instead focused policy changes around keeping out people

who are escaping war and conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.

Strained relations came to a head in September, when the Hungarian

government essentially tricked refugees into going to a refugee camp by

telling them they'd boarded a train to Austria.


" When you can't trust governments, you have to rely on your own

devices When you can't trust governments, you have to rely on your own

devices and networks," Coyer says. "And even when the government

started to provide transportation and do the right thing, sometimes it was

difficult to convince people to believe them and not traffickers or taxi

drivers who are trying to extort them by charging 200 euros per person

for a ride."

"The damage to that trust was real," she adds. "It still reverberates among

people in transit."


SHWSMUN2016 BACKGROUND GUIDE

Committee：General Assembly 3th


Topic Area B:

Millennium Development Goals

Outline of the 8 Millennium Development Goals (1).Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Eliminating the remaining extreme poverty and hunger will be

challenging. Many of the people suffering the most live in fragile

contexts and remote areas. The world is still reaching far from MDG goal

of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. In2015, an estimated 825

million people still live in extreme poverty and 800 million still suffer

from hunger. Eradicating poverty and hunger remains at the core of the

post-2015 development agenda.

(2).Achieve universal primary education


Electoral quotas in more than 120 countries have underpinned this

success. However, a significant slowdown in progress since 2014 could

be an indicator that the ‘fast-track’ impact of gender quotas has reached

its peak. This calls for additional measures to advance women’s political

empowerment. Progress in leadership positions has been slow. Just 16

percent of parliamentary leaders are women, while women represent 18

percent of all government ministers in the world, an increase of only 4

percentage points since 2005.

(3).Promote gender equality and empower women The largest gender disparities in enrollment ratios are found in tertiary

education, with only one developing region, Western Asia, achieving the

target. The most extreme disparities are those at the expense of women in

sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia and at the expense of men in

Eastern Asia, Northern Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.

Only 4 percent of countries with available data in the developing regions

had achieved the target for tertiary education in 2012.

(3) Reduce child mortality Between 1990 and 2015, the worldwide neonatal mortality rate has

fallen from 33 deaths to 19 deaths per 1,000 live births. As the decline in

neonatal mortality has been slower than the decline in mortality for

children aged 1-59 months, neonatal deaths now represent a larger share

of total under-five deaths. Every region of the world is experiencing an


increase in the proportion of under-five deaths that occur in the neonatal

period.

(5).Improve maternal health Despite this progress, every day hundreds of women die during

pregnancy of from childbirth-related complications. It has been slow over

the past 25 years, with an average increase in coverage of just 17

percentage points since around 1990. Worldwide, the birth rate among

adolescent girls aged 15to 19 has declined from 59 births per 1,000 girls

in 1990 to 51 births in 2015.

(6).Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Since 2000, there has been moderate progress in HIV prevention

efforts targeting young people aged 15 to 24. However, risky sexual

behavior and insufficient knowledge about HIV remain at high levels

among youth in many countries. The world remains on track to have 15

million people receiving ART by 2015, a target set out in the United

Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV and AIDS in 2011.

(7).Ensure environmental sustainability Efforts to ensure global environmental sustainability have shown

mixed results throughout the last 15 years. One theme emerging from the

debate on the successor agenda to the MDGs is the importance of true

integration of environment into development ambitions. Environmental

sustainability is a core pillar of the post-2015 agenda and a prerequisite


for lasting socioeconomic development and poverty eradication. Healthy,

well-managed and diverse ecosystems and resources can play a strong

role in mitigating future environmental challenges and improving

livelihoods everywhere.

(8).Develop a global partnership for development A decline in aid flows during the last years of the 20th century

reversed early in the new millennium. Net official development

assistance(ODA) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development(OECD) increased by 66% between 2000 and 2014.

However, after reaching an all-time high in 2013, net ODA flows form

DAC members totaled $135.2 billion in 2014, marking a slight decline, of

05 %, in real terms.

Retrospect While the MDGs have brought us extraordinary achievements as well

as tremendous opportunities in human development, they equally aroused

criticism and negative evaluation during the implementation for

uncomprehensive consideration.

Too narrow development view : The UN Millennium Declaration was

intended for a highly comprehensive development view, unfortunately,

this was partly omitted in MDGs. The goals made no mention of human

rights, legal system building and social insurance. Therefore, the UN


Millennium Declaration is by no means approachable according to the

MDGs. This is possible due to the difficulty of making quantitative

indicators for one thing, for another, developing countries are reluctant to

accept these politically sensitive aspects.

Lack of consideration of the root causes of poverty and the holistic

nature of development: MDGs concentrated on the eradication of

poverty, improvement of medication and development with collaboration.

However, fund and aid were mostly offered by international committees,

no one figures out the root causes of poverty. These vulnerable regions

and people are incapable of eradicating all kinds of poverty and

inequality to achieve sustainable development in the long run.

Neglect of the disparity among nations: It can be easily concluded that

MDGs were universally established to eradicate global poverty and

improve worldwide development. Nevertheless, regional disparity was

ignored. As for poverty eradication, one billion people are estimated to

live on under $1.25 a day globally by 2015, although the goal of reducing

extreme poverty by half is definitely accessible. South Asia and

Sub-Saharan Africa are still struggling in extreme poverty with a high

ratio up to approximately 40%.

While the MDGs, in theory, applied to all countries, in reality they were

considered targets for poor countries to achieve, with finance from


wealthy states. Conversely, every country will be expected to work

towards achieving genuine sustainable development.

Key Aspects in the Development Agenda

(1). Eradicating global inequality Inequality is a global challenge that exists within and among countries.

Through the continuous effort from around the glove, we are witnessing

unprecedented progress in human equality. Multiple deprivation and

inequalities are often closely associated with and reinforced by specific

forms of discrimination in the enjoyment of civil, political, economic,

social and cultural rights. Examples include, but are not limited to ,

discrimination related to: gender, age, caste, race, ethnic and indigenous

identity, minority status, (dis)ability, place of residence, marital and

family status, HIV status, and sexual orientation. Inequality is not just the

problem of those most affector those who are most excluded.

Developing areas are still suffering from the giant gap with developed

nations on their way to equality. Sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa,

Caucasus and Central Asia, Western Asia, Eastern Asia and

South-Eastern Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean are the core

vulnerable areas as well as the target areas of further steps.

At the same time, the post-2015 Development Agenda must avoid the

shortcomings of the Millennium Development Goals which manifestly


failed to address the structural foundations and causes of gender

inequality, particularly with regards to violence against women, limited

control over assets and property, and unequal participation in public and

private decision making. To ensure the transformation of gender relations,

the structural foundations that underpin the full spectrum of gender-based

inequalities must be deconstructed and challenged. If the structural

foundations of gender inequality are left unchanged, the transformation of

gender relations which is a necessary condition for gender equality will

never be achieved. In addition, gender-specific targets should be

integrated into other goals in order to ensure meaningful achievement of

those goals by addressing the specific areas of gender-based inequality.

Addressing inequality must be a core element of the accountability

framework. People will not be satisfied if reporting continues to be

captured through broad averages that mask inequality and exclusion. As

the global framework is translated into national policy action, particular

attention will need to be paid to monitoring what is happening to those

who are burdened by dominant and intersecting inequalities. Public

accountability will require building strong monitoring systems through

significant improvements in statistical capacity as well as relevance and

transparency of the data that are collected. Ensuring voice, justice and

representation for those who have been excluded is imperative.


Strengthening the capacity of rights holders to make valid claims on

others is integral to all actions to tackle inequalities.

(2).Ensuring environmental sustainability As one of the eight Millennium Development Goals set at the

beginning of the new millennium, environmental sustainability was

intended to integrate the principles of sustainable development into

country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental

resources. While some progress has been made in the implementation of

environmentally sustainable development, implementation is still a

challenge for many countries in some core aspects. Evidence abounds

that human activity is severely damaging the ecosystems and climate that

support better life through increasingly unsustainable and inequitable

exploitation of natural resources, particularly by the extractive, energy

and agro-industrial sectors.

Natural resources and ecosystems services should be recognized as a

fundamental contribution to meeting basic needs and providing

livelihoods, shelter, food, fresh water, and reducing income inequalities,

both in rural and urban settings. The lack of an overall guiding

framework meant that environmental sustainability became a separate and

over-loaded goal, instead of being an underlying principle integrated

across all the development goals. The challenge is to ensure that

environmental sustainability is factored into measures aimed at improving


the lives of poor people, including those aimed at increasing food supply,

water, energy, sanitation, education, health care, housing, and security.

Poor management, shortsighted management or no management, of

natural resources and resulting scarcity is fuelling local conflicts around

the world. Despite increased awareness of environmental sustainability

issues, current responses fall short and are not keeping pace with the

multiple and complex challenges facing people and the planet.

Population matters are also seriously concerned. Rapid and unordered

urbanization change(it is also related to the local policy on Population),

and then they lead to the following issues: deeper poverty gap,

environmental deterioration, tighter public resources distribution and

unhealthy lifestyles. With two thirds of the global population set to live in

cities by 2050, the post 2015 framework will need to drive sustainable

and healthy urban environments with action on slum improvements,

sustainable transport and urban living, including clean air and green

spaces.

Future work is expected for access to safe drinking water and basic

sanitation, biodiversity and ozone recovery and the reduction of the

proportion of slum and emissions of carbon dioxide. And it certainly calls

for advanced revolution moved forward by economic transformation,

governance and accountability, local action and empowerment, education

and policy trend.


(3).Promoting inclusiveness in development The core problem is that natural capital is traditionally unaccounted

for and thus not incorporated into economic decision-making. As a result,

natural capital is greatly undervalued and consequently used

unsustainably. Measures were taken to develop a global partnership for

development according to the MDGs, mainly lay in official development

assistance from developed countries to developing ones and global

technology penetration, however. A rational and comprehensive

development scheme is supposed to be bilateral between developing

regions and developed ones for inclusiveness, involving multiple

elements of development. Projects should be founded universally with

full consideration of regional disparity. One important thing we need to

notice is that the social protecting measure should stand on different

role’s position and characteristic to think lead the consultation called for

legal and regulatory measures to make labour markets function more

efficiently and equitably, such as anti-discrimination and affirmative

action laws, setting minimum wages, support to collective bargaining,

institutions for legal resources and addressing grievances, education and

raising awareness about rights.

We acknowledge the existence of current development gap for one thing,

for another, we spare no effort to promote worldwide assistance and

cooperation at the mean time. Governments have a vital role to play in


steering this change in the right direction through taxes, incentives,

quotas and more, but they need to be able to count on the private sector

and the consumers to fully take up their roles and responsibilities so that

consumption and production patterns can change fundamentally. In this

regard, the role of the private sector and markets needs to be considered

for inclusive growth. Promoting inclusiveness in development is expected

to comprise capacity-building, finance, technology, trade,

multi-stakeholder partnership and National Sustainable Development

Strategies.

References 1 http://pan.baidu.com/share/link?shareid=1153184160&uk=2533931263

2https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_Offshore_Aid_Station#/search

3http://www.un.org/en/ga/third/index.shtml

4http://www.worldwewant2015.org/dialoques2015

5http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/global.shtml

6http://www.post2015datatest.com/

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